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Fuzzy methodology.
Abstract
The (almost non-)publication history of "Multiple regression as a general data-analytic system" (J. Cohen, 1968) is recounted, and the following advice is offered for aspirants for publication in the
Psychological Bulletin that produces many citations. Be brilliant (if possible), write on methodology (if possible, but if you do, write clearly and nontechnically), write to answer a wide-felt need (if possible), and, given the low level of reviewer reliability, be lucky (if possible). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... El tamaño del efecto (TE) se define como el grado de generalidad que posee esa superioridad de A sobre B en la población de la que se obtuvo la muestra estudiada. De esta manera, el TE se refiere a la magnitud de un efecto que es, en este ejemplo, la diferencia entre un tratamiento nuevo A y otro clásico B. Si A es realmente mejor que B, interesa saber en qué medida se espera este fenómeno en la población (Cohen, 1992b). No es suficiente saber que la mejoría media lograda con A es mayor que la mejoría media lograda con B en un experimento particular. ...
Effect size (ES) is a necessary complement to the statistical hypothesis testing, however, researchers rarely report ES in their papers. This work provides a conceptual review of the ES estimates for the difference between two means, taking into account the most important algorithms and their interpretation. We also provide a guide to the freely available and easy-to-use ViSta statistical software to compute ES. We hope this paper contributes to the diffusion of ES methods and encourages its use among researchers in Psychology.
This study focuses on the issue of school bullying and explores the potential of video games as a tool to prevent and address this problem. To accomplish this, the video game Monité, specifically designed for the prevention of school bullying, was utilized, using the paradigm of digital game-based learning as an intervention methodology that emphasizes its educational and recreational potential. This study was conducted using a quasi-experimental approach, employing a pre-test and post-test design with a non-equivalent control group. The sample consisted of 92 boys and girls from fifth and sixth grade in primary education in the province of Cáceres, Spain. Data were collected through questionnaires from the System for the Evaluation of Children and Adolescents (SENA), which allowed for the gathering of information on peer problems, school problems and family issues. The results show that there are significant differences between the intervention group and the control group regarding problems external to individuals. In conclusion, this study investigates the use of the video game Monité as a tool to prevent school bullying and analyzes its impact on students’ perception of external agents such as family, peer group, and school. Our findings support its implementation in educational environments as an effective strategy.
This study determined the influence of individuals' emotional intelligence on their psychosocial employability attributes. A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted. A non-probability sample of 304 employed postgraduate students (predominantly early career black = 70 %; females = 64 % with a mean age of 26-40 years) participated in the study. Multiple regressions were used to analyse the data. Emotional intelligence was found to be a significant predictor of the participants' psychosocial employability attributes. The findings provide valuable information that canbeused in career development support and counselling practicesinthe contemporary work world.
The study examined the relationship between employees' psychological career meta-capacities and their job retention-related dispositions. Participants were a convenience sample (n=355) of managerial and staff levels in the human resource management field. They completed the Psychological Career Resources Inventory (PCRI), Career Adaptability Inventory (CAI), Personal Views Survey II (PVS), Job Embeddedness Scale (JES) and the Organizational Commitment Survey (OCS). Data were analyzed using canonical correlations to predict the relationship between the psychological career meta-competencies and the job retention-related dispositions. Structural Equation Modelling was used to validate the overall relationship between the two canonical construct variates. The results show that the psychological career meta-capacities predict the job retention-related factor job embeddedness.
article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Family Psychotherapy on 2014, available online: http://wwww.tandfonline.com/10.1080/01926187.2013.838928
This study examined relationships between differentiation of self and family functioning within the South Korean culture. The participants in this study were 235 Koreans residing in South Korea and ranged in age from 20 to 70years. An analysis of variance revealed that older South Koreans had higher differentiation levels than younger South Koreans. Results of a multivariate analysis of covariance revealed there were significant differences between the high differentiation group and the low differentiation group across family functioning, family satisfaction, and family communication. The authors briefly discuss implications for clinical practice and future research.
