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Measuring Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Psychological Help: Reliability and Validity of a New Stigma Scale With College Students
Abstract
Fear of being stigmatized is the most cited reason why individuals avoid psychotherapy. Conceptually, this fear should be strongest when individuals consider the reactions of those they interact with. Across 5 samples, the authors developed the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) scale. In Sample 1 (
N = 985), the 5 items of the PSOSH were selected (α = .91). In Sample 2 (
N = 842), the unidimensional factor structure of the scale was examined across a diverse sample. In Sample 3 (
N = 506), concurrent validity was supported through moderate associations with 3 different stigma measures (i.e., public stigma toward counseling,
r = .31; public stigma toward mental illness,
r = .20; and self-stigma,
r = .37). In Sample 4 (
N = 144), test–retest reliability across a 3-week period was calculated (.82). Finally, in Sample 5 (
N = 130), reliability (α = .78) and validity were explored with a sample experiencing symptoms of psychological distress. Relationships between variables (i.e., public stigma toward counseling,
r = .31, and self-stigma,
r = .40) were similar to those in previous samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Public stigma labels counseling as being socially unacceptable (Vogel, Wade, & Haake, 2006;Komiya et al., 2000). Thus, an individual may avoid seeking treatment and express unfavorable attitudes towards psychological services in an attempt to reduce possible social stigma (Vogel, Wade, & Ascheman, 2009). Research suggests that people tend to view individuals who seek mental health treatment less favorably than treatment nonseekers (Sibicky & Dovidio, 1986). ...
... health services. The results of their survey showed that individuals with mental health disorders were not willing to seek psychological help as a result of perceived social stigma (Vogel et al., 2009). ...
... A sample item is "If I believed I was having a mental breakdown, my first inclination would be to get professional attention." The internal consistency for this scale was α = .84 in a college sample (Vogel et al., 2009). ...
... The problems identified in the literature have remained largely unchanged for 30 years (Thornicroft, 2006). It is widely accepted that stigmatized attitudes affect an individual's propensity to seek professional help (Reichert, 2012;Vogel, Wade, & Ascheman, 2009;Zartaloudi & Madianos, 2010). It is also widely accepted that stigmatized attitudes are complex constructs that are difficult to measure which has led to research being conducted without the use of a social theory (MacKenzie et al., 2004). ...
... A final critic centered on the use of outdated instruments. For example, Attitudes toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale (ATSPPHS) (Fischer & Turner, 1970) was developed but never updated and later replaced by IASMHS yet many authors still use an instrument with masculine gender and unfamiliar medical terms (Vogel et al., 2009;Hackler et al., 2010;Hammer & Vogel, 2010;Vogel et al., 2010;Kakhnovets, 2011). ...
Early access to mental health services is considered important but a number of
barriers cause delay or deter individuals from seeking professional help. Studies have
suggested that 50%-80% of individuals in need of mental health services do not seek
professional help. A gap exists in the literature regarding the relationship between
stigmatized attitudes toward mental health and help-seeking behavior. This study
evaluated the relationship between 3 components of stigmatized attitudes (anger,
blame, and danger) held by 165 randomly selected adult members of the general
public in London, England, as measured by the Attribution Questionnaire, and the
relationship to help-seeking propensity, as measured by the Inventory of Attitudes
Toward Seeking Mental Health Services. The theoretical foundation for this study
was attribution theory and the theory of planned behavior as they both provided a
framework for understanding and predicting these relationships. Multiple regression
analysis revealed a negative relationship for both anger and blame when compared
with help-seeking propensity thereby rejecting the null hypothesis. The results for
danger and help-seeking propensity, however, were not statistically significant. The
implications for social change include deepening the understanding of what may deter
individuals from seeking professional help. Furthering knowledge in this field will
provide clinicians, health policy makers, and researchers with a greater understanding
of what influences help-seeking behavior and result in more effort to remove any
identified barriers.
