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ω3 Fatty Acids Effectively Prevent Coronary Heart Disease and Other Late-Onset Diseases – The Excessive Linoleic Acid Syndrome
Abstract
Effectiveness of fish oil ω3 FAs and vegetable oil ALA (ω3) for the primary and secondary prevention of CHD has been established. Because of competition between ω6 and ω3 FAs, reducing the intake of ω6 FAs (mostly LA in our current food environment) while increasing that of ω3 FAs is effective as shown in the Lyon Diet Heart Study and others (fig. 9-11 ; tables 4, 5). Some data inconsistent with this simple conclusion will be discussed in chapter 7.
... First, HMG CoA synthase enzyme controls the mevalonate to HMG CoA formation that subsequently used in cholesterol formation while cholesterol oxidase enzyme oxidizes cholesterol to desaturate it. Second, cholesterol esterification by LCAT and ACAT enzymes and subsequently apoprotein binding controls the lipoprotein formation [55][56][57][58]. Mainly high density lipoprotein (HDL) plays significant role in scavenging cholesterol from blood as shown in (Figure 5). ...
... of cardiovascular prevention by herbiceuticals: Mainly cholesterol rich dietary fats enhances the risk of coronary heart disease while omega 3/omega 6 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and play cardioprotective role in primary, secondary and late-onset diseases [55,56]. Interestingly, the excessive linoleic acid is manifested as 'linoleic acid syndrome' in coronary heart disease [57,58]. Conjugated lineleic acid was reported as protective against cardiac hypertrophy [78]. ...
... manal_emam@hotmail.com. hormones that regulate the hormonal cycles (Okuyama et al., 2007;Johnson et al., 2008). Flax seed has a high ratio of α-linolenic (omega-3) to linoleic (omega-6) fatty acids, and it is one of the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acid. ...
... Flax seed has a high ratio of α-linolenic (omega-3) to linoleic (omega-6) fatty acids, and it is one of the richest sources of omega-3 fatty acid. Treatment with 1 g per day of omega-3 fatty acid reduced the occurrence of cardio-vascular diseases and sudden cardiac death (Okuyama et al., 2007). It is possible to alter the percentage of various fatty acids by physiological and / or agronomic methods (Ratledge, 1988;Kene et al., 1990;Tamer et al., 1996;Bharambe et al., 1997;Vasudevan et al., 1997;El-Lateef et al., 1998;Joshi et al., 1998;Raju and Sreemannarayana, 1998;Scheiner and Lavado, 1999;El-Bassiouny et al., 2005). ...
Two field experiments were conducted during two successive winter seasons in the experimental farm of the Agriculture Research Center of Giza in Egypt to study the effect of some vitamins (vitamin B 9 , vitamin C and vitamin B 12) on the yield and quality of flax plant. The results showed that foliar application of these vitamins significantly increased the growth parameters, as well as photosynthetic pigments compared with the control plants. All treatments induced the plants to flower and to produce fruits earlier than the control plants, enhanced fiber yield and quality, and improved the quality of flax seeds that induced oil yield per feddan. The vitamin treatments did not only stimulate oil production, but also activated the antioxidative properties of flax seeds in terms of increasing the endogenous contents of glutathione, ascorbic acid and total phenols. However, the observed stimulation of oil production was found to be at the expense of carbohydrate and protein accumulation in vitamin -treated flax plants.
... Mechanism of cardiovascular prevention by nutraceuticals: Mainly cholesterol rich dietary fats enhances the risk of coronary heart disease while omega 3/omega 6 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and play cardioprotective role in primary, secondary and late-onset diseases [87][88][89]. Interestingly, the excessive linoleic acid is manifested as 'linoleic acid syndrome' in coronary heart disease [89]. ...
... Mechanism of cardiovascular prevention by nutraceuticals: Mainly cholesterol rich dietary fats enhances the risk of coronary heart disease while omega 3/omega 6 fatty acids reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and play cardioprotective role in primary, secondary and late-onset diseases [87][88][89]. Interestingly, the excessive linoleic acid is manifested as 'linoleic acid syndrome' in coronary heart disease [89]. Conjugated lineleic acid was reported as protective against cardiac hypertrophy [90]. ...
Nutraceuticals are natural and commonly found in bioactive foods or whole plants to keep energy balance in the body and promise substantial therapeutic value in cardioprotection. Major cardioprotective bioactive foods and nutraceuticals are now part of nutrition supplements at nonprescription counters and their self-prescription is increased at large scale. The literature suggests the growing use of new bioactive foods and nutraceuticals in cardioprotection and management. The biochemical mechanisms of nutraceutical action in cardioprotection are poorly reported. The literature indicates the success of fish oils, nutaceuticals in vegetable fat-free diets and restricted life style to enhance cardioprotec-tion. The present paper highlights the need and benefits of newly introduced bioactive foods and revisits the cardioprotec-tive mechanisms of bioactive foods and nutraceuticals. Broadly cardioprotective nutraceuticals are polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. Most of the nutraceuticals act as biochemi-cal metabolites by direct intervention in intermediary lipid metabolism or regulating proteins of vascular system responsi-ble of 'cardiovascular incapability'.
