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Purified Aged Garlic Extract Modulates Allergic Airway Inflammation in Balb/c Mice

October 2008
Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology 7(3):133-41

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PubMed

License
CC BY-NC 4.0

Authors:

Ahad Zare

Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center- SAFIR

Parvaneh Farzaneh

Iranian Biological Resource Center

Zahra Pourpak

Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences

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Garlic is known as a potent spice and a medicinal herb with broad therapeutic properties ranging from antibacterial to anticancer and anticoagulant. Our previous studies have shown some immunoregulatory effects for aged garlic extract, suggesting a key role for 14-kD glycoprotein of garlic in shifting the cytokine pattern to T helper-1. In present study, we investigated the effect of 1, 2, and 3 times intraperitoneal injections of aged garlic extract on an established allergic airway inflammation in murine model (BALB/c mice). The garlic extract, isolated by biochemical method, includes proteins precipitation by ammonium sulfate. After injection of the aged garlic extract, IFN-, anti allergen specific IgE and IgG1 were measured in lavage and serum by ELISA and histological assessment was performed on the lung tissues. The results indicated that three-time intra peritoneal injections of the aged garlic extract caused a significant decrease in the hallmark criteria of allergic airway inflammation levels which included eosinophil percentage in lavage, peribronchial lung eosinophils, IgG1 level in lavage and serum, mucous producing goblet cells grade and peribronchial and perivascular inflammation. Our findings in the present research suggested that aged garlic extract has the potential of attenuation of inflammatory features of allergic airway inflammation in murine model.

Aged garlic 14 kD fraction band evaluated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis

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Representative lung sections of sensitized mice compared with negative control mice. (a) Negative control mice that were not sensitized comparing with (b) Ovalbumin sensitized mice with peribronchial inflammatory cell infiltration and mucous producing goblet cells, (c) Normal structure of interstitial alveolar septa and spaces in Ovalbumin induced models. (d) Eosinophils in inflammatory areas of lung sections of sensitized mice. Eosinophils were identified by specific staining (red cytoplasm) and morphological criteria. (a) and (b) stained with Periodic acid Schiff. (c) and (d) stained with haematoxylin-chromotrop 2R.

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Asthma in Adults: Evaluation, Prevalence, and its Clinical Management

Chapter

Full-text available

Apr 2022

Asthma is among the world's most common severe lung disorders, affecting one-third of the world's population with incidence ranging from 4.9% to 12.7%. Around 3.5 million people die annually due to the worse health effects of asthma. Men (6.2%) have been seen to be less prevalent than women (10.4%) internationally. As a product of inflammation and super sensitivity, asthma is a multifactorial condition with symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest pain. There are a number of agents that may be responsible for the development of asthma. This includes air pollution, obesity, bacteria, viruses, fungi, flu germs, dust, pollen, tobacco, smoking, exercise, depression, anxiety, allergic agents, physical and emotional stress. Depending on the susceptibility of the individual, asthma showed mild to serious results. For a deeper understanding of disease pathogenicity, mechanistic mechanisms should concentrate on a number of aspects like metabolic abnormalities, molecular genetics, inflammatory asthma complexity, etc. Commensal micro biota is one of the main factors that cures disease and has a major role in balancing the immune system in the gut and lung. In addition to the foregoing, potential indicators include serum IgE, a number of bloodstream eosinophil or levels of sputum eosinophil, FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide), and serum periostin are presently employed in the asthma diagnosis. The two key therapies available on the basis of disease severity for patients are oral corticosteroids and bronchodilators. However, steroid-based therapy has certain side effects, such as elevated BP, adrenal suppression, and bone weakening. Due to this, we should target non-steroid medications, including anti-cholinergic medication (Tiotropium) and biological therapy. For serious asthma patients, various new medications (such as Anti-IL-4, Anti-IL-5, Anti-IL-13, and Anti-IgE therapy) have been used and found effective To select the right medication and system for a better treatment plan, asthma patient requires proper review such as guidance, constancy, advice, drug alert, refill warning, notification warning, etc. Keywords: Allergy, Anti-Cholinergic, Asthma, Biomarkers, Bronchodilators, Corticosteroids, Immunesystem, Inflammation, Micro biota, Wheezing.

