ArticlePDF Available

Abstract

Relations of individuals' value priorities to their readiness for out-group social contact were examined in dominant and minority groups. Study 1 examined readiness of 151 Israeli Jewish teachers (dominant group) for contact with Israeli Arabs (minority). Readiness correlated positively with emphasizing universalism and self-direction values and negatively with emphasizing tradition, security, and conformity values. This confirmed an integrated set of hypotheses from S. H. Schwartz's (1992) value theory. Study 2 examined readiness of Israeli Arab Muslim ( N = 111) and Christian ( N = 88) teachers for contact with Israeli Jews. Hypotheses took account of differences between the two Arab minorities in motivation to integrate into the dominant society versus to preserve their uniqueness. Correlations with values confirmed most hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Whereas these two values often predict other constructs on opposite directions, this is not always the case. For example, tolerance was found positively associated with self-transcendence but unrelated to self-enhancement values (Sagiv and Schwartz 1995). Moreover, Arieli, Grant, and Sagiv (2014) have shown that enhancing the importance of self-transcendence does not affect the importance of selfenhancement. ...
... Readiness for contact with the applicant was measured with a scale adapted from Sagiv and Schwartz (1995). Participants reported the extent of readiness for several social interactions with the target on a seven-point scale. ...
Article
Introduction Psychology textbooks abound with demonstrations of classic biases, yet the question why some people are more or less susceptible to those biases remains little explored. Drawing on Schwartz Values Theory (1992), we aim to show how individual differences in personal values, which express trans‐situational, chronic motivations of a perceiver, impact cognitive biases. Method In six studies ( N = 843; 42.6% female, M age = 30.7), we assessed personal values and manipulated or measured two fundamental cognitive biases: the self‐serving bias (Studies 1–3) and the halo effect (Studies 4–6). Results As hypothesized, individuals were more susceptible to cognitive biases, when the content of a bias was compatible with their important values. Specifically, the more individuals emphasized achievement values, the more they were susceptible to the self‐serving bias; and the more individuals emphasized benevolence values, the more they were susceptible to the halo effect of warmth. Other value types were not systematically associated with the biases. Conclusions Overall, our findings indicate that cognitive biases are more likely to emerge when their manifestations are compatible with the chronic motivation of the perceiver. We suggest additional examples of cognitive biases that may be related to values and discuss theoretical implications of our findings.
... In contrast, individuals with a stronger growth-oriented mindset are hypothesized to have less recourse to moral disengagement: the greater relative importance placed on universalism and benevolence would encourage perspective-taking and empathic reasoning, assigning high importance to the well-being of others regardless of group differences (McFarland et al., 2012). Also, values centered around self-transcendence and a general focus on openness to others and diversity play crucial roles in discouraging prejudice (Souchon et al., 2017) and promoting intergroup contact with outgroups (Barni et al., 2020;Sagiv & Schwartz, 1995). ...
Article
Full-text available
Despite the consequences of ethnic moral disengagement, such as ethnic bullying, racism, and prejudice, a comprehensive understanding of how to effectively counter it remains an ongoing area of research. The present study proposes an association between ethnic moral disengagement and three individual dimensions: the executive function of inhibitory control, a reflective cognitive style, and personal values that reflect growth-oriented motivations in contrast to self-defensive ones. By evaluating these dimensions respectively through a behavioral task, a cognitive measure, and a self-report instrument, the aim is to understand the role of basic behavioral capability, cognitive reflection, and growth-oriented values in reducing ethnic moral disengagement. The study, conducted on 413 participants (243 female, M = 19.60 years, SD = 1.46) using a structural equation modeling approach, found that while inhibitory control was not significantly linked to ethnic moral disengagement, reflective information processing and broader value horizons may constitute a key resource for opposing it. Overall, these results suggest that individuals who adopt such a reflective and growth-oriented mindset may elaborate differences and unfamiliar encounters as opportunities rather than as threats to be defended against by justifying themselves and externally displacing responsibility for their decisions and actions.
... In light of this, we investigated the need to form and maintain close, meaningful relationships with others as a reason to pursue national and religious identity goals. We captured this fundamental human need (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) with two psychological constructs that have already been used in the exploration of national and religious identities among members of various communities (Sagiv & Schwartz, 1995;Tartakovsky, 2002). Group identification captures the sense of connection that individuals feel with a particular group (i.e., group ties), the importance of being a group member (i.e., cognitive centrality), and positive affection toward the group (i.e., group affect; Cameron, 2004). ...