... suggests that excessive levels of omega-6 fatty acids from seed oils relative to certain omega-3 fatty acids may increase the probability of a number of diseases. [13,14,15] A high proportion of omega-6 to omega-3 fat in the diet shifts the physiological state in the tissues toward the pathogenesis of many diseases: pro-thrombotic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-constrictive. Nowadays there is therefore a need to limit the intake of omega-6 by avoiding the use of any type of seed oil (sunflower, corn, soybean, etc.), and to increase the intake of omega-3. ...
We are experiencing years of profound cultural revolution. New insights into the microbiota upset concepts in physiology, medicine, and nutrition. The role of the microbiota for our health is increasingly evident. We are increasingly certain that our health depends on that of the microbiota, or, rather, on its strength in controlling the physiology of body organs, the mechanisms of repair and protection. It is not so much a pathogen that makes us fall ill, but a reduced ability to protect and repair ourselves from damage produced by pathogens that affect us continually. Current knowledge leads us to a new medicine aimed at curing the microbiota so that it can (come back to) take care of us. In this new medicine, food rediscovers a fundamental role, since it is the best way to communicate with the microbiota, to modulate and strengthen it. And it is curious how the most recent acquisitions bring us back to the past, to an ancient medicine, which we had forgotten after the discovery of drugs, imagined capable of acting on complex pathogenetic mechanisms. By acting, more simply, on the microbiota we can activate powerful endogenous mechanisms, which keep us healthy, when we are, more powerful than any drug we can invent. Now there is nothing left to do but apply the new knowledge.
... Some medical researches suggest that excessive levels of omega-6 fatty acids, relative to omega -3 fatty acids, may increase the probability of a number of diseases and depression . (lands, 2005, Hibbeln ,et al., 2006, and Okuyama , et al., 2007 . Modern Western diets typically have ratios of omega -6 to omega-3 in excess of 10 to 1 , some as high as 30 to 1, partly due to corn oil which has an omega-6 to omega -3 ratio of 49 : 1 . ...
... Studies revealed an excessive amount of n-6 fatty acids compared to n-3 fatty acids in Western diets. 1 Excessive amounts of linoleic acid (LA) contribute to inflammation and results in CVD, cancer, autoimmune diseases and depression. 2,3 In addition, clinical studies in dyslipidemic patients, 4 with metabolic syndrome, 5 multiple sclerosis 6 or cardiovascular disease, 7 show that n-3 fatty acid supplementation has the effect of lowering the levels of plasma TNF-α, CRP, interleukin 1 (IL1) and interleukin 2 (IL6). A body of experimental and epidemiological work suggest that regular consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects and thus a much higher consumption of n-3 (a low n-6/n-3 ratio) would have favorable effects on these pathologies. ...
High consumption of cooking oil in the modern society is believed to be the major cause of cardiovascular diseases. The effect of cooking oils depends on their fatty acids composition....
... Competitive interactions with the n-3 fatty acids affect the relative storage, mobilization, conversion and action of the n-3 and n-6 eicosanoid precursors (Lands, 2005). Some medical research suggests that excessive levels of n-6 fatty acids, relative to n-3 fatty acids, may increase the probability of a number of diseases and depression (Hibbeln, 2006;Okuyama et al., 2007). Excess n-6 fats interfere with the health benefits of n-3 fats; in part because they compete for the same rate-limiting enzymes. ...
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with different fat sources on blood parameters of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Eighty four 7-week old laying quail were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (21 birds per group) with 3 replicates for each treatment group and fed for three months on a commercial diet supplemented with 3% of either sunflower oil (T1), flax oil (T2), corn oil (T3) or fish oil (T4). The birds received water and feed ad libitum during the experiment. During the last month of experiment blood samples were collected fortnightly from each bird. The first blood samples collection was used to determine fresh blood parameters, while the second blood samples collection was used after pooled blood samples for each replicate of treatment group to determine serum chemistry traits. Dietary supplementation with 3% fish oil (T4) caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in erythrocyte number, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, Mean Corpuscular Values (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), thrombocyte number and leukocyte number and serum total protein, albumen, globulin, glucose, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), calcium and phosphorus concentration, followed by the results of flax oil (T2), whereas sunflower oil (T1) and corn oil (T3) revealed the lowest values respecting these traits. However, adding sunflower (T1) and corn oil (T3) to the diet of laying quail resulted in significant (p<0.05) increase in percentage of reticulocytes and Heterophil to Lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), uric acid, creatinine, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), followed by the results of the flax oil (T2), while fish oil (T4) exhibited the lowest means with relation to these traits. From this experiment it is concluded that dietary fish and flax oils at inclusion level of 3% resulted in significant improvement in blood profile of laying quail. Consequently, fish and flax oils can be added during the laying period to the diet of Japanese quail to enhance general physiological status of these birds.
... Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are regarded as essential for regulation of cholesterol synthesis and transportation for the maintenance of cellular membrane (Simopoulos, 1991) and eicosanoid synthesis (Kankaanpaa et al., 1999). They form key constituents of neuronal cells in brain and retinal tissues and affect cell function and development and overall human health (Qi et al., 2004) and are known to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases (Demaison and Moreau, 2002;Okuyama et al., 2007). The sources of a-linolenic acid (ALA) include deep-sea fish and some oil seed plants like flax, rape, walnut, soybean, and perilla. ...
Rice is a staple food for more than 3 billion people in more than 100 countries of the world but ironically it is deficient in many bioavailable vitamins, minerals, essential amino-and fatty-acids and phytochemicals that prevent chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and obesity. To enhance the nutritional and other quality aspects of rice, a better understanding of the regulation of the processes involved in the synthesis, uptake, transport, and metabolism of macro-(starch, seed storage protein and lipid) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals) is required. With the publication of high quality genomic sequence of rice, significant progress has been made in identification, isolation, and characterization of novel genes and their regulation for the nutritional and quality enhancement of rice. During the last decade, numerous efforts have been made to refine the nutritional and other quality traits either by using the traditional breeding with high through put technologies such as marker assisted selection and breeding, or by adopting the transgenic approach. A significant improvement in vitamins (A, folate, and E), mineral (iron), essential amino acid (lysine), and flavonoids levels has been achieved in the edible part of rice, i.e., endosperm (biofortification) to meet the daily dietary allowance. However, studies on bioavailability and allergenicity on biofortified rice are still required. Despite the numerous efforts, the commercialization of biofortified rice has not yet been achieved. The present review summarizes the progress and challenges of genetic engineering and/or metabolic engineering technologies to improve rice grain quality, and presents the future prospects in developing nutrient dense rice to save the everincreasing population, that depends solely on rice as the staple food, from widespread nutritional deficiencies.
... Previous studies have demonstrated that conjugated LA, a positional and geometrical isomer of LA, stimulates the differentiation of NSCs while LA did not show such an effect (Okui et al., 2011). On the other hand, the effect of oleic acid, as a main member of n-9 MUFA family and precursor of LA, on NSCs has been rarely investigated (Yuan and Bloch, 1961;Dolecek, 1992;Lands, 2005;Chua et al., 2006;Hibbeln et al., 2006;Judge et al., 2007;Okuyama et al., 2007). Indeed, studies demonstrated the beneficial role of OA on axonal, dendrite growth and also on neuronal migration (Tabernero et al., 2001;Medina and Tabernero, 2002). ...
Embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) could differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This study was aimed to determine the effect of safflower seed oil, which contains linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), and palmitic acid (PA), on cultured eNSC proliferation and differentiation, in comparison to linoleic acid alone. Results showed that safflower seed oil, but not LA, increased significantly the viability and proliferation of eNSCs. Moreover, treatment of NSCs by safflower seed oil, but not LA, resulted in a significant increase in mRNA levels of notch1, hes1, and Ki-67, and protein levels of notch intracellular domain (NICD), in comparison to controls, indicating an enhancement of stemness. Finally, safflower seed oil, but not LA, caused an increase in the number of oligodendrocytes (MBP+), astrocytes (GFAP+) and neurons (β-III tubulin+) of which only the increase in β-III tubulin positive cells was statistically significant. In summary, OA and PA, present in safflower seed oil may prove beneficial for the enhancement of eNSCs and their neuronal differentiation.
... Hypotensive effect of olive oil may be due to oleic acid [21]. Omega-9 fatty acids can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke by increasing high-density lipids (HDL) cholesterol and decreasing low-density lipids (LDL) cholesterol which help eliminating building up of plaques in arteries, which cause heart attack or stroke [22]. ...
Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., a member of Euphorbiaceae family, is found in the tropical forests with wild distribution in India (Assam). The fruits are edible and the wood of the tree is use for making furniture. The present review work is an effort to revisit the scientific works done to evaluate the scope for bio-prospection of edible fruit of B. ramiflora. Research work has reported rich content of minerals and vitamin C in the fruit. The plant has ethno-botanical uses in different countries of the world. Though it has many valuable properties, the plant is still an underutilized plant as its economic potentialities are still untapped. Since time immemorial, humankind has quest for identification and utilization of biological resources, which is crucial to the survival, adaptation, and evolution of the human species. The search for new sources of chemical compounds, genes, proteins, microorganisms and other products that have economic potential and can be obtain from the biological resources around us is bioprospecting. Bioprospecting can be an element of conservation of bio-resources if it can contribute in the generation of wealth through research and development (R&D) and alleviating poverty in bio-diversity rich regions. If underexploited and underutilized natural resources can be transform into potential economically, valuable products it may help in leading subsistence lifestyles in the remote biodiversity rich regions.
... The saturated source should ideally be rich in omega 3 like ghee, butter, coconut oil but not hydrogenated oil and, the unsaturated ones of the kind sunflower and groundnut. This is proposed to tilt the omega 6:3 closer to the idealistic 1:1 ratio [11,12]. Now let us discus the other halve of the plate. ...
... It has been demonstrated that dietary intake of n-3 PUFA is strictly linked to inflammation [88]. In fact, excessive levels of omega-6 (n-6) PUFA relative to n-3 PUFA is correlated with inflammation, arthritis, and cancer [88][89][90][91]. Modern Western diets typically have an excessive n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio of 10/1 to 20-25/1 with a consequent overproduction of arachidonic acid (AA) derivatives favoring the emergence of a pro-inflammatory status in the aging brain [33,92]. ...
Background
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are structural components of the brain and are indispensable for neuronal membrane synthesis. Along with decline in cognition, decreased synaptic density and neuronal loss, normal aging is accompanied by a reduction in n-3 PUFA concentration in the brain in both humans and rodents. Recently, many clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated the importance of n-3 PUFA in counteracting neurodegeneration and age-related dysfunctions.
Methods
Methods: This review will focus on the neuroprotective effects of n-3 PUFA on cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during normal aging. Multiple pathways of n-3 PUFA preventive action will be examined.
Results
Namely, n-3 PUFA have been shown to increase the levels of several signaling factors involved in synaptic plasticity, thus leading to the increase of dendritic spines and synapses as well as the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis even at old age. In elderly subjects n-3 PUFA exert anti-inflammatory effects associated with improved cognitive functions. Interestingly, growing evidence highlights n-3 PUFA efficacy in preventing the loss of both gray and white matter volume and integrity.
Conclusion
This review shows that n-3 PUFA are essential for a successful aging and appear as ideal cognitive enhancers to be implemented in nutritional interventions for the promotion of healthy aging.
... Omega-9 fatty acids are from a family of monounsaturated fats that also are beneficial when obtained in food. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are used to create cell membranes and hormones that regulate the hormonal cycles (Okuyama et al., 2007;Johnson et al., 2008). Recently, the World Health Organization reports that at least 75 -95% of the world populations of developing countries were chiefly rely on traditional medicines and major part of traditional therapies involves the use of plant extract products or their active constituents (Molly, 2011). ...
The aim of this work is to study the effect of foliar application of various concentrations (50, 100 and 200 ppm) of ascorbic acid and niacin on protein, oil, fatty acids and antibacterial activity of bitter lupine (Lupinus termis L.) seeds. The results obtained showed that, foliar application of both ascorbic acid and niacin had significant effect on protein and oil content of lupine seeds. Gas liquid chromatography of the oil showed increase in unsaturated fatty acids with all foliar application treatments except 200 ppm nicotinic acid compared with control. Palmitic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were the most affected saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in response to different vitamins types and levels. The best ratio of linoleic over linolenic (2.18:1) was obtained with using 200 ppm of ascorbic acid. It was noted that, nicotinic acid at all concentrations caused more increases in essential fatty acids (ω-6 and ω -3) than ascorbic acid treatments at the same concentration. The results of this study showed that there was no almost antibacterial activity for L. termis oil extract against all the tested strains. Ethanol extracts had the highest inhibition zone in the treatment with foliar application of ascorbic acid, which increased by increasing the treatment concentration to reach its maximum value at 200 ppm. The G-ve bacteria were more resistant to the plant extract than gram-positive bacteria such as Ps. aeruginosa exhibited more resistant than B. subtilis when they were tested with L. termis extract. © 2014–2015, International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. All rights reserved.
... Alteration of desaturation/elongation pathways of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in oilseeds resulted of increased fatty acids as reported by Wu et al., (2005). The beneficial of VLCPUFA are not only required for fetal neuronal system, components of membrane phospholipids in specific tissues or as precursors for the synthesis of the different groups of eicosanoid effectors (e.g., prostaglandins) but also reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and Alzheimer's (Demaison and Moreau, 2002;Dolecek, 1992;Okuyama et al., 2007). At present, the sources of ALA are mainly deepsea fish and specific oilseed plants (e.g., falx, soybean, rape, walnut and perilla). ...
