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Chemical constituents from the fruits of Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratia ovata (Sonneratiaceae)
Abstract
Nine (1–9) and seven (1–6, 10) compounds were isolated from the fruits of Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratia ovata, respectively. Their structures were identified by comparing their MS and NMR data as well as the physical properties with the literature. All the isolated compounds were screened against a rat glioma C-6 cell line using the MTT assay method; only compounds (-)-(R)-nyasol (1), (-)-(R)-4′-O-methylnyasol (2) and maslinic acid (6) were found to show moderate cytotoxic activity. Our findings from these two kinds of fruits can be used as a foundation for further chemotaxonomic studies on Sonneratia species. The nor-lignans (1, 2) and 6H-benzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives (3, 4) were isolated from this genus for the first time, indicating that these two classes of compounds may tentatively be considered as taxonomic markers for Sonneratia genus.
... The green fruits are spherical, about 5-7.5 cm wide. Barks are grey and coarsely flaky [2,3]. Upon reviewing different articles, several compounds have been found to be present in this plant. ...
... Upon reviewing different articles, several compounds have been found to be present in this plant. Wu et al. isolated oleanolic acid, β-sitosterolβ-D-glucopyranoside, (-)-R-nyasol, (-)-R-4 ′ -O-methylnyasol, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside, and maslinic acid from its fruits, whereas Dev et al. reported the presence of ellagic acid, vanillic acid, and myricetin upon HPLC analysis [3,4]. Sadhu et al. isolated two flavonoids, namely, luteolin and luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside from SC leaves, whereas Wetwitayaklung et al. confirmed the presence of maslinic acid, sterols, and triterpenoids [5,6]. ...
... Then, protein models were prepared via Discovery Studio 2020 client [21], and at last, energy was minimized using SwissPDB viewer [22] where the grid dimensions were x : y : z Ligand preparation: 3D structures of the standard drugs used in the pharmacological tests, diclofenac Na (CID: 3033), ibuprofen (CID: 3672), paracetamol (CID: 1983), and tramadol (CID: 33741) were downloaded from Pub-Chem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). We took six antioxidant molecules named as vanillic acid [23], oleanolic acid [24], maslinic acid [25], luteolin [5], myricetin [26], and ellagic acid [27] from the SC extract for in silico analysis as these antioxidant compounds are confirmed to be present in SC fruits by different reports [3][4][5][6]. ...
Sonneratia caseolaris is a widely distributed mangrove plant having much therapeutic importance in traditional medicine. This plant is reported for possessing numerous compounds that are already used for many therapeutic purposes. After finding the presence of antioxidant components in the qualitative antioxidative assay, we went to conduct quantitative tests where the total contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were estimated as 122 mg GAE/gm, 613 mg QE/gm, and 30 mg GAE/gm, respectively. In DPPH free radical, H 2 O 2 , and superoxide radical scavenging assay, the SC 50 values were found to be 87, 66, and 192 μg/ml, respectively. In FeCl 3 reducing power assay, the RC 50 of SC extract and ascorbic acid were 80 and 28 μg/ml, respectively. This extract revealed a significant peripheral analgesic effect in the acetic acid-induced writhing model in mice by reducing the writhing impulse by about 21% and 39% at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses, respectively, and a central analgesic effect in the tail immersion method by elongating the time up to about 22% and 37% at the same doses. In the anti-inflammatory test in mice, this extract reduced the paw edema size over the observed period in a dose-dependent manner. It also showed a significant reduction in the elevated rectal temperature of mice in the observing period in Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia model. In silico analysis revealed better binding characteristics of ellagic acid and luteolin among other compounds with various receptors that might be responsible for antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. From our observation, we suppose that SC fruits might be a potential source of drug leads for various inflammatory disorders.
