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Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience

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... The study of sustainable behavior encompasses "individuals, groups, and organizations, as well as all behaviors associated with the acquisition, use, and disposal of products and services" [7]. According to theories such as the "self-perception theory" [29] and "reciprocal determinism" [30], "individuals who have made environmentally conscious choices in the past can influence how they think about and behave on future purchases". ...
... A semantic differential scale assessed consumers' attitudes toward OFR using Ajzen's [22] items. Three items adapted from Lang and Armstrong [7] were used to determine previous sustainable behavior. Three items from Mohr and Webb (2005) were used to assess consumers' intentions toward OFR, while three from Tarkiainen [72] were used to assess subjective norms. ...
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As the fashion industry faces increasing scrutiny over its environmental impact, collaborative consumption models such as online fashion renting offer potential solutions for fostering sustainability. This study examines the role of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors alongside behavioral drivers in shaping consumer intentions toward online fashion renting in China, a model of collaborative consumption that contributes to sustainability by reducing new product demand and promoting the reuse of fashion items. The data was gathered from 403 Chinese customers using a standardized questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the given study hypotheses. The current study empirically demonstrates that customers’ attitudes, past sustainable behavior, and subjective norms are significant indicators of consumers’ intentions toward online fashion renting. The results further indicate that relative advantage, compatibility, perceived ownership, psychological risk, green self-identity, and experience value are the key drivers of consumers’ attitudes toward online fashion renting. Additionally, the ESG factors were found to have a significant positive impact on consumer attitudes toward online fashion renting, underscoring their importance in driving sustainable consumption patterns. By integrating behavioral and ESG perspectives, the study contributes to the growing discourse on how sustainable consumption patterns can be encouraged within the fashion industry, offering theoretical and managerial implications for fostering sustainable behavior. Directions for future research are also suggested.
... While attitude change in response to different information about a given issue (due to emphasis framing) indicates people's ability to understand and utilize the information that becomes available and accessible in their minds for opinion formation (Higgins 1996;Tewksbury and Scheufele 2009), shifts in policy preferences as a result of the different ways of presenting logically equivalent information (equivalence framing) violate the invariance rule in the normative view of decision-making (von Neumann and Morganstern 1947), which specifies that "the preference between options should be independent of their descriptions" (Tversky and Kahneman 1986, S253). In other words, in an ideal situation, people should not respond differently to the alternative formats of presenting information if it is essentially the same information that is being communicated. ...
... However, despite the increase in equivalence framing research in policy advocacy, little research to date has examined the general population's ability to use equivalence framing in persuasion. On the one hand, compared with emphasis framing effects that involve the availability and accessibility of different information (Higgins 1996;Tewksbury and Scheufele 2009), the mechanism of equivalence framing effects might be more subtle and harder to discern because equivalence framing is able to switch the "reference point" through which people evaluate the issue without changing the information that is being communicated Kahneman 1981, 1986). As equivalence framing effects may increase the malleability of public opinion on policy issues, recognizing the widespread use of equivalence framing in issue advocacy and how it can shift issue opinions along specific directions may help people guard against potential influence of such effects (Compton 2013). ...
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Alternative messages that present logically equivalent information, often referred to as equivalence frames, have been shown to influence readers' opinions on public issues. While equivalence framing has been studied in the context of issue advocacy, exhibiting pervasive effects across domains of decision-making, little attention has been paid to whether the general public is able to choose these equivalence frames based on the goal of persuasion. Given that framing effects have important implications on democratic decision-making, this paper reports on experiments that manipulate the strategic goal of policy advocacy (i.e., supporting alternative policy proposals) and ask respondents to select between equivalence frames to enhance the persuasive power of the advocacy toward the specified goal. Findings across three issue topics suggest that for the general adult population, only a small proportion of people were able to select equivalence frames based on the goal of persuasion with most people failing to do so. Also, a follow-up study with a university student sample showed that familiarity with one equivalence frame over the other was a more consistent predictor of equivalence frame use than the goal of advocacy in communicating policy issues.
... Moreover, when individuals experience social exclusion, they think about the probable perceptions and judgments of excluders or rejecters of them in terms of communion and agency, and have different emotional reactions depending on their perceptions of why they are excluded or rejected [38]. As per the accessibility principle of cognitive and social psychology [44], the current representation of an object becomes relatively rich in negative content when individuals recall negative information about it, and equally rich in positive content when individuals recall positive information about it [36]. Following the accessibility logic, it can be inferred that when individuals perceive social exclusion that signaled either communion or agency as the reason for being excluded, the corresponding facets (communion or agency) of self-evaluation could become more responsive and susceptible to the effects of exclusion. ...