... A 5-item version of the Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Help (PSOSH) originally developed by Vogel et al. (2009) was used to measure factors that are likely to inhibit individuals from seeking psychological services. An introductory question was presented, "how much would each of the things listed below influence the likelihood that you would seek support," and items such as, "people in the agenwcy would think bad things of me" were provided for response. ...
The current research provides a national snapshot of availability, access, and perceived effectiveness of wellness services and help-seeking stigma. This study is based on a sample of 3,994 police officers across the United States. The current study found a substantial percentage of officers are accessing wellness services, whether agency-provided, external, or a combination of both. Among officers who were most in need of wellness services, those experiencing some level of psychological distress, over 90% accessed at least one agency-provided or external service. Employee assistance program (EAP) services, formal and informal debriefings with managers and colleagues, chaplaincy services, and peer support were identified as some of the most common types of wellness programs provided by agencies and were also among the most effective wellness services as identified by officers who had accessed them. However, the research did highlight the need to consider gender, years of service, and agency size to provide a more nuanced view of psychological distress,support, and help-seeking stigma. Stigma associated with help-seeking remains a concern that must be addressed in police populations.
... A person will enjoy a more positive attitude toward receiving psychological help if social support systems highly support s/he. Because the people they know will support them in getting the help, they need (Vogel et al., 2009). A person's social circle of interaction plays a crucial role in their decision to seek help (Vogel et al., 2007). ...
With the COVID-19 pandemic, people have become inclined to seek online counseling help in addition to face-to-face counseling. For individuals who need mental health services, social-physical isolation and quarantine decisions have rendered online counseling a necessity rather than an option. In this process, individuals needing mental health services may avoid seeking help due to their self-concealment tendencies or inadequate self-perceived social support. The present research explores whether online and face-to-face counseling are predicted by self-concealment level, multidimensional perceived social support, age, gender, and previous experience with face-to-face/online counseling. The study group comprises 508 adults aged 18 or above living in Turkey. The data were collected with the help of "Online and Face-to-Face Counseling Attitudes Scale", “Self-Concealment Scale”, “Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support”, and a “Personal Information Form”. Data analysis was based on Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results demonstrate that attitudes toward online counseling are predicted by self-concealment, perceived social support, age, and previous experience of online counseling. The findings also show that attitudes toward face-to-face counseling are predicted by self-concealment, perceived social support, gender, and previous experience with online and face-to-face counseling. With the COVID-19 pandemic, people have become inclined to seek online counseling help in addition to face-to-face counseling. For individuals who need mental health services, social-physical isolation and quarantine decisions have rendered online counseling a necessity rather than an option. In this process, individuals needing mental health services may avoid seeking help due to their self-concealment tendencies or inadequate self-perceived social support. The present research explores whether online and face-to-face counseling are predicted by self-concealment level, multidimensional perceived social support, age, gender, and previous experience with face-to-face/online counseling. The study group comprises 508 adults aged 18 or above living in Turkey. The data were collected with the help of "Online and Face-to-Face Counseling Attitudes Scale", “Self-Concealment Scale”, “Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support”, and a “Personal Information Form”. Data analysis was based on Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression Analysis. The results demonstrate that attitudes toward online counseling are predicted by self-concealment, perceived social support, age, and previous experience of online counseling. The findings also show that attitudes toward face-to-face counseling are predicted by self-concealment, perceived social support, gender, and previous experience with online and face-to-face counseling.
... The 5-item PrEP Stigma Scale (Walsh, 2019) assessed the degree to which participants thought that taking PrEP is stigmatized. Additional measures not selected for the final models included the Climate Scale (Pachankis et al., 2016), Anticipated HIV Stigma Scale (Golub & Gamarel, 2013), and Perceptions of Stigmatization by Others for Seeking Psychological Help Scale (Vogel et al., 2009). ...