... Beula et al [1] have reported that antiviral, antioxidant and toxicological activities were found in theextracts ofmangrove species in South East coast of India. In addition, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobese and antibacterial compounds have also presented in the extracts of different parts of mangrove trees such as Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia avatar, Sonneratia apetala, Sonneratia alba, Axonopus compressus, Rhizophora mucronata, and Avicennia marina, [2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... The antioxidant activity of the extract samples from various parts of some Sonneratia species such as S. caseolaris and S. alba was also reported in the previous studies [13,16,18]. The antioxidant activity could be due to the presence of flavonoids such as luteolin and 7-O-βglocoside which were detected from many parts of S. caseolarisincluding skin and flesh of ripe fruit [2,13]. ...
... The extract of this species was rich in phenols, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids and tannins [6]. In addition, phenolic and flavonoid compounds were also found in the extract of S. caseolaris fruit [2,13] and another mangrove species S. apetala [3]. In the present study, we reported preliminarily the antiobese effect of the crabapple mangrove fruit juice growing in the coastal estuary in Vietnam. ...
A study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and antiobese activities of fruit juice of the mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolaris. The fruit juice was prepared by three different methods: water extract of fruit flesh (J1), hot water extract of fruit flesh (J2), and hot water extract of whole fruit (J3). All three juice samples exhibited antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and sample J3 showed the highest activities compared with sample J1 and J2. Sample J3 was then chosen for an antiobese activity test. The results demonstrated that the crabapple mangrove fruit juice had an effect to prevent the increase in body weight of the mice. The study suggests fruit juice of S. caseolaris as a potential source of active compounds with antimicrobial, antioxidative, and antiobesity properties and can be used as natural antibacterial, antioxidative, and antiobesity agents in pharmaceutical and food industries.
... The fruit, bark, and leaves of several Sonneratia plants have been used as folk medicines for treatment of various diseases, such as asthma, febris, ulcers, hepatitis, piles, sprains, and hemorrhages [2]. So far, almost half of the species of the genus have been studied for their chemical constituents, yielding various types of compounds, such as triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, aromatics, and tannins, some of which exhibited cytotoxic [3][4][5], anti-HIV [5], and antioxidant [6] activities. ...
... These triterpenoid compounds could be divided into four carbon skeletons: lupane-, ursane-, oleanane-, and cycloartane-types. The major structure isolated from the species was characterized by lupane-type triterpenoids (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). All the isolates (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against the selected P388, HeLa, A549, and K562 tumor cell lines, as well as anti-influenza A H1N1 virus activities. ...
... The major structure isolated from the species was characterized by lupane-type triterpenoids (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). All the isolates (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against the selected P388, HeLa, A549, and K562 tumor cell lines, as well as anti-influenza A H1N1 virus activities. Herein, we describe the isolation, structural elucidation, and the cytotoxic and anti-H1N1 activities of all the isolates. ...
A chemical investigation was conducted on the aerial parts of the mangrove plant Sonneratia paracaseolaris, yielding five new triterpenoid paracaseolins A-E (1-4, and 11) together with twelve known analogues (5-10, 12-17). Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic methods and comparisons their spectroscopic data with those of the known related compounds. The cytotoxicities against P388, HeLa, A549, and K562 tumor cell lines and anti-H1N1 (Influenza A virus) activities for the isolates were evaluated. Compound 4 showed potent cytotoxicity against the A549 cell line with an IC50 value of 1.89 µM, and compound 1 exhibited significant anti-H1N1 virus activity with an IC50 value of 28.4 µg/mL. A preliminary structure activity relationship was discussed.
... This plant is found in mangrove forests throughout Asia, northern Australia, and the Pacific Islands. It is known as Choila and Ora in Bangladesh and is widely available in the mangrove regions of Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat districts [4,5]. This is a long tree (height 10-15 meters) having many branches. ...
... From its leaves, two flavonoids named luteolin and luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside were isolated by Sadhu et al. [7], while Wetwitayaklung et al. [6] reported the presence of triterpenoids and sterols. Wu et al. [5] isolated R-nyasol, R-4′-O-methyl nyasol, 3-hydroxy-6H-benzopyran-6-one, 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-benzopyran-6-one, benzyl-O-β-glucoside, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, and luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside from its fruits and by conducting high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Dev et al. [8] confirmed the appearance of some polyphenolic compounds like vanillic acid, ellagic acid, and myricetin from its fruits. ...
Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) is a common mangrove plant which has significant medicinal value in traditional medicine. Ethanol extract from the fruits of S. caseolaris (SCE) was used in this project to explore its different pharmacological effects considering its traditional usage. In the castor oil-induced diarrheal method, SCE significantly lengthened the latency of the first defecation period up to 95.8 and 119.4 min as well as lowering stool count by 43.3% and 64.4% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In evaluating the neuropharmacological effect using the open-field model, a significant central nervous system (CNS) depressant nature was observed after a reduction in the no. of squares crossed by mice at various time intervals. In evaluating the blood coagulation effect, SCE significantly reduced blood clotting time at 5.86, 5.52, and 5.01 min at 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml doses, respectively. In the assessment of the anthelmintic effect, SCE significantly killed Paramphistomum cervi (P. cervi) where the death times of the nematodes were 40.3, 36.8, and 29.9 min at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml doses, respectively. The extract showed a very poor cytotoxic effect in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In molecular docking analysis, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside, myricetin, ellagic acid, and R-nyasol showed the best binding affinities with the selected proteins which might be the credible reasons for eliciting pharmacological responses. Among these seven compounds, only luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside had two violations in Lipinski's rule of five.
... leaf are rich sources of phytochemical composition, namely phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloid and saponins [12,13]. Recently, it has been reported that flavonoid is the major compounds including luteolin and luteolin 7-o-β-glucoside found in leaf ethanolic extract, possessing significantly biological activities such as antimicrobial and antifungal properties [14][15][16][17]. ...
... It can be seen that the inhibitory efficacy of blend films for Gram negative bacteria depend on both SCELE content and exposure time. The antibacterial activity of asprepared composite films was mainly attributed to extract flavonoids, i.e. luteolin and luteolin 7-o-β-glucoside [14,15]. It can be seen that the total flavonoids content (TFC) of chitosan film incorporated with 1-3 % Sonneratia Caseolaris (L.) Engl. ...
... According to Wu et al. (2009) (Shadu et al. 2006). Flavonoids are supposed to influence in inhibiting liver damage by binding free radicals produced by paracetamol so the impact to the liver is reduced. ...
... The possibility of the compound (-) -(R) -nyasol, (-) -(R) -4'-O-methyllnyasol, and maslinic acid also affects the increasing of SGOT 34 and SGPT level. All those compounds have cytotoxic properties in the body (Wu et al., 2009). The higher dose of Pedada fruit extract, the higher the oleanolic acid content, (-) -(R) -nyasol, (-) -(R) -4'-O-methyllnyasol, and maslinic acid so its activity is no longer as hepatoprotector. ...