In this research, the fatty acid pathway was modified to produce the C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by co-expression the genes encoding omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (SK-FAD3) from Saccharomyces kluyveri, δ9-elongase (IgASE1) from Isochrysis galbana, δ8-desaturase (efd1) from Euglena gracilis and δ5-desaturase from Mortierella alpina (Mortδ5) in japonica rice plant through Agrobacterium tumafaciens transformation method. The Southern hybridization analysis has confirmed the integration of these four transgenes and showed the presence of one copy number for each transgene in all five lines of T0 transgenic rice (T0-1, T0-2, T0-3, T0-4 and T0-5). The GC analysis showed the presence of new fatty acids eicosadienoic acid (EDA), eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA) and arachidonic (ARA) in transformed leaves of T0 and T1 compare to wild type. Further analysis of total fatty acid content in seeds showed that linolenic acids (LA) was increased at 1-2% in T0-2, T0-4 and T0-5 while a-linolenic acid (ALA) content accumulated up to 0.2% in T0-4 of transformed plant.
... Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids play major role in brain development, prevention of different pathologies and cardiovascular diseases. Excessive levels of omega-6 fatty acids, relative to omega-3 fatty acids, may increase the probability of a number of diseases and depression [6][7][8]. Modern diets typically have ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 in excess of 10 to 1, or 30 to 1. Corn oil has an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 49:1. The optimal ratio is thought to be 4 to 1 or lower [9,10]. ...
Eighty adult albino rats were used in Present study to access the correlation between the administration of corn oil, truffle oil or wheat germ oil beside fatty acid synthesis enzymes and serum lipid profile. Significant increase in the level of total lipids, triacylglycerol (TAG), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) with decrease in the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) in the groups treated with corn oil. Where, truffle oil and wheat germ oil showed significant increase in the level of HDL-c. Significant decrease in the level of Acetyl-coA-carboxylase (ACC), Citrate cleavage enzyme (CCE), Malic dehydrogenase (ME) and Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) with a significant increase in the enzymatic activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH) in hepatic tissues was also detected. On the other hand, in peripheral adipose tissue, there were an increase in the enzymatic activities of all lipogenic enzymes in the groups treated with corn oil with nearly no change in the groups treated with truffle and wheat germ oil beside, a significant increase in the level of 6-PGDH only in the group treated with germ oil. The result of the present study indicate that the use of these oils could be a valuable source for the protection against coronary heart diseases and associated cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in animals and human.
... Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are regarded as essential for regulation of cholesterol synthesis and transportation for the maintenance of cellular membrane (Simopoulos, 1991) and eicosanoid synthesis (Kankaanpaa et al., 1999). They form key constituents of neuronal cells in brain and retinal tissues and affect cell function and development and overall human health (Qi et al., 2004) and are known to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases (Demaison and Moreau, 2002;Okuyama et al., 2007). The sources of a-linolenic acid (ALA) include deep-sea fish and some oil seed plants like flax, rape, walnut, soybean, and perilla. ...
Rice is a staple food for more than 3 billion people in more than 100 countries of the world but ironically it is deficient in many bioavailable vitamins, minerals, essential amino- and fatty-acids and phytochemicals that prevent chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancers and obesity. To enhance the nutritional and other quality aspects of rice, a better understanding of the regulation of the processes involved in the synthesis, uptake, transport and metabolism of macro-(starch, seed storage protein and lipid) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals) is required. With the publication of high quality genomic sequence of rice, significant progress has been made in identification, isolation and characterization of novel genes and their regulation for the nutritional and quality enhancement of rice. During the last decade, numerous efforts have been made to refine the nutritional and other quality traits either by using the traditional breeding with high through put technologies such as marker assisted selection and breeding, or by adopting the transgenic approach. A significant improvement in vitamins (A, folate and E), mineral (iron), essential amino acid (lysine) and flavonoids levels has been achieved in the edible part of rice, i. e. endosperm (biofortification) to meet the daily dietary allowance. However, studies on bioavailability and allergenicity on biofortified rice are still required. Despite the numerous efforts, the commercialization of biofortified rice has not yet been achieved. The present review summarizes the progress and challenges of genetic engineering and /or metabolic engineering technologies to improve rice grain quality, and presents the future prospects in developing nutrient dense rice to save the ever-increasing population, that depends solely on rice as the staple food, from widespread nutritional deficiencies.
... Since corn fields after wheat farmlands are the largest all over the world and world's highest amount of crop is corn, oil corn can be greatly noted and its healthy consumption is also evaluated in a high position. Consumption of corn oil can reduce cholesterol absorption by more than 25% which cause a significant reduction in heart diseases that are largely a function of cholesterol (Lands, 2005;Okuyama et al., 2007). ...