Latino sexual minority men (LSMM) are affected by HIV and behavioral health disparities. Evidence-based HIV-prevention and behavioral health (BH) services are not sufficiently scaled up to LSMM. The current study identified multilevel barriers and facilitators to LSMM’s use of HIV-prevention and BH services. LSMM (N = 290) in South Florida, a US HIV epicenter, completed a battery of measures potentially associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and BH treatment use. Stochastic search variable selection (SSVS) followed by multiple linear regression analyses identified variables associated with engagement in PrEP and BH treatment. Multilevel determinants of PrEP and BH treatment engagement were identified, with most identified determinants being at the relational level (e.g., stigma, discrimination based on income and immigration status, personal recommendation for treatment). Individual (e.g., knowledge, self-efficacy) and structural (e.g., financial stress) determinants were also identified. Accordingly, modifiable leverage points to enhance the reach of PrEP and BH treatment to LSMM include educating and enhancing the perceived relevance of services, de-stigmatizing and normalizing via peer examples, bolstering self-efficacy, and building trust.
Introduction
Whilst a good deal of research has been conducted on predictors of attitudes to seeking counselling and/or psychotherapy, no such work has been conducted in relation to coaching. Type D personality, public stigma and self-stigma are potential significant predictors of such attitudes, with Type D possibly having an indirect effect mediated by stigma. Type D personality may also be linked to increased burnout, in which case those with this personality type might benefit more from coaching support.
Aims
This study aimed to (a) assess the relationships between attitudes to seeking coaching and each of Type D personality, public stigma and self-stigma; (b) examine the possibility of Type D personality having a relationship with attitudes to coaching which is mediated by stigma; and (c) address the relationship of Type D personality to burnout, in a sample of working people.
Method
A cross-sectional, online survey was employed.
Results
Type D personality, self-stigma and public stigma were all significantly negatively correlated with attitudes to seeking coaching. The relationship of Type D personality to such attitudes was fully mediated by public stigma, but not by self-stigma. Type D personality was significantly associated with all dimensions of burnout.
Implications
People with higher Type D personality scores are more likely to experience burnout, and so may stand to benefit more from coaching. They are also more likely to have poorer attitudes to seeking coaching – a relationship mediated by public stigma. Public and self-stigma are also related to poorer attitudes. Thus public material which targets stigma can improve attitudes to seeking coaching generally, with a particular benefit to those with Type D personality.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify ways in which college students use support-seeking strategies to improve mental health-related goals. Participants: Participants included college students from a Mid-Atlantic university who identified as having experienced anxiety or depression in their lifetime. Method: Using a support marshaling framework and thematic analysis, this paper analyzed qualitative responses (n = 330) that detailed individuals' experiences with network members when trying to gain support or avoid barriers surrounding their mental health. Results: This analysis revealed new support marshaling strategies specific to a mental health context. Participants frequently employed indirect avoidance strategies (e.g., decreased interaction time; 12.66%) and direct approach strategies (e.g., soliciting mental health support; 43.33%). Conclusions: College students equally experience opposition and support when trying to achieve mental health-related goals. Future research might consider which network members express support and opposition, and how these newly identified strategies apply in support marshaling contexts outside mental health.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD risk), social stigma, and social support on the quality of life of COVID-19 survivors.Methods: Data were collected from 180 survivors who were discharged from hospital for COVID-19 from September 1 to December 31, 2021. Structured questionnaires were used to assess variables. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 27.0, with independent t-test, one way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation, and hierarchial multiple regression.Results: Subjects' quality of life was correlated with PTSD risk (r=-.52, p<.001), social stigma (r=-.16, p=.029), and social support (r=.26, p=.001). The Factors influencing the quality of life were gender (β=.26, p=.001), occupation (β=-.24, p=.001), PTSD risk (β=-.48, p<.001), social support (β=.19, p=.004), and explanatory power were approximately 37% (F=14.03, p<.001).Conclusion: This study found that PTSD risk in COVID-19 survivors lowered their quality of life, and social support increased their quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to develop various intervention programs to improve the quality of life of COVID-19 survivors by reducing PTSD risk and provide a social support system.
