No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Client-centered therapy: The evolution of a revolution
Abstract
Reviews research in client-centered therapy (CCT) and suggests that research in CCT has played a seminal role in the investigations of psychotherapy and is integrally intertwined with outcome research in psychotherapy. The authors maintain that research of psychotherapy outcome suggests that the most viable treatment is emergent, determined, and acted on by the client and facilitated by the centrality of the client–therapist relationship and client's resources. Four different periods are presented that characterize the research associated with CCT: (1) nondirective therapy (1940–1951), (2) the client-centered relationship (1951–1957), (3) conditions of therapy (1957–1987), and common factors revisited (1987–1999). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... La introducció d'aquesta nova metodologia d'investigació del procés terapèutic, en aplicar els diferents mètodes i recursos d'investigació que ell i els seus col·laboradors van crear, suposà un avanç sense precedents, per a la investigació dels processos de canvi en Psicoteràpia, que els seus continuadors segueixen desenrotllant encara (Greenberg, 1984(Greenberg, , 1986Greenberg i Pinsoff, 1986). Rogers va dur a terme i va patrocinar, durant tres dècades, més investigació científica sobre Psicoteràpia què mai no s'havia realitzat amb anterioritat (Bozarth, Zimring i Taush, 2001). A nivell anecdòtic, Elliot (2007) recorda que van ser Rogers i Dymond (1954), els que van publicar el primer estudi controlat sobre resultats en Psicoteràpia. ...
... A mesura que la investigació sobre «Teràpia Centrada en el Client», als Estats Units, disminuïa a finals dels 70 -últims anys de Rogers-la investigació sobre la «Teràpia Centrada en la Persona» o «Experiencial» s'incrementava significativament a Europa (Lietaer, Rombauts i Van Belen, 1990). En el resum que Bozarth et al. (2001) realitzaren sobre aquella investigació, afirmaren que els estudis duts a terme van ser positius i que els resultats obtinguts, en les diverses àrees de la Psicoteràpia, tant la individual com la de grup -grups amb càncer, presons, jutges, professors i geriàtrics-, resultaren consistents. Independentment de les dades esmentades, Lietaer (2002) investigador representatiu de les noves generacions de la «Teràpia Centrada en la Persona / Experiencial», fent ús de la seua habilitat empàtica per a comprendre els arguments dels contraris, sobre les condicions centrals, acceptà que podrien no ser ni necessàries ni suficients. ...
espanolEl objetivo de este trabajo es aportar una vision global de la obra de Carl Rogers y de su impacto en el panorama internacional y espanol de la Psicoterapia actual. Planteamos que la obra de Rogers y el concepto de empatia no han «entrado» realmente en Espana, que el conocimiento que aqui existe es superficial y anecdotico, comparado con el desarrollo e impacto internacional que tienen hoy. Para mostrarlo, se evalua la presencia de la obra de Rogers en nuestro contexto geografico, aplicando algunos indices de prevalencia utilizados en anteriores revisiones internacionales: a) publicaciones que existen sobre Rogers o su obra; b) organizaciones profesionales, Institutos de Formacion y Revistas sobre «Terapia Centrada en el Cliente/ en la Persona». (TCC/TCP). La informacion obtenida evidencia la carencia que existe en Espana de una fuente de conocimientos, fundamental hoy, para la elaboracion teorica, la investigacion y el ejercicio aplicado de la Psicoterapia, como es la obra de Rogers. catalaL�objectiu del present treball es aportar una visio global de l�obra de Carl Rogers i del seu impacte en el panorama internacional i espanyol de la Psicoterapia font de coneixements fonamental, per a l�elaboracio teorica, la investigacio i l�exercici aplicat de la Psicoterapia, com es l�obra de Rogers. actual. Plantegem que l�obra de Rogers i el concepte d�empatia no han «entrat» realment a Espanya, que el coneixement que aci existeix es superficial i anecdotic, comparat amb el desenrotllament i impacte internacional que tenen avui dia. Per a mostrar-ho, s�avalua la presencia de l�obra de Rogers en el nostre context geografic, aplicant alguns indexs de prevalenca utilitzats en anteriors revisions internacionals: a) publicacions que existeixen sobre Rogers o la seua obra; b) organitzacions professionals, Instituts de Formacio i Revistes sobre «Terapia Centrada en el Client/en la Persona». (TCC/TCP). La informacio obtinguda evidencia la carencia a Espanya d�una
... La introducció d'aquesta nova metodologia d'investigació del procés terapèutic, en aplicar els diferents mètodes i recursos d'investigació que ell i els seus col·laboradors van crear, suposà un avanç sense precedents, per a la investigació dels processos de canvi en Psicoteràpia, que els seus continuadors segueixen desenrotllant encara (Greenberg, 1984(Greenberg, , 1986Greenberg i Pinsoff, 1986). Rogers va dur a terme i va patrocinar, durant tres dècades, més investigació científica sobre Psicoteràpia què mai no s'havia realitzat amb anterioritat (Bozarth, Zimring i Taush, 2001). A nivell anecdòtic, Elliot (2007) recorda que van ser Rogers i Dymond (1954), els que van publicar el primer estudi controlat sobre resultats en Psicoteràpia. ...
... A mesura que la investigació sobre «Teràpia Centrada en el Client», als Estats Units, disminuïa a finals dels 70 -últims anys de Rogers-la investigació sobre la «Teràpia Centrada en la Persona» o «Experiencial» s'incrementava significativament a Europa (Lietaer, Rombauts i Van Belen, 1990). En el resum que Bozarth et al. (2001) realitzaren sobre aquella investigació, afirmaren que els estudis duts a terme van ser positius i que els resultats obtinguts, en les diverses àrees de la Psicoteràpia, tant la individual com la de grup -grups amb càncer, presons, jutges, professors i geriàtrics-, resultaren consistents. Independentment de les dades esmentades, Lietaer (2002) investigador representatiu de les noves generacions de la «Teràpia Centrada en la Persona / Experiencial», fent ús de la seua habilitat empàtica per a comprendre els arguments dels contraris, sobre les condicions centrals, acceptà que podrien no ser ni necessàries ni suficients. ...
