Content uploaded by Malcolm J Bond
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Malcolm J Bond on Feb 15, 2015
Content may be subject to copyright.
A preview of the PDF is not available
Some Correlates of Structure and Purpose in the Use of Time
Abstract
Reports findings from studies that used the Time Structure Questionnaire (TSQ), an instrument designed to measure the degree to which individuals perceive their use of time as structured and purposive. Results from 3 samples of university students showed that the TSQ has acceptable psychometric properties. They also showed that TSQ total scores were positively correlated with a sense of purpose in life, self-esteem, reported health, present standing and optimism about the future, Type A behavior, and more efficient study habits, and were negatively correlated with depression, psychological distress, anxiety, neuroticism, physical symptoms, hopelessness, and anomie. Perceived use of time also varied with role demands, such as whether a person was single or married, employed or unemployed, or a part-time or full-time student. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Методологічним підґрунтям сучасних досліджень стали уявлення про людину як складну самоорганізовану систему, яка є активним суб'єктом власного життя. Самоорганізація особистості проявляється в її здатності управляти власним часом -«структуризація особистого часу, тактичне планування і стратегічне цілепокладання» (Bond, & Feather, 1988;Feather, Bond, & Zaleski, 1994). Структуризація часу пов'язана із загальним рівнем задоволеності життям, рівнем психологічного благополуччя, результативністю життя тощо (Feather, Bond, & Zaleski, 1994;Ryan, & Deci, 2017;Seligman, & Csikszentmihalуi, 2000). ...
... Самоорганізація особистості проявляється в її здатності управляти власним часом -«структуризація особистого часу, тактичне планування і стратегічне цілепокладання» (Bond, & Feather, 1988;Feather, Bond, & Zaleski, 1994). Структуризація часу пов'язана із загальним рівнем задоволеності життям, рівнем психологічного благополуччя, результативністю життя тощо (Feather, Bond, & Zaleski, 1994;Ryan, & Deci, 2017;Seligman, & Csikszentmihalуi, 2000). Отже, самоорганізація є свідомим процесом самовдосконалення особистості, спрямована на розв'язання особистісно значимих завдань. ...
... On the other hand; polychronics are good at to react to change and to perform best under pressure. Another survey is the time structure questionnaire (TSQ) which was created by Bond and Feather in 1988. TSQ consist of several questions which are about individual's abilities to use time structure. ...
... The results showed that participants who perceived control of their time will be more successful on their job outcomes and satisfaction. Another study is time structure questionnaire (TSQ) which was constructed by Bond and Feather (1988). Time structure questionnaire (TSQ) was consists of five factors which are structured routine, present orientation, effective organization, sense of purpose and persistence. ...
This study’s purpose is to examine the effects of the cultural orientations on the monochronic and polychronic employees on time management practices which are perceived control over time, setting goals and prioritizing in their workplaces in Sri Lanka and North America. The main findings showed that monochronic people are tend to apply time management practices more positively than polychronic employees. As a conclusion, in comparison to employees in Sri Lanka employees in North America use time management practices more effectively.
... Time management concentrates on the products of the educational process (Goodson, Miertschin & Stewart, 2016). Moreover, time management includes the interest to finish tasks within the planned time within the scheduled financial resources (Bond & Feather, 1988;Burt & Kemp, 1994). In education, the teachers care about the time to finish the courses outlines, while the students care about finishing their tasks and achieving considerable academic success through online training. ...
COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns converted traditional face-to-face teaching practices to online processes, resulting in thousands of students losing out on accessibility to education. The educational wastage program was introduced to enable students to recover their abilities and to improve their skills. The objective of this research is to study the determinants of such programs, including the inputs and the outputs. The teachers who participated in this program formed the population of this study; the random sample included 1500 teachers, both males and females. The collected questionnaire responses were downloaded into the SPSS software. The results show that time management is the most important factor that affects output of the recovery programs in educational wastage. The second factor that affects output of the recovery programs is the subjects introduced. Teachers’ participation in formulating such recovery programs is considered very important to improve output. The study recommends the participation of teachers in formulating recovery programs.
... Estos autores afirman que las tres propuestas teórico-metodológicas más populares se manejan de forma habitual en áreas como la psicología, la gestión industrial y el mundo empresarial u organizacional. Estas perspectivas, las más sistematizadas y populares según los autores citados, definen un grupo de factores que conforman la habilidad; por ejemplo, Bond & Feather (1988) proponen cinco factores: el sentido de propósito, la rutina estructurada, la orientación presente, la organización eficaz y la persistencia. Por su parte, Macan, Shahani, Dipboye & Philips (1990) delimitan cuatro: establecer metas y objetivos, mecánica de gestión, planificación y programación, preferencia por la desorganización y la percepción del control sobre el tiempo. ...