The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of pedada fruit extract as a hepatoprotector in the experimental rat that fed by toxic dose of paracetamol. The total of 30 white rats (Wistar strain, two months age, and 150-200 g weight) were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group I (normal control) only given distilled water for 7 days). Group II (negative control) that given distilled water for 7 days and then treated by 270 mg/head single dose of paracetamol. Group III, IV, and V (treatment group) were given a pedada fruit extract at a dose of 28 mg/head/day, 56 mg/head/day, and 84 mg/head/day for 7 days and then treated by 270 mg/head single dose of paracetamol. On the 9th day of treatment, the blood samples were taken and were further measured for its SGOT and SGPT level using photometry enzymatic method. The result of LSD test on SGOT and SGPT data showed that III, IV, and V groups were not significantly different to the group I (p>0.05). However, it significantly different with the group II (p <0.05). Data of SGOT showed that group IV were significantly different (p <0.05) with the group V. Whereas, the data of SGPT among groups III, IV, and V were not significantly different (p>0.05). The result of linier regression test indicated that dose 28 mg/head was the most effective dose. It was concluded that pedada fruit extract was able to provide a hepatoprotective effects in rats that fed by toxic dose of paracetamol and most effective dose as a hepatoprotector was 28mg/head/day.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak buah pedada sebagai hepatorotektor tikus putih yang diberi parasetamol dosis toksik.Sebanyak 30 ekor tikus putih (strain Wistar jantan berumur dua bulan dengan berat badan 150-200 g) dibagi secara acak dalam lima kelompok.Kelompok I (kontrol normal) diberi aquadest selama tujuh hari.Kelompok II (kontrol negatif),diberi aquadest selama tujuh hari dilanjutkan pemberian parasetamol 270 mg/ekor dosis tunggal.Kelompok III, IV, dan V (kelompok perlakuan) diberi ekstrak buah pedada pada dosis 28 mg/ekor/hari, 56 mg/ekor/hari, dan 84 mg/ekor/hari selama tujuh hari dilanjutkan pemberian parasetamol 270 mg/ekor dosis tunggal. Hari ke-9 darah diambil dan diukur kadar SGOT dan SGPT dengan metode fotometri enzimatik. Hasil uji LSD data SGOT dan SGPT menunjukkan bahwa kelompok III, IV, dan V tidak berbeda nyata terhadap kelompok I (p>0,05), namun berbeda nyata terhadap kelompok II (p<0,05). Data SGOT kelompok IV berbeda nyata (p<0,05) dengan kelompok V. Data SGPT tidak ada perbedaan nyata (p>0,05) antara kelompok III, IV, dan V. Hasil uji regresi linier, dosis 28 mg/ekor adalah dosis paling efektif.Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak buah pedada mampu memberikan efek hepatoprotektor pada tikus yang diberi parasetamol dosis toksik dan dosis yang paling efektif sebagai hepatoprotektor adalah dosis 28 mg/ekor/hari.
... Analgesic, cytotoxic, bactericidal, and antioxidant properties of fruit extract of other species have been reported. The fruits of S. caseolaris and S. ovate in China were found to contain cytotoxic 6H-benzo [b, d] pyran-6-one derivatives (7). From the aerial parts of S. caseolaris, luteolin, and luteolin 7-O-b-glucoside, two bioactive flavonoids were found (8,9). ...
Abstract
Background and aims: There is limited information on the chemical nature of the edible fruits of the mangrove
Sonneratia apetala, which is utilized in traditional medicine in coastal areas. The goal of the current research
was to identify the biologically active substances behind their therapeutic effects, particularly blood sugar
regulation.
Methods: To determine the chemical fingerprint of S. apetala fruit extract, reversed phase high performance
liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiling were used.
The antioxidant properties were thoroughly examined. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes were also
used to evaluate the impact of S. apetala fruit extract on the regulatory mechanism for the metabolism of
carbohydrates.
Results: S. apetala fruit extract showed high concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and water-soluble
vitamins (C, B2, B5, and B6). Quercetin, catechin, rutin, myricetin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid,
sinapic acid, and ascorbic acid were among the recognized therapeutically active substances found in RPHPLC.
The presence of β-amyrin and lupeol in S. apetala fruit extract was determined by the GC-MS profile.
The carbohydrate-slitting enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase were also strongly inhibited by S. apetala
fruit extract.
Conclusion: The fruit of S. apetala contains therapeutically useful polyphenolics, triterpenoids, phytosterols,
and vitamins. It can lower blood sugar absorption by blocking enzymes that break down carbohydrates and
has potent antioxidant qualities.
... Ripe pedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) has an attractive taste and aroma and is rich in fiber and minerals [3]. Bedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) contains several bioactive compounds including flavonoids, luteolin, and luteolin 7-O-B-glucoside [5]. which have strong antioxidant activity [7] and are able to increase the immune system body [1]. ...
The pedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) tastes sour and has a distinctive pedada aroma, as well as a soft fruit texture, so it can be processed into several food products such as jenang, lunkhead, jam and syrup, but its development into an instant antioxidant and immune system boosting drink has not been processed yet. utilized. The highest content of vitamin C in broiler makes it taste sour and unpleasant to eat directly. To overcome this, an innovative functional instant drink powder with added sugar was created. This PPM aims to process pedada fruit which is often found and wasted in Teluk Majelis Village into effective innovations such as instant drinks, jelly candy, marshmallows and can open jobs. The method in this PPM includes counseling related to the benefits and nutritional content of bacada fruit as well as demonstrations on making pedada instant drinks, jelly candies and pedada marshmallows. The PPM results obtained pedada instant drink products, pedada jelly candies and pedada marshmallows which will be made into superior products in Teluk Majelis Village, Kuala Jambi, Tanjung Jabung Timur. From the results of monitoring and evaluation of PPM activities, it was found that the UMKM of Teluk Majelis Village had produced jelly candy and chest marshmallows and had been introduced through the Birthday Expo of East Tanjung Jabung Regency and had become the flagship product of Teluk Majelis Village which was useful as an immune system booster during the Covid-19 pandemic
... A protective effect against infection with Edwardsiella tarda was also demonstrated by the methanolic extract of Sonneratia caseolaris in African catfish [9]. Although many compounds have been identified from Sonneratia sp. that have significant biological action [10][11][12], only one study has, to date, described the polysaccharide from Sonneratia apetala fruits as having hepatoprotective potential [13]. Since polysaccharides are known to have numerous health advantages, and therefore, the polysaccharide from Sonneratia caseolaris may be quite significant and useful in the pharmaceutical and food industries. ...
The Box-Behnken design was applied to determine the optimal parameters of the extraction condition by using the response surface methodology (RSM) from the leaves of Sonneratia caseolaris L. The result indicates the best-optimized conditions used for the extraction of polysaccharides at 84.02 °C temperature, 3.12 h time, and 27.31 mL/g for the water-to-material ratio. The maximum experimental yield of 8.81 ± 0.09% was obtained which is in agreement with the predicted value of 8.79%. Thereafter, low molecular weight polysaccharide (SCLP) was separated after sequentially being purified through column chromatography with a relative molecular weight of 3.74 kDa. The physicochemical properties were evaluated by characterization techniques such as FT-IR spectra, NMR spectrum, and SEM analysis. RP-HPLC analysis confirmed that SCLP was a heteropolysaccharide, majorly comprising rhamnose (28.25%), and xylose (27.17%) residues, followed by mannose (18.90%), and galactose (17.17%), respectively. Thermal analysis (TGA–DSC) results showed that SCLP is a highly thermostable polymer with a degradation temperature of 361.63 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns and tertiary structure analyses indicate that SCLP had a semi-crystalline polymer having a triple-helical configuration. Moreover, SCLP displayed potential antibiofilm ability for all the tested pathogens while stronger activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, SCLP has potential in vitro antioxidant activity on DPPH, ABTS radical, superoxide, and Fe²⁺ chelating. These findings indicate that the polysaccharide has potentially been used in functional food, cosmetics, and pharmacological industries.
... Many researchers have recently discovered chemical compounds such as phenolic and its derivate, phenolic acid and its derivate, steroid, triterpenoid, lignan, and cerebroside from S. ovata fruit and leaves [6,7]. β-sitosterol & stigmasterol were isolated from the stem bark of S. ovata [8]. ...
The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Sonneratia ovata Back, a mangrove plant, were investigated in this study. Methanol was used to extract the leaf, fruit, stem bark, and root of S. ovata Back. The antioxidant assay was conducted using the scavenging radical DPPH, and the total phenolic content was measured following the Folin Ciaocalteu method. Methanol extract from leaves of S. ovata Back presented the highest antioxidant activity than stem bark, root, and fruit. The IC50 were 4.07 mg/L, 25.94 mg/L, 100.94 mg/L, and 195.83 mg/L, respectively. The total phenolic content of leaf (52.00 mgGAE/g) was higher than fruit (14.06 mgGAE/g). This study suggested that the methanolic leaf extract of S. ovata Back contained a potential source of natural antioxidants more than the other parts.
... In Addition, metabolomics technology is widely used in the evaluation of plant quality [9][10][11]. Pidada merah contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoid phenols, and steroids [12][13][14][15]. Traditional use for use of traditional medicine has been carried out. ...
Objective: Extract of pidada merah (Sonneratia caseolaris) leaves has very strong antioxidant activity and has potential as anti-aging. This study aimed to determine the anti-collagenase activity in silico and in vitro. Molecular docking includes exploring proteins or nucleotides, modeling 3D structures, and calculating bond energies. Collagenases are enzymes that can hydrolyze native collagen into fragment collagen peptides. Methods: Investigation of in silico docking activity for collagenase receptors (966C). We performed metabolomics analysis through HR-LCMS on the extract pidada merah. To explore the use value of anti-collagenase, we analyzed the molecular docking of metabolites profiling pidada merah. In vitro study used a collagenase assay kit. Results: Metabolite profiling on the HR-LCMS from Pidada Merah extract are A (AL_8810), B (NP_001596), C (NP_018716) and D (NP_021797). The anti-collagenase test showed the IC50 value = 26.74±0.40 ppm, which is the very strong category. NP_018716 has the lowest binding energy value with the target protein, which is -6.0, and binds to THR241 (2.24Å) and SER239 (3.35Å) and is the best compound according to calculations. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the Extract Pidada merah has the Potential to be developed as a new drug for antiaging.
... C6 with IC 50 values of 19.02, 20.21, and 31.71 ppm, respectively [4] According to [5] of the 62 compounds in the ethanol extract of Pidada merah leaves, which are thought to be efficacious, they are choline, betaine, and luteolin. S. caseolaris used as a traditional cosmetic product by the Dayak tribe (Native people in Borneo Island, Indonesia) called "bedak dingin." ...
BACKGROUND: Anti-aging agents contribute to the prevention and control of skin photoaging. Antioxidant containing cosmetic has anti-aging therapy that can inhibit free radical formation. Sonneratia caseolaris leaf extract has robust antioxidant activity. AIM: This study aimed to determine the anti-aging activity in-silico and in-vitro. METHODS: In vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation (ABTS+) radical scavenging and FRAP. Investigation of in-silico docking activity was done for ROS (3ZBF), collagenase (966C), hyaluronidase (1FCV) receptors. Metabolomics analysis were conducted through HR-LCMS on the extract Sonneratia caseolaris. To explore the use value of antiaging, we analyzed the molecular docking of metabolites profiling Sonneratia caseolaris. RESULTS: The result of metabolite profiling on the HR-LCMS from Sonneratia caseolaris extract are Luteolin, Betaine, and Choline. Molecular docking involves the exploration of protein or nucleotide, 3D structural modeling, and binding energy calculation. DPPH method showed IC50 28.214±0.809 ppm. The ABTS method showed IC50 1.528±0.042 ppm and FRAP is 345,125±4,196 mM/g sample. The compound luteolin had the Lowest binding energy scores with most of the target proteins: ROS (-8,3), collagenase (-11), and hyaluronidase (-6,8), according to molecular docking results. CONCLUSION: It concluded that the study indicates extract Sonneratia caseolaris has the potential to be developed as a new drug for antiaging.
... Although specifically more abundant in S. apetala, biomarker M895T343 was also detected in S. caseolaris and B. gymnorhiza extracts (Figure 1b). For these additional reasons, this compound could be a luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside already described in S. caseolaris leaves and fruits [48,49]. Compound Sa M3 (Figure S13) might be vitexin ( Figure S2c), a flavone glycoside already described in S. apetala leaves and branches collected in China [50]. ...
Mangroves are the only forests located at the sea–land interface in tropical and subtropical regions. They are key elements of tropical coastal ecosystems, providing numerous ecosystem services. Among them is the production of specialized metabolites by mangroves and their potential use in agriculture to limit weed growth in cultures. We explored the in vitro allelopathic potential of eight mangrove species’ aqueous leaf extracts (Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneratia apetala, Sonneratia caseolaris, Aegiceras corniculatum, Lumnitzera racemosa and Rhizophora stylosa) on the germination and growth of Echinochloa crus-galli, a weed species associated with rice, Oryza sativa. Leaf methanolic extracts of mangrove species were also studied via UHPLC-ESI/qToF to compare their metabolite fingerprints. Our results highlight that A. corniculatum and S. apetala negatively affected E. crus-galli development with a stimulating effect or no effect on O. sativa. Phytochemical investigations of A. corniculatum allowed us to putatively annotate three flavonoids and two saponins. For S. apetala, three flavonoids, a tannin and two unusual sulfated ellagic acid derivatives were found. Some of these compounds are described for the first time in these species. Overall, A. corniculatum and S. apetala leaves are proposed as promising natural alternatives against E. crus-galli and should be further assessed under field conditions.
... Alkaloids are the most diverse class of secondary metabolites and nitrogen based bioactive compounds (usually in a form of a heterocyclic ring). They are found more commonly in flowering plants (Betty Maldoni, 1991 Lakshmi et al., 2010;Li et al, 2009;Li et al., 2012;Dai et al., 2017. 42 Xylocarpus moluccensis Limonoids S Antifeedant, insecticidal and anti-HIV activities. ...
The mangrove ecosystem is being intensively studied with the hope of discovering new chemical entities with biomedical potentials. A number of biologically active compounds with varying degrees of action such as anticancer, antiulcer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties have been isolated from mangroves. Totally 81 mangrove species have been reported worldwide, of which 46 species are reported to occur in India. Among these, around 36 mangrove species are used in traditional medicine. Approximately 249 bioactive compounds have been isolated from 18 species, and the remaining species are yet to be screened. Biologically active compounds such as limonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavo-noids, esters, quinones, phenols, acids, aliphatic alcohol, amides, lactones, aliphatic ketones, and benzodiox-ols have been derived from the leaves, stems, barks, fruits, and seeds of Indian mangrove plants. This review examines the current trends in the screening and biological activity of metabolites from the Indian mangroves. This comprehensive review in turn can serve as a potential resource for future drug development endeavours.
... Pedada fruit has 24 components consisting of eight steroids, nine triterpenoids, three flavonoids, and four carboxyl benzene derivatives [12]. Furthermore, it was reported that the pedada fruit also contains several triterpenoids and sterols [13]. Robusta coffee beans are known to contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins and polyphenols [14]. ...
Pedada seed is one of potential anti-oxidant resources of coastal plants which is under-utilized. In this current study, pedada seed was formulated in to Robusta coffee to develop a novel coffee mix. The purpose of this study was to obtain the most ideal formula of pedada-Robusta coffee mix based on sensory evaluation using Just about Right (JAR) analysis of French-press brewed coffee mix. The best coffee mix formula was obtained for the mix of 1:1 proportion between pedada seed and Robusta coffee. There were 18 out of 19 sensory attributes of the best formula that sensorially accepted by the consumer respondents. Those included vegetative aroma, brown sugar aroma, musty aroma, sweet aroma, nutty aroma, cocoa aroma, citrus-fruit aroma, sweet taste, sour taste, body-mouth-feel, mouth-feel strength, nutty flavour, burnt flavour, chemical flavour, citrus-fruit flavour, beany flavour, roasted flavour and sweet flavour. The best pedada-coffee mix was also characterized as having mean particle size of 421.5±19.1 μm, total phenolic content of 21.55±0.21 mg GAE/g, antioxidant activity of 48.60±0.94%, caffeine content of 278.50 ± 4.95 mg/kg, total dissolved solids of 0.4±0.066% and colour with a value of L=17.0±0.0; a=18.6±0.9 and b=23.6±0.9.
... The findings obtained in the current study emphasized that MEE has the highest antimicrobial activity and by analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids, it was found that MEE contained 109 and 23 mg/g, respectively. The antimicrobial activity may be attributed to the flavonoids present in this plant (