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Date Rape: Unofficial Criminals and Victims
Abstract
A study of 71 self-disclosed date rapists (White undergraduates) produced findings at variance from those reported in the literature (e.g., J. Wolfe and V. Baker [1980]) with regard to institutionalized populations. This was true in virtually every aspect of the offense, ranging from the personal and social characteristics of the offenders, the rape interaction, and the victimization experience. Factors discussed include the incidence of date rape, the sex–power controversy, the role of the victim, and failure to report victimization. It is concluded that date rape is an extraordinarily underreported offense that primarily stems from the fact that the offense is between intimates. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Studies of disinhibitory factors in unreported sexual aggression include the pervasive role of alcohol. Kanin (1984) reported that 66% of his sample of 71 date rapists reported that alcohol was a factor in their assaults. Sexual aggression among college men has also been negatively correlated with both the Responsibility and Socialization subscale scores of the California Personality Inventory (Calhoun, Kelley, Amick, & Gardner, 1986;Rapaport&Burkhart, 1984). ...
... We integrated questions designed to assess these underlying factors into a slightly modified version of Koss and Oros's (1982) Sexual Experiences Survey (SES). We derived these questions from clinical descriptions of the psychodynamic roots of the anger and power motivations of incarcerated rapists (e.g., Cohen etal., 1971;Groth, 1979) and from Kanin's( 1984Kanin's( , 1985 hypotheses on the underpinnings of sexual frustration. ...
... Underlying Sex, ToassessKanin's(1984ToassessKanin's( ,1985 contention regarding the sexual motivation of date rapists, we formulated three questions (Numbers 2, 3, and 4). The first 2 were drawn from Kanin's (1984Kanin's ( , 1985 emphasis on the importance of peer pressure. They assess areas that Kanin (1984Kanin ( , 1985 described as being particularly characteristic of sexually aggressive men. ...
Research on convicted rapists has demonstrated the importance of several key motivational factors in male sexual aggression. In particular, anger at women and the need to dominate or control them have been repeatedly implicated. Although anger and power have also been shown to be important in understanding college men who report sexually aggressive behavior, there has been little research on what underlies these motives. This research combined questions assessing these underlying motivational factors, as well as questions dealing with underlying sexual motivation and disinhibition, with a slightly modified version of the Sexual Experiences Survey (Koss & Oros, 1982). In Study 1, subjects were 184 male undergraduates. Factor analysis of the questions composing the four scales yielded four slightly modified scales. Scales measuring underlying anger, underlying power, and disinhibition significantly differentiated sexually aggressive from nonaggressive men but did not distinguish between men who were coercive, manipulative, or nonaggressive. In a replication on a smaller sample (n = 70), underlying anger, underlying power, and disinhibition again differentiated sexually aggressive from nonaggressive men.
... Several studies have linked misperception of sexual intent with sexual assault (Goodchilds & Zellman, 1984;Kanin, 1984;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). College men who committed sexual assault on dates were more likely to feel that the woman had "led them on" than men who had not engaged in this behavior (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). ...
... College men who committed sexual assault on dates were more likely to feel that the woman had "led them on" than men who had not engaged in this behavior (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). More than half of the date rapists interviewed by Kanin (1984) did not take the woman's "no" to sexual intercourse seriously because they thought she was just saying no to avoid appearing "easy." In an innovative study, Shea (1993) screened men on previous perpetration of sexual coercion and then examined their misperception of a female laboratory partner's sexual attraction to them. ...
... As described earlier, alcohol consumption has been consistently linked to sexual assault. About half of all sexual assaults involve alcohol con sumption by the perpetrator, the victim, or both (Abbey et al., 1996;Kanin, 1984;Koss, 1988;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). Men who have committed sexual assault sometimes attribute their use of force to being drunk (Kanin, 1984). ...
This study provides empirical support for a theoretical model previously developed by Abbey and colleagues (Abbey, 1991; Abbey Ross, & McDuffie, 1994; Abbey, Ross, McDuffie, & McAuslan, 1996) to explain one set of pathways through which alcohol and sexual assault are linked. It was hypothesized that the mutual effects of beliefs and experiences with regard to dating, sexuality, and alcohol increase the likelihood that a man would misperceive a female companion's sexual intentions, and that this misperception would lead to sexual assault. Self-administered, anonymous surveys were conducted with a representative sample of 814 men at a large urban university. Twenty-six percent of these men reported perpetrating sexual assault. The results of structural equation modeling analyses provided support for the model. Suggestions are made for a more dyadic and dynamic mode of research on this problem, as well as for the development of sexual assault prevention and treatment programs for men.
... The link between sexually aggressive behavior and socialization may be partially explained by social norms theory, which predicts that individuals behave in a manner they deem to be consistent with a perceived behavioral norm (Berkowitz, 2003). If social norms dictate that masculinity consists of being persistent, aggressive, and dominant (Burt, 1980;Mahalik et al., 2003), then men who engage in sexual aggression may be demonstrating an oversocialized masculine belief system, where the relevant social group encourages and rewards sexual experiences (Kanin, 1984). Within this framework, acceptance by the peer group and self-esteem are achieved through sexual conquest. ...
... Within this framework, acceptance by the peer group and self-esteem are achieved through sexual conquest. For example, Kanin (1984) concluded that date rapists have developed an exaggerated perceived need to have sex and place excessively high worth on sexual accomplishments as a result of their sexual socialization. When compared to sexually nonaggressive men, sexually aggressive men have a greater number of past sexual partners, more dating experience, and have sexual intercourse for the first time at an earlier age (Abbey et al., 1998;Kanin, 1984Kanin, , 1985. ...
... For example, Kanin (1984) concluded that date rapists have developed an exaggerated perceived need to have sex and place excessively high worth on sexual accomplishments as a result of their sexual socialization. When compared to sexually nonaggressive men, sexually aggressive men have a greater number of past sexual partners, more dating experience, and have sexual intercourse for the first time at an earlier age (Abbey et al., 1998;Kanin, 1984Kanin, , 1985. Such research suggests that an important component to reducing sexual aggression is understanding how oversocialized masculine beliefs are established, communicated, and maintained. ...
The present study examined the effects of observational influence on the recognition of sexual aggression in men using videotaped vignettes of coercive and noncoercive dating scenarios. Participants' self-identification with sexually aggressive behavior, ability to identify inappropriate dating behaviors, and ability to recognize nonconsent was assessed. The order in which video scenarios were presented was associated with differential recognition of risk cues. Further, compared with their nonaggressive peers, men with a history of sexual aggression saw their own behavior as more similar to the man in both videos, suggesting that men with a history of sexual aggression may be able to identify sexually aggressive behavior, but not label such actions as inappropriate, perhaps in accordance with perceived rape supportive norms. Implications for sexual assault prevention efforts among men are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... It would be difficult to interpret these findings as consistent with the view that rape is a pseudosexual act unless one were to assume that male attempts to get their dates drunk, lying about loving them, and so forth also lacked sexual motivation. Kanin (1984) has suggested that date rapists have learned to desire and expect more than nonraping men in the way of sexual activity on dates and that their use offeree basically reflects last-resort attempts to satisfy their high sexual desires and expectations. ...