The effect size (ES) has been mainly introduced and investigated for changes in location under an assumption of Normality for the underlying population. However, there are many circumstances where populations are non-Normal, or depend on scale and shape and not just a location parameter. Our motivating application from e-commerce requires an ES which is appropriate for long-tailed distributions. We review some common ES measures. We then introduce two novel alternative ES for two-sample comparisons, one scale-free and one on the original scale of measurement, and analyse some theoretical properties. We examine these ES for two-sample comparison studies under an assumption of Normality and investigate what happens when both location and scale parameters differ. We explore ES for phenomena for non-Normal situations, using the Weibull family for illustration. Finally, for an application, we assess differences in customer behaviour when browsing E-commerce websites.
Little is known about how prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) influences risks of asthma in humans. In this small study, we sought to determine whether disaster-related PNMS would predict asthma risk in children. In June 1998, we assessed severity of objective hardship and subjective distress in women pregnant during the January 1998 Quebec Ice Storm. Lifetime asthma symptoms, diagnoses, and corticosteroid utilization were assessed when the children were 12 years old (N = 68). No effects of objective hardship or timing of the exposure were found. However, we found that, in girls only, higher levels of prenatal maternal subjective distress predicted greater lifetime risk of wheezing (OR = 1.11; 90% CI = 1.01-1.23), doctor-diagnosed asthma (OR = 1.09; 90% CI = 1.00-1.19), and lifetime utilization of corticosteroids (OR = 1.12; 90% CI = 1.01-1.25). Other perinatal and current maternal life events were also associated with asthma outcomes. Findings suggest that stress during pregnancy opens a window for fetal programming of immune functioning. A sex-based approach may be useful to examine how prenatal and postnatal environments combine to program the immune system. This small study needs to be replicated with a larger, more representative sample.
This study investigated the efficacy and safety of cryotherapy, in the form of frozen gel gloves, in relation to docetaxel-induced hand and fingernail toxicities.
After piloting with 21 patients, a consecutive series sample of patients (n = 53) prescribed docetaxel every 3 weeks, for a minimum of three cycles, was enrolled in this randomised control trial. Participants acted as their own control, with the frozen gel glove worn on one randomised hand for 15 min prior to infusion, for the duration of the infusion, and for 15 min of after completion of treatment. Hand and nail toxicities were evaluated by two blinded assessors according to CTCAE.v4 criteria. To assess the potential for cross-infection of multi-use gloves, microbial culture and sensitivity swabs were taken of each glove at every tenth use.
Of the 53 participants enrolled in the main study, 21 provided evaluable data. There was a 60 % withdrawal rate due to patient discomfort with the intervention. The mean incidence and severity of toxicities in all evaluable cycles in control and intervention hands respectively were erythroderma grade 1 (5/5 %), nail discolouration grade 1 (81/67 %), nail loss grade 1 (19/19 %) and nail ridging grade 1 (57/57 %). No significant differences were determined between hand conditions in terms of time to event, nor in terms of toxicity in gloved and non-gloved hands.
While cryotherapy in the form of frozen gloves for the cutaneous toxicities associated with docetaxel is safe, its limited efficacy, patient discomfort and some logistical issues preclude its use in our clinical setting.
While quantitative methodologists advance statistical theory and refine statistical methods, substantive researchers resist adopting many of these statistical innovations. Traditional explanations for this resistance are reviewed, specifically a lack of awareness of statistical developments, the failure of journal editors to mandate change, publish or perish pressures, the unavailability of user friendly software, inadequate education in statistics, and psychological factors. Resistance is reconsidered in light of the complexity of modern statistical methods and a communication gap between substantive researchers and quantitative methodologists. The concept of a Maven is introduced as a means to bridge the communication gap. On the basis of this review and reconsideration, recommendations are made to improve communication of statistical innovations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
EPM editorial board members generated a list of those publications that they perceived as seminal to shaping the measurement field. Board members nominated up to five works and were asked to limit citations to publications since roughly 1950. Many of the citations dealt directly with reliability or validity, but topics more broadly related to measurement were also cited, including works dealing with validity generalization, item response theories, statistical significance testing, factor analysis, and the general linear model.
