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Measuring Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Psychological Help: Reliability and Validity of a New Stigma Scale With College Students

Authors:
David L Vogel at Iowa State University
David L Vogel
Nathaniel G Wade at Iowa State University
Nathaniel G Wade
Paul Ascheman
Paul Ascheman
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Abstract

Fear of being stigmatized is the most cited reason why individuals avoid psychotherapy. Conceptually, this fear should be strongest when individuals consider the reactions of those they interact with. Across 5 samples, the authors developed the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) scale. In Sample 1 ( N = 985), the 5 items of the PSOSH were selected (α = .91). In Sample 2 ( N = 842), the unidimensional factor structure of the scale was examined across a diverse sample. In Sample 3 ( N = 506), concurrent validity was supported through moderate associations with 3 different stigma measures (i.e., public stigma toward counseling, r = .31; public stigma toward mental illness, r = .20; and self-stigma, r = .37). In Sample 4 ( N = 144), test–retest reliability across a 3-week period was calculated (.82). Finally, in Sample 5 ( N = 130), reliability (α = .78) and validity were explored with a sample experiencing symptoms of psychological distress. Relationships between variables (i.e., public stigma toward counseling, r = .31, and self-stigma, r = .40) were similar to those in previous samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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... The Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) assesses how individuals perceive people in their social network would think of them for seeking mental health treatment (Vogel et al., 2009(Vogel et al., , 2019. The scale includes five items scored on a 5-point Likert scale. ...
... Participants are asked to imagine the ways in which the individuals within their social network would react if they had to seek counseling services. Sample items include "react negatively to you" and "see you as seriously disturbed" (Vogel et al., 2009). The PSOSH demonstrated acceptable to excellent internal consistency in the original study (Cronbach's α = .78 ...
... to .91; Vogel et al., 2009) and excellent internal consistency in this study (α = .93). ...
Race/Ethnicity, Acculturation, Mental Health Stigma, and Counseling Use among U.S. College Students
Article
  • Dec 2024
Racial/ethnic disparities in counseling use and mental health-related stigma have been documented, but their relation to acculturation processes is less well known. Although some studies have examined the relationship between acculturation and mental health stigma, few studies have examined both other-focused and self-focused stigmas in relation to acculturation and counseling use. This pilot study examined (1) racial/ethnic differences in other-focused stigma (perceived public stigma and social network stigma) and self-focused stigma (self-stigma and personal stigma) among college students, (2) racial/ethnic differences in stigma based on mainstream and heritage acculturation, and (3) the association of race/ethnicity, stigma, and acculturation with counseling use. The sample consisted of 414 college students (17% male, 83% female), of which 11.1% identified as African American, 64.3% as European American, 16.4% as Hispanic American, and 8.2% as Asian American. Identifying as Hispanic or African American, and lower mainstream acculturation were associated with higher levels of perceived public stigma. Low heritage and mainstream acculturation were positively associated with personal stigma. Finally, high personal stigma, high self-stigma, low social network stigma, low mainstream acculturation, and identifying as Asian American or Hispanic were associated with lower counseling use. Our findings reaffirm the importance of acculturation and help disentangle the relationship between race/ethnicity and acculturation in various types of mental health stigma and counseling use.
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... As a manipulation check, participants were asked to identify the general subject of the video after viewing it: those who did not answer correctly were excluded. Participants were then asked to complete measures of perceptions of public stigma toward seeking psychotherapy (Vogel et al., 2009), self-stigma toward psychotherapy (Vogel et al., 2006), attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (Fischer & Farina, 1995), intentions to seek help (Gallo et al., 2015), and treatment preferences (Brecht et al., 2017), in a random order. Last, participants were shown a debriefing page and provided compensation (i.e., $0.50) for their participation. ...
... The PSOSH is a 5-item measure of perceived negative public attitudes (stigma) toward those who seek professional psychological help (Vogel et al., 2009). An example item is "To what degree do you believe the people you interact with would react negatively to you if you sought counseling for an emotional or personal issue?" ...
... The overall internal consistency (α = .89) for the measure has been found to be stable across racial and ethnic groups (Vogel et al., 2009), and as high as α = .94 in military service member/Veteran groups (Goode & Swift, 2019). Test-retest reliability has been found to be adequate (r = .82), ...