... As we know, the self is a complex polyhedron composed of various substructures, and the aspects of the self-concept may be activated or elicited by specific experiences, events, or situations [52]. Based on the tenet of accessibility of cognitive and social psychology [36,44], when individuals are excluded due to reasons related to communion or agency, the negative communion or agency content of one's self-perception may become more salient or accessible. Therefore, individuals begin to question their self-evaluation of communion or agency. ...
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Prior studies have demonstrated the detrimental effects of social exclusion on an individual’s self-perception. Nonetheless, existing literature has predominantly focused on its impact on global self-esteem, often neglecting the nuanced effects of various reasons for social exclusion on distinct dimensions of self-evaluation, such as agency and communion. Based on the Big Two model perspective, the present research aims to examine the differential impacts of social exclusion on the distinct dimensions of self-evaluation, namely agency and communion, considering the reasons for social exclusion. It is hypothesized that social exclusion affects different facets of self-evaluation—agency and communion—depending on the context of exclusion. Study 1 identified negative correlations between perceived social exclusion and self-evaluation measures through questionnaires, including global self-esteem and the self-concepts of agency and communion, within a sample of 483 participants (283 females). Studies 2a (n = 93; 75 females) and 2b (n = 91; 66 females), which employed a recall paradigm to manipulate social exclusion in the domains of communion and agency, respectively, revealed that communion exclusion diminished communal self-evaluation, and agency exclusion significantly reduced both agentic and communal self-evaluation. These findings highlight the necessity of distinguishing various types of social exclusion and their distinct effects on the dimensions of self-concept. The research has important implications for the development of interventions aimed at enhancing individual psychological well-being and promoting inclusive social environments.
... Many scholars, particularly psychologists, have sought to elucidate the process by which how individuals anthropomorphize nonhuman entities (Epley et al. 2007;Lee and Oh 2021;Letheren et al. 2021;Touré-Tillery and Mcgill 2015). Higgins (1996) outlines three core cognitive processes involved: knowledge acquisition, activation of existing knowledge, and its application to nonhuman entities. Epley et al. (2007) propose a three-factor theory elucidating why individuals attribute human-like characteristics to non-human entities. ...
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This research, grounded in privacy calculus theory, examines how the anthropomorphization of AI agents affects consumers’ perceptions of privacy risks associated with personalized ads. Specifically, it explores strategies to reduce potential negative impacts. In Study 1, participants expressed concerns that highly anthropomorphized chatbots might possess human-like autonomous intentions to misuse personal data, a phenomenon referred to as the ‘uncanny valley of mind’. In contrast, participants felt more secure, in control, and less concerned about privacy when interacting with a mechanized, less human-like chatbot. To address this backfiring effect, Study 2 explored the role of algorithmic disclosure – where companies provide transparent information about the underlying algorithms, data handling procedures, and personalization criteria. This strategy effectively mitigated privacy concerns, thereby preventing the negative effects associated with highly anthropomorphized AI chatbots. These findings offer valuable insights for marketers utilizing AI chatbots to craft effective, personalized messages based on social media data.
... Another mode of comparative self-assessment draws on counterfactual thinking (Roese, 1997), contrasting a current/actual self against an imagined alternative (Miller & Turnbull, 1990;van de Ven & Zeelenberg, 2015), in which different events (perhaps a more advantageous internship, or a less enticing job offer) lead to different outcomes. This comparative mode of self-perception aligns with internalised standards, whereby individuals assess themselves against standards they set (Higgins, 1996), potentially stemming from childhood (Young et al., 2003). Regarding career readiness, a student may feel unready because they find themselves unable to meet 100% of a job's key selection criteria, electing instead to undertake further study. ...