Corn is one of the plants whose seed oils are conventionally used for food frying processes. Since corn oil contains high oxidation stability, the present study aimed at reviewing stability and the effect of heating on fatty acids compositions when it goes beyond the stability point. In this study, pure corn oils that were imported to Bushehr were simulated for heating condition using Rancimat system under a determined temperature. Additionally, the spectrum of thermal oxidative stability was plotted and evaluated by determining the stability point, deformation oil in methyl esterand considering fatty acids profiles. Comparing the spectrums of unheated corn and heated corn in similar conditions, it was found that the amount of saturated fatty acids in the heated corn reached 25.36% after exceeding over the oxidative stability point. The obtained values for mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids were 66.31 and 5.35, respectively. In the composition of the profile, the percentage of oleic acid increased considerably while a sharp drop in linoleic acid was revealed. After going over the oxidative stability, the saturated components increased and unsaturated components generally decreased. The drop in the composition of poly unsaturated compounds was associated to linoleic acid. The observed drop was significant. The ratio ofOmega 6 to Omega 3 changed from about 56 to 6.33 that is relatively close to the desired amount of 4. Therefore, exceeding over the oxidative stability point for corn oil is not necessarily considered as a negative point. Since the amount of fatty acid inoleic increased and this acid can decrease the risk of heart attacks; therefore, there are other factors than oxidative stability point that should be considered in the process of heating in corn oil. It should be carefully investigated for the patients with the related problem
... n−6 fatty acids (popularly referred to as ω−6 fatty acids or omega-6 fatty acids) are a family of unsaturated fatty acids which have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n−6 position; that is, the sixth bond from the end of the fatty acid. Some medical research suggests that excessive levels of n−6 fatty acids, relative to n−3 fatty acids, may increase the probability of a number of diseases and depression [12][13]. ...
The training set of 20 fatty acids with regularly distributed logPo/w values was used to assess the
predictive ability of the QSPR/QSAR models produced in the regression. All the structures studied in this work
were optimized by using B3LYP method in conjunction with 6-31G* basis set. Statistical characteristics of the
best model are the following: n = 20, R2=0.999, R2 CV = 0.997, F =2938, standard error (SE) = 0.148 and Durbin-Watson (DW) =2.606
... Interestingly, DHA is an essential compound of newly born and young infants' diets because their organisms are unable to produce it at the rate sufficiently fast to keep up with the demands of the growing brain, hence an external source of PUFAs is necessary (Guesnet and Alessandri, 2010). Nevertheless, medical research suggests that excessive levels of n−6 fatty acids relative to n−3 fatty acids may increase the probability of a number of diseases and/or depression (Okuyama et al., 2007; Dinan et al., 2009; Mimoun et al., 2009). Actually, modern diets typically have ratios of n−6 to n−3 in excess of 10 to 1, with some as high as 30 to 1. ...
In recent years, both food quality and its effect on human health have become a fundamental issue all over the world. As a consequence of this new and increased awareness, American, European, and Asian policymakers have strongly encouraged the research programs on food quality and safety thematic. Attempts to improve human health and to satisfy people's desire for healthcare without intake of pharmaceuticals, has led the food industry to focus attention on functional or nutraceutical food. For a long time, compounds with nutraceutical activity have been produced chemically, but the new demands for a sustainable life have gradually led the food industry to move towards natural compounds, mainly those derived from plants. Many phytochemicals are known to promote good health, but, sometimes, undesirable effects are also reported. Furthermore, several products present on the market show few benefits and sometimes even the reverse - unhealthy effects; the evidence of efficacy is often unconvincing and epidemiological studies are necessary to prove the truth of their claims. Therefore, there is a need for reliable analytical control systems to measure the bioactivity, content, and quality of these additives in the complex food matrix. This review describes the most widespread nutraceutics and an analytical control of the same using recently developed biosensors which are promising candidates for routine control of functional foods.
... However, nutrient deficiency, if present, usually occurs among individuals at the lower end of the intake distribution and may not be apparent in a population by comparing the group mean or median intake to a reference value. Variability in dietary (n-6):(n-3) fatty acid balance may also be important (3,6,22). In the present study, we took advantage of recently updated nutrient databases to determine the distribution of ARA intakes and dietary (n-6): (n-3) fatty acid balance among 204 Canadian pregnant women. ...