A randomized controlled trial of targeted vs. General direct-to-consumer marketing to address psychotherapy attitudes and stigma in military service members and Veterans
Article
  • Sep 2024
  • MIL PSYCHOL
Many military service members and Veterans who experience a psychological need do not seek psychotherapy, which may be due to negative attitudes and stigma toward mental health services. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a general vs. military-specific direct-to-consumer psychotherapy marketing video to address psychotherapy attitudes in a nationwide sample of military service members and Veterans (N = 262). Participants were randomly assigned to watch a general commercial produced by the American Psychological Association (APA Video), a military-specific commercial produced by the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA Video), or a control video. After watching the video, they were asked to complete measures assessing public and self-stigma, attitudes, intentions, and preferences for psychotherapy. Consistent with our hypotheses, participants in the direct-to-consumer marketing conditions reported experiencing significantly less self-stigma and more positive attitudes and preferences for psychotherapy after watching their videos, compared to participants in the control condition. Participants who viewed the APA video also reported significantly less public stigma than those in the control condition. Contrary to our hypotheses, the targeted VA video did not outperform the general APA video on any of the dependent variables. These results support the use of direct-to-consumer psychotherapy marketing videos, general or targeted, with military service members and Veterans. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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... An adapted version of the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help Scale (PSOSH; Vogel et al., 2009) measured anticipated stigma from mental health professionals when seeking help for sexual assault experiences. The original scale measures perceptions of stigmatization from other people if one were to seek psychological help for mental health problems (Vogel et al., 2009). ...
... An adapted version of the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help Scale (PSOSH; Vogel et al., 2009) measured anticipated stigma from mental health professionals when seeking help for sexual assault experiences. The original scale measures perceptions of stigmatization from other people if one were to seek psychological help for mental health problems (Vogel et al., 2009). This measure was adapted to measure the degree to which participants would anticipate negative or stigmatizing responses from mental health professionals if they discussed their sexual assault experiences in counseling. ...
... The original scale evinced positive correlations with the self-stigma of seeking help and had acceptable to good internal consistencies across samples (α = 0.78-0.89; Vogel et al., 2009). The adapted version displayed good internal consistency in the current study (α = 0.89, 0.90). ...
Masculine Threat and Stigma: Barriers to Help-Seeking for Gay and Bisexual Men Survivors
Article
  • Sep 2024
Sexual assault and abuse have detrimental impacts on gay and bisexual (GB) men’s mental health. Nevertheless, many GB men survivors avoid seeking services due to concerns about non-affirming treatment from mental-health professionals and negative perceptions of masculinity if one seeks help for sexual trauma. This study investigated the impact of anticipated sexual assault stigma from mental-health professionals and masculine threat (the degree to which not feeling masculine lowers self-esteem) on help-seeking self-stigma among GB men survivors (N = 99). Both anticipated stigma and masculine threat associated with greater self-stigma of seeking help. When examining gay and bisexual men separately, anticipated stigma and masculine threat were significant for bisexual men, whereas anticipated stigma was the only significant variable for gay men. Implications discuss increasing attention toward the role of masculinity and anticipated stigma in help-seeking for sexual- minority men survivors and examining the unique experiences of these two populations rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.
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... This leaves the question unanswered as to whether there is a specific interdependent stigma of seeking help that can be measured separately from an independent stigma of seeking help. While the extant literature has frequently examined an independent self-construal view of helpseeking stigma, which entails the desire to avoid seeking help to avoid the self-perceptions of being personally inadequate or inferior (Lannin et al., 2015;Vogel et al., 2006Vogel et al., , 2009, there also might be an interdependent self-construal view of help-seeking stigma, for which This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. ...
... Research shows that the act of help seeking is a unique type of stigmatization that can have even greater salience on decisions to seek professional services (Lannin et al., 2015). We did find one measure that focused on help-seeking stigma, the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (Vogel et al., 2009) scale; however, this scale focused on close others as the stigmatizing source (e.g., "Close others would react negatively to you"). Thus, there is a clear need to develop and measure the relevance of an interdependent view of stigma associated with a person's decision to seek help. ...
... The ISSH scale was intended to encompass an individual's anticipated concerns about the impact of their seeking mental health services on family members (i.e., family being shunned, avoided, or judged). Based on the literature on stigma associated with mental illness (e.g., Corrigan et al., 2012), stigma associated with help seeking (e.g., Vogel et al., 2009), and self-construal theory (Markus & Kitayama, 2010), items were generated that represented the key stigmatizing characteristics (e.g., seriously disturbed, unhealthy, incompetence, blame, inability to handle things, instability, and social distancing/avoidance) with a focus on the impact on family. To ensure that stigmatizing characteristics represented a full range of beliefs across countries, all of the authors, who are leading experts in the area of mental health stigma around the world, were part of this generation process. ...