Garlic Extract Enhances the Peripheral Blood Cellular Immune Responses in Male ICR Mice

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

We investigated the effects of garlic extract on the peripheral blood immune cells in mice treated with the extract for twenty days. The study was carried out on ten male ICR mice. The mice were divided into two groups. The control group received a distilled water and garlic extract group in which the mice received garlic extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg. b.w, for twenty days. Blood samples were collected on day ten and day twenty post inoculation (p.i) for differential leucocytic count (WBCs count and Lymphocytes %) and flowcytometric analysis. In comparison to the control group, garlic extract treatment induced a significant increase in WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage on day 10 and day 20 p.i. Furthermore, garlic extract administration to the experimental mice caused significant increase in the expression percentage of CD4, CD8 and γ-δ T cells when analyzed by flowcytometry on day 10 and increased dramatically on day 20 p.i. The WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage as well as the percentage of the expressed cells increased on day 20 more than their levels on day 10 p.i with a fixed dose of garlic extract. In conclusion, inoculation of garlic extract induced an increase in the immune responses of the cellular immunity in the peripheral blood circulation of mice. Scholars Middle East Publishers

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) as an Ally in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023
CURR ISSUES MOL BIOL

For centuries, garlic (Allium sativum) has been used both as a traditional remedy for most health-related ailments and for culinary purposes. Current preclinical investigations have suggested that dietary garlic intake has beneficial health effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antiallergic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Its therapeutic potential is influenced by the methods of use, preparation, and extraction. Of particular importance is the Aged Garlic Extract (AGE). During the aging process, the odorous, sour, and irritating compounds in fresh raw garlic, such as allicin, are naturally converted into stable and safe compounds that have significantly greater therapeutic effects than fresh garlic. In AGE, S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) are the major water-soluble organosulfurized compounds (OSCs). SAC has been extensively studied, demonstrating remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Recently, AGE has been suggested as a promising candidate for the maintenance of immune system homeostasis through modulation of cytokine secretion, promotion of phagocytosis, and activation of macrophages. Since immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of various diseases, given the therapeutic effects of AGE, it can be thought of exploiting its immunoregulatory capacity to contribute to the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).

Role of Sulfur Compounds in Garlic as Potential Therapeutic Option for Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Asthma

Article

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Dec 2022
INT J MOL SCI

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease in the airways with a multifactorial origin but with inflammation and oxidative stress as related pathogenic mechanisms. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a nutraceutical with different biological properties due to sulfur-containing natural compounds. Studies have shown that several compounds in garlic may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, including those related to the lungs. Therefore, it is possible to take advantage of the compounds from garlic as nutraceuticals for treating lung diseases. The objective of this article is to review the biological properties of the sulfur compounds present in garlic for the treatment of asthma, as well as the cellular mechanisms involved. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic effects of garlic compounds in the modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as its antibiotic and antiviral activities for identifying and testing potential treatment options for asthma management.

Garlic Extract Enhances the Peripheral Blood Cellular Immune Responses in Male ICR Mice

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Sep 2022
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

Immunomodulatory Impacts of Bulbs Extracts From Five Allium Species on IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 Cytokines

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Background: Nowadays, the impacts of medicinal plants on immune-related diseases are one of the main pharmacological approaches. Thus, here, the modulatory potential of some Allium species on T helper cell cytokines were investigated. Materials and Methods: The different concentrations of aqueous extract of the aged bulbs of five Allium species were prepared. Lymphocytes were then isolated and cultured in the presence of the bulb extracts. The amounts of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 were assessed using ELISA. Results: The results demonstrated that A. sativum bulbs extract increased IFN-γ production at all concentrations, especially at 0.0001 and 0.01 mg/mL. After treatment with all doses of A. asarense bulbs extract, IFN-γ production by lymphocytes was dropped, and this effect was remarkable at the lowest concentrations (0.0001, 0.001 and 0.005 mg/mL). The bulbs extract of A. asarense enhanced IL-4 production by the treated cells, whereas the bulbs extracts of A. sativum, A. jesdianum, and A. lenkoranicum had inhibitory effects on the production of IL-4. Treatment with the bulbs extracts of A. sativum and A. asarense caused increases in the secretion of IL-17 by the lymphocytes to some extent; however, the cytokine production decreased somewhat after incubation with A. jesdianum bulbs extracts. IFN-γ/ IL-4 ratio was raised after treatment of lymphocytes with A. stipitatum and A. sativum bulbs extracts, while incubation with A. asarense bulbs extracts decreased it. Conclusion: Since the bulbs extracts of the studied Allium species demonstrated immunomodulatory features, with further research, they would be considered as useful candidate for clinical purposes.