La declaración de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, causante de la enfermedad por COVID19, condujo a los grupos provinciales y secciones de la Sociedad Cubana de Psicología a planificar, ejecutar y controlar acciones de acompañamiento psicosocial en todo el país.
Aprender de estas situaciones es esencial para mejorar prácticas futuras. En el artículo se expone la experiencia del Equipo Coordinador del Grupo provincial de Holguín en la organización temporal de las acciones de acompañamiento psicosocial que se desarrollaron
en esta región. Los referentes teórico-metodológicos asumidos son los del enfoque histórico cultural, que entiende la organización temporal en tanto una habilidad que sostiene el desarrollo humano. Se presentan un grupo de acciones que conforman la práctica de
coordinación del acompañamiento psicosocial durante la pandemia SARS-CoV-2, la que a su vez se corresponde con las acciones y operaciones que configuran la estructura interna y el funcionamiento de la habilidad de organización temporal.
When a public crisis such as COVID-19 occurs, factors that affect health-related behaviors, such as compliance with safety precautions, health professionals, and directives from government agencies will become more obvious. This research explores the differences between the people of the United States and China regarding preventive behavioral intentions, perceptions of personal and social risks, seriousness, and other cultural characteristics in the context of the COVID-19 health crisis. The purpose is to provide insights that can be used when global public health events occur in the future. A total of 536 people who lived in the US and China from 12 July to 7 September 2020 were recruited in the survey. Through a web-based survey, differences in the attitudes and perceptions of COVID-19 between the two countries were identified. Overall, the people of China scored higher than Americans on several measures regarding personal risk perception, social risk perception, and seriousness. Chinese citizens also had higher preventive behavioral intentions than their US counterparts. In addition, the relationships between cultural dimensions and health-related variables were also different.
Purpose
Crowdsourcing platforms have emerged as an innovative way to generate ideas and solving problems. However, promoting sustained participation among crowdworkers is an ongoing challenge for most crowdsourcing platform providers. Drawing on self-determination theory, this study investigates the impacts of job autonomy on crowdworkers' sustained participation intention.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey of 212 crowdworkers from a leading crowdsourcing platform in China was conducted to empirically validate the model.
Findings
The empirical results lead to several key findings. First, the taxonomy of job autonomy in crowdsourcing contains three archetypes: work-scheduling autonomy, work-task autonomy, and work-method autonomy. Second, work-scheduling autonomy and work-method autonomy have more significant positive effects on temporal value than work-task autonomy, and this increase in temporal value increases crowdworkers' sustained participation intention. Third, work-task autonomy exerts a stronger influence on hedonic value than work-scheduling autonomy or work-method autonomy, and this increase in hedonic value also increases crowdworkers' sustained participation intention.
Originality/value
This study extends the crowdsourcing literature by examining the formation of crowdworkers' sustained participation and highlighting the role of differential effects of multidimensional job autonomy on crowdworkers' sustained participation. We believe that this study provides actionable insights into measures that promote crowdworkers' sustained participation in the crowdsourcing platform.
Background:
Behavioral representations obtained from mobile sensing data can be helpful for the prediction of an oncoming psychotic relapse in patients with schizophrenia and the delivery of timely interventions to mitigate such relapse.
Objective:
In this study, we aim to develop clustering models to obtain behavioral representations from continuous multimodal mobile sensing data for relapse prediction tasks. The identified clusters can represent different routine behavioral trends related to daily living of patients and atypical behavioral trends associated with impending relapse.
Methods:
We used the mobile sensing data obtained from the CrossCheck project for our analysis. Continuous data from six different mobile sensing-based modalities (ambient light, sound, conversation, acceleration, etc) obtained from 63 patients with schizophrenia, each monitored for up to a year, were used for the clustering models and relapse prediction evaluation. Two clustering models, Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and partition around medoids (PAM), were used to obtain behavioral representations from the mobile sensing data. These models have different notions of similarity between behaviors as represented by the mobile sensing data, and thus, provide different behavioral characterizations. The features obtained from the clustering models were used to train and evaluate a personalized relapse prediction model using balanced random forest. The personalization was performed by identifying optimal features for a given patient based on a personalization subset consisting of other patients of similar age.
Results:
The clusters identified using the GMM and PAM models were found to represent different behavioral patterns (such as clusters representing sedentary days, active days but with low communication, etc). Although GMM-based models better characterized routine behaviors by discovering dense clusters with low cluster spread, some other identified clusters had a larger cluster spread, likely indicating heterogeneous behavioral characterizations. On the other hand, PAM model-based clusters had lower variability of cluster spread, indicating more homogeneous behavioral characterization in the obtained clusters. Significant changes near the relapse periods were observed in the obtained behavioral representation features from the clustering models. The clustering model-based features, together with other features characterizing the mobile sensing data, resulted in an F2 score of 0.23 for the relapse prediction task in a leave-one-patient-out evaluation setting. The obtained F2 score was significantly higher than that of a random classification baseline with an average F2 score of 0.042.