Arachidonic [ARA, 20:4(n-6)], eicosapentaenoic [EPA, 20:5(n-3)], and docosahexaenoic acids [DHA, 22:6(n-3)] occur in the diet in animal tissue lipids, play important roles in human development and health, but have interactive and opposing functions. Meat and poultry have higher ARA and fish are richer in EPA and DHA. National databases were recently revised to include complete data on ARA in foods. We used a validated FFQ and the revised nutrient databases to quantify the distribution of ARA, EPA, and DHA intakes and balance for 204 healthy Canadian pregnant women. We focused on intake distributions because risk of adverse health effects increases at lower nutrient intakes. RBC fatty acids were analyzed concurrenly with dietary assessment. The distribution of ARA, EPA, and DHA intakes were skewed (P < 0.001), with a median (5-95th percentile) of 107 (41-225), 65 (10-228), and 105 (10-430) mg/d ARA, EPA, and DHA, respectively. Fish provided 66 and 76% of EPA and DHA, respectively, whereas eggs, poultry, and meats provided 81% of ARA. Women consuming <101 g fish/wk consumed less EPA and DHA and had markedly elevated median dietary ARA:EPA and ARA:DHA ratios and RBC lipid ARA:EPA + DHA ratios compared with women consuming >or=101 g fish/wk (P < 0.001). Relatively small increases in fish intake of 1-2 servings (25-50 g)/wk corrected the distorted dietary (n-6):(n-3) fatty acid balance among women consuming meats, but not fish. Median fish and DHA intakes below the recommended 1-2 servings/wk fish for pregnant women suggest major changes in the availability, cost, or acceptance of fish are needed.
The world is currently facing a diabesity and hypertension pandemic. Increased per capita calorie intake, especially refined sugars, are driving this pandemic, especially in the developing world. Replacement of saturated fats with unsaturated fats or carbohydrates especially refined sugars reduces cardiovascular (CV) risk. Very low intake of saturated fats (<7% of total calories) has been linked to increased stroke. The overall evidence indicates that for most individuals’ saturated fat and trans fat are very important contributors to serum cholesterol and to clinical endpoints than dietary cholesterol, hence its routine restriction in a healthy individual cannot be recommended. Sugars are not essential nutrients because the body can synthesize glucose. Still sugar is commonly added to all commercially available food, because the added sugar makes the food more attractive, more likely to be sold, increasing the commercial value, due to addictive/craving potential of sugar. Sugars cause diabesity through increased calorie load, by increasing hunger, increased systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and β-cell dysfunction. Hence the high-fructose corn syrup, which is much sweeter than the typical table sugar due to the greater content of fructose, is the most commonly used food additive in all “junk” food. Increased oral salt intake is a direct predictor of 24-hour urine sodium excretion, which in turn is a strong predictor of occurrence and severity of hypertension, renal hyperfilteration, hypertensive kidney, CV and eye diseases.
The article presents the results of the study on fatty acids content of broiler chickens purchased from retailers and broiler chickens grown in organic farming. In the study we compared the obtained results. There are also results of the influence of developed preventive drug postbiotic on the fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. The samples were compared in terms of their nutritional value and quality. Chicken that goes into the retail network is obtained from broiler chickens grown in a traditional (intensive) technological way. Organic poultry is extensive. For the experiment in organic farming, we formed the 2 groups (control and experiment). In the experimental group, broiler chickens received a prophylactic preparation - a postbiotic with organic feed, and no drugs were used in the control. In-depth studies of the mechanisms of its effect on the body of chickens and the quality of the products obtained were studied changes in the fatty acid composition of total lipids in skeletal muscle and the biochemical composition of the muscle tissue of chickens. There were no significant changes in the fatty acid content of the tested meat compared with the control group. The content of palmitoleic, linoleic and caprylic acids is slightly increased. The fat content of heavy broiler chickens is much higher than that of broiler chickens. The best fatty acid ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 is found in organic chicken meat. Retail chicken meat has a lower omega 6 content, significantly higher than palmitic acid omega 3. Organic chicken meat contains 3-5% less fat compared to retail chicken. In the meat of chickens grown using organic technology, the amount of saturated fatty acids increased significantly by 11.13%, there is a significant decrease in omega-6 fatty acids by 7.57% and an increase in the amount of omega-3 fatty acids by 0.8% compared to with chicken from the retail chain. Therefore, the value of organic chicken meat lies not only in the absence of residues of antibiotic substances, pesticides and herbicides, but also in its biological value and dietary properties.
Herbal formulas serve the purpose of alternative or combinatorial treatment as safe, cheap, and effective complementary and alternative medicines with no side effects. Coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are major disorders of dyslipidemia or elevated lipids in blood resulting in atherosclerosis and cardiac arrest. The biochemical mechanistic basis of changes in cardiovascular metabolites and regulation is described. A new noninvasive herbal testing method is described based on in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy – histology correlation. A scheme of herbal testing methods is presented, which is based on the herbal-induced change in physical symptoms and clinical diagnosis, and the experimental evaluation of herbal effects on heart biochemical and physiological functions. Herbal foods and herbal preparations are approved to benefit the public in CVD prevention. It remains to be seen if herbal medicine reduces or arrests cardiovascular injury without any long-term side effects under skepticism of ‘really herbs can work.’