Modulatory effects of R10 fraction of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on hormonal levels, T cell polarization, and fertility-related genes in mice model of polycystic ovarian syndrome

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an inflammatory endocrine-metabolic disorder related to reproductive system characterized by polycystic ovarian morphology, androgen excess, and chronic anovulation. Current treatments haven’t been very successful in PCOS treatment and the problem still remains as a challenge. Therefore, new approaches should be applied to overcome the disease. Previous studies demonstrated immunomodulatory effects of R10 fraction of garlic in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as cancer. Considering previous studies suggesting immunomodulatory therapy for PCOS, therapeutic effects of R10 fraction was evaluated in a mouse model of PCOS. To do so, PCOS was developed by intramuscular injection of estradiol valerate. Treatment with R10 fraction, isolated from garlic, was performed and the alterations in hormonal levels (estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone), T cell polarization markers (IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17), and expression of fertility-related genes (Gpx3 and Ptx3) were evaluated. The results showed that hormonal levels were elevated in PCOS model comparing to normal animals but were markedly modulated after treatment with R10 fraction. Moreover, a severe disturbance in T cell polarization with a significant reduction of fertility-related genes expression were detected in PCOS-induced ovaries. Treatment with R10 fraction also represented modulatory effects on T cell polarization by increasing IL-4 and decreasing IL-17 and IFN-γ levels. Accordingly, fertility-related genes were also modulated following treatment with R10 fraction in PCOS. Our study elucidated that R10 fraction of garlic possess immunomodulatory effects alleviating PCOS symptoms. This approach could be adjusted to give rise the optimum therapeutic results and considered as a candidate therapeutic approach for PCOS.

Immunomodulation and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Garlic Compounds

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2015

The benefits of garlic to health have been proclaimed for centuries; however, only recently have Allium sativum and its derivatives been proposed as promising candidates for maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The complex biochemistry of garlic makes it possible for variations in processing to yield different preparations with differences in final composition and compound proportion. In this review, we assess the most recent experimental results, which indicate that garlic appears to enhance the functioning of the immune system by stimulating certain cell types, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and eosinophils, by mechanisms including modulation of cytokine secretion, immunoglobulin production, phagocytosis, and macrophage activation. Finally, because immune dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progress of several diseases, we critically examined immunoregulation by garlic extracts and compounds isolated, which can contribute to the treatment and prevention of pathologies such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disorders, gastric ulcer, and even cancer. We concluded that A. sativum modulates cytokine secretion and that such modulation may provide a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects.

Herbal Research: Gaps With the High Impact on the Quality and Validity of Outcomes

Preprint

Full-text available

Mar 2022

Purpose Traditional medicine and herbal therapy, as a health-care approach of traditional medicine, are receiving increased attention from both the public and scientific society. The number of articles presented on traditional medicine and its applications is increasing rapidly. However, compared with extensive ongoing herbal research, achievements are not remarkable. The objective of the present article is to highlight some existing research gaps, which bridging the gaps will increase the quality and validity of the results of herbal research. Methods Iranian and non-Iranian articles on Allium sativum L. were reviewed for compliance with standards and requirements for herbal research. Results Botanical nomenclature, the processing and the extraction procedures, and the history of traditional medicine were the most important gaps in the herbal research. Conclusions Traditional and herbal medicines are rich and promising sources for drug development. Researchers and authors should consider that the familiarity with the history, characteristics, and potentials of traditional medicine systems is an important factor, accelerating the process of natural-based drug development. Moreover, essential standards with a high impact on the validity and reliability of the results of herbal research must not be ignored. Also, numerous fields remain to be considered by scientists and researchers, including the status of medicinal herbs, toxicological assessments, biological and pharmacological mechanisms of disease, and research questions.