... Considered collectively, the above lines of evidence substantially undercut the "rape is a pseudosexual act" argument. In recent years, several other social scientists have also called this key feminist assumption into question (e.g, Hamilton & Yee, 1990;Kanin, 1984;Mosher & Anderson, 1986;Palmer, 1988;Quinsey, 1984), including some feminists themselves (Bart, 1991, p. 269). ...
Features of contemporary theories of rape are integrated with information on neurohormonal variables to formulate a synthesized theory of rape. It consists of four propositions: (a) Rape is motivated by two largely unlearned drives (a sex drive and a drive to possess and control). (b) Natural selection has favored men who more readily learn forced copulatory tactics than women and women who are more inclined than men to resist forced copulations. (c) The tendency to use forced copulatory tactics is largely a function of the strength of an individual's sex drive plus estimates of the probability of success minus the probability of being punished, divided by sensitivity to aversive stimuli. (d) Genes that have evolved primarily on the Y chromosome affect neurohormonal functioning in ways that alter the strength of the sex drive and sensitivity to aversive stimuli and thereby affect individual probabilities of committing rape.
... Often, males who commit sexual assault report that they initially perceived their partner as sexually interested before the sexual assault occurred (Abbey et al., 1998). Also, numerous studies have linked overperception of sexual interest with sexual assault, finding that men who have engaged in sexually aggressive behavior are significantly more likely to overperceive women's sexual interest than are other men (Abbey et al., 1998;Kanin, 1984;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). Perception of sexual interest may contribute to incorrect labeling of sexual assault. ...
... However, previous studies have failed to experimentally examine the outcome variable of sexual assault labeling. In addition, most studies that have assessed both perceptions of sexual interest and sexual assault have not experimentally examined the factors that influence perceptions of sexual assault with sexual assault labeling as an outcome variable, but looked at background variables that contribute to sexual coercion or sexual assault after they have taken place (Kanin, 1984;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987;Shea, 1993). ...
The current study examined the effects of physical attractiveness and sexual interest cues on men’s sexual perceptions of women and whether increases in sexual perceptions of a woman would lead to decreases in labeling of subsequent nonconsensual sex as sexual assault. Two hundred thirty-three male college students (Mage = 19.17, SD = 1.22) read a vignette describing a hypothetical social interaction between a man and a woman; within the vignette, the female character’s physical attractiveness (attractive vs. less attractive) and the degree to which the female character behaved interested in the male character (uninterested vs. ambiguous) were manipulated. The vignette ends with the male character physically forcing sexual intercourse with the female character. After reading the vignette, participants’ labeling of the nonconsensual sex as sexual assault was addressed. Participants’ perceptions of the female character’s sexual interest in the male character prior to the nonconsensual sex was assessed as a dependent variable during stopping points in the vignette, prior to sexual assault. Both physical attractiveness and interest cues had a significant positive influence on men’s perception of the female character as sexually interested. In addition, perceptions of sexual interest had a direct negative effect on sexual assault labeling. These results indicate that increases in physical attractiveness and interest cues increase perceptions of sexual interest, in turn decreasing the labeling of nonconsensual sex as sexual assault. This experimental research contributes to the literature on misperception of sexual interest and sexual assault labeling. These findings provide implications for intervention programs and for forensic issues related to sexual assault.
... It is also more likely to occur in the man's apartment or in other quiet, secluded areas such as parked cars. Date rape victims and perpetrators often report engaging in consensual sexual activity prior to the date rape incident, including kissing, petting, and removing clothing (Kanin, 1984;Koss, 1985;Miller & Marshall,1987 imately half of all date rape incidents (Bernat, Calhoun, & Stolp, 1998;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987;Sadler, Booth, Cook, & Doebbeling, 2003). Many instances of date rape appear to involve sexual cues and sexual arousal on the part of the perpetrator. ...
... We used nudity because it is often present in date rape situations, and exposure to female nudity (for heterosexual men) consistently generates a positive effect on men's self-reported arousal and genital sexual responses in laboratory settings (Sigusch, Schmidt, Reinfeld, & Wiedemann-Sutor,1970;Steele & Walker, 1974). Consensual sexual activity often occurs prior to date rape and frequently involves the removal of clothing (Kanin, 1957(Kanin, , 1984Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). The presence of this strong excitatory cue could help explain why some men who are not normally sexually aroused by non-consensual cues can nevertheless become aroused and engage in date rape. ...
Situational factors likely play a role in date rape. The sexual inhibition hypothesis suggests that men are typically sexually inhibited by violence and non-consent, but that inhibition can also be disrupted. We attempted to determine if female nudity reduces inhibition of sexual arousal to non-consensual cues in sexually non-aggressive men. In two studies, heterosexual men (aged 18-25) were presented with six 2-min audiotaped narratives depicting consensual sexual interactions, non-consensual sexual interactions (rape), and non-sexual interactions (neutral) involving a man and a woman. In the first study, 20 participants saw pictures depicting nude or clothed women while listening to the stories. In the second study, 20 other participants saw videos depicting nude or clothed women exercising, also while listening to the stories. Genital responses and subjective sexual arousal were measured. Results suggested that nudity may have a disinhibitory effect on sexual arousal to non-consensual cues, but only when presented in the form of moving images.
... This article addresses women's safety by examining alcohol's role in male college students' sexual assault perpetration. Approximately half of the sexual assaults reported by college students occur when the perpetrator, the victim, or both have been drinking alcohol, although estimates from individual studies range from approximately 40% to 75% (Abbey, McAuslan, & Ross, 1998;Gidycz, Warkentin, & Orchowski, 2007;Kanin, 1984;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987;Nicholson et al., 1998). Because these incidents typically occur on dates, at parties, and at other social events where alcohol is frequently consumed, usually if either the perpetrator or victim consumed alcohol, they drank together prior to the assault. ...
... In cross-sectional studies, this association also may be explained by reverse causation. Although few researchers have systematically examined this hypothesis, some men who are motivated to engage in sexual aggression may drink because it provides the liquid courage they need to act aggressively or the excuse they rely on later to justify their actions (Kanin, 1984;Scully, 1991). ...
This article systematically reviews empirical studies that examine associations between alcohol consumption and men's sexual aggression with the goal of identifying major findings; gaps in current knowledge; and directions for future research, practice, and policy. We identified 25 cross-sectional surveys, 6 prospective studies, and 12 alcohol administration experiments published between 1993 and August 2013 with male college students and young adult (nonincarcerated) samples. Many cross-sectional surveys have demonstrated that distal and proximal measures of men's alcohol consumption are positively associated with sexual assault perpetration, although very few of these studies evaluated how alcohol interacts with other risk and protective factors to exacerbate or inhibit sexual aggression. There are surprisingly few surveys that examine alcohol's effects at the event level and over short-time intervals to identify how changes in alcohol consumption are associated with changes in perpetration status. Alcohol administration studies suggest some important mechanisms that warrant additional investigation.