Fatty acids have an important role in providing energy for sustained contractile activity and viability of the heart. However, considerable evidence now supports a role for fatty acids in the modulation of cardiovascular pathology as well. This may be beneficial or detrimental due to the structural differences in the various fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids appear to provide important protection to the heart during ischemic reperfusion challenge. Conversely, trans fatty acids are thought to mediate detrimental cardiac effects. Potentially pathological features of ischemic cardiomyocytes may be manifested as qualitative findings in studies of myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. These general conclusions, however, are complicated by opposing effects that different fatty acids have even within the same group (i.e. n-6 versus n-3 fatty acids within the polyunsaturated fatty acids group, and industrial versus ruminant trans fats). Understanding more about how these fatty acid species alter ischemic myocardial injury is an increasingly attractive area of research. The identification of further targets of fatty acid interactions has great potential to provide valuable information for the modulation of cardiovascular disease.
Aim:
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are heterogeneous in their composition, structure and size and may differ in conferring protection against coronary artery disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the associations between HDL size and its fatty acid composition.
Patients & methods:
HDL mean particle size from 140 healthy men was detected by dynamic light scattering methodology and fatty acid composition of HDL was determined by gas chromatography.
Results:
HDL with smaller size had a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids and lower proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. HDL mean size indicated a negative correlation with palmitic acid (r = -0.17; p < 0.05) and a positive correlation with palmitoleic acid (r = 0.17; p < 0.05), oleic acid (r = 0.23; p < 0.01), arachidonic acid (r = 0.17; p < 0.05) and dihomogamalinoleic acid (r = -0.18; p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Saturated fatty acids of HDL are inversely assocaited and unsaturated fatty acids are directly associated with HDL mean size.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of modifying the n-6:n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio (FAR) of diets using fish oil, soybean oil and butter on growth performance and the fatty acid profile of rat fed with commercial concentrate diet. Fifty individually housed Sprague-Dawley rats (average of 130±2 g of body weight) were fed concentrates at 5% of body weight daily. The treatments consisted of dietary n-6:n-3 FAR of 1.94:1, 5.67:1, 51.82:1 and 61.69:1. After feeding for 20 weeks in individual cages, rats were sacrificed 15 h after feeding and samples of blood were collected. Increasing dietary saturated fatty acid increased the body weight significantly in compared to other treatment groups. Concentrations of n-6:n-3 FAR in plasma increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing dietary n-6:n-3 FAR. Concentrations of CI 8:3 n-3 decreased (p<0.001) in the diet with high level of soybean oil whereas that of CI 8:2n-6 did not change in all treatment groups (p>0.05) in rat plasma with different n-6:n-3 FAR. Proportions of oleic acid in plasma were unchanged by diet. The proportion of Arachidonic Acid (AA) decreased (p<0.05) in plasma of rat that fed with low level of n-6:n-3 FAR in compare to the diet with higher level. Proportions of all measured long chain n-3 fatty acids were greater in plasma when diets contained more C22:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 from fish oil. By decreasing the dietary n-6:n-3 FAR, the proportions of long chain n-3 fatty acids in plasma increased dramatically; specifically, 22:6 n-3 and 22:5 n-3.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play a role in oxidative stress and VEGF regulation, which are closely related to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). PPAR γ expression and its downstream molecules were examined in fat-1 mice (transgenic mice that convert n-6 to n-3 fatty acids), Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice (an AMD model), ARPE19 cells (a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, RPE, a cell type with a critical role in AMD), and human eyes with and without AMD. PPAR α, β, and γ, VEGF and receptors were determined by immunohistochemistry in the mice models, humans, and ARPE19 cells. Transcripts of PPARs, VEGF, MMP-9 and HO-1 were determined by RQ-PCR. PPARs were constitutively expressed in normal neuroretina and RPE of humans and mice. PPAR γ expression was increased in fat-1 and Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice. VEGF was decreased in fat-1 mice but increased in Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice. VEGF receptors were stable. VEGF, MMP9 and HO-1 transcript levels were increased in ARPE19 cells under H(2)O(2) - induced oxidative stress. Human AMD retinas exhibited higher PPAR γ. The findings of increased expression of PPAR γ and its downstream proteins (VEGF, MMP9, and HO-1) in H(2)O(2)-treated ARPE19 cells, Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice, and human AMD eyes, but decreased VEGF in fat-1 mice, suggest that PPAR γ may play a role in AMD.
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