... There was, however, little research performed on client-centered therapy after Rogers formulated the hypothesis of the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. According to Bozarth, Zimring, and Tausch (2002), the research shifted instead to studies of therapists' attitudinal conditions of warmth, empathy and genuineness regardless of theoretical orientations. Results of these studies overwhelmingly support the importance of these conditions to successful psychotherapy outcome (Bozarth, 1998;Bozarth et al., 2002;Patterson, 1984;Tausch & Tausch, 1990). ...
... According to Bozarth, Zimring, and Tausch (2002), the research shifted instead to studies of therapists' attitudinal conditions of warmth, empathy and genuineness regardless of theoretical orientations. Results of these studies overwhelmingly support the importance of these conditions to successful psychotherapy outcome (Bozarth, 1998;Bozarth et al., 2002;Patterson, 1984;Tausch & Tausch, 1990). Yet, because we could locate no outcome research on the effectiveness of person-centered therapy with populations other than the western, White, upper-middle class sector, we believe research has not addressed personcentered therapy with other populations. ...
This article reports on a program that provides person-centered therapy for impoverished, maltreated, and neglected children and adolescents in Brazil. The program, which is staffed by volunteer therapists, started in 2002. Since then, nearly 100 hundred children and adolescents have received therapy in three institutions, one residential and two nonresidential. The general outcomes are described, leading to the conclusion that person-centered therapy is an effective strategy for the promotion of children's and adolescents' resilience, even in the context of multiple adverse conditions such as socioeconomic disadvantage, neglect, maltreatment, and abandonment. We conclude that the multicultural feature of person-centered therapy explains its effectiveness in this distinct population of Brazilian lower-class and non-White children and adolescents.
... Although many researchers have criticized or dismissed the core conditions in Rogerian theory as conceptually inadequate or as neither necessary nor sufficient conditions for successful treatment (Gelso & Carter, 1985;Luborsky, Singer, & Luborsky, 1975;A. K. Shapiro, 1971), Bozarth, Zimring, and Tausch (2002) argued that this dismissal has not been empirically based. Although the initial rejection of Rogerian theory was based only on a methodological critique of a small number of studies, not one study has been published supporting the assertion that the core conditions are not sufficient. ...
... Although the initial rejection of Rogerian theory was based only on a methodological critique of a small number of studies, not one study has been published supporting the assertion that the core conditions are not sufficient. More important, in Bozarth's (Bozarth et al., 2002) review of five decades of research on therapy outcome, he noted that the therapist-client relationship, combined with the client's resources, have been shown to account for 30% to 40% of the variance in successful treatment. In addition, Bozarth 490 Empathy, Psychotherapy Integration, and Meditation and his colleagues found that the conditions of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are the therapist variables most often associated with successful treatment. ...
Clinicians from several theoretical approaches have explored the common ground between Buddhism and Western psychotherapeutic models. In this article, the synthesis of Buddhism and psychotherapy is considered from the context of psychotherapy integration. Toward that end, the Buddhism and psychotherapy literature and the psychotherapy outcome research is reviewed with a focus on the findings of therapy equivalence and common factors among treatment approaches. Empathy and the relationship variables factor are discussed; it is argued that Buddhist meditation contains a dialectic between striving and self-acceptance. An essential aspect of meditation is seen as identical to an essential component in therapeutic personality change. It is argued that therapist empathy and meditation promote a self-directed empathy that enhances the interdependence, integration, and cohesion of self. Several approaches to the integration of psychotherapy and Buddhist meditation are compared to the views presented here, and recommendations are offered for the clinical application of meditation training.
... As will follow, according to Rogers, Gendlin, Kiesler, and Truax (1967) and accumulated research (e.g., Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002;Truax & Carkhuff, 1967), a listener's ability to accurately perceive the speaker's experiencing-that is, the listener's empathic understanding-facilitates positive therapeutic reorganization of the speaker's view of self, as long as this understanding is somewhat communicated to the speaker. And the extent to which a listener can allow for congruence between external hearing and internal understanding will predict the degree of accurate listening. ...
... Conditions 3 through 5 are typically referred to as the core conditions, and all six were vigorously tested in the 1950s through the early 1970s. In addition, despite ongoing research trends and standards that only minimally value therapeutic orientations lacking a "specific effective treatments for specific problems" paradigm (Freire, 2006, p. 324), these conditions still evidence strong efficacy, thanks in part to the rigorous person-centered studies done in Germany, Belgium, and the United Kingdom (Bozarth et al., 2002;Levant & Shlien, 1984;Lietaer, Rombauts, & van Balen, 1990). Although these conditions-in particular, the three core conditions-were dismissed for lacking sufficiency for successful therapy, their necessity is accepted by most therapy orientations (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979;Horvath & Symonds, 1991). ...
Posttraumatic stress disorder as attributed to military combat trauma results in a breakdown of a combat veteran's sense of self and the world. In the effective treatment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, a therapist must help the veteran reorganize the self-structure that has become incongruent with his or her precombat-trauma self following his or her return home from war. For the therapist to facilitate a veteran's becoming whole, he or she must be genuinely congruent in the relationship. Carl Rogers's person-centered therapy and theory of personality change emphasize a unique subjective way of being, in which a therapist's genuine congruence is of utmost importance in the wounded combat veteran's healing and rebuilding of life.
... 26-28;Bozarth, 1998, pp. 163-173;Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002;Duncan & Moynihan, 1994). ...
... Interest in the research and practice of PCT has waned considerably from what it was in the 1960s. Affirming Patterson's (1984) earlier discovery that reviews often show bias against PCT, Stubbs and Bozarth (1994), as well as Bozarth, Zimring, and Tausch (2002), found that researchers virtually ignored previous research findings on the potency of Rogers's (1957Rogers's ( , 1959 axiom, instead pursuing investigations of treatment specificity in the late 1980s and 1990s. This trend is attributable in part to the revolutionary politics of PCT, what Rogers (1977) defined as "a conscious renunciation and avoidance by the therapist of all control over, or decision making for, the client" (p. ...