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The advent of Career Enrolment Data (CED) in Higher Education is an important development for graduate employability practitioners and other stakeholders seeking to understand, analyse and enhance students’ career readiness. CED, collected annually from all students in participating universities, requires students to self-report on their own career readiness, and is described as having ‘the potential to be a component of a standardised measure of learning gain in relation to student employability’ (Cobb, 2019, p.23). Reflections are offered by two graduate employability practitioners currently tasked with introducing CED to educators and recommending its use to support careers-focused components of their curricula. Drawing on different disciplinary backgrounds to inform their approaches, both practitioners are keen to explore opportunities to capitalise on the strengths of data insights. However, they advocate for a carefully nuanced and contextualised approach, openly acknowledging relevant limitations and risks when presenting the data to educators and other stakeholders. Drawing on one author’s background in psychology, it considers the process of self-reporting on which the data wholly relies, noting potential influences and biases that may be relevant. The second author offers a sociological perspective, using the concept of neoliberalism as a framework for engaging with concerns about an employability agenda driven by corporate and economic interests, and a culture of auditing sometimes associated with hardship for academics and a detrimental effect on pedagogy. While it should be noted that experts in CED such as Gilworth and Cobb take care to acknowledge limitations and risks (Cobb, 2019; Gilworth, 2023) this reflective account grapples with the challenge of ensuring that these important nuances are not lost as the context shifts from theory to practice.
... It is important to note that the MCI model measures the use of available information (cf. Higgins, 1996) that is cued by features of the target. In this empirical demonstration, the MCI model assumes that sex features cue available information related to gender (e.g., gender stereotypes) and that facial expressions cue available information related to emotion. ...
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Forming impressions of others is a fundamental aspect of social life. These impressions necessitate the integration of many and varied sources of information about other people, including social group memberships, apparent personality traits, inferences from observed behaviors, and so forth. However, methodological limitations have hampered progress in understanding this integration process. In particular, extant approaches have been unable to measure the independent contributions of multiple features to a given impression. In this article, after describing these limitations and their constraints on theory testing and development, we present a multinomial processing tree model as a computational solution to the problem. Specifically, the model distinguishes the contributions of multiple cues to social judgment. We describe an empirical demonstration of how applying the model can resolve long-standing debates among person perception researchers. Finally, we survey a variety of questions to which this approach can be profitably applied.
... According to previous studies regarding the priming of homophones, a cognitive load reduces the capability of suppressing the alternate meaning of the homophone [2]. In other words, when homophone suppression fails, the unsuitable meaning remains in memory and influences subsequent behaviors, which include personality traits or goals, choices, and evaluations in the same way the intended meaning of the homophone would [15,20]. This hypothesis was already verified when Davis and Herr demonstrated how homophone priming could cause reading "bye" to activate meanings associated with irrelevant meanings, such as "buy," and thereby cause an increased likelihood of purchasing, the copy of Davis and Herr's (see figure 1) [2]. ...
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This study delves into the nuanced interactions between language, cognition, and perception by examining the impact of homophones on decision-making and perceptual color recognition among native Mandarin speakers. Drawing on theories of linguistic relativity and cognitive processing, this research hypothesized that homophonic primes would subtly influence both decision-making processes and color recognition tasks. Participants were assigned at random to surveys where they were unknowingly exposed to stimuli with and without homophonic primes before engaging in color recognition tasks involving subtle shade differentiations. Contrary to initial expectations, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in decision-making accuracy between conditions, suggesting that homophones may not overtly affect conscious decision-making processes in our bilingual cohort. However, intriguing variations emerged in the perceptual color recognition task, where participants exposed to homophonic primes showed tendencies to perceive color shades more similarly compared to those in the control condition. This finding implies a potential cognitive load effect or subtle priming influence on perceptual categorization tied to linguistic structures. The implications of these findings challenge traditional views on language's role in shaping cognitive processes, highlighting the complexity of how linguistic structures such as homophones may operate at subconscious levels. The study contributes to ongoing debates in cognitive science and linguistics by underscoring the need for nuanced approaches to understanding cross-linguistic cognitive mechanisms. Future research should further explore the Whorfian hypothesis within bilingual contexts, considering additional variables such as language proficiency and cultural influences to elucidate the intricate relationship between language and cognition.
... This is a valid point. Emotions are intense reactions which are heightened at the peak and conclusion of a life event (Davidson, 1998;Higgins, 1996;Kahneman, 2003;Taylor & Fiske, 1978). On the other hand, while emotions fluctuate, they do so around transcending mood states and a mean-level that is specific to the individual (Hepburn & Eysenck, 1989;Strigo & Craig, 2016). ...