Introduction:
Education for sustainable development (ESD) has focused on the promotion of sustainable thinking skills, capacities, or abilities for learners of different educational stages. Critical thinking (CT) plays an important role in the lifelong development of college students, which is also one of the key competencies in ESD. The development of a valuable framework for assessing college students' CT is important for understanding their level of CT. Therefore, this study aimed to construct a reliable self-evaluation CT framework for college students majoring in the humanities.
Methods:
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and Item analysis were conducted to explore the reliability and validity of the CT evaluation framework. Six hundred and forty-two college students majoring in the humanities were collected. The sample was randomly divided into two subsamples (n1 = 321, n2 = 321).
Results:
The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was 0.909, and the values of the Cronbach's alpha coefficients for individual factors of the scale ranged from 0.724 to 0.878. Then CFA was conducted within the scope of the validity study of the scale. In this way, the structure of the 7-factor scale was confirmed. Results indicated that the constructed evaluation framework performed consistently with the collected data. CFA also confirmed a good model fitting of the relevant 22 factors of the college students' CT framework (χ2/df = 3.110, RMSEA = 0.056, GFI = 0.927, AGFI = 0.902, NFI = 0.923, and CFI = 0.946).
Discussion:
These findings revealed that the CT abilities self-evaluation scale was a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the CT abilities of college students in the humanities. Therefore, the college students' CT self-evaluation framework included three dimensions: discipline cognition (DC), CT disposition, and CT skills. Among them, CT disposition consisted of motivation (MO), attention (AT), and open-mindedness (OM), while CT skills included clarification skills (CS), organization skills (OS), and reflection (RE). Therefore, this framework can be an effective instrument to support college students' CT measurement. Consequently, some suggestions are also put forward regarding how to apply the instrument in future studies.
Recent research shows that the crucial factor determining the rejection of former mental patients is their behavior rather than their stigmantized status. The study reported here, based on a vignette experiment (with a design that varies patient status with the nature of behavior), challenges this conclusion. Like previous research, it indicates that a simple assessment of labelings shows little effect on a social distance scale. However, when a measure of perceived dangerousness of mental patients is introduced, strong labeling effects emerge. Specifically, the data reveal that the lable of "previous hospitalization" fosters high social distance among those who perceive mental patients to be dangerous and low social distance among those who do not see patients as a threat. It appears that past investigators have missed these effects because they have averaged excessively lenient responses with excessively rejecting ones. This suggests that labels play an important role in how former mental patients are p...
The decision of how many factors to retain is a critical component of exploratory factor analysis. Evidence is presented that parallel analysis is one of the most accurate factor retention methods while also being one of the most underutilized in management and organizational research. Therefore, a step-by-step guide to performing parallel analysis is described, and an example is provided using data from the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Recommendations for making factor retention decisions are discussed.