La estimación del tamaño del efecto (TE) se considera actualmente como un complemento necesario a las pruebas de hipótesis, no obstante, su uso se encuentra aún poco extendido entre los investigadores en Psicología. Este trabajo ofrece una revisión teórica de las estimaciones del TE para el caso de la diferencia entre dos medias, considerando los algoritmos más importantes y su interpretación. Complementariamente, se presenta y describe un nuevo programa para el cálculo del TE dentro del sistema ViSta. Este programa es simple de utilizar y se encuentra disponible de forma gratuita. Se espera que el trabajo contribuya a difundir estos procedimientos y aliente su uso entre los investigadores en Psicología.
Set correlation is a multivariate generalization of multiple regression/correlation analysis that features the employment of overall measures of association interpretable as proportions of variance and the use of set-partialled sets of variables, e.g. D·C with B·A. Partialling is a powerful device that may be used for statistical control and for representing non-linear and conditional (interactive) relationships, contrast functions, and the uniqueness of a variable or subset of variables. Generally, it offers a means for specifying functional components of sets. Since information in virtually any form can be represented as a set, partialled if necessary, the extension of partialling to sets of dependent variables makes it possible, within a single framework, to study relationships that are currently handled by diverse methods. Because of its flexibility and generality, beyond its capacity to handle the standard multivariate methods as special cases, set correlation offers some useful novel data-analytic techniques, among which are illustrated a hierarchical analysis of common and unique aspects of a battery, multivariate contrasts among outcomes, the multivariate analysis of partial variance, and contingency table analysis.
Presents techniques for using multiple regression (MR) as a general variance-accounting procedure of great flexibility, power, and fidelity to research aims in both manipulative and observational psychological research. The identity of MR and fixed-model analysis of variance/covariance (AV/ACV) is sketched. This requires an exposition of means of expressing nominal scale (qualitative) data as independent variables in MR. Attention is given to methods for handling interactions, curvilinearity, missing data, and covariates, for either uncorrelated or correlated independent variables in MR. The relative roles of AV/ACV and MR in data analysis are described, and the practical advantages of the latter are set forth. (16 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The reliability of peer review of scientific documents and the evaluative criteria scientists use to judge the work of their peers are critically reexamined with special attention to the consistently low levels of reliability that have been reported. Referees of grant proposals agree much more about what is unworthy of support than about what does have scientific value. In the case of manuscript submissions this seems to depend on whether a discipline (or subfield) is general and diffuse (e.g., cross-disciplinary physics, general fields of medicine, cultural anthropology, social psychology) or specific and focused (e.g., nuclear physics, medical specialty areas, physical anthropology, and behavioral neuroscience). In the former there is also much more agreement on rejection than acceptance, but in the latter both the wide differential in manuscript rejection rates and the high correlation between referee recommendations and editorial decisions suggests that reviewers and editors agree more on acceptance than on rejection. Several suggestions are made for improving the reliability and quality of peer review. Further research is needed, especially in the physical sciences.
This is an account of what I have learned (so far) about the application of statistics to psychology and the other sociobiomedical sciences. It includes the principles "less is more" (fewer variables, more highly targeted issues, sharp rounding off), "simple is better" (graphic representation, unit weighting for linear com- posites), and "some things you learn aren't so." I have learned to avoid the many misconceptions that surround Fisherian null hypothesis testing. I have also learned the importance of power analysis and the determination of just how big (rather than how statistically significant) are the effects that we study. Finally, I have learned that there is no royal road to statistical induction, that the informed judgment of the investigator is the crucial element in the interpretation of data, and that things take time.
SETCOR: A Supplementary Module for SYSTAT and SYGRAPH
- J Cohen
- J. Cohen