Argues that the findings of the American Psychological Association Division 29 Task Force on Empirically Supported Therapy Relationships (ESRs; J. C. Norcross, 2001) support the person-centered foundation of ESRs, a result generally overlooked. Although the special issue reporting the findings acknowledged that client characteristics are stronger predictors of outcome than are tailored techniques, it noticeably ignored the fact that person-centered therapy (PCT) intentionally uses the client's frame of reference and resources--extratherapeutic variables--in the context of demonstrably effective relationships. The task force downplayed the finding that general elements of therapy relationships are clearly more supported than customizing elements. Furthermore, PCT was misrepresented in the introduction and undervalued in the task force's hierarchical placements of positive regard and genuineness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
... The ideas put forward by SDT are considered to be the basic psychological needs driving individuals' participatory behaviour and have garnered significant scholarly attention across various disciplines including psychology, sociology, and sports studies. In the realm of psychology, for instance, SDT not only plays a pivotal role in facilitating personality development, enhancing psychological functioning, and fostering growth processes, but also holds substantial significance in guiding psychological interventions and treatments [16][17][18] . Moreover, in the field of sociology, SDT offers insights into the dynamics of romantic relationships, elucidating the exchange of self-perspectives and the interdependence inherent in optimal romantic partnerships 19 . ...
This study seeks to examine the multifaceted influences of diverse motivational factors on the live streaming engagement of e-sports fans based on self-determination theory. While previous research has focused on the offline participation in e-sports events, the shift towards live streaming engagement has created a new and underexplored area: the motivations for live streaming viewing among e-sports fans. Consequently, this research develops an e-sports Live Streaming Viewing Motivation Scale for evaluating both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations underlying e-sports fans’ live streaming engagement, and then utilises SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0 to assess the reliability and validity of the scale. Subsequently, multiple linear regression analysis of 1052 questionnaires is employed to construct models and evaluate hypotheses. Findings indicate that : (1) Intrinsic motivation exhibits significant impact on the live viewing behaviour of e-sports fans. (2) However, the impact of extrinsic motivation is insignificant. (3) When both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations coexist, intrinsic motivation maintains a positive impact, whereas extrinsic motivation demonstrates a negative influence. (4) The motivational influence is multifaceted; notably, dimensions such as idol worship, leisure entertainment, and competitive stimulation positively affect live viewing motivation, while belonging identification, social engagement, and peripheral activities exert a negative impact. In conclusion, intrinsic motivation emerges as the primary driving force behind e-sports fans’ live streaming viewing behaviour. Extrinsic motivation fails to independently influence live streaming engagement and even dampens enthusiasm when combined with intrinsic motivation. Theoretically, this study contributes to the existing literature on Self-determination theory and motivations behind e-sports live streaming viewing behaviour. It not only refines the motivation scale, but also elucidates the impact of various motivations on viewing behaviour. Practically, it provides insights for optimising e-sports products and services.
... der Klientin, klären demnach ca. ein Drittel der Varianz auf und scheinen sich bereits früh in der Therapie auszubilden(Asay & Lambert, 2001;Bozarth, Zimring & Tausch, 2001).Beziehung an und für sich kann, auch neurophysiologisch, Veränderung bewirken und ist nicht einfach nur eine Widerspiegelung nützlicher Ergebnisse(Grawe, 2004;Lambert & Bergin, 1994), kann also selbst eine Intervention darstellen, um vergangene und gegenwärtige Gefühle zu explorieren und zu verändern. Interessanterweise scheint die Wahrnehmung der Beziehung durch die Klienten dabei bedeutsamer zu sein als die Einschätzung der Fachkräfte. ...
Der Erfolg professioneller Begleitung steht und fällt mit der Qualität der helfenden Beziehung – inzwischen eine über verschiedene Therapieansätze hinweg gut belegte Erkenntnis. Wie genau diese Beziehung sich jedoch gestaltet, ist bis heute in Forschung und Theoriebildung noch erstaunlich ungeklärt. Die Bindungsforschung, die in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Ergebnisse für die therapeutische Praxis entwickelt und zugänglich machte, hat hier einen entscheidenden Beitrag geleistet. Die Erfahrung, dass Muster gelingender Interaktion eine wichtige Grundlage für helfende Berufe darstellen, lässt sich durch dieses Konzept besser systematisieren. Der vorliegende Artikel beleuchtet Bindungsphänomene in ihrer Bedeutung für die therapeutische Beziehungsgestaltung im Dialog mit klientenzentrierter Theorie und ermöglicht einen Einblick in die Kraft der Ressource ‚Beziehung‘ für die personzentrierte Beziehungsgestaltung.
... They do not become disoriented in their professional tasks. A therapeutic atmosphere for growth is created by the therapist's attitude and belief in the client's inner resources (Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002). Thorne (2002) emphasizes the necessity of therapists working with clients on a one-on-one basis rather than depending too heavily on professional contracts. ...
span>Guidance and counseling services in schools still do not provide enough counseling and group therapy. One of the reasons why the service isn't up to par is because the counseling teacher lacks certain talents, particularly when it comes to counseling approaches. As a result, a separate investigation on the counseling strategy is required. As a result, the author delivers a concept paper on one counseling and group treatment strategy. After reviewing a variety of scientific sources, this manuscript was created. This article examines Carl Rogers' client-centered approach, often known as self-counseling, as a counseling intervention tool. It is intended that this script will assist school counselor in giving references for counseling and group therapy implementation in schools.</span
... A Truth and Bias Model Client satisfaction with therapy is an important aspect of the client's perceptions of the therapy process (Attkisson, & Greenfield, 1982;Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002). Positive therapy outcomes are often associated with client satisfaction with therapy (Williams, 1994). ...
We used the truth and bias model to examine changes in tracking accuracy and under/overestimation (directional bias) on therapists' judgments about clients' satisfaction. We examined 3 factors of clinical experience that could moderate accuracy: (a) overall level of acquaintanceship with a client, operation-alized as treatment length (i.e., less or more time seeing a client), (b) time point in therapy with a specific client, operationalized as session number (i.e., earlier or later in treatment with a client), and (c) order (1st client seen, 2nd client seen. .. last client seen across two years of training in a psychology clinic) in which clients were seen. We conducted a three-level hierarchical linear modeling using data on 6054 sessions, nested in 284 adult clients, nested in 41 doctoral student therapists providing open-ended psychodynamic individual psychotherapy. We found that therapists were able to accurately track client-rated session evaluations with less underestimation (i.e., lower tendency to estimate that clients were less satisfied than they actually were) as they gained experience (both treatment length and client order). Furthermore, therapists exhibited greater tracking accuracy gains over the span of shorter treatments and when working with clients earlier in their clinical training. In longer treatments and with clients seen later in training, tracking accuracy was stable and consistent. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Public Significance Statement We found that therapists improve in their accuracy in assessing clients' satisfaction with clinical experience. Therapist became more accurate as they conducted more sessions with individual clients but did not gain as much accuracy with respect to seeing subsequent clients. Therapists improved significantly in their ability to accurately track client satisfaction in shorter treatments while accuracy remained consistently high and stable in longer treatments.