Interdependent Stigma of Seeking Mental Health Services: Examining a New Scale Across Eight Countries/Regions
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
Although the presence of mental health stigma associated with seeking help has been demonstrated in many parts of the world, this work has largely been from an independent perspective (i.e., “I will be perceived as crazy”) rather than from an interdependent perspective (i.e., “My family will be viewed negatively”). Interdependent stigma of seeking help (i.e., the extent to which people believe their family would be devalued and shamed if they seek psychological help) may be an important type of stigma that has not been assessed. Based on self-construal theory, the present study sought to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an Interdependent Stigma of Seeking Help (ISSH) scale in eight different countries and regions (i.e., Australia, Brazil, Germany, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Türkiye, the UAE, the United States). Findings suggest that the psychometric properties of the eight-item ISSH are adequate for research purposes (a unidimensional scale with full invariance and internal consistency estimates from .84 to .94). The ISSH was moderately related to other measures of stigma and psychological distress. Some differences in the relationship with specific outcomes by country and region were found, and there were notable country differences in the latent mean levels of ISSH, with Hong Kong and Taiwan having the highest means, and Australia, the United States, and Brazil having the lowest levels. Results suggest that the ISSH could be used to help clarify the complex relationships between stigma and other variables of interest and might be useful in developing culturally relevant interventions.
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... Whereas selfstigma has a direct negative effect on help-seeking, public stigma influences the individual's intention to seek help through the mediating effect of self-stigma (Vogel et al., 2007;Brenner et al., 2020). However, less is known about the effects of stigma from the person's immediate circle (e.g., friends and family; Vogel et al., 2009). Vogel et al. (2009) introduced the concept of social network stigma, which they defined as the stereotypes about professional help-seeking held by groups in direct contact with the individual ). ...
... However, less is known about the effects of stigma from the person's immediate circle (e.g., friends and family; Vogel et al., 2009). Vogel et al. (2009) introduced the concept of social network stigma, which they defined as the stereotypes about professional help-seeking held by groups in direct contact with the individual ). If the person perceives negative reactions from members of their personal network, then this stigma might have a cumulative effect on public stigma, further reducing the probability of their seeking psychological services . ...
... Consequently, examining social network stigma in China could be beneficial in developing interventions that promote psychological help-seeking in this cultural context. Vogel et al. (2009) created the English language Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) scale to evaluate the impact of social network stigma on psychological help-seeking in a western sample. The scale was designed to measure the degree of stigma individuals experience from their social network, such as friends and family. ...
Assessing perceptions of stigmatization by others for seeking help in China: psychometric characteristics and measurement invariance across gender and therapy experience
Article
Full-text available
  • May 2024
The stigma of social networks may be more noticeable in collectivist societies like China, but research in this area has largely been overlooked due to a lack of reliable measurement. To address this gap, this study tested the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) scale in the Chinese general population, and tested its invariance across gender and prior therapy experience. In a national online survey, 640 adults completed the PSOSH and conceptually related scales: Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH), Stigma of Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (SSPPH, i.e., public stigma) and Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale-Short Form (ATSPPH-SF). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the original PSOSH. The Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.84 and the 3-week test–retest reliability of was 0.77. The PSOSH showed moderate correlations with the three conceptually related scales, supporting its concurrent validity. Importantly, the PSOSH significantly predicted self-stigma scores, even when considering demographic variables and public stigma, supporting its incremental validity. The scale also demonstrated scalar invariance across gender and across subgroups who had vs. did not have previous therapy experience, supporting comparisons of latent means across these groups. The PSOSH is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing social network stigmatization of professional help-seeking in Chinese community samples.
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... Anticipated enacted stigma was assessed using the five-item Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH; Vogel et al., 2009) scale. Instructions were modified to assess anticipated enacted stigma from unit leaders/command for seeking help for MST-related sequelae as follows: "If you sought mental health services for difficult negative emotions or psychological problems related to military sexual trauma, to what degree do you believe your unit leader/command would …" A sample item includes, "… react negatively to you." ...
... STIGMA AND SUICIDE RISK 3 ranging from 5 to 25. This scale has demonstrated good internal reliability (Cronbach's α of .78-.91) and validity (Vogel et al., 2009). Cronbach's α in the current sample was α = .97. ...