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The aim of this study was two-fold: (a) to explore personality profiles among honors undergraduate students and regular undergraduate students, and (b) to investigate the extent to which these profiles are associated with students’ well-being and coping strategies for stress. Using latent class analysis (LCA) on the Big Five personality traits of a total of 532 undergraduate students (229 honors students), we identified three distinct profiles: Overcontrollers, Averages, and Resilients. Honors students were underrepresented in the Averages profile. No significant disproportionality was observed in the other two profiles. Resilients had the highest well-being scores and showed a greater tendency to engage in proactive problem-solving when faced with stress. In contrast, Overcontrollers leaned toward using accountability and self-critique as their primary coping strategy. Findings are discussed in the context of replicable personality prototypes and in relationship to prior research involving honors and academically advanced students.
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Bu makale, günümüz dünyasının derinden meşgul olduğu iki temel sorununu ele almaktadır; artan mülteci/göç dalgası ve bunun doğal sonucu olarak istihdam, barınma, eğitim, refah, sağlık ve sivil haklar gibi çoklu bağlamda etnik ayrımcılıklar. Benzerlik güdüsüyle tetiklenen Etnisite ve gruplar arası çatışma ve rekabet nedeniyle uyarılan Gerçekçi Tehdit, iki bağımlı değişkenle nedenselliği kurularak incelenmiştir; İşe Alma Niyeti ve işe alım Sıralaması. Türk adaylar için etnik biliş, göçmenler için ise algılanan gerçekçi tehdit belirleyici faktörlerdir. Toplam 232 katılımcıdan (166 kadın, 66 erkek) yanıtları çevrimiçi metodla toplanmıştır. Amaç: Bu çalışma, göçmenlerin - Suriyeliler (yaklaşık 3,7 milyon, 2023), Özbekler (yaklaşık 60 bin, 2022) - Türk adaylarla rekabet ederken karşılaşabilecekleri işe alım ve seçim zorluklarını analiz ederek, gruplar arası ayrımcılığın işgücü piyasası seçim süreçleri üzerinde ne ölçüde sonuçları olabileceğini anlamayı hedeflemiştir. Etnik benzerlikler ve algılanan tehdit tarafından yordamlanan ve görev pozisyonu tarafından yönlendirilen etnik dışlayıcılıkla ilgili önyargıların belirleyicilerini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlıyoruz. Çalışma ayrıca, genel olarak kadınların ve özellikle cinsiyetçi yaklaşımlara uğramış kadınların, adayların etnik kökenlerinin ayrımcı bir uyarıcı olarak bu kadar belirgin olduğu durumlarda, tutumlarına açıklık getirecektir. Yöntem: Çevrimiçi ankette yüksek ve düşük statülü iki ayrı iş ilanı ve bunlara ilişkin Türk, Suriyeli ve Özbeklerin eşit nitelikteki özgeçmişleri listelenmiştir ve bu bilgilerle seçim yapılması istenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise katılımcıların etnik eğilim ve korku algıları test edilmiştir. Bulgular: Analizler sonucu; Etnik Kimlik, özellikle Türk adaylar değerlendirildiğinde Gerçekçi Tehditten daha güçlü bir yordayıcı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Göçmen adayların değerlendirilmelerinde ise Gerçekçi Tehdit, Etnik Kimliğin de bir dereceye kadar etkisinin olmasına karşın, daha güçlü bir faktör olarak ortaya çıkmıştır; Tüm analizler, her durumda Türk adayların kayırıldığını, göçmenlere karşı ise olumsuz Ayrımcılık sergilendiğini işaret etmektedir; Görev statüsü herhangi bir kararı etkilememiştir. Cinsiyet, ayrımcılıkları kontrol etmede etkili olmamıştır. Cinsiyet ayrımcılığına uğramış kadın katılımcılar kararlarında, Türkler açısından daha güçlü etnik önyargı, göçmenler açısından ise daha güçlü gerçekçi tehdit algısı sergilemişlerdir, Suriyelileri damgalanmış dış grup olarak belirlemişler ve Özbekler Suriyelilerden çok daha hafif ayrımcılıkla karşı karşıya kalarak "Önyargı Dağılımı Hesabı" argümanlarını desteklemişlerdir. Özgünlük: Bu proje, göçmenlerin Türk adaylarla rekabetlerinde, etnisite ile kaygı ve çatışma faktörlerini, iş pozisyonlarının etkilerini de kapsayarak, işe alım süreçleri bağlamında araştıran ilk proje olması bakımından önemlidir. Etnisiteleri farklı adayların değerlendirilmesinde, cinsiyet farklılıklarının yordamlamaya etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi bakımından da özgündür. Ayrımcılık mağduru olan katılımcıların, özellikle de mağdur kadınların, etnisitenin öne çıktığı koşullarda, tutumların yordamlanıp, literatüre etkili argümanlar ürettiği az sayıdaki, muhtemelen de tek örnektir. Kaynakça: Bagozzi, P. R., & Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, Evaluation, and Interpretation of Structural Equation Models. Academy of Marketing Science, 40, 8-34. Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E.,&Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 59–78. Brown, T., Sellers, S., Brown, K., & Jackson, J. (1999). Race, ethnicity, and culture in the sociology of mental health. Handbook of sociology of mental health (pp. 167- 182). Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. Chen, C. C., (2019). Human resources management and industrial relations in multinational corporations in and from China: Challenges and new insights. Human Resources Management, 58: 455-472. Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: A review of theories and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102651 Crisp, J. R., Hewstone, M. (2007). Multiple Social Categorization. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 39, 2007, Pages 163-254