... (Seligman, 2001). Bozarth et al. (2002) added, "It is a therapist's attitude and belief in the inner resources of the client that create the therapeutic climate for growth" (Corey, 2005). Humans naturally have needs for the sense of belonging and relationship in their life. ...
Person-centered therapy enhances humans’ personal growth toward self-actualization and deepens quality personal relationship. This article aims to (1) explain the concepts of person-centered therapy and (2) link its contribution to humans’ personal growth and healthy relationship. Personcentered therapy believes in human’s positive qualities as being trustworthy and owning ‘inner resources’ to pursue ‘self-actualization and health.’ The therapeutic goals are to assist clients to be true to themselves and acquire their full potentials. Person-centered therapy emphasizes the qualities of the therapist and therapeutic relationship as the most powerful components to help clients grow. The therapist needs to maintain positive attitudes, to believe in client’s potentials and motivation to become actualized, to accept one’s and others’ uniqueness and needs and to be trustworthy, warm, open and kind. Person-centered therapy reflects that pain and obstacles in life are necessary and can stimulate humans to grow. Person-centered therapy helps the therapist; clients and humans pursue self-actualization and possess better humans’ qualities, which can contribute to world peace as Rogers hoped.
... gaining control over one's life) and not simply 'helped' (Corey, 2013). In this light, providing individuals with a 'growth-oriented' climate is imperative in enabling individuals to achieve their potential (Bozarth et al., 2002). ...
Various countries across the East Asian region have witnessed the rapid proliferation of social enterprises, especially work integration social enterprises (WISEs) in the recent decade. Drawing from qualitative interviews with WISE employees and middle managers in Hong Kong, we examined what working in a WISE meant for employees with disabilities, and how such work differs from traditional service delivery organisations and other employment-support schemes. Three emergent themes, Meaningful Engagement, Individual-Based Empowerment and Relational-Based Empowerment, were identified as critical outcomes. Discussion pertaining to the role of WISE in the production of welfare and practice implications are presented.
... Ribeiro et al., 2013). It is consistent with the humanistic proposals for empathically considering the client's frame of reference and their resources as vital for successful therapy (e.g., Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002, Rogers, 1975. ...
This case study explores the collaboration that occurs between therapist and client when reconceptualization innovative moments emerge. Reconceptualization innovative moments are exceptions to the problematic self-narrative that brought the client to therapy and are associated with successful psychotherapy. Reconceptualization innovative moments have two main components: a contrast between a past problematic facet and a current, more adjusted one (e.g., before I did/thought/felt X . . . , now, I do/think/feel Y) and an attribution for what allowed this transformation to occur (e.g., this was possible because I realized Z). The collaboration between therapist and client was analyzed using the Therapeutic Collaboration Coding System, which conceptualizes the relationship as collaborative or as noncollaborative. The majority of interactions in this case were clearly collaborative, with the therapist and client working inside the therapeutic zone of proximal development, which is typical of successful psychotherapy cases. Reconceptualization innovative moments begin with collaborative exchanges in which the therapist supported the problem and the client elaborated on the change afterward. Implications of these findings for change in psychotherapy are discussed.
... From both Clegg and Freeman, we learn that we should embrace uncertainty and unpredictability because they are inextricably tied to the scientific enterprise (and to the realities of individual lives). Indeed, Rao (1997) has described the rise of statistics as an effort to understand and deal effectively with uncertainty. ...
Mainstream personality psychology in the West neglects the investigation of intra-individual process and variation, because it favors a Being over a Becoming ontology. A Being ontology privileges a structural (e.g., traits or selves) conception of personality. Structure-centric models in turn suggest nomothetic research strategies and the investigation of individual and group differences. This article argues for an open-system, process-centric understanding of personality anchored in an ontology of Becoming. A classical Confucian model of personality is offered as an example of a process-centric approach for investigating and appreciating within-person personality process and variation. Both quantitative and qualitative idiographic strategies can be used as methods of scientific inquiry, particularly the exploration of the Confucian exemplar of psychological health and well-being.
... It is not surprising that counselor educators are interested in teaching the time-proven therapeutic attitudinal conditions A Client-Centered Review of Rogers With Gloria of congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding to students. Therapeutic relationship variables, alongside the inner and outer resources of the client, have been established as intrinsic to successful outcome (Bozarth, 1998;Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002;Cornelius-White, 2002;Miller, Duncan, & Hubble, 1997;Patterson, 2000). Rogers's (1951) contention from the beginning was that the relationship and client resources were the critical variables. . . . ...
Carl Rogers's nondirective theory and his response style with Gloria (E. L. Shostrom, 1965) are discussed in reply to S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's (2003) “An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client‐Centered Conversation With Gloria.” Client‐centered studies of C. Rogers's transcripts give context for reformulating S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's “devices” (p. 179) in a manner consistent with C. Rogers's nondirective attitude. Awareness of varying views of C. Rogers's Gloria session as an example of his work can enrich training use of the film.