... factor for sexual assault (Abbey, 1991;Abbey et al., 1996a;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987). For example, Kanin (1984) interviewed 71 self-disclosed date rapists and found that two-thirds reported drinking excessively prior to the assault. Although these perpetrators indicated that alcohol was a causal factor in the incident, they reported excessive drinking in consensual sexual interactions as well. ...
... Although this perception is not limited to sexually aggressive men, it can contribute to sexual coercion in some instances. Kanin (1984) reported that more than 90% of date rapists he studied gave as reasons for forcing sex on their dates their own perceptions of the women as highly aroused and their subsequent ignoring of the women's attempts to signal a desire to stop. McFall (1990) also hypothesized cognitive distortions in sexually coercive men, based on his Social Information Processing Model. ...
This study investigated the relationship between college men's self-reported histories of coercive sexual behavior, alcohol consumption, and alcohol expectancies regarding sexual behaviors. Hypotheses were (a) history of sexually coercive behavior would be associated with more alcohol consumption, (b) sexually coercive men would hold greater alcohol expectancies for sexual behaviors, and (c) alcohol expectancies would moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and sexual coercion. In addition, the authors hypothesized that alcohol expectancies would vary as a function of the method of sexual coercion used, such that men reporting that they had sexually coerced a woman by giving her alcohol would hold greater alcohol expectancies than would coercive men who used other methods. Results supported the first three hypotheses. However, men who used alcohol as a means of coercion did not hold significantly greater alcohol expectancies than did coercive men who used other means.
... Research indicates that alcohol is often utilized as a scapegoat, whereby sexually violent perpetrators blame alcohol for their actions and are likely to use alcohol intake as a postoffense excuse (Abbey et al., 2001). Kanin (1984), for example, found that 62% of men convicted for date rape felt that they were committed to rape because of alcohol consumption. In this sense, alcohol is used as an excuse for their behavior, which serves to reduce feelings of guilt which may be associated with the act. ...
... In this sense, alcohol is used as an excuse for their behavior, which serves to reduce feelings of guilt which may be associated with the act. In addition, men may feel more comfortable forcing sex when drunk because they can later justify to themselves that alcohol made them behave in that manner (Kanin, 1984). In direct and stark contrast to this cognitive process, whereby men diminish or abolish a sense of responsibility for their actions by blaming external influences such as alcohol, women may in fact feel more responsible and resort to victim blaming to a greater degree because they believe that their drunkenness caused or facilitated the rape (Fisher, Daigle, & Cullen, 2008). ...
This article reviews research literature examining the effects of key factors that influence individual's attitudes towards victims of rape. The impact of rape myths, gender roles and substance use on attributions of blame in cases of rape are discussed. The phenomenon of victim-blaming within such cases is explored with reference to the attribution theory to help explain why rape victims are sometimes seen as deserving of their misfortune. Findings indicate that men demonstrate higher rape myth acceptance than women and attribute higher levels of blame to victims than women; women who violate traditional gender roles are attributed more blame than those women who do not; and women who consume alcohol prior to their attack are attributed higher levels of blame than those who are not intoxicated. The findings are discussed with reference to the implications for the Criminal Justice System and future interventions for both victims and perpetrators of rape.
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... Additionally, if perpetrators believe that sexual assaults are less severe if the perpetrator is intoxicated, this could lead perpetrators to see themselves as less responsible if they were intoxicated at the time of their assault. This is supported by past research that has shown that college date rapists often blamed their actions on their alcohol consumption, rather than taking personal responsibility (Kanin, 1984). ...
Sexual violence is a prevalent issue in post-secondary institutions. Past
research has shown that substance abuse is one of the many known risk
factors for sexual violence, and yet intoxicated perpetrators are often
labelled as less blameworthy or responsible for their actions. In this study,
post-secondary employees and students were presented with a vignette of
a campus sexual assault and asked to rate the perpetrator’s risk to
reoffend and the appropriateness of sanctions varying in severity. Two
severe sanctions, on-campus activity restriction and expulsion, were rated
more appropriate for sober perpetrators than intoxicated ones. Students,
specifically, rated less severe sanctions lower and more severe sanctions
higher in appropriateness compared to employees. Perpetrator intoxication
and sample type influenced sanction appropriateness, suggesting
subjective factors influenced disciplinary decisions. Implications for
improving response to campus sexual violence, such as using objective
measures of risk and including students’ input when developing policies,
are discussed.
... Results of the study showed that, regardless of whether the vignette portrayed rape or consenting sexual interactions, versions of the story that portrayed the woman as being sexually aroused were reported as being more sexually arousing than those portraying disgust. In another study, Kanin (1984) interviewed 71 self-admitted date rapists. When asked why they raped their partners, more than 90% of all participants indicated that they perceived their companion as extremely aroused, resulting in an exaggerated sense of their partner's receptivity. ...
The impact of alcohol and alcohol expectancies on men's perception of female sexual arousal and men's ability to discriminate accurately female sexual intentions in a dating situation was examined. In a 2 (alcohol) × 2 (expectancy) balanced placebo design, men were exposed to an audiotape of a date rape and asked to signal when the man should stop making sexual advances. On 4 occasions during the vignette, participants rated how sexually aroused the woman on the tape was at that moment. Relative to controls, participants who consumed alcohol or expected to consume alcohol took significantly longer to identify the inappropriateness of the man's sexual behavior toward his date. Similarly, alcohol participants also rated the woman's arousal level significantly higher at the first 2 refusals. Implications of the results are discussed.
... We labeled it the promiscuous-impersonal sex path. Kanin (1977Kanin ( , 1984 and Sarwer, Kalichman, Johnson, Early, and Akram (1993) found that sexual aggression correlated with this type of orientation, referred to as a Ludus lave style (Lee, 1973). This impersonal sex construct is similar to the concept of sociosexuality, which refers to individual differences in willingness to engage in sexual relations without closeness or commitment (Gangestad & Simpson, 1990;Simpson & Gangestad, 1991). ...
We tested a model describing the characteristics of sexually aggressive men that may also be useful for understanding the causes of other antisocial acts against women. This model hypothesizes that sexual aggressors can be identified by two sets of characteristics, labeled hostile masculinity and impersonal sex. To test this model, we followed up a sample of men 10 years after first studying them when they were young adults. We sought to predict which men would be in distressed relationships with women, be aggressive sexually, be nonsexually aggressive, or some combination of these. These behaviors were measured not only by questioning the men themselves but also by questioning many of the men's female partners. Some couples' videotaped conversations were also analyzed. The data supported the ability of the model to predict behavior 10 years later. We also developed the model further and identified the common and unique characteristics contributing to sexual aggression as compared with the other conflictual behaviors studied. The data supported the usefulness of hierarchical modeling incorporating both general factors that contribute to various interpersonal conflicts as well as specific factors uniquely pertaining to dominance of women.
... In addition to the opportunity function, an assessment of sexual experience was included in the present research in light of Kanin's (1957Kanin's ( , 1983Kanin's ( , 1984) studies of college males who have engaged in various degrees of sexual aggression. He found that more sexually aggressive men are more likely to view sexuality as a means of establishing their self-worth and as an arena for "conquest." ...
