ArticlePDF Available

Abstract

this introductory chapter reviews the existing literature on the development of intimate relationships / we concentrate our attention here on past conceptual approaches / in doing so, we cite research for illustrative purposes, but we do not attempt a comprehensive review of empirical evidence we first ask: what is intimacy / why is it important / toward the end of the chapter, we briefly discuss ways of promoting intimate bonds / for the most part, intimacy and relationship development have long been treated separately / thus, sometimes our remarks will apply to both areas, but in other sections of the chapter we reflect exclusively on one topic or the other we had to be selective about which treatments of intimacy to include / we have concentrated on social scientific, especially psychological, analyses (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... Humans have a basic motive to establish and maintain close relationships and connections with others (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Close friendships are said to be characterized by a feeling of closeness and connectedness that develops through communication (Perlman & Fehr, 1987;Reis & Patrick, 1996). According to the interpersonal model of intimacy (Reis & Patrick, 1996), this communication is a dynamic process involving selfdisclosure and partner responsiveness. ...
... Since the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the behaviour of socially anxious and non-socially anxious young adults as a function of audience size, the measure of online self-disclosure alone is appropriate here. Nonetheless, partner responsiveness that conveys understanding, acceptance and caring is equally important for social connectedness (Perlman & Fehr, 1987;Reis & Patrick, 1996). Social feedback online, which can take the form of direct replies, comments or likes, is often regarded as an indicator of social acceptance and has been found to influence both feelings of belonging and wellbeing (Chua & Chang, 2016). ...
Article
Full-text available
Self-disclosure taking place in computer-mediated communication (CMC) is generally associated with enhanced well-being because it evokes a greater sense of connectedness. It has been established that the magnitude of the benefits reaped from online self-disclosure is conditional on social anxiety (under the lens of the poor-get-richer vs. rich-get-richer hypotheses) or audience size. What remains to be understood is whether those with low (compared to high) social anxiety experience greater social connectedness and subjective well-being in dyadic and/or masspersonal CMC. A sample of 411 Canadian undergraduate students (aged 17–21 years old) self-reported their anxiety in social situations, online self-disclosure in dyadic and masspersonal communication, current feelings of social connectedness, and subjective well-being. Model 7 of the PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to test the indirect effect of online self-disclosure on subjective well-being through feelings of social connectedness, conditioned on values of social anxiety. The model was run separately for dyadic and masspersonal CMC. Online self-disclosure was associated with positive outcomes only for those with high social anxiety. In both contexts, online self-disclosure was associated with enhanced social connectedness and in turn more positive subjective well-being. In contrast, for those with low social anxiety, increases in self-disclosure in masspersonal CMC was associated with decreases in social connectedness and poorer well-being. The indirect effect was not significant for dyadic CMC. Overall, the findings contribute to a more informed understanding of online self-disclosure as a double-edged sword. Theoretical implications for the poor-get-richer and rich-get-richer perspectives are discussed.
... Intimacy is a significant social aspect of language, which helps to explore existing social norms in various contexts (Pei and Jurgens, 2020). The concept of intimacy describes how an individual relates to his addressee in their perceived interdependence, warmth, and willingness to personally share (Perlman and Fehr, 1987). An automatic evaluation of intimacy in language provides us with a clearer picture of social interactions and different linguistic strategies. ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The paper describes a transformer-based system designed for SemEval-2023 Task 9: Multilingual Tweet Intimacy Analysis. The purpose of the task was to predict the intimacy of tweets in a range from 1 (not intimate at all) to 5 (very intimate). The official training set for the competition consisted of tweets in six languages (English, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, French, and Chinese). The test set included the given six languages as well as external data with four languages not presented in the training set (Hindi, Arabic, Dutch, and Korean). We presented a solution based on an ensemble of XLM-T, a multilingual RoBERTa model adapted to the Twitter domain. To improve the performance on unseen languages, each tweet was supplemented by its English translation. We explored the effectiveness of translated data for the languages seen in fine-tuning compared to unseen languages and estimated strategies for using translated data in transformer-based models. Our solution ranked 4th on the leaderboard while achieving an overall Pearson’s r of 0.5989 over the test set. The proposed system improves up to 0.088 Pearson’s r over a score averaged across all 45 submissions.