... Both of these are excellent sources for readers wanting more detail regarding the current state of client-centered therapy as well as a recent summary of the evidence of effectiveness of facilitative therapeutic relational constructs. (Miller & Rollnick, 2002) Client (in relationship with counselor; Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Ambivalence toward issue (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Resolve ambivalence, promote self-efficacy (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Directive (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Clienrs task (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Explore/resolve ambivalence (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Partners (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Interpersonal style, not techniques (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Brief (approximately one to two sessions; Hettema, Steele, & Miller, 2005) Clinical experience (Markland, Ryan, Tobin, & Rollnick, 2005) Acceptance and affirmation (Rollnick & Miller, 1995) Ambivalence exploration Open-ended questions Affirmations Reflective listening Double-sided reflection Decisional balance Summarization (Miller & Rollnick, 2002) Two: Increase motivation for change Consolidate commitment (Hettema et al,, 2005) Yes, Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (www,motivationalinten/iew,org; Miller & Rollnick, 2002) PsyclNFO (1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) 2 0 0 72 controlled trials (Hettema et al,, 2005) Meta-analysis Success with diverse populations Change occurs naturally (Rogers, 1961) Client (in relationship with counselor; Tallman & Bohart, 1999), Environment distortion of natural growth tendency (Bozarth & Temaner Brodley, 1991) Free client for natural growth (Rogers, 1942) Nondirective (Rogers, 1961 ) Client's ability (Temaner Brodley, 1986) Facilitate self-actualizing tendency (Rogers, 1961) Partners (Temaner Brodley, 1986 Interpersonal style, not techniques (Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002) Unknown length (Kensit, 2000) Clinical experience (Rogers, 1961) Accurate empathy Congruence/genuineness Unconditional positive regard (Rogers, 1980) Reflective listening Summarization Empathie understanding Acceptance of client Avoid interpretation, evaluation, making decisions for client (Broadley, 1997) Movement from fixity toward fluidity (Rogers, 1961) Small to medium effect sizes (Hettema et al,, 2005) Native Americans, Hispanics (Hettema et al,, 2005) Yes, Center for Interpersonal Growth, The Association for the Development of the Person-Centered Approach (www,adpca,org) PsyclNFO (1995PsyclNFO ( -2005 9 1 0 68 empathy studies 76 affirmation studies (Kirschenbaum & Jourdan, 2005) No effect to medium effect sizes (Kirschenbaum & Jourdan, 2005) International applications (Kirschenbaum & Jourdan, 2005) ...
Very little work regarding C. Rogers's (1961) client‐centered counseling has been published in the counseling discipline's journals over the last 20 years. However, during this time there has been an impressive output of empirical research using motivational interviewing (MI) in which C. Rogers's theory and approach are foundational. A review of MI's basic theoretical premises and applications for a multitude of behavioral problems are presented. Justification for integrating MI into counseling practice, training, and research is offered.
... It is thought that personal development and growth can also come about through a variety of vehicles of change, from religious conversions to traumatic experiences, and so the conditions might not be necessary, but when they are present they are sufficient (cf. Bozarth, 1998;Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002, for reviews). Thus, the jury is out on the role of the six conditions, as necessary and sufficient; but it is generally accepted that even if neither necessary nor sufficient, these relationship factors are at least important contributory factors to therapeutic personality change. ...
Person-centered psychology and psychotherapy is situated at the interface of other arenas of psychological research and clinical activity that often go unnoticed by the person-centered community. Many of the core ideas associated with the person-centered psychology—such as its focus on therapeutic relationships, intrinsic motivation, and human potential—are topics that are alive and well in parts of contemporary mainstream psychology. The aim of this chapter is to promote bridge building among the person-centered community to these other areas of psychology. What we advocate is a new inclusive approach in which person-centered psychologists can begin to build bridges in which they can learn from, and provide learnings for, research in other areas. Specifically, we discuss the interface of person-centered psychology and positive psychology
... It is thought that personal development and growth can also come about through a variety of vehicles of change, from religious conversions to traumatic experiences, and so the conditions might not be necessary, but when they are present they are sufficient (cf. Bozarth, 1998;Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002, for reviews). Thus, the jury is out on the role of the six conditions, as necessary and sufficient; but it is generally accepted that even if neither necessary nor sufficient, these relationship factors are at least important contributory factors to therapeutic personality change. ...
It is more than 20 years since the death of one of the most influential American clinical psychologists of the 20th century, Carl Rogers, who founded the client-centered school more than 50 years ago. Client-centered psychology remains a distinctive and alternative approach because of its assertion that the organismic valuing process is the engine of therapeutic change and the attendant implications for nondirective practice. Many of its ideas are also firmly integrated into other newer forms of therapy that acknowledge the person-centered approach as the foundation stone on which they were built. But less well understood is that many of the core ideas associated with person-centered psychology—such as its focus on therapeutic relationships, intrinsic motivation, and human potential—are topics that are alive and well in contemporary mainstream psychology. The aim is to promote bridge building among the person-centered community to these other areas of psychology.
... Currently, PCT is in decline in the United States in the domains of research, training, and practice, whereas in Europe and Asia, PCT is quite prominent (Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002;Cooper, O'Hara, Schmid, & Wyatt, 2007). Only three BPD treatment studies could be found that were published in English and that included a PCT treatment condition. ...
This article addresses psychotherapy with a person described as possessing a borderline personality disorder (BPD), or possessing features consistent with this diagnosis. In particular, a selection of mainstream approaches is reviewed to examine unique and universal aspects of current thinking about this treatment population. Following this review, an expanded analysis of person-centered therapy is offered, examining current research evidence and the mechanisms of change hypothesized to occur in the person-centered treatment of BPD.
... It is also worth mentioning that in two major surveys of clinicians, one conducted in 1982 and the other in 2006, Rogers was named as the most influential psychotherapist (see Smith, 1982;Psychotherapy Networker, March/April, 2007). (The above information on Rogers was taken from the following sources: Bozarth, Zimring, & Tausch, 2002;Cain & Seeman, 2002;DeCarvalho, 1991;Elkins, 2009b;Bohart & Greening, 2001;Kirschenbaum, 2009;Kirschenbaum & Jourdan, 2005;Rogers, 1957Rogers, , 1959N. Rogers, 2008). ...
This comment, a response to Steven Hayes's contribution, addresses areas of agreement and disagreement between the humanistic and behavioral traditions. Areas of agreement include a common interest in humanism, cognition, and contextualism. Areas of disagreement include Hayes's analysis of humanistic psychology's historical focus on human science and qualitative research as well as his view that humanistic psychology is not scientifically based. In the interest of collaboration, the article concludes with a request that behavioral clinicians be more cautious about extolling the specialness of behavioral approaches in psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).
... Over the past 15 years, several writers have looked carefully at the existing research literature on our therapies (e.g., Barrett-Lennard, 1998;Bozarth, Zimring & Tausch, 2001;Greenberg, Elliott & Lietaer, 1994;Elliott, 2002b;Lietaer, 1990), pointing to the strength of the research evidence and often arguing that the key to maintaining and increasing the recognition of person-centered and experiential therapies in the current political-historical moment is for us to carry out research on these therapies using a variety of methods, including both quantitative clinical trials and qualitative or exploratory research. The moment is ripe for this for several reasons. ...