Article
Full-text available
Symbolic self-completion theory describes how, when individuals face threats to their identity goals (e.g., goals defining the self as Catholic), they experience a state of incompleteness. Failing to perform an identity-relevant activity or noticing that one lacks a certain identity symbol (i.e., relevant qualifications, skills, and material possessions, but also relevant performances) prompts individuals to search actively for relevant identity symbols (i.e., to self-symbolize). We argue that when self-symbolizing in the area of a threatened identity goal is not possible, individuals are likely to attempt to acquire the symbols for a second aspired-to identity goal (i.e., to engage in cross-goal self-symbolization). However, these efforts would be only observed in people perceiving the two identity goals as overlapping (i.e., being similar in terms of what drives the two goals). In two experimental studies, Polish Catholics were made incomplete regarding their national (N = 254, Study 1) and religious (N = 268, Study 2) identity goals (i.e., being a Pole and a Catholic, respectively). Subsequently, they were provided with the opportunity to symbolize across identity goals. In both studies, “incomplete” participants with a higher identity goal overlap were more likely to cross self-symbolize than participants in a control group. In Study 1, incomplete participants lit more candles in the virtual church, whereas in Study 2, these participants designed a poster with more national symbols. These findings indicate that symbolization across religious and national identity goals is contingent upon higher levels of identity goal overlap among incomplete participants.
... Shalom Schwartz, the proponent of the theory of basic human values, conceptualizes values as concepts or beliefs that relate to ultimate goals or behaviors, transcend specific situations, and guide the selection process as well as the evaluation of behaviors; and that can be ranked in order of importance to the individual . As values can be understood as conscious preferences, knowing the importance of a particular value to an individual can help us understand what motivates the person in everyday life (Lin & Szczygiel, 2022;Roubinov & Boyce, 2017;Sagiv & Schwartz, 1995;). The classic model distinguishes between 10 types of values, with the first one being independence of one's direction of thought and action -also named later "self-direction" (i.e., choosing, creating, and exploring). ...
Article
Full-text available
Intensive parenting (IP) is a contemporary parenting norm that emphasizes investing in children for their optimal growth and often strains parental resources. It demands centering family life around children and providing them with stimulating environments. Previous studies predominantly link IP to socioeconomic factors, overlooking its psychological determinants. Our research explores how support for IP is tied to individuals’ value systems. We use data from CRONOS online survey, conducted as a part of the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2016–2018. It covered over 1,500 people aged 18 and older. The survey included items that allowed the measurement of two central dimensions of IP: child-centeredness and stimulation (dependent variables in our study). To measure individuals’ values (our explanatory variables), we use ESS Schwartz’s value scale. Our analyses also controlled for key socioeconomic variables (country, sex, age, education, parity). Regression analysis reveals that tradition and security values positively correlate with both dimensions of intensive parenting, highlighting motivations to preserve traditions and ensure a secure future for children. Centering family’s life around children is additionally linked to benevolence, while the stimulation dimension – to achievement and (negatively) to universalism. This suggests that different aspects of IP may be motivated to some extent differently. Highlights • Childrearing standard of intensive parenting (IP) is tied to human values. • Importance of tradition and security is a shared core for different aspects of IP. • Child-centeredness ties additionally to caring for family wellbeing. • Providing children with stimulation appears to be additionally fueled by the need of achievement. • Depending on how IP is motivated, it may carry different consequences for children and parents.
Article
Full-text available
This study aims to assess the factors of work values on Restaurant Employees in Olongapo City. Researchers used the Purposive Sampling Method with a quantitative study design. Data is collected using survey questionnaires made up of a checklist and a 4-point Likert Scale to collect information from Full-time Regular Restaurant Employees in Olongapo City. The sample population of this research is composed of 240 Employees aged 18 to 65 working in Cafes and casual and fast-food restaurants. The examination of the results of the demographic profile reveals that most of the respondents are aged 23-27 Years Old (37.1%), Female (55.4%), attained College Level (38.8%), Rank and File Job Title (75.8%), and have P8,001-P11,999 (60.8%) Monthly Income. The findings show that the respondents had high work values in hedonism, security, self-transcendence, openness to change, and self-enhancement. Upon examination of significant differences in factors of work values when grouped according to profile, the test shows significant differences in terms of gender (conservation and security), educational attainment (self-enhancement), job title (self-enhancement and openness to change), and monthly income (self-enhancement). Researchers conclude that employees in Olongapo City possess High Work Values. Self-enhancement is the most significant factor that drives employees toward achieving professional achievement, competence, and success. The results of this study serve as the foundation for developing a work values-formation program. This study can also assist the Local Government Unit and the Human Resource Management of the business in developing employees' professional achievement and wellbeing.
Article
Full-text available
The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships between personal values, truth-related values and emotions among Turkish teachers. The Schwartz’s Value Theory and Frenzel’s teacher emotion model were used as the theoretical framework. This study used a cross-sectional correlational research design. The data were collected from 279 teachers with the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) where rational truth and non-rational truth values were added, and with the Teacher Emotions Scale (TES). The circular structure of the Schwartz Value Theory was tested by multidimensional scaling. The data analysis aimed to uncover relationships between personal values, truth-related values, and emotions. Rational truth emerged near self-direction and self-transcendence, yet items measuring non-rational truth were scattered among values. Females had higher regard for self-direction and hedonism than males. Non-rational truth was negatively correlated with enjoyment, while it was positively correlated with anxiety. The implications for gender roles in Turkish society are discussed.
Chapter
Hamas has its origins as an offshoot of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood in the Gaza Strip. However, as Aburaiya (2009) in this volume argues, Hamas’ real genius lay in the fact that its unique brand entails combining Islamist discourses with Palestinian nationalism—setting it apart from Fatah and the Palestinian Authority.