This research integrated within a theoretical and empirical framework varied predictor factors pertaining to males' sexual aggression against women. The selection of predictors was guided by theorizing that sexual aggression is caused by the interaction among multiple factors, including those creating the motivation for the act, those reducing internal and external inhibitions, and those providing the opportunity for the act to occur. The predictor factors assessed were sexual arousal in response to aggression, dominance as a motive for sexual acts, hostility toward women, attitudes accepting of violence against women, psychoticism, and sexual experience. A measure assessing self-reported sexual aggression (primarily among acquaintances) in naturalistic settings served as the dependent measure. The subjects were 155 males. As expected, nearly all the predictor factors significantly related to sexual aggression. In addition, much better prediction of such aggression was achieved by a combination of these factors than by any one individually. It was also found that including interactions among these predictors yielded a regression equation that was more successful in relating to sexual aggression than an equation using an additive combination only. The relevance of these data to the causes and prediction of violence against women is discussed.
... There exists a considerable body of literature that aims to explain the factors influencing RMA. These include dispositional factors such as the role of gender and gender identity (Kopper, 1996), religiosity (Barnett et al., 2018), culture (Suarez & Gadalla, 2010), and several socially aversive personality traits (Kasowski & Anderson, 2020), as well as situational factors such as the victim's alcohol consumption (Kanin, 1984), appearance and behaviour (before, during, and after the rape), and whether the offender used physical force or violence as evidenced by bruises, physical scratches, and so on (Ong & Ward, 1999). Another factor that could potentially play a role in influencing RMA is psychopathy. ...
Rape Myth Acceptance (RMA) remains a persistent problem in rape and sexual assault cases. Several scholars discussed RMA as a cognitive distortion that constitutes a crucial link between psychopathy and rape perpetration. Research has indicated that empathy can help counteract bias and promote understanding and support for individuals who have experienced sexual violence. The overall goal of this study was to experimentally assess the relationship between empathy priming, psychopathy, and RMA. Specifically, it aimed to examine whether psychopathic traits influence the relationship between empathy priming and RMA. The study included 518 participants from Ontario Tech University and the community. Results indicated that the amount of effort invested in the empathy priming task significantly reduced rape-supportive attitudes, but only when the participants had high levels of psychopathic personality traits. Limitations of the study and potential directions for future research are discussed.
... It sometimes also serves as an excuse for poor behaviour. 26,31 The correlation of alcohol use by perpetrator and physical harm inflicted during the assault has also been researched. For example, a study found that injuries were more likely to occur when the assailant was under the influence of drugs or alcohol, highlighting that alcohol consumption in men increases their aggressive behaviour. ...
Alcohol is a socially acceptable and widely available drink in most countries. Its excessive consumption is linked to various health issues, increase in crime rate and even loss of life. This puts heavy strain in low-income countries like Nepal where full medical facilities are still out of reach for most of the population. Therefore, in this article, we have provided an overview of (i) the effect of alcohol on public health; (ii) trend data on alcohol seizures; (iii) alcohol (including methanol) positive forensic cases; and (iv) other alcohol associated crimes. Our analysis is drawn from a range of data types and sources, triangulating the collected data with alcohol specific academic and grey literature, a survey with students and insights from stakeholder engagements in Nepal. We have shown that alcohol has been associated with a range of health-related issues and crime types in Nepal. For example, alcohol was the most mentioned compound in the student survey (50.7%; n=418) followed by other drugs in Drugs Facilitated Sexual Assault cases. We have also discussed issues with adulteration, surrogates and sub-standard alcohol, highlighting the need for strict monitoring, regulations and extra vigilance about quality control of alcohol in circulation. This should be supported by public awareness campaigns on the use, abuse and impacts of alcohol.
... Quinsey et al., 1984. Στο πλαίσιο αυτής της θεώρησης, ο Kanin (1977Kanin ( , 1984 συμπέρανε ότι η σεξουαλική επιθετικότητα είναι το αποτέλεσμα τοποθέτησης υψηλής έμφασης στην απόκτηση σεξουαλικών εμπειριών με την περιστασιακή χρήση βίας «ως μέσου για την επίτευξη ενός σκοπού» στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση για την απόκτηση σεξουαλικής ικανοποίησης. ...
Σκοπός: Η παρούσα μελέτη είχε σκοπό την εκτίμηση της συχνότητας εκδήλωσης σεξουαλικά επιθετικών συμπεριφορών σε άνδρες ηλικίας 18-30 ετών του νομού Ηρακλείου Κρήτης και την αναζήτηση παραγόντων που ενισχύουν την εκδήλωση των συμπεριφορών αυτών. Μεθοδολογία: Για την επιλογή του δείγματος εφαρμόστηκε η μέθοδος της τυχαίας στρωματοποίησης. Από σύνολο 400 επιλεγμένων οίκων βρέθηκαν 335 άτομα να πληρούν τα κριτήρια συμμετοχής στη μελέτη (φύλο και ηλικία) και από αυτά δέχτηκαν να συμμετέχουν τα 241. Για τις ανάγκες της παρούσας μελέτης χρησιμοποιήθηκε ημιδομημένο ερωτηματολόγιο, το οποίο περιελάμβανε 4 μέρη και 43 συνολικά ερωτήσεις. Το ερωτηματολόγιο εξέταζε τα κοινωνικοδημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά των συμμετεχόντων, το ιστορικό σεξουαλικών πρακτικών και εμπειριών τους, τις στάσεις τους ως προς τους μύθους του βιασμού και τη συχνότητα εκδήλωσης σεξουαλικά επιθετικών συμπεριφορών. Αποτελέσματα:
Οι συμμετέχοντες στο σύνολό τους ήταν άνδρες (n=241) με μέση ηλικία τα 23,9 έτη (Τ.Α.=3,4). Η μέση ηλικία της πρώτης σεξουαλικής επαφής των συμμετεχόντων ήταν τα 17,2 έτη (Τ.Α.=2,0). Από το σύνολο των
συμμετεχόντων, 8 (3,3%) ανέφεραν θυματοποίηση χωρίς ολοκληρωμένη σεξουαλική πράξη σε ηλικία μικρότερη των 14 ετών και 2 (0,8%) ανέφεραν θυματοποίηση με ολοκληρωμένη σεξουαλική πράξη κατά την
ίδια ηλικία. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης πολλαπλής παλινδρόμησης, η μεγαλύτερη αποδοχή των μύθων του βιασμού (p=0,001, ΔΕ=0,721;1,471) βρέθηκε να συνδέεται με αυξημένη πιθανότητα εκδήλωσης σεξουαλικά επιθετικών συμπεριφορών κατόπιν ελέγχου των κοινωνικοδημογραφικών χαρακτηριστικών και του ιστορικού σεξουαλικών πρακτικών και εμπειριών των συμμετεχόντων. Συμπεράσματα: Μελλοντικές προσπάθειες για την πρόληψη και αντιμετώπισή του φαινομένου της σεξουαλικής επιθετικότητας θα πρέπει να λάβουν υπόψη τους παράγοντες κινδύνου που ανέδειξε η παρούσα μελέτη.