Pseudocedrela kotschyi Limits Airway Inflammation in Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Guinea Pigs

Article

Oct 2021

Asthma is a respiratory disorder characterized by chronic airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and airflow obstruction. Its prevalence and associated mortality is expected to rise in the coming years particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This, together with cost and access limitations to effective disease management has highlighted the need to explore potentially effective, indigenous therapeutic alternatives. Our study set out to evaluate the effect of Pseudocedrela. kotschyi bark extract (PKE), a traditionally used remedy, on airway hyper-responsiveness and airway inflammation associated with ovalbumin-induced asthma in guinea pigs. We focused on the protective effect of PKE treatment on antigen-provoked hyper-responsiveness, inflammatory cell proliferation and structural changes in lung tissue associated with chronic asthma. Our investigations showed that PKE at 50, 100 and 500 mg/kg delayed onset of peak respiratory distress in asthmatic guinea pigs by 38.46 ± 8.88%, 61.54 ± 14.73%, 69.23 ± 8.88% respectively, relative to saline-treated group. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis revealed significant suppression of eosinophil and total leukocyte proliferation associated with ovalbumin-induced asthma, in PKE-treated guinea pigs. Lung sections of PKE-treated guinea pigs showed a markedly preserved architecture with less severe bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy, peri-bronchiolar and alveolar inflammatory cell infiltration compared with saline-treated guinea pigs. Our findings therefore demonstrate that P. kotschyi is effective in reducing key features of experimentally induced chronic asthma and support its traditional use in the management of asthma.

Garlic compounds modulate macrophage and T-lymphocyte function

Article

Full-text available

Jul 1991
Mol Biother

Organosulfur compounds of garlic have been shown to inhibit growth of animal tumors and to modulate the activity of diverse chemical carcinogens. There is also evidence that garlic may modulate antitumor immunity. In this study, we determined the effects of an aqueous garlic extract and a protein fraction isolated from the extract on the chemiluminescent oxidative burst of the murine J774 macrophage cell line and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages obtained from BALB/c mice. T-lymphocyte activity was determined using mouse splenocytes incubated with phytohemagglutinin, labeled with [3H]-thymidine and assayed for lymphoproliferation. Significant dose-related augmentation of oxidative burst was observed with garlic extract and the protein fraction. The protein fraction also enhanced the T-lymphocyte blastogenesis. The data suggest that garlic compounds may serve as biological response modifiers by augmenting macrophage and T-lymphocyte functions.

A Historical Perspective on Garlic and Cancer

Article

Apr 2001

John A. Milner

Epidemiological and laboratory studies provide insight into the anticarcinogenic potential of garlic and its constituent compounds. Both water- and lipid-soluble allyl sulfur compounds are effective in blocking a myriad of chemically induced tumors. Part of the protection from these compounds probably relates to a block in nitrosamine formation and metabolism. However, blockage in the initiation and promotion phases of the carcinogenicity of various compounds, including polycyclic hydrocarbons, provide evidence that garlic and its constituents can alter several phase I and II enzymes. Their ability to block experimentally induced tumors in a variety of sites including skin, mammary and colon, suggests a general mechanism of action. Changes in DNA repair and in immunocompetence may also account for some of this protection. Some, but not all, allyl sulfur compounds can also effectively retard tumor proliferation and induce apoptosis. Changes in cellular thiol and phosphorylation stains may account for some of these antitumorigenic properties. The anticarcinogenic potential of garlic can be influenced by several dietary components including specific fatty acids, selenium, and vitamin A. Since garlic and its constituents can suppress carcinogen formation, carcinogen bioactivation, and tumor proliferation it is imperative that biomarkers be established to identify which individuals might benefit most and what intakes can occur with ill consequences..