Conclusions:
Mobile sensing can capture behavioral trends using different sensing modalities. Clustering of the daily mobile sensing data may help discover routine and atypical behavioral trends. In this study, we used GMM-based and PAM-based cluster models to obtain behavioral trends in patients with schizophrenia. The features derived from the cluster models were found to be predictive for detecting an oncoming psychotic relapse. Such relapse prediction models can be helpful in enabling timely interventions.
"It is not thought as such that can move anything, but thought which is for the sake of something and is practical." This discerning insight, which dates back more than 2000years to Aristotle, seems to have been ignored by most psycholo gists. For more than 40years theories of human action have assumed that cogni tion and action are merely two sides of the same coin. Approaches as different as S-O-R behaviorism,social learning theory, consistency theories,and expectancy value theories of motivation and decision making have one thing in common: they all assume that "thought (or any other type of cognition) can move any thing," that there is a direct path from cognition to behavior. In recent years, we have become more and more aware of the complexities in volved in the relationship between cognition and behavior. People do not always do what they intend to do. Aside from several nonpsychological factors capable of reducing cognition-behavior consistency, there seems to be a set of complex psychological mechanisms which intervene between action-related cognitions, such as beliefs, expectancies, values, and intentions,and the enactment of the be havior suggested by those cognitions. In our recent research we have focused on volitional mechanismus which presumably enhance cognition-behavior consistency by supporting the main tenance of activated intentions and prevent them from being pushed aside by competing action tendencies.
The fundamental nature of human time experience has concerned artists, poets, philosophers, and scientists throughout the ages. Any consideration of human action requires awareness of its temporal aspects. However, simply to view time in the same units and dimensions as the physicist employs in describing events robs personal time of its "lived" quality. The use of physical time concepts in the description of human events is often artificial and misleading. It fails to account for the facts that human time estimates rarely match clock and calendar time; that societies and individuals demonstrate vast differences in their constructions and uses of time; and that temporal perceptions and attitudes change within an individual both during a single day and throughout his life span. The present volume does not view time as something that is sensed in the same way that one would sense or perceive spatial or sensory stimuli. Rather, it views time as a complex set of personally experienced cognitive constructs used by individuals and cultures to account for the order, the duration, and the organization of events. The authors in this book take a strong departure from earlier psychophysical studies of a "time sense" and address themselves to the uses and elaborations of time concepts in personal and social functioning.
More than 25 years have passed since I first came to the University of Michigan to work with Jack Atkinson and to develop ideas about the analysis of persistence in achievement situations (Feather, 1961, 1962). My memories of those early years are very positive ones. To a young Australian on study leave from a small, recently established University in the New England region of New South Wales, the shift to Michigan in the late 1950s was a major turning point. Though at Michigan for only a short time as a graduate student, I formed friendships that have stayed with me throughout my life. The lively and stimulating academic environment provided intellectual experiences that helped to shape my ideas, even though my interest in expectancy-value models was already well-established before I arrived but ready to be more finely tuned. It has been a source of satisfaction to me that the analysis of persistence developed in those graduate years turned out to be a watershed, triggering the development of a new conceptual approach to motivation, the dynamics of action (Atkinson & Birch, 1970).
Frank (1939) is one of the first to stress the importance of time perspective in the study of human behavior. Future time perspective (FTP) was for him a cognitive-dynamic orientation towards future goals. Children learn progressively to react no longer in an impulsive way to internal and external stimuli, but to take anticipated behavioral outcomes into account. Those anticipations help to define the present situation.
To study the motivational significance of the affective attitude toward the personal future, we translated this concept in terms of the expectancy-value models in motivational psychology. We used it as a substitute for the algebraic sum of the valence of all more or less important or personally relevant motivational goals in the future. The hypotheses therefore predict an interaction effect of this time concept and the perceived instrumental value of performing well in high school for success in future life on the motivation to study and on exam scores. The results confirm the hypotheses. A positive attitude toward the future combined with a high perceived instrumentality gives the highest motivation to study and the best academic performances. When the attitude is high and the perceived instrumental value is low, motivation to study and school results are very low. The educational practice of motivating students by explaining the future importance of their present school work and school results will have the best effects when students have a positive affective attitude toward their personal future.
Two influential theories in organizational behavior and industrial/organizational psychology, goal-setting theory and expectancy theory, are summarized briefly. It is shown that these two theories make opposite predictions about the relationship of expectancy to performance. Since there is evidence supporting both theories, the opposed predictions present a paradox. The paradox is shown to be resolvable in two ways. The first solution (based on Garland, 1984) makes the distinction between within- and between-group levels of analysis. The second solution is made possible by Bandura's self-efficacy theory, which argues that expectancy or self-efficacy should be measured with respect to the whole range of performance or goal levels rather than just the assigned goal level.