In this article, we present a framework for selecting instruments for evaluating psychotherapy and psychotherapy training from a person-centered and experiential psychotherapy (PCEP) perspective. The protocol is divided into eight therapy measurement domains, consisting of four research themes (therapy outcome, therapy process, client predictors, training outcome) and two levels (general/pan-theoretical concepts vs. treatment specific/PCEP-oriented concepts). This research protocol provides recommendations about what to measure, encouraging collaboration across different training sites, while still allowing flexibility for individual centers. Minimum and systematic case study data collection designs are described: Minimum designs are appropriate for use in private practice settings with one's own clients; systematic case-study designs can be used for student case-presentation requirements or for publication. The framework and research protocols described are part of an emerging international research project involving private and public training centers in several countries.
Relational theories of human development explain how stereotypes and their underlying ideologies thwart social connections that are fundamental for individuals to thrive, especially in early adolescence. Intervention research to address this crisis of connection is still emergent and active listening is one promising strategy to this end; however, its efficacy has not been examined in part because no validated measures of active listening for this population exist. This validation study is the first to examine whether the behavioral dimensions of one form of active listening can be captured using a coding scheme to assess adolescents' engagement in a live interviewing task ( N = 293). Importantly, the measure was developed within the context of a theory‐driven intervention to train adolescents in transformative curiosity and listening to enhance connection. Findings indicate that two dimensions underlie the measure as hypothesized, open‐ended questions and follow‐up questions, with acceptable internal consistency. The measure is sensitive to change in adolescents' questioning skills before and after the intervention. Further, asking follow‐up questions was positively related to empathy and also predicted a respondent's perception of their interviewer as a good listener. The effect for asking open‐ended questions was moderated by dyad‐level tendencies to elicit disclosure from others. The current measure not only examines question asking as a more nuanced behavioral dimension of active listening than previous measures, it is also the first to do so among a sample of early adolescents. The measure will be useful in assessing active listening interventions' efficacy to address the crisis of connection.
Background: Schema therapy (ST) is a proven effective treatment in chronic psychopathology and has thus become a popular transdiagnostic treatment approach among practitioners in recent times. Nonetheless, ST is not free of theoretical criticisms, research gaps, and practical challenges. As a complex model with a multiplicity of components and subcomponents, ST can be challenging for therapists to learn, and for clients to use. Purpose: To present the Sherlock Holmes metaphor as a highly suitable therapist-generated enactive or embodied metaphor to explain to clients four key components and asks: the therapeutic alliance; case conceptualization; the practice of mindfulness; and the role, functionality, and embodiment of the Healthy Adult (HA) mode. Method: Qualitative—literature review and vignette examples,
using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: The psychological linkages between theory and practice are elucidated, and the therapeutic factors and mechanisms of change embedded in the use of enactive/embodied metaphor are unpacked. Conclusion: The Sherlock Holmes metaphor is an
image schema that offers clients a vivid, powerful, and memorable anchor they can use to evoke and enact their HA mode, as a positive psychological intervention to achieve their goals. For psychotherapists, the Sherlock Holmes metaphor represents a parsimonious, creative, and flexible device, aligned with the integrative psychotherapy tradition, which they can blend into their own style and practice. The paper contributes to the multiple nuances of ST, responds to calls to understand the dynamics and signification of metaphor as action in psychotherapy, and illustrates how imagination supports the mental ability to respond to fictional characters.
It was the Greek Stoic philosopher Epictetus who first observed that nature had provided two ears but one tongue that we might hear from others twice as much as we speak. While the wisdom and practical values of listening have been understood throughout history, attempts to study listening as a social science and to include listening instruction in curricula are relatively recent phenomena, gaining some popularity with the early work of Ralph Nichols, including his groundbreaking text Are you listening? (Nichols & Stevens 1957). Nichols and Stevens describe an early study conducted by Paul Rankin that divided the act of communication into four distinct behaviors: reading, writing, speaking, and listening. In this survey, listening was used more extensively than the other communicative modes. Similarly, Shannon and Weaver's (1949) model of communication included the receiver as an independent component in the communication process (→ Models of Communication). Possibly due to the focus of this early work, listening was reified as distinct and unique, functioning independently of other communicative behaviors.
J.D. Bozarth plantea que la Consideración Positiva Incondicional (UPR) es el factor clave para explicar el éxito terapéutico.
De paso, interpreta el modelo Rogeriano de las Condiciones de Facilitación, proponiendo que, en el fondo, es ese solo factor el que Rogers señaló como crítico.
En esta transcripción/revisión V. Kuschel comenta algunas de sus afirmaciones (en la forma de notas al pie, en Español).
*1) This chapter is a revised version of the paper "Person-Centered Therapy: A Revolutionary Paradigm" (Bozarth, J.D., 1998, July-presented at the annual meeting of the Seventh International Forum on the Person-Centered Approach -Johannesburg, South Africa). * Lamentablemente, el original (Bozarth, 2001) ya no es accesible (dominio personcentered.com ya no existe): puede ser solicitado a V. Kuschel.
*2) UPR = Unconditional Positive Regard (C2).
La revisión de este paper surgió a partir de referencias de J. R. Iberg en "UPR: Constituent Activities" (http://previous.focusing.org/upr_iberg.pdf).
La UPR es Codificada como C2 dentro del Modelo 3C.
-Este modelo fue presentado en ResearchGate como "Desarrollo de Actitudes y Habilidades para Promover el Crecimiento Personal: Técnicas de Facilitación Rogerianas -Las 3C".
El autor, J.D. Bozarth (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jerold-Bozarth, 1932-2018) ha sido conocido por proponer la UPR (C2) como el factor psicoterapéutico clave.
Como experiencia personal, hasta hace pocos años, no había revisado trabajos de Bozarth y me sorprendió el que había comenzado a trabajar como psicoterapeuta, con una aproximación No-Directiva, concurrentemente a Carl Rogers, aunque sin conocerlo inicialmente, logrando éxitos notables en tratamiento/rehabilitación de internos psicóticos crónicos (1958-1963: vea First Realizations-pg. 4).