A historical perspective on garlic and cancer

Conference Paper

Mar 2001

JA Milner

T cell cytokine profiles in childhood asthma

Article

Apr 2003

V Brown

Background: An imbalance of T cell subsets in asthma with a predominance of Th2 type cells has been proposed. The aim of this study was simultaneously to detect surface markers and intracellular production of cytokines in T cells from the airways of children with and without asthma. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was obtained by wedging a suction catheter into the distal airway immediately before elective surgery. Cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristrate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin and intracytoplasmic cytokine retention was achieved using monensin. The cells were stained with the relevant antibodies and analysed by flow cytometry. Results: No statistical difference was observed between children with atopic asthma, atopic non-asthmatic subjects, and normal controls in the percentage of CD3+ cells producing interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-4. Interferon (IFN)γ+ T cells were, however, present in a much higher percentage than either IL-2 or IL-4 positive cells. The percentage of IFNγ+ T cells was significantly increased in subjects with atopic asthma (median 71.3%, interquartile range (IQR) 65.1–82.2, n=13) compared with both atopic non-asthmatic subjects (51.9%, IQR 37.2–70.3, n=12), p<0.05 and normal controls (58.1%, IQR 36.1–66.1, n=23), p<0.01. Conclusions: These findings indicate that IFNγ producing T cells are more abundant in the airways of children with atopic asthma than in atopic non-asthmatic subjects and controls. The proinflammatory activities of IFNγ may play an important role in the pathogenesis of childhood asthma and may suggest that asthma is not simply a Th2 driven response.

The genus Allium--Part 1

Article

Sep 2009
CRC Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr

Alliums have been grown for many centuries for their characteristic, pungent flavor and medicinal properties. The present review, which includes references published up to the middle of 1984, is primarily concerned with the chemical composition, flavor, and physiological properties of these crops, their extracts, and processed products. Special emphasis is placed upon the relationship between the organoleptically and biologically active components of onion and garlic. Following a brief historical introduction, current production of commercially important alliums is described and their botanical origins and interrelationships are explained. Following consideration of the major economic diseases and pests of alliums, the agronomic, husbandry, and practices associated with their cultivation are described, particular emphasis being placed upon the storage and processing of onion and garlic. The detailed, overall chemical composition and nutritional value of members of the genus Allium are presented in Section 7; after an outline of the origin and nature of flavor components and precursors, the flavor volatiles of individual members are presented. The effects of agronomic, environmental, and processing practices on chemical and flavor content and quality are considered in Section 9. The following section deals critically with the human and animal studies which have been conducted into the medical and therapeutic properties of alliums, emphasis being placed upon the studies into the antiatherosclerotic effect of onion and garlic and their essential oils. After a study of antimicrobial properties of alliums and their effects on insects and animals, an overview is presented which highlights unexplored or inadequately studied areas and suggests rewarding areas for future research.

Role and modulation of T-cell cytokines in allergy

Article

Jan 1996
CURR OPIN IMMUNOL

Allergic sensitization and the development of effector functions are controlled by IL-4-secreting and IL-5-secreting type 2 T cells. Recent studies have provided new insights into the events triggering the development of type 1 and type 2 T cells, the discrimination of type 1 and type 2 effector T cells from various T-cell subsets, and the improvement of established and new therapeutic strategies, which are aimed at modulating such T-cell functions in the allergic patient.

Human Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes: Their role in the pathophysiology of atopy

Article

Nov 1992

Giacomo Prete

In human beings, as in mice, two distinct patterns of cytokine secretion have been defined among CD4+ helper T-cell clones. Human type 1 helper (Th1), but not type 2 helper (Th2), cells produce interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-beta, whereas Th2, but not Th1, cells secrete IL-4 and IL-5, but not IL-2 or IFN-gamma. Other cytokines, such as IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, or TNF-alpha, are produced by both Th1 and Th2 cells. Th0 cells, a third Th subset, show combined production of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. The different cytokine patterns are associated with different functions. In general, Th2 cells provide an excellent helper function for B-cell antibody production, particularly of the IgE class. On the other hand, Th1 cells are responsible for delayed type hypersensitivity reactions and are cytolytic for autologous antigen-presenting cells, including B cells. Most allergen- or helminth-antigen-specific human CD4+ T-cell clones exhibit a Th2 phenotype, whereas most clones specific for bacterial antigens show a Th1 profile. Allergen-specific Th2 cells seem to play a crucial role in atopy. These cells induce IgE production via IL-4 and favor the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of eosinophils via IL-5. In addition, Th2-derived IL-3 and IL-4 are mast-cell growth factors that act in synergy, at least in vitro. Recent evidence indicates that allergen-specific Th2 cells are selectively enriched in tissues affected by allergic inflammation, such as the bronchial mucosa of subjects with allergic asthma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The polyclonal and antigen-specific IgE and IgG subclass response of mice injected with ovalbumin in alum or complete Freund's adjuvant