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The mental control of mood and mood-related thought was investigated. In Experiment 1, Ss reminiscing about a happy or sad event were asked to make their mood positive, were given no instructions, or were asked to make their mood negative. Ss attempting mood control without an imposed cognitive load were successful, whereas those who attempted control while rehearsing a 9-digit number not only failed to control their moods but also showed self-reported mood change opposite the mood they intended to create. In Experiment 2, Ss attempting to control mood-related thoughts under cognitive load showed increased accessibility of those thoughts contrary to the direction of intended control in a Stroop-type color-naming task.
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The present review of the literature suggests that it is useful to distinguish between two types of consensus information-normative expectancies (e.g., Jones & McGillis' prior probability concept) and explicit base rates (e.g., Kel-ley's conception of observed covariation across actors). Normative expectan-cies, which may be derived from a knowledge of one's own behavior (i.e., the false-consensus effect) or the behavior of others, provide one basis for prediction and causal inference. Explicit, sample-based consensus may also be employed , but under somewhat restrictive conditions: (a) when prior expectations are neutralized and/or (b) when the consensus manipulation is particularly strong, salient, easily translatable, representative of the criterial population, and causally relevant. A number of additional issues are reviewed (e.g., the cognitive strategies by which observers reject base rates), and recommendations for the direction of future research are made. The attribution literature has recently been inundated with studies aimed at determining whether or not and under what conditions naive observers employ consensus information for predicting and explaining behavioral events. To date some experiments have shown that consensus is a valuable source of information , whereas others have indicated that it is not. This paper will attempt to review and organize the diverse findings and discuss some of the important theoretical issues that have been raised. Theory Attribution theories portray the layperson as a perceiver who, in order to understand what caused some form of behavior to occur, actively seeks and utilizes various kinds of information. One of the more intuitively ap-I would like to thank the following people for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript:
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Presents an integrative model of the emergence, direction (assimilation vs. contrast), and size of context effects in social judgment.
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Variations in how we interpret ambiguous figures indicate that how a visual stimulus is perceived is determined by both its ‘objective’ visual pattern and the particular attitude we adopt towards it, ie what we see the stimulus as (Chambers and Reisberg, 1992 Cognitive Psychology24 145 – 174). We report two experiments in which (i) ambiguous figures and (ii) natural scenes have been used to examine the relationship between how an image is perceived and what that image means to an observer. In experiment 1 we used ‘invertible figures’ (images which when inverted portray different objects) to test two groups, (i) upright, and (ii) inverted orientation, on a recognition task involving distorted versions of the original stimulus. We found systematic differences between the two groups such that the meaning attributed to the original image determined how it was remembered. In experiment 2 we asked how prior experience affects perception. We measured rock-climbers' and non-rock-climbers' thresholds for detecting (i) non-meaningful visual pattern changes (surface changes), and (ii) meaningful changes in terms of climber affordances (deep changes). We found that climbers had lower thresholds for detecting deep changes and higher thresholds for detecting surface changes, compared with non-climbers. In contrast with the explanation based on the incomplete mental image (Chambers and Reisberg, loc. cit.), we propose that such differences are due to differences in attitude adopted towards the original stimulus, and these in turn determine what types of change can be discerned. In other words, what is important is not what is seen but how it is seen.