Fears of Stigma Perceived From Unit Leaders for Seeking Psychological Services for Military Sexual Trauma Sequelae Is Associated With Suicide Risk Among Male Service Members and Veterans
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2024
Suicide risk is higher among military sexual trauma (MST) survivors. One factor that may elevate the risk of death by suicide in this population is stigma. Indeed, stigma may prevent disclosure of MST and deter help-seeking to address the sequelae of MST. Extant literature on the association of stigma and suicide risk in men MST survivors is understudied, which is concerning as men account for more than 90% of deaths by suicide in military service members. To address this gap, we used path analysis to examine the associations of self-stigma and anticipated enacted stigma from unit leaders related to help-seeking for MST and suicide risk. A sample of 508 service member/veteran men completed assessments of anticipated enacted stigma, self-stigma, MST exposure, and suicide risk. The majority of the sample identified as White, married, and service in the Army. Sixty-seven participants (13.2%) reported MST. In bivariate associations, MST exposure and both forms of stigma were positively related to suicide risk, with small-to-medium effects. Anticipated enacted stigma was higher among those reporting MST and was associated with higher suicide risk after accounting for age, race/ethnicity, marital status, military branch, and discharge status. Self-stigma was not associated with suicide risk in the adjusted model. Stigma perceived by unit leaders is a stronger correlate of suicide risk than self-stigma, and this association is heightened among those reporting MST. Interventions could focus on how people think about experiencing military sexual trauma and reducing negative perceptions by others.
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... Barriers to help-seeking were measured using a 12-item scale developed by Vogel, Wade & Ascheman (2009). The scale prompts participants to determine why they may not seek help from formal resources (e.g., therapist, doctor) using a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from "not at all" to "a great deal." ...
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Further Validation for a Measure of Disordered Eating in an Independent Sample of Male and Female Elite Athletes: The Athletic Disordered Eating (ADE) Scale
Article
  • Dec 2024
  • INT J EAT DISORDER
Background Elite athletes experience unique pressures and cognitions associated with disordered eating, which may not be appropriately captured by existing tools. The Athletic Disordered Eating (ADE) scale is a recently developed and first measure of disordered eating specifically developed and validated in current and former athletes. This study aimed to provide further validation for the ADE in an independent sample of elite athletes. Method Participants were 237 elite athletes ( M Age = 26.1, SD Age = 8.6; 75.9% female; 73.0% current athletes) participating in various sports across Australia and the United States. Participants completed an online survey including the ADE, demographic questions, and other measures of eating disorder symptoms (Eating Disorder Examination—Questionnaire Short‐form, Clinical Impairment Assessment), and related constructs. Twenty‐five athletes also completed a clinical interview to determine eating disorder caseness. Results The four‐factor structure of the ADE from the original validation was confirmed. Further, the ADE demonstrated adequate measurement invariance across male and female current and former athletes; internal consistency for the total score and each subscale; convergent and discriminant validity; and criterion‐related validity—with a score of 40 balancing sensitivity and specificity against other scales with established cut‐offs for a likely eating disorder. The high‐risk cut‐off (ADE ≥ 33) had high sensitivity but low specificity in identifying eating disorder cases, as confirmed by the clinical interview. Discussion The ADE is a low‐time‐burden screening tool for disordered eating, validated in independent samples of diverse athletes. It should be considered for future use in screening, early identification, and monitoring treatment progress in elite athletes.
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Validating the Persian Version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) Scale
Article
  • Oct 2024
Background: Stigma presents significant barriers to mental health treatment, influencing treatment decisions and recovery outcomes. Standardized rating scales play a crucial role in assessing Self-stigma, which is essential for intervention efforts aimed at improving mental health outcomes globally. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the internal consistency, face validity, content validity, and factor structure of the Persian version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale in a group of people with mental health disorders referred to the outpatient clinics of Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital and several private clinics in Tehran, Iran. Methods: First, a bilingual psychiatrist translated the scale into Persian. Content and face validity were then evaluated by six psychiatrists. A pilot test was conducted with ten patients to assess comprehensibility. A back translation into English was performed by a non-professional, and the result was compared to the original version by a bilingual psychiatrist. The final Persian version of the questionnaire was administered to 347 patients with various mental health disorders, recruited from Roozbeh Hospital, a referral psychiatry hospital, and several private clinics in Tehran. Demographic characteristics were collected via questionnaires, and the type of disorder was determined based on the specialist's evaluation. This process was conducted from October 2023 to May 2024. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated, and internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald's Omega tests. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed to explore and understand the data structure. Results: The Persian version demonstrated reasonable comprehensibility and translation equivalence, ensuring both semantic and content equivalence. The SSOSH achieved a CVI > 0.8 and CVR > 0.96. All items obtained an acceptable score (greater than 1.5) for face validity. The internal consistency of the total score was good (α = 0.733, ω = 0.818). The EFA revealed that the Persian version had three factors accounting for 57% of the total variance, and the CFA suggested this model fits the data reasonably well, though there is room for improvement. Conclusions: The Persian SSOSH scale exhibits good internal consistency and acceptable face and content validity for use in Persian-speaking patients with mental health disorders. While the three-factor structure identified by the EFA requires further investigation, the application of this tool among other Iranians warrants additional evaluation.