Article

Nov 1989

BALB/c mice were injected ip with 1 microgram ovalbumin (OVA) in alum or complete Freund's adjuvant (cFA) and the changes of the IgE and IgG subclass serum levels and isotypes of the anti-OVA specific antibodies determined by radioimmunoassays. By Day 10, OVA in alum had induced a 5- to 10-fold increase of the IgE serum level and an initial decrease of the IgG subclass levels which subsequently increased to two to threefold over the preinjection level. OVA in cFA induced a gradual twofold increase of the IgE serum level, a rapid fourfold increase of the IgG2a level occurring by Day 7, and a gradual two to threefold increase of the other IgG subclasses. Over 90% of the anti-OVA antibodies were of the IgGl isotype with both adjuvants; OVA in alum induced slightly more IgGl anti-OVA antibodies than cFA. In contrast, the OVA in alum injected mice formed significantly more (5- to 10-fold) IgE anti-OVA antibodies than the cFA-injected mice. OVA in alum also induced a large nonspecific increase of the IgE serum level because only approximately 40% of the increase observed on Day 14 was absorbable with OVA, whereas approximately 90% the IgE increase in cFA injected mice was absorbable with OVA. The data demonstrate that mice form mainly IgGl and IgE antibodies to OVA irrespective of the adjuvant. The low specific and lack of nonspecific IgE formation by mice injected with OVA in cFA may be the result of cFA-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production because IFN-gamma has been shown to stimulate IgG2a and inhibit IgE secretion in vitro.

Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[ a ]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse

Article

Feb 1988

In the present study, eight organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions were studied for their inhibitory effects on benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced neoplasia of forestomach and lung of female A/J mice when administered 96 and 48 h prior to carcinogen challenge. These compounds had one, two or three linearly connected sulfur atoms. They included the four allyl group-containing derivatives: allyl methyl trisulfide (AMT), allyl methyl disulfide (AMD), diallyl trisulfide (DAT), and diallyl sulfide (DAS), and also four corresponding saturated compounds in which propyl groups were substituted for the allyl groups. All four allylic compounds inhibited BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach. The saturated analogs were almost without inhibitory activity, indicating the importance of the allyl groups. DAT, which contains two allyl groups, was more potent than AMT, which contains only one allyl group, thus providing further evidence for the role of allyl groups in the inhibitory effects observed. DAS and AMD, but not DAT or AMT, inhibited pulmonary adenoma formation. The fact that in the lung the monosulfide and disulfide inhibited, but the trisulfide did not inhibit, indicates that the number of sulfur atoms in the molecule can control the organ sites at which protection against carcinogenesis will occur. All four allylic compounds induced increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the forestomach, but varied in their capacity to induce GST in lung, liver and small bowel. Their saturated analogs produced little or no induction. In evaluating relationships between diet and cancer, it would be useful to consider the possible role of garlic and onion organosulfur compounds as protective agents. In addition, further studies of this class of chemicals might lead to the identification and development of useful new chemopreventive compounds.

Acute toxicity test of garlic extract].

Article

Mar 1984

The acute toxicity toxicity test of garlic extract was studied in Wistar rats and ddY mice. The LD50 values of garlic extract by P.O., I.P. and S.C. administration were estimated over 30 ml/kg respectively in male and female of both rodents. In 30 ml/kg of I.P. group, five of ten in male rats and one of ten in female rats were died within a day after administration, however no specific signs due to garlic extract were observed in survivals for 7 days.

Purified Aged Garlic Extract Modulates Allergic Airway Inflammation in Balb/c Mice

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