... Quinsey et al., 1984. Στο πλαίσιο αυτής της θεώρησης, ο Kanin (1977Kanin ( , 1984 συμπέρανε ότι η σεξουαλική επιθετικότητα είναι το αποτέλεσμα τοποθέτησης υψηλής έμφασης στην απόκτηση σεξουαλικών εμπειριών με την περιστασιακή χρήση βίας «ως μέσου για την επίτευξη ενός σκοπού» στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση για την απόκτηση σεξουαλικής ικανοποίησης. ...
Σκοπός: Η παρούσα μελέτη είχε σκοπό την εκτίμηση της συχνότητας εκδήλωσης σεξουαλικά επιθετικών συμπεριφορών σε άνδρες ηλικίας 18-30 ετών του νομού Ηρακλείου Κρήτης και την αναζήτηση παραγόντων που ενισχύουν την εκδήλωση των συμπεριφορών αυτών. Μεθοδολογία: Για την επιλογή του δείγματος εφαρμόστηκε η μέθοδος της τυχαίας στρωματοποίησης. Από σύνολο 400 επιλεγμένων οίκων βρέθηκαν 335 άτομα να πληρούν τα κριτήρια συμμετοχής στη μελέτη (φύλο και ηλικία) και από αυτά δέχτηκαν να συμμετέχουν τα 241. Για τις ανάγκες της παρούσας μελέτης χρησιμοποιήθηκε ημιδομημένο ερωτηματολόγιο, το οποίο περιελάμβανε 4 μέρη και 43 συνολικά ερωτήσεις. Το ερωτηματολόγιο εξέταζε τα κοινωνικοδημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά των συμμετεχόντων, το ιστορικό σεξουαλικών πρακτικών και εμπειριών τους, τις στάσεις τους ως προς τους μύθους του βιασμού και τη συχνότητα εκδήλωσης σεξουαλικά επιθετικών συμπεριφορών. Αποτελέσματα:
Οι συμμετέχοντες στο σύνολό τους ήταν άνδρες (n=241) με μέση ηλικία τα 23,9 έτη (Τ.Α.=3,4). Η μέση ηλικία της πρώτης σεξουαλικής επαφής των συμμετεχόντων ήταν τα 17,2 έτη (Τ.Α.=2,0). Από το σύνολο των
συμμετεχόντων, 8 (3,3%) ανέφεραν θυματοποίηση χωρίς ολοκληρωμένη σεξουαλική πράξη σε ηλικία μικρότερη των 14 ετών και 2 (0,8%) ανέφεραν θυματοποίηση με ολοκληρωμένη σεξουαλική πράξη κατά την
ίδια ηλικία. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης πολλαπλής παλινδρόμησης, η μεγαλύτερη αποδοχή των μύθων του βιασμού (p=0,001, ΔΕ=0,721;1,471) βρέθηκε να συνδέεται με αυξημένη πιθανότητα εκδήλωσης σεξουαλικά επιθετικών συμπεριφορών κατόπιν ελέγχου των κοινωνικοδημογραφικών χαρακτηριστικών και του ιστορικού σεξουαλικών πρακτικών και εμπειριών των συμμετεχόντων. Συμπεράσματα: Μελλοντικές προσπάθειες για την πρόληψη και αντιμετώπισή του φαινομένου της σεξουαλικής επιθετικότητας θα πρέπει να λάβουν υπόψη τους παράγοντες κινδύνου που ανέδειξε η παρούσα μελέτη.
... However, perpetrators of sexual assault who indicate being drunk during the incident are assigned less blame for not being in control of their actions. Convicted rapists have consistently reported alcohol as a disinhibitor propelling the crime, diminishing their responsibility for the assault (Abbey, Zawacki, Buck, Clinton, & McAuslan, 2001;Kanin, 1984). Thus, it is important to consider how actors in the story are being portrayed and the potential influence of referencing alcohol on readers' attribution of responsibility for the incident. ...
This article examines media coverage of sexual assault cases on college campuses using content analysis methodology. Utilizing Attribution Theory and Media Framing, this article analyzes the methods and frequency in which the language in sexual assault news stories assigns or minimizes attribution. Key variables include references to alcohol consumption, clothing, Greek systems, and case management by school administrators. Key discoveries were made, including the journalists’ use of language showing support or doubt of victims. This study has implications for scholars, journalists, educational administrators, and society in general as we consider the ongoing framing of sexual assault.
... Alcohol disinhibition is particularly common in sexual situations (Dermen and Cooper 1994). Drinking men and women are perceived as behaving in more sexually disinhibited manners than their sober counterparts are (Abbey et al. 2000); however, drinking women are more likely than are drinking men to be described as sexually available and immoral, and thus also perceived as Bacceptable^targets of sexual aggression (Kanin 1984;Scully 1991). Given the link between women's drinking behaviors and ascriptions of disinhibition and immorality, we reasoned that drinking women would be perceived as less human relative to non-drinking women as well as drinking and nondrinking men. ...
The purpose of the present research was to examine the perceptions of women who drink in social contexts through the lens of dehumanization (Haslam 2006). Across three experiments, we manipulated the presence of alcohol by depicting a woman at a bar with a bottle of beer or a bottle of water and measured dehumanization. As hypothesized, women were dehumanized more in the alcohol condition than in the water condition by men (Experiments 1–3) and women (Experiments 2 and 3). Notably, the presence of alcohol compared to water had no impact on dehumanization of men (Experiment 2). Also, as hypothesized, perceived intoxication emerged as a significant mediator of the link between alcohol condition and dehumanization in Experiments 1 and 2, and alcohol quantity predicted greater dehumanization in Experiment 3. Extending the present work to prior work in this area, Experiment 3 also examined the links among alcohol, perceived sexual availability, and dehumanization, revealing that perceived sexual availability mediated the link between alcohol and dehumanization. Implications for theories of dehumanization, alcohol, and social perception as well as practical implications of these findings are discussed.
... Los participantes informaron que ellos probablemente actuarían como el hombre de la historia si estuviesen bajo los efectos del alcohol, pero no estando sobrios, sugiriendo que podían imaginarse a sí mismos cometiendo una agresión sexual si previamente habían ingerido alcohol. Los hombres que poseen este tipo de expectativas puede que se sientan más legitimados para forzar a mujeres a mantener relaciones sexuales cuando están bebidos, porque de esta forma les es más fácil justificar su conducta atribuyéndola a los efectos producidos por el alcohol (Kanin, 1984). ...