This chapter reviews the development of Carl Rogers’ person-centered approach to psychotherapy, a way of facilitating change with clients that has its roots in the concepts of humanistic psychology. Instead of directing the clinical process within a hierarchical structure with the clinician as expert, Rogers was one of the first to seek balance in the therapeutic relationship, viewing clients as the experts of their own lived experiences. He believed that it is the client who knows what needs to be changed. He de-emphasized pathology and focused on the individual’s strengths, resources, and potential for growth. Rogers’ core conditions of unconditional positive regard, congruence, and empathic understanding are defined and framed as necessary components for therapeutic growth to occur. Excerpts from the case study of Tommy, a child who was referred for psychotherapy after experiencing neglect and multiple losses during his earliest years of development, are included here to explore how both directive and nondirective interventions influenced his therapeutic process.
Unter dem Begriff „humanistische Psychotherapie“ wird eine Reihe von heterogenen Therapieverfahren zusammengefasst, deren gemeinsamer Hintergrund in den Konzepten der humanistischen Psychologie zu finden ist. Aus heutiger Sicht kann die humanistische Bewegung als der Versuch eines Paradigmenwechsels gesehen werden. Es vollzog sich so etwas wie ein Umbruch in der Perspektive des Menschen von sich selbst und seinem Platz in der Welt. Das vom kartesianischen Wissenschaftsverständnis geprägte duale Verständnis von Leib und Seele wird abgelöst von einem Menschenbild, in dem das Individuum als organische Einheit kognitiver, seelischer und körperlicher Aspekte betrachtet wird. Dieser Wandel zeigt sich allerdings eher in seinem weitreichenden wissenschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Einfluss als in einer konsistenten Theorienbildung. In der Psychologie wurde dieser Wandel von Grundannahmen der Existenzphilosophie, der Phänomenologie und der Gestaltpsychologie beeinflusst und es entstand eine Fülle von therapeutischen Verfahren in Anlehnung an humanistische Theorien über das menschliche Entwicklungs- und Veränderungspotenzial. Die am weitesten verbreiteten Therapierichtungen mit humanistischem Hintergrund sind die Gestalttherapie und die personzentrierte Psychotherapie bzw. Gesprächspsychotherapie. Wichtige Konzepte der angewandten Psychologie, wie die Annahme einer systemischen Selbstregulation oder die Bedeutsamkeit der zwischenmenschlichen Beziehung als zentrale Bedingung für Krankheit oder Gesundheit, sind aus diesen humanistischen Therapieansätzen hervorgegangen.
Chapter 8 described the dialectic between humanism and scientific modernism. Rollo May’s quote captures humanist’s concerns that a scientific modernist, objective analyses of human behavior fail to capture human capacities for self-reflection and transformation. These capacities include self-awareness, intentionality,, and agency, all emergent properties that cannot be reduced to component parts or observed from outside perspectives. Phenomenological and experiential theorists agree to this extent. Their dialectic revolves around the question, “Do clients need active assistance in the process of self-discovery or do they only need an empathic listener who strives to understand their inner world?”
Depuis des decennies, la relation therapeutique fait l’objet de recherches scientifiques. Cet article fait le point sur ces recherches et sur la maniere dont elles sont menees. Il montre que des definitions differentes sont donnees a la notion meme de « relation therapeutique », selon que l’on parte d’un « paradigme reactif » ou d’un « paradigme actualisant ». La predominance du premier paradigme induit souvent un biais et empeche la recherche de progresser dans la comprehension du processus de la psychotherapie. Eliminant les elements qui relevent d’une position theorique, les auteurs presentent une etude de la relation therapeutique comprenant l’alliance therapeutique, l’empathie, le regard positif inconditionnel et la congruence. Leurs conclusions montrent que la relation entre patient, ou client, et therapeute contribue de maniere significative au succes de la therapie, davantage que la technique. Elles plaident ainsi pour une reintroduction du « paradigme actualisant » dans la recherche.
Person-centered therapy (PCT) comes from the experiential and relationship-oriented therapy tradition. It is considered to be a third force in therapeutic engagement, along with the psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches. PCT is based on faith in and empowerment of human beings to be joyful, creative, self-fulfilled and willing and able to connect with others, both socially and emotionally. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to explore the potential union of PCT with early childhood education. The author will first describe the PCT model along with how its aspects can be used to help early childhood educators mentor young children. The author will conclude the paper with a summary of the implications for therapeutic practice in the classroom.
Constructivist TherapiesHumanistic TherapiesSummaryReferences
slamic counselling is a form of counselling which incorporates spirituality into the therapeutic process. Until now there has been little material available on the subject with no one agreed definition of Islamic counselling and what it involves. There has also been a rapidly growing population of Muslims in Western societies with a corresponding rise in need of psychological and counselling services. Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice presents a basic understanding of Islamic counselling for counsellors and Islamic counsellors, and provides an understanding of counselling approaches congruent with Islamic beliefs and practices from a faith-based perspective.
The book is designed as an introduction for counsellors, its goal is to inform the reader about how the diverse roles of the Islamic counsellor fit together in a comprehensive way and to provide the guidelines that can be potentially integrated into a theoretical framework for use. The book is divided into two parts. Section one: Context and Background, and Section two: Assessment, Models and Intervention Strategies.
Islamic Counselling encompasses both current theory, research and an awareness of the practice implications in delivering appropriate and effective counselling interventions with Muslim clients. It will be essential reading for both professionals and students alike.
The unprecedented premise of the self-authority and self-determination of the person is that of the therapist's nondirective attitude. The dedication of Rogers to the value laden concept of nondirectivity throughout his life is reviewed. In Rogers' theory, the client is the director of her/his own life when facilitated through a psychological environment characterized by the congruent therapist experiencing of unconditional positive regard and empathy towards the client. Nondirectivity refers to the therapist's actions, attitudes, and demeanor that maximize the opportunity for the client/participant to direct her/his own life. The misunderstandings of nondirectivity lie within the interface with the deviations from Rogers' theory, the conventional mental health treatment model, and the characterization of Rogers' theory as a form of response repertoire. Those who disagree with the nondirective value laden principle of the theory disagree with the foundational value of Rogers' theory, a value that represents a different paradigm.
Background:
It is well-established that core clinician interpersonal behaviours are important when treating depression, but few studies have evaluated whether outcome is determined by clinicians׳ general behaviour rather than by the perception of the individual being treated.