Are perceived increases in symptom severity in college counseling center clients real or imagined? Counseling center staff, retrospectively, reported that client problems are more severe now than in the past. Yet studies examining client distress levels at intake have found no significant increases. This study examined counseling center client problems across 13 years from the perspective of the treating therapist at the time of case closure. Increases were found for 14 of 19 client problem areas, whereas other areas retained stable levels, and 2 problem areas had a quadratic trend over time. These changes directly affect counseling service practices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Self-stigma is an important factor in people's decisions not to engage in therapy. To measure this construct, the authors developed the 10-item Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) scale. In Study 1 (n = 583), the SSOSH had a unidimensional factor structure and good reliability (.91) among participants. Study 2 (n = 470) confirmed the factor structure. Studies 2, 3 (n = 546), and 4 (n = 217) cross-validated the reliability (.86 to .90; test-retest, .72) and showed evidence of validity (construct, criterion, and predictive) across the study samples. The SSOSH uniquely predicted attitudes toward and intent to seek psychological help. Finally, in Study 5 (n = 655) the SSOSH differentiated those who sought psychological services from those who did not across a 2-month period. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
To complement the evidence-based practice paradigm, the authors argued for a core outcome measure to provide practice-based evidence for the psychological therapies. Utility requires instruments that are acceptable scientifically, as well as to service users, and a coordinated implementation of the measure at a national level. The development of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) is summarized. Data are presented across 39 secondary-care services (
n = 2,710) and within an intensively evaluated single service (
n = 1,455). Results suggest that the CORE-OM is a valid and reliable measure for multiple settings and is acceptable to users and clinicians as well as policy makers. Baseline data levels of patient presenting problem severity, including risk, are reported in addition to outcome benchmarks that use the concept of reliable and clinically significant change. Basic quality improvement in outcomes for a single service is considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Describes a computer program of increased accuracy and flexibility for application of the Flesch Reading Ease and related readability formulas. The program is designed to be as easy to use and as useful as possible to educators. It runs on a popular computing system and is written in a popular programing language. The modular form of the program makes for relatively easy changes; in addition, various options likely to be desired by users have been provided. Future programs in the language area are being developed in such a manner that they can be integrated with this program. All programs are being designed for the purpose of both analyzing and generating educational materials, and will be part of a general set of programs called PAGES (Psychological-Analytic-Generative Educational System)./// [French] Decrit un programme de computer plus précis et flexible pour appliquer des formules de lisibilité telles que celle d'après Flesch et dite "Reading Ease." On l'a rendu aussi facile et utile que possible pour les enseignants. Basé sur un système de computerage courant, il est rédigé dans un langage de programming courant lui aussi. La forme modulaire du programme facilite sa flexibilité; de plus, un choix varié d'options est offert aux usagers du programme. On est en train de développer des programmes dans le domaine du langage de façon à pouvoir les incorporer au programme actuel. Tous les programmes sont conçus de façon à analyser ainsi que produire du matériel d'enseignment, et feront partie d'un groupe général de programmes appelé PAGES (Psychological-Analytic-Generative Educational System)./// [Spanish] Describe un programa en computadora de mayor flexibilidad y exactitud para la aplicación de la fórmula de Facilidad en la Lectura de Flesch y fórmulas de legibilidad relacionadas. Este programa se ha diseñado para que sea fácil de usar y lo más útil posible a los educadores. Este se lleva a cabo en un sistema popular de computadora, y está escrito en un idioma de programación corriente. La forma modular del programa permite hacer cambios con facilidad relativa; además se proporcionan varias opciones que posiblemente los usuarios deseen adoptar. Otros programas en el campo del idioma para el futuro están en vías de desarrollo y proyectados en forma tal que se podrán integrar en este programa. Todos los programas se están proyectando tanto con el fin de analizar como con el fin de crear materiales educacionales, y serán parte de un conjunto general de programas llamados PAGES (Psychological-Analytic-Generative Educational System).
The nature and extent of stigmatization attached to individuals who seek outpatient psychotherapy for depression was investigated. Three hundred and eighty undergraduates were presented one of four case vignettes that were identical, with the exception of the last paragraph in which the treatment history (sought help vs. did not seek help) and type of problem (depression vs. back pain) of the target were manipulated. Participants rated the target on various personality dimensions. An interaction between help-seeking behavior and problem type in perceptions of emotional instability was found, Specifically, whereas an individual experiencing depression was viewed as more emotionally unstable than one who had a back injury, the target who sought help for his depression was viewed as particularly unstable. The findings are discussed in the context of disorders that might go untreated due to stigmatization.
given that real data often fail to satisfy the underlying scaling and normality assumptions, there has been growing interest in determining the robustness of structural equation modeling techniques to violations of scaling the normality assumptions and in developing alternative remedial strategies when these assumptions are seriously violated / these topics are the focus of the present chapter
overview of normal theory estimation / effects and detection of nonnormality / remedies for multivariate nonnormality (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)