In this paper we attempt to show the most significant aspects in the literature on sexual assaults in college students. Specifically, this review focuses on the role of alcohol and the myths or beliefs about rape, as some of these factors produce great negative impact on victims, decreasing their motivation to report incidents, and increasing self-blaming. The work is organized in three sections: a) reviewing the problem, b) the role of alcohol in the occurrence of sexual violence, and c) the influence of erroneous beliefs and myths built around the rape. Finally, some reflections are made on the efforts that must be done by research, to get a better understanding of the occurrence of sexual assaults on university population, in order to develop prevention and intervention programs more effective
... Alcohol has been shown to be a significant predictor of sexual aggression in men. Not only is alcohol involved in roughly half of all sexual assaults (Abbey, McAuslan, & Ross, 1998;Abbey, Zawacki, Buck, Clinton, & McAuslan, 2001;Abbey et al., 2002;Gidycz, Warkentin, & Orchowski, 2007;Kanin, 1984;Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987), but men who report heavy drinking on a regular basis are also more likely to self-report that they have engaged in sexual aggression (Abbey, Ross, & McDuffie, 1994;Koss & Dinero, 1988). ...
Previous research has determined that alcohol use is frequently associated with sexual aggression perpetration. However, little research has examined the differences between alcohol-involved and nonalcohol-involved assaults among men who are repeat perpetrators of sexual aggression. Eighty men from the community who had self-reported perpetration of two or more sexual assaults, including at least one assault in which the participant was drinking and one assault in which they were sober, were recruited for a within-subjects survey. Data analysis examined the differences between participants’ most recent alcohol-involved assault and their most recent nonalcohol-involved assault. A variety of differences were observed between nonalcohol and alcohol-involved assaults including the participants’ primary appraisals, secondary appraisals, and the degree of force they used to obtain unwanted sex. These results provide further insight into the effect that alcohol has on perpetration of sexual aggression. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
... Despite recent discussion about the use of date rape drugs to facilitate a sexual assault or rape, research supports that alcohol, not drugs, is by far the most significant substance used by sex offenders in the commission of their crimes (Hindmarch et al., 2001;Grubin & Gunn, 1990;Horvath, 2006;Koss, 1985;Koss & Dinero, 1989;LeBeau et al., 1998;Scott-Ham & Burton, 2005;Seifert, 1999;Slaughter, 2000;Walby & Allen, 2004). In fact many rapists not only admitted that they had used alcohol before and/or during the commission of their sex offense but many even blamed their alcohol use for their offense behavior (e.g., Abbey et al., 2001;Kanin, 1984). Alcohol was related to the commission of physical aggression among women abusers and cocaine was found to be associated with coerced sexual activities (Stuart, Moore, Elkins, et al., 2013). ...
... Los participantes informaron que ellos probablemente actuarían como el hombre de la historia si estuviesen bajo los efectos del alcohol, pero no estando sobrios, sugiriendo que podían imaginarse a sí mismos cometiendo una agresión sexual si previamente habían ingerido alcohol. Los hombres que poseen este tipo de expectativas puede que se sientan más legitimados para forzar a mujeres a mantener relaciones sexuales cuando están bebidos, porque de esta forma les es más fácil justificar su conducta atribuyéndola a los efectos producidos por el alcohol (Kanin, 1984). ...
... sociocultural models have been applied to college age samples in the study of acquaintance rape. Kanin (1984) found self-reporting date rapists to be products of highly sexually oriented peer group socialization. ...
... The problem of underreporting which is known to confound estimates of the incidence of rape is especially problematic in the case of sexual assault by nonstrangers (Kanin, 1984; Lott, Rei l ly, & Howard, 1982). For example, Koss (1985) found that most unreported rapes were assaults by an acquaintance or romantic intimate. ...
This article provides estimates of the incidence of unwanted sexual experiences on one college campus. Based on a self-administered survey, it is estimated that 34% of the women had experienced contact; 20% experienced attempted intercourse; and 10% experienced completed intercourse. It is argued that the stranger-acquaintance dichotomy should be abandoned in favor of a typology that explicitly includes reference to the context which brings the victim and perpetrator together. Different types of policies are required for different types of unwanted experiences.
... Despite recent discussion about the use of date rape drugs to facilitate a sexual assault or rape, research supports that alcohol, not drugs, is by far the most significant substance used by sex offenders in the commission of their crimes (Hindmarch, Elsholy, Gambles, & Salamone, 2001; Grubin and Gunn, 1990; Horvath, 2006; Koss, 1985; Koss & Dinero, 1989; LeBeau et al., 1998; Scott-Ham & Burton, 2005; Seifert, 1999; Slaughter, 2000; Walby & Allen, 2004). In fact many rapists not only admitted that they had used alcohol before and/or during the commission of their sex offense but many even blamed their alcohol use for their offense behavior (e.g., Abbey et al., 2001; Kanin, 1984). Alcohol was related to the commission of physical aggression among women abusers and cocaine was found to be associated with coerced sexual activities (Stuart, Moore, Elkins, O'Farrell, Temple, Ramsey, & Shorey, 2013). ...
Sex offenders and violent offenders in general that were intoxicated at the time of their offense often claim that they were too intoxicated to know 1) what they were doing at the time of the offense and 2) therefore unable to recall the details of the offense situation the next day. What the literature has to say contradicts the claims of sex offenders or violent offenders who claim they were "out of control" and that they do not recall what they did in the offense situation. Alcohol use (mild to moderate consumption) appears to result in 1) alcohol myopia; 2) increased attentional focus on the more salient emotions (whether negative or positive); 3) improved creative thinking and improved attention to the activity at hand; 4) decreased frontal lobe activity (e.g., lack of concern about consequences or morals); 5) is impacted by alcohol expectancies; and 6) does not prevent an individual from being able to recall activity that occurred while intoxicated when provided cues.
... George, Frone, Cooper, Russell, Skinner, & Windle, 1995). Some studies have reported male perpetrators of sexual assault attributed their use of force to being drunk (Kanin, 1984), and men who engage in sexual aggression often report trying to get their date drunk in order to make it easier to verbally or physically persuade her to comply with their sexual requests (Kanin, 1985). Abbey, McAuslan, and Ross (1998) examined the mutual effects of beliefs surrounding consensual and non-consensual sexual activities, over-perception of sexual intent on the perpetration of sexual aggression, and alcohol via the use of structural equation modeling. ...
This study experimentally investigates the influence of different norms regarding the acceptability of sexual coercion, over-perceptions of sexual intentions in casual interactions with women, as well as an interaction of these factors on self-reported likelihood to engage in sexual assault. Results of a logistic regression showed significantly increased odds of reporting likelihood to engage in sexual assault when male college students were exposed to rape-conducive normative messages and also perceived high sexual intentions in a woman. Implications and limitations of this research are discussed.
... In another such study, 75 per cent of the convicted rapists interviewed mentioned that they had consumed alcohol or drugs prior to the incident, and 44 per cent reported that the victim had also done so (Scully and Marolla, 1984). See also Kanin (1984) in which 20 per cent of self-admitted college rapists maintained that the rape would not have occurred had they not been drinking at the time of the assault and a further 41 per cent reported that their intoxication caused them to misinterpret the victim's behaviour. 10. ...