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Investigating the Relationship Between Psychosocial Safety Climate and Mental Illness Stigma Among Emergency Medical Service Clinicians
Article
Objectives: To examine the relationship between psychosocial safety climate (PSC) and mental illness stigma among emergency medical service (EMS) clinicians. Despite the presence of mental health services at many EMS agencies, workers often do not seek treatment due to mental illness stigma. To facilitate treatment receipt and maintain a healthy workforce, we must understand factors contributing to stigma. Psychosocial safety climate refers to the degree to which workers perceive that their organization fosters a work environment focused on the protection of psychological health and safety. Despite its relevance, the relationship between PSC and mental illness stigma has yet to be examined. Methods: Participants were recruited from EMS agencies in the Northeastern U.S. Census Region. We used an observational research design and multiple linear regression to investigate the relationship between overall levels of PSC using the Psychosocial Climate Scale (PSC-12) and mental illness stigma using the Endorsed and Anticipated Stigma Inventory - Workplace Stigma Subscale. We also examined separate facets of PSC to determine if one was more related to stigma. Using established guidelines and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, we compared workers rating their agencies as having high-risk (≤37 points) or low-risk PSC levels (≥41 points). Results: The sample was n = 124 EMS clinicians (Mage = 29.6, SDage = 9.2, 53.2% male). Most were White (88.7%) with some college/college degree (79.8%). After adjusting for age, gender, race, education, and mental health treatment receipt, clinicians reporting that their workplaces were less focused on psychosocial safety and health (i.e., lower overall levels of PSC) also reported elevated levels of stigma (b = -0.27, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = -0.37, -0.17, p < .001). Exploratory analyses indicated that no PSC facet was more related to stigma than another. Clinicians reporting high-risk levels displayed stigma levels that were 38% higher compared to clinicians reporting low-risk PSC levels. Conclusions: Psychosocial safety climate is an important and modifiable intervention target linked to mental illness stigma in EMS clinicians. Organizational policies, practices, and procedures that convey that mental health is valued and should be protected may reduce stigma and facilitate treatment receipt among this high-risk population.
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The Social Rejection of Former Mental Patients: Understanding Why Labels Matter
Article
Full-text available
  • May 1987
Recent research shows that the crucial factor determining the rejection of former mental patients is their behavior rather than their stigmantized status. The study reported here, based on a vignette experiment (with a design that varies patient status with the nature of behavior), challenges this conclusion. Like previous research, it indicates that a simple assessment of labelings shows little effect on a social distance scale. However, when a measure of perceived dangerousness of mental patients is introduced, strong labeling effects emerge. Specifically, the data reveal that the lable of "previous hospitalization" fosters high social distance among those who perceive mental patients to be dangerous and low social distance among those who do not see patients as a threat. It appears that past investigators have missed these effects because they have averaged excessively lenient responses with excessively rejecting ones. This suggests that labels play an important role in how former mental patients are p...
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Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Tutorial on Parallel Analysis
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2004
The decision of how many factors to retain is a critical component of exploratory factor analysis. Evidence is presented that parallel analysis is one of the most accurate factor retention methods while also being one of the most underutilized in management and organizational research. Therefore, a step-by-step guide to performing parallel analysis is described, and an example is provided using data from the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Recommendations for making factor retention decisions are discussed.