Article
Full-text available
Universal Basic Income (UBI) might cause different effects in happiness depending on a person’s individual characteristics. In an online panel study of 573 basic income recipients in Germany, we examined whether personality traits (NEOAC) and certain personal values (self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, power, achievement, universalism, benevolence) predicted trajectories in happiness. Latent Growth Curve Analysis revealed that overall, most individuals experienced similar changes in happiness over time. For personality traits as predictors, higher neuroticism and openness to new experience were linked to growth in well-being. Additionally for personal values, significant growth in life satisfaction appeared to be associated with lower hedonism at the beginning of the study, and growth in well-being was related to higher levels of self-direction. In fact, none of the subgroups suffered in happiness. We conclude with implications and some important directions for further research regarding the effect of basic income on happiness.
Article
Full-text available
It is commonly assumed that democracy in deeply divided societies takes either a majoritarian or consociational form. While the state in both types is ethnically neutral, there are some countries that combine viable democratic institutions with institutionalized ethnic dominance. The article introduces this third, so far not recognized, general type of ‘ethnic democracy’ and demonstrates its utility for Israel in treating its Arab minority. The tensions and contradictions in Israel's dual character as a Jewish democratic state give rise to five Arab demands that the Jewish majority reject: making Israel non‐Jewish and non‐Zionist, accepting Palestinian nationalism, lifting all restrictions on Arab individual rights, granting Arabs certain national collective rights and incorporating Arabs into the national power structure. Each Arab demand is discussed in detail and the rationale for Jewish objections is spelled out. The problem can be reduced, but not resolved, by establishing a separate Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip for the Palestinian people and by according Israeli Arabs the status of a Palestinian national minority within the Jewish state. These issues are not unique to Israel but rather common to ethnic democracies. It is concluded that the Israeli experience is becoming increasingly relevant to states which are democratizing but keeping appreciable ethnic dominance.
Article
Full-text available
Theological, sociological, and psychological analyses of religion suggest that religiosity associates positively with values that enhance transcendence, preserve the social order, and protect individuals against uncertainty, and negatively with values that emphasize self-indulgence and favor intellectual or emotional openness to change. On this basis, an integrated set of hypotheses was generated to relate religiosity to the importance that individuals attribute to 10 basic types of human values across religious groups. Hypotheses were largely confirmed in educated adult samples of Israeli Jews (n = 635), Spanish Roman Catholics (n = 478), Dutch Calvinist Protestants (n = 217), and Greek Orthodox (n = 400). Hypotheses also were largely confirmed in a representative West German sample (n = 1,807) with different measures of religiosity and values. The pattern of correlations was robust across subsamples divided by age, gender, education, and income, and for Lutheran Protestants and Roman Catholics.
Article
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
Article
This study investigates religious social distance among 273 secondary students from a south central Alberta farming community. Both the qualitiative and quantitative data, gathered in 1989, indicate that Conservative Protestants, who are not well acquainted with Mormons, are more negative toward the church. Overall, religious factors are stronger predictors of Mormon acceptance than are the basic demographic factors. Few respondents have seen the anti-Mormon films such as "The Godmakers"; however, those who have tend to be less tolerant of the Mormons. More importantly, students who report being personally "acquainted with Mormons" tend to be much more favorable toward them. /// Cette étude analyse la distance sociale religieuse parmi 273 étudiant-e-s de niveau secondaire, dans une communauté agricole du centre-sud de l'Alberta. Tant nos données qualitatives que quantitatives indiquent que les Protestants conservateurs -- qui connaissent peu les Mormons -- ont des attitudes plus négatives envers cer derniers. En général, les facteurs religieux prédisent mieux le niveau d'acceptance des Mormons que ne le font des facteurs démographiques de base. Peu de répondants ont vu des films anti-Mormons tels que "The Godmakers"; mais ceux dont c'est le cas ont tendance à être moins tolérants envers les Mormons. Il est plus important de noter que les étudiant-e-s qui disent connaître personnellement des Mormons tendent à leur être favorables.
Article
This paper examines the social identity of Arabs and Jews in Israel and its relationship to the readiness for establishing and maintaining intergroup contact. Social identity is defined in terms of self-esteem and the national, civic, religious, familial, residential, and vocational subidentities. The structural coherence of the indentity system was demonstrated for both Jews and Arabs, but while subidentities among Jewish subjects tend to be positively interrelated, there is strain within the Arab system, revealed by a negative correlation between the national and civic subidentities, among others. Readiness for relations with members of the other group is higher for Arabs than for Jews and also more clearly related to several subidentities. Jewish readiness for social relations with Arabs is weakly related to the identity system. Identity variables may be promising mediators between situational antecedents and intergroup attitudes, but mainly for members of the minority.
Article
This paper examines the effect, or the perceived effect, of the Palestinian uprising on Israeli Arabs' readiness to enter into social relations with Jews. The findings indicate that the uprising has weakened, or at least is perceived to have weakened, that readiness. The effect of the uprising seems to be stronger among those who identify as Palestinian than those who identify as Israeli or Arab. The data were collected in 1988 on a sample of 313 Arab high school students in Israel.