Previous studies have illustrated the existence of a double standard in the attribution of responsibility in contested sexual consent scenarios whereby intoxicated defendants tend to be held less responsible for subsequent sexual events than their sober counterparts while intoxicated complainants tend to be held more responsible. This study examined the extent to which the means by which the complainants' intoxication was secured would influence this process.1 Mock jurors, having been exposed to a trial reconstruction in which intoxicated sexual consent was at issue, deliberated towards a unanimous, or failing that, majority verdict on whether rape had occurred. Across the trial scenarios, the only variables related to the type of intoxicant ingested and the means of its administration. In a context in which the Sexual Offences Act 2003 purports to restrict reliance in the jury room on questionable stereotypes about socio-sexual behaviour, this article considers the extent to which participants' views about responsibility for intoxication shaped their conclusions on the occurrence of, and liability for, rape. It also examines the ways in which the social acceptability of some intoxicants (alcohol) and the social unacceptability of others (Rohypnol) supported the construction of `drug-assisted rape' as distinguishable from more mundane instances of intoxicated sex.
... The recognition that sexual coercion and aggression occur with some frequency within close relationships has created an interest in delineating the variables that may influence perceptions of nonconsensual sexual interactions and contribute to sexual violence. Some researchers and theorists have explored social environmental factors, including sex role scripts or stereotypes associated with heterosexual dating situations (e.g., women really mean ª yesº when they say ª noº ; for discussion see Check & Malamuth, 1983); beliefs about the nature of close relationships (e.g., relationships should be sexual, private, and controlled by the male partner; for discussion see Muehlenhard, Goggins, Jones, & Satterfield, 1991); socialization processes that foster the acquisition of rape myths (e.g., Burt, 1980;Campbell, 1975); and peer group norms that support and promote exploitative attitudes toward women and the use of coercive sexual strategies (e.g., Kanin, 1983Kanin, , 1984Kanin, , 1985Martin & Hummer, 1989). ...
The sexual interactions of young adults are characterized by a surprising amount of coercion and aggression. Assumptions about the causal antecedents of sexual desire may contribute to sexual miscommunication and the failed negotiations that result in sexual harassment and date rape. I examined the impact of one presumed cause of female desire (i.e., romantic love or romantic events) on perceptions of a heterosexual, sexual interaction. Results indicated that the perceived level of sexual desire felt by a female target and the extent to which she is believed to want sex mediated the relation between a male target' s sexual request style (romantic vs. sexual) and the extent to which their sexual interaction was viewed as consensual. Neither gender nor previous experience w ith harassment or assault moderated this result; however, main effects for gender were found such that men attributed greater sexual desire to the female target than did women, and w omen perceived the female target as less responsible for the occurrence of intercourse than did men. The sexual interactions of young adults are characterized by a surprising amount
... Such tendencies have been observed among offenders of sexual assault. For example, in Kanin's (1984) study, 20% of self-admitted collegiate rapists maintained that the rape would not have occurred had they not been drinking at the time of the assault. An additional 41% reported that intoxication caused them to misinterpret the victim's behavior, and alcohol, acting as a disinhibiting agent, facilitated their use of force. ...
The present research investigates how defendant and claimant intoxication operates in sexual-assault trials. Participants (N= 323) were provided with a description of a sexualassault trial in which the intoxication level (sober, moderate, extreme) of both parties was systematically varied. While the introduction of alcohol altered participants' perceptions of the case and of the parties involved, a complex interplay between the defendant's and complainant's level of intoxication was apparent. When the complainant was sober, harsher judgments were rendered when the defendant was intoxicated, particularly at the extreme level. In contrast, when the complainant was moderately intoxicated, more guilty verdicts occurred when the defendant was similarly inebriated. Finally, when the complainant was extremely intoxicated, the defendant's beverage consumption did not exert any discemible impact. Evaluations of both parties' abilities to self-regulate their behavior and for the female target to become sexually disinhibited were also influenced by the intoxication manipulation.
175 college undergraduate students completed a questionnaire which contained dating scenarios and questions designed to assess the participants' perceptions about the likelihood that sexual aggression would occur in the described dating situations and how justified sexual aggression would be in those situations. Also included were items to assess self-admitted sexual aggression, self-reported sexual victimization, attitudes toward certain affectionate behaviors, and enjoyment of several magazines including the “soft-core” sexually oriented publication Playboy. Analysis indicated that women made significantly higher estimates of the chances of sexual aggression occurring in the described dating situations. Relative to nonvictimized women, victimized women gave significantly higher estimates of the likelihood of sexual aggression and believed that sexual aggression was significantly more justified. Men rated sexual aggression as significantly more justified in a relationship m which the male had been paying all dating expenses relative to one in which dating expenses were shared. Women's ratings were not significantly different. Also, correlates of self-admitted male sexual aggression included greater rated enjoyment of Playboy magazine and less agreement with an item designed to measure attitudes toward physical affection.
This thesis aims to investigate the relations between representations of gender and sexuality in Australian alcohol advertisements and the formation and perpetuation of gendered alcohol expectancies which could represent a factor in the high prevalence of alcohol-involved sexual assault observed in Australia. The theoretical framework employed in this work lies firmly within the social constructivist views of gender and sexuality, with notions such as hegemonic masculinity and homosociality playing a central role in the analyses. Noting the literature on representation, particularly of gender and sexuality in advertisements, a comprehensive framework is defined for analysing a sample of Australian alcohol advertisements. A combination of visual content analysis and semiotic analyses are used to uncover the ways in which Australian alcohol advertising promotes a gender-segregated drinking culture, and how such gender-biased notions of alcohol consumption can become problematic. A sample of 74 Australian advertisements published between 2012 and 2017 are considered in the content analysis, with a focus on gender stereotypes associated with hegemonic masculinity and emphasised femininity. Semiotic analyses informed by Barthesian semiotics are then carried on sub-sections of the sample, with particular interest on the notion of cultural myths. The analyses reveal that despite considerable criticism of advertising throughout the years, stereotypical representations of men and women remain widespread, cementing gendered attitudes and expectations prevalent in society - particularly with regards to alcohol use. These gender biases, as I argue, play a role in the normalisation and ubiquity of sexual violence in situations involving the consumption of alcohol.
Social epistemologists use the term hermeneutical injustice to refer to a form of epistemic injustice in which a structural prejudice in the economy of collective interpretive resources results in a person’s inability to understand his/her/their own social experience. This essay argues that the phenomenon of unacknowledged date rapes, that is, when a person experiences sexual assault yet does not conceptualize him/her/their self as a rape victim, should be regarded as a form of hermeneutical injustice. The fact that the concept of date rape has been widely used for at least three decades indicates the intractability of hermeneutical injustices of this sort and the challenges with its overcoming.
A cursory reading of the history of U.S. colleges and universities reveals that violence, vice, and victimization - campus crime - has been part of collegiate life since the Colonial Era. It was not until the late 1980s - some 250 years later - that campus crime suddenly became an issue on the public stage. Drawing from numerous mass media and scholarly sources and using a theoretical framework grounded in social constructionism, The Dark Side of the Ivory Tower chronicles how four groups of activists - college student advocates, feminists, victims and their families, and public health experts - used a variety of tactics and strategies to convince the public that campus crime posed a new danger to the safety and security of college students and the Ivory Tower itself, while simultaneously convincing policymakers to take action against the problem. Readers from a range of disciplinary interests, campus security professionals, and informed citizens will find the book both compelling and valuable to understanding campus crime as a newly constructed social reality.