... Intimacy is a significant social aspect of language, which helps to explore existing social norms in various contexts (Pei and Jurgens, 2020). The concept of intimacy describes how an individual relates to his addressee in their perceived interdependence, warmth, and willingness to personally share (Perlman and Fehr, 1987). An automatic evaluation of intimacy in language provides us with a clearer picture of social interactions and different linguistic strategies. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
The paper describes a transformer-based system designed for SemEval-2023 Task 9: Multilingual Tweet Intimacy Analysis. The purpose of the task was to predict the intimacy of tweets in a range from 1 (not intimate at all) to 5 (very intimate). The official training set for the competition consisted of tweets in six languages (English, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, French, and Chinese). The test set included the given six languages as well as external data with four languages not presented in the training set (Hindi, Arabic, Dutch, and Korean). We presented a solution based on an ensemble of XLM-T, a multilingual RoBERTa model adapted to the Twitter domain. To improve the performance of unseen languages, each tweet was supplemented by its English translation. We explored the effectiveness of translated data for the languages seen in fine-tuning compared to unseen languages and estimated strategies for using translated data in transformer-based models. Our solution ranked 4th on the leaderboard while achieving an overall Pearson's r of 0.599 over the test set. The proposed system improves up to 0.088 Pearson's r over a score averaged across all 45 submissions.
... Despite a large number of definitions of intimacy (Scheinkman, 2019;Laurenceau et al., 2005), the most common elements of this process are: the perception of closeness and connectedness (Perlman and Fehr, 1987), emotional satisfaction (McDonald et al., 2017) and physical intimacy (Bender et al., 2018). Although conceiving a child is considered the supreme expression of intimacy in a couple's sexual relationship, once the baby arrives, emotional and sexual intimacy may suffer a significant decline (Banaei et al., 2020;Nezhad and Goodarzi, 2011). ...
Article
Full-text available
Women’s postpartum depression is the most common mental illness following childbirth. In the present study, we aimed to examine the association between intimacy and postnatal depression and to explain it through the mediating role of maternal self-efficacy. We also aimed to explore if the partner’s job stress moderates the proposed mediation model. Between November 1 and December 31, 2019, a sample of 85 couples of first-time parents, having a child aged 1–12 months, participated in this non-experimental cross-sectional study. Mothers completed measures of intimacy, maternal self-efficacy, postpartum depression, and religiosity, while fathers completed scales of job stress and religiosity. The results indicated that: (1) intimacy is negatively associated with postpartum depression, the regression analyses confirming that greater intimacy predicts lower levels of postpartum depression; (2) maternal self-efficacy partially mediates the relationship between intimacy and postpartum depression, (3) partner’s job stress moderates the link between intimacy and maternal self-efficacy, and (4) maternal religiosity and partner’s religiosity represent significative covariates of the moderated mediation model. The findings suggest that therapists should pay close attention to intimacy and variables that mediate and moderate its relationship with postnatal depression, maternal self-efficacy and partner’s job stress, to improve first-time mothers’ mental health.
Article
Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the leadership humour style and the mechanism through which leadership humour style transforms into follower’s workplace positive and negative outcomes such as thriving at work and burnout. It uses comprehensive elaboration theory and relational process theory to explore self-disclosure and perceived similarity as two new constructs to assess their relation to intrapsychic (self-enhancing and self-defeating) and interpersonal (affiliative and aggressive) leader’s humour style, respectively. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory qualitative study through semi-structured interviews was conducted with 10 leaders to understand the different aspects of leadership humour and their outcomes. Based on these dimensions, a questionnaire was created and sent to 200 respondents, and 158 responses were received. The empirical analysis of data was done by building structural equation modeling using smart partial least square. Findings The empirical study has shown that self-enhancing leadership humour is related to self-disclosure, and both affiliative and aggressive leadership humour styles are related to perceived similarity. When looking at the two critical outcomes of leadership humour, both perceived similarity and self-disclosure were related to social intimacy and thriving at work. The mediation effect showed that self-enhancing humour leads to self-disclosure which increases social intimacy leading to improving thriving at work and aggressive humour leads to norm violation which further leads to burnout. Originality/value The study has used the mixed methodology to understand leadership humour and its outcomes by conducting in-depth interviews with leaders and also provides empirical evidence related to leadership humour style by using the survey to collect data from the followers capturing their perceptions. And very critically, it has explored self-disclosure and perceived similarity as two new constructs to see their relation to leadership humour style and positive and negative outcomes at the workplace.
Article
Full-text available
Dunbar’s number is the cognitive limit of human beings to maintain stable relationships with other individuals in their social networks, and it is found to be 150. It is based on the neocortex size of humans. Usually, Dunbar’s number and related phenomena are studied from the perspective of an individual. Dunbar’s number also plays a crucial role in evolutionary psychology and allied areas. However, no study done so far has considered a couple who are in a stable relationship as a system from the perspective of Dunbar’s number and its hierarchy layers. In this paper, we study the impact of Dunbar’s number and Dunbar’s hierarchy from the perspective of a couple by studying mathematically the conjoint Dunbar graphs for a couple. The cost of romance is the loss of almost two people from one’s support network when a human being enters into a new relationship. Thus, we obtain mathematically that there is no significant change in one’s friendship if human beings spend negligible time with their partners. Also, along with marriage and friendship development, we attempt to assess how a person’s social network structure holds up over the course of a romantic relationship. The stability of personal social networks is discussed through soft set theory and balance theoretic approach.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.