Methods:
In the NIMH TDCRP, 157 patients rated their clinician׳s genuineness, positive regard, empathy and unconditional regard during cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal therapy or clinical management with placebo. The association between averaged ratings for each of 27 clinicians and their patients׳ self- and observer-rated depression outcomes was evaluated, adjusting for the deviation of individual patient ratings from the average for their clinician and other potential confounders.
Results:
Clinicians in the clinical management condition were rated on average as less genuine and less empathic than those in the psychotherapy conditions. Clinicians׳ average genuineness, positive regard and empathy were significantly associated with lower depression severity during treatment, but not with recovery from depression, after adjusting for the deviation of the individual patient׳s rating of their clinician from the average for that clinician, treatment condition and baseline depression severity. Clinician unconditional regard was not significantly associated with outcome.
Limitations:
Using averaged ratings of clinician behaviour likely reduced statistical power.
Conclusions:
Clinicians׳ ability to demonstrate genuineness, positive regard and empathy may represent a stable personal characteristic that influences the treatment of depression beyond the individual clinician-patient relationship or an individual patient׳s perception of their clinician. However, clinicians׳ ability to demonstrate these behaviours may be poorer when delivering an intervention without a specific rationale or treatment techniques.
This paper explores the development of therapeutic collaboration in Person-Centered Therapy (PCT). It presents a good outcome case – “Mary” – selected from York I Depression Study, treated with PCT. The study examined how therapist and client worked together throughout the therapy, using the Therapeutic Collaboration Coding System (TCCS). The TCCS assumes that effective therapeutic collaboration occurs within the client’s therapeutic zone of proximal development (TZPD), defined as the distance between the actual and the potential client’s developmental level. It consists of a transcript-based method by which therapist’s interventions and client’s responses are analyzed on a moment-to moment basis. Two independent trained judges coded 15 sessions of this case, using the TCCS. Results showed that the therapeutic dyad worked most of the time within the client’s TZPD, thus suggesting a collaborative pattern throughout the therapy process. In addition, the results showed that the client proactively interacted with the therapist, moving forward in her TZPD.
Since Carl Rogers' death in 1987 proponents of person-centered concepts have revised clientcentered theory and the person-centered approach through continued research and writing, creating tribes of the person-centered approach (Warner, 2000; Sanders, 2004) and new applications. These developments and applications continue to grow and interact, and some have established research foundations, for example, Cornelius-White (2007e) and Elliott (2002). In addition to theoretical changes, some scholars have worked to reexamine and offer extended concepts closely aligned to Rogers' (1959) theories. This paper reexamines research projects that the author has recently been involved with concerning Rogers' main theoretical statement (1959) and proposes a reconfiguration of his General Structure of Our Systematic Thinking (p. 193).
Because psychotherapy is such a microcosm of significant interpersonal relationship, significant learning, and significant change in perception and in personality, the constructs developed to order the field have a high degree of pervasiveness.... Such constructs may be used to study areas as... the inter-relation of psychological and physiological change. (Rogers, 1961, p. 246) The inescapable and remarkable fact about these three phenomena-emotion, feeling, and consciousness-is their body relatedness...... ''Feeling" feelings extends the reach of emotions by facilitating the planning of novel and customized forms of adaptive response.
This pilot study analyzed the empathic responses recorded on verbatim transcripts of client-centered therapy sessions submitted by graduate clinical psychology students for classes in client-centered therapy. For two groups of transcripts (initial and final), the researcher compared percentages of empathic responses to non-empathic responses as well as assessed empathic response quality. It was found that students delivered fewer non-empathic responses on final transcripts than on initial transcripts. They demonstrated a consistently high percentage of empathic responses on both groups of transcripts. In general, however, the quality of the delivery of these empathic responses remained relatively low.
In this paper I present explanations and rationales for non-directivity as an attitude inherent in client-centered therapy theory and try to show this is what Rogers intended and practiced. I discuss reasons for making the non-directive attitude explicit. I point out some false claims made by experiential process-directive therapists, some problems client-centered therapists consider intrinsic to process-directivity and some concerns with research. I also discuss some behavioral implications of the non-directive attitude. My overall aim is to encourage therapists to reconsider directive practices or at least become more knowledgeable and inclusive about client-centered therapy and its non-directive attitude when educating therapists.
This article discusses the art of being in psychotherapy from the perspective of the author's experience and study as a client‐centered/person‐centered therapist. Several conclusions about psychotherapy are presented within a quasi‐autobiographical context in order to permit readers to know the source of such conclusions. Among these conclusions are that: (1) Effective psychotherapy is as much about what the therapist does not do as what the therapist does in therapy, (2) The client is her own best expert about her life, and (3) It is a virtual myth that there are specific treatments for particular psychiatric dysfunction. The art of psychotherapy in Rogers’ theory is the presence of the therapist's unconditional positive self‐regard, creating an atmosphere of unconditional positive regard towards the client within an empathic context. It is the unconditional empathic reception of the client with trust in the client's own direction, way and pace that is the art of psychotherapy. It is this presence that is the crux of success for all psychotherapy.
In their comment on the keynote addresses to the Egmond PCE conference, 2003, the guest editors of the previous issue of PCEP reflect on some issues being raised, such as person-centered versus problem-centered views on psychotherapy; the place of diagnosis; the relationship variables as necessary and sufficient conditions for personality change; the expertise of the therapist; PCT as ideology, sect, or empirically based therapy; and the future of PCT.
Using a qualitative coding system, we examined 16 interpretive verbal responses and the subsequent client actions in four sessions conducted by Carl Rogers with four different clients. The results suggest that although some of Rogers' verbal responses were interpretive, they were nonetheless delivered in a tentative, caring manner and addressed client feelings, consistent with his approach to psychotherapy. In addition, clients generally showed favorable responses to these interventions. Implications for the practice of counseling are offered.
This investigation of Carl Rogers's work explores the current status of the client-centered/person-centered approach within the United States and internationally. The status is revealed 1st by the volume of person-centered literature that has been published since Rogers's death in 1987. The prevalence of Rogers's work is also measured in the number of professional organizations, institutes, and journals dedicated to the person-centered approach. Finally, recent research on therapy outcomes, common factors, the working alliance, and therapeutic relationships has validated 2 or 3 of Rogers's core conditions--empathy, unconditional positive regard, and, possibly, congruence--as being critical components of effective psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.