United States federal law mandates all colleges and universities that receive federal funding to implement some type of violence prevention program. Despite this initiative, women on college campuses continue to experience sexual victimization at alarmingly high rates. The high rates of sexual victimization and the range of psychological aftereffects associated with sexual violence underscore the importance of developing effective programs to reduce women's risk for sexual violence. As such, this chapter reviews the rationale, content, structure, theoretical underpinnings, and efficacy of sexual assault risk reduction programs for women in college. Recommendations for developing and administrating risk reduction programs are also delineated.
Sexual assault perpetrated on both women and men, while incapacitated by alcohol and or drugs, has drawn considerable attention during the past decade. A great number of difficulties surround the forensic and toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assaults. The vast number of drugs makes the toxicological analysis a time-consuming procedure. The delays in reporting, due to the psychological burden of the rape in combination with the amnesic effects of the drugs, enhance the problem. The administration of a single dose makes the toxicological investigation even more difficult as it requires extremely sensitive analytical methods. Clinical doctors must always keep in mind that psychoactive substances can be used for criminal purposes, including sexual assault. The early and appropriate examination of the victim and the early and proper collection of biological samples in such cases are critical for the clinical diagnosis, but also of paramount importance in the thorough investigation of the case and for prosecution of the perpetrator. The forensic and toxicological aspects of such cases are discussed and the Greek legislation on the subject is reviewed.
Коллективная монография подготовлена группой ученых Лаборатории судеб. ной сексологии Государственного научного центра социальной и судебной психиатрии им. В. П. Сербского — судебными психиатрами, сексологами, психологами, нейрофизиологами. В ней подведены итоги междисциплинарного исследования лиц, совершивших противоправные сексуальные действия, за последние пять лет.
Рассмотрены принципы психопатологической и сексологической клинической
диагностики психических и психосексуальных расстройств при аномальном сексуальном поведении, включая новейшие методы психофизиологической (полиграфической) объективизации нарушений сексуального предпочтения. Представлены новые
данные о психологических механизмах такого поведения, а также результаты нейрофизиологических исследований отклоняющейся сексуальности
This chapter illustrates the false victimization syndromes in stalking. When suspicions arise that a stalking complaint might not be legitimate, there are at least 12 categories of descriptors. Moreover, these should be assessed to determine the presence of a potential false victimization syndrome. Victim presentation refers to the kinds of behavior the victims engage in, and whether this behavior is consistent with typical victim behavior or not. Enlistment of others refers to the manner in which the complainant interfaces with the individual's support system around the incident. In some cases of false victimization it is not at all uncommon to clearly see the obvious secondary gains that the victim is getting out of the allegations. Psychological data refers to whether there are any mental health problems in the victim's background. Historical clues include information gleaned from the history of the complainant and other collateral sources that may point in the direction of a false allegation. Suspect problems refer to problems with the victim's description of the suspect, often centering on the notion that the victim's characterization of the suspect conflicts with known suspect behavior.
Using data from a Canadian national representative sample survey of male university and college students, this study tested three hypotheses from a theoretical model which attempts to explain the relationship between male peer group dynamics and sexual assault in dating relationships. Consistent with previous research conducted in the United States, the findings reported here show that male peer support is a significant predictor of sexual abuse in post-secondary school courtship. This article concludes with several suggestions for further research.
Common wisdom often asserts that colleges are hotbeds of libertine sexual indulgence and that the courts are lenient in dealing
with sexually-related matters on campus. Quite a different picture emerges, however, from an examination of the court cases
involving serious sexual misconduct in American campus life. Indeed, it may be interpreted as a model of conventional morality.
This study examines the appellate court decisions from the fifty states and the federal judicial circuits which relate serious
sexual misconduct (defined as that which might or did constitute a criminal offense) to college and university campuses or
programs. While there were almost no such cases two decades ago, the number has grown dramatically in recent years. The subject
matter ranges from discipline or termination of professors and students charged with illegal or immoral sexual behavior to
the assessment of liability in damage suits against institutions, and even their administrators, when they failed to provide
a safe campus environment, and harm resulted to someone.
The paradox between the high levels of fear and the low reported rates of victimization for females has long been accepted. Attempts to explain it have included the introduction of the exposure-to-risk hypothesis. Although this approach narrowed the gap, the paradox remained. This essay suggests that victimizations involving nonstrangers accounts for much of the gap between women's low rates of reported victimization and their high levels of fear.
Men following quality and quantity strategies (pair bond with paternal investment/short-term sexual bonds) should have different, self-serving moral codes. If so, the different strategists should rate dating behaviors differently on ethical (honest and exploitative) and usage (by quality and quantity courters) scales. Quality strategists, who use honest advertisement, should promote their honest behavior by sharp distinctions between what is honest and exploitative and between what men like themselves and others (quantity strategists) do. Quantity strategists, who may exploit (e.g., verbal or physical coercion), should blur these distinctions. Their interests are served by the belief that all men are alike and not morally distinguishable. The companion study obtained men's ratings of quality-strategy behaviors (honest) and quantity-strategy behaviors (exploitative) on ethical and usage scales. Correlations were obtained between those ratings and the same men's scores on bipolar dimensions distinguishing quality from quantity strategists: sexual history, adult characteristics associated with female mate preference, and certain childhood experiences. The correlations supported the hypotheses with two exceptions. First, socioeconomic status and endorsement of a foraging tactic (leave if sexual relations do not start quickly) predicted ratings for quality-strategy behaviors, but did not predict ratings for quantity-strategy behaviors. Sexual history items and childhood experiences related to perceptions of relationships predicted only the ratings for quantity-strategy behaviors. Second, ratings of the lack of honesty in exploitative behavior and its lack of usage by quality courters did not distinguish the strategists. Three conclusions followed. One, there are two kinds of quantity strategists: commodifiers who trade resources for sex and predators who exploit. Two, quantity strategists are mixed strategists while some men follow only a quality strategy. Three, quantity strategists deceive themselves about the exploitative character of their behavior. The data fit evolutionary analyses of human morality and, with a few exceptions, current views of contextual factors governing adoption of different reproductive strategies.
This article provides an overview of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, examines current treatment, and proposes an emerging standard of care for practitioners. Very few standards of care have been established for the mental health professions. This is the minimal standard agreed upon by researchers and clinicians. These standards are being increasingly used in malpractice suits and by managed care companies. Therefore, standards of care have legal, ethical, financial, and clinical implications. Clinical and outcome data suggest treatment procedures which include the use of psychopharmacologic and behavioral treatments for clients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
One of the dominant themes of the symposium from which this collection of articles arose was the ontological status of consent. Is consent a particular state of mind? Is it the signification of that state of mind via a conventionally recognized act? Or, is consent a normative concept that evaluates not only the presence of a state of mind or act, but also the appropriateness of that state of mind or act in the particular circumstances?
A discussion of recent studies on college men as sexual assault and rape perpetrators accompanies recommendations and an integrative theoretical model to be used in rape prevention programs designed for college men.
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