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Changes in Counseling Center Client Problems Across 13 Years
Article
Full-text available
  • Feb 2003
Are perceived increases in symptom severity in college counseling center clients real or imagined? Counseling center staff, retrospectively, reported that client problems are more severe now than in the past. Yet studies examining client distress levels at intake have found no significant increases. This study examined counseling center client problems across 13 years from the perspective of the treating therapist at the time of case closure. Increases were found for 14 of 19 client problem areas, whereas other areas retained stable levels, and 2 problem areas had a quadratic trend over time. These changes directly affect counseling service practices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 325-337
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2006
Self-stigma is an important factor in people's decisions not to engage in therapy. To measure this construct, the authors developed the 10-item Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale. In Study 1 (n = 583), the SSOSH had a unidimensional factor structure and good reliability (.91) among participants. Study 2 (n = 470) confirmed the factor structure. Studies 2, 3 (n = 546), and 4 (n = 217) cross-validated the reliability (.86 to .90; test-retest, .72) and showed evidence of validity (construct, criterion, and predictive) across the study samples. The SSOSH uniquely predicted attitudes toward and intent to seek psychological help. Finally, in Study 5 (n = 655) the SSOSH differentiated those who sought psychological services from those who did not across a 2-month period. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Service profiling and outcomes benchmarking using the CORE-OM: toward practice-based evidence in the psychological therapies. Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measures
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2001
To complement the evidence-based practice paradigm, the authors argued for a core outcome measure to provide practice-based evidence for the psychological therapies. Utility requires instruments that are acceptable scientifically, as well as to service users, and a coordinated implementation of the measure at a national level. The development of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) is summarized. Data are presented across 39 secondary-care services ( n = 2,710) and within an intensively evaluated single service ( n = 1,455). Results suggest that the CORE-OM is a valid and reliable measure for multiple settings and is acceptable to users and clinicians as well as policy makers. Baseline data levels of patient presenting problem severity, including risk, are reported in addition to outcome benchmarks that use the concept of reliable and clinically significant change. Basic quality improvement in outcomes for a single service is considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Automation of the Flesch Reading Ease Readability Formula, with Various Options
Article
  • Jul 1969
Describes a computer program of increased accuracy and flexibility for application of the Flesch Reading Ease and related readability formulas. The program is designed to be as easy to use and as useful as possible to educators. It runs on a popular computing system and is written in a popular programing language. The modular form of the program makes for relatively easy changes; in addition, various options likely to be desired by users have been provided. Future programs in the language area are being developed in such a manner that they can be integrated with this program. All programs are being designed for the purpose of both analyzing and generating educational materials, and will be part of a general set of programs called PAGES (Psychological-Analytic-Generative Educational System)./// [French] Decrit un programme de computer plus précis et flexible pour appliquer des formules de lisibilité telles que celle d'après Flesch et dite "Reading Ease." On l'a rendu aussi facile et utile que possible pour les enseignants. Basé sur un système de computerage courant, il est rédigé dans un langage de programming courant lui aussi. La forme modulaire du programme facilite sa flexibilité; de plus, un choix varié d'options est offert aux usagers du programme. On est en train de développer des programmes dans le domaine du langage de façon à pouvoir les incorporer au programme actuel. Tous les programmes sont conçus de façon à analyser ainsi que produire du matériel d'enseignment, et feront partie d'un groupe général de programmes appelé PAGES (Psychological-Analytic-Generative Educational System)./// [Spanish] Describe un programa en computadora de mayor flexibilidad y exactitud para la aplicación de la fórmula de Facilidad en la Lectura de Flesch y fórmulas de legibilidad relacionadas. Este programa se ha diseñado para que sea fácil de usar y lo más útil posible a los educadores. Este se lleva a cabo en un sistema popular de computadora, y está escrito en un idioma de programación corriente. La forma modular del programa permite hacer cambios con facilidad relativa; además se proporcionan varias opciones que posiblemente los usuarios deseen adoptar. Otros programas en el campo del idioma para el futuro están en vías de desarrollo y proyectados en forma tal que se podrán integrar en este programa. Todos los programas se están proyectando tanto con el fin de analizar como con el fin de crear materiales educacionales, y serán parte de un conjunto general de programas llamados PAGES (Psychological-Analytic-Generative Educational System).
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Stigmatization of Individuals Who Receive Psychotherapy: An Interaction Between Help-seeking Behavior and the Presence of Depression
Article
  • Oct 2002
  • J SOC CLIN PSYCHOL
The nature and extent of stigmatization attached to individuals who seek outpatient psychotherapy for depression was investigated. Three hundred and eighty undergraduates were presented one of four case vignettes that were identical, with the exception of the last paragraph in which the treatment history (sought help vs. did not seek help) and type of problem (depression vs. back pain) of the target were manipulated. Participants rated the target on various personality dimensions. An interaction between help-seeking behavior and problem type in perceptions of emotional instability was found, Specifically, whereas an individual experiencing depression was viewed as more emotionally unstable than one who had a back injury, the target who sought help for his depression was viewed as particularly unstable. The findings are discussed in the context of disorders that might go untreated due to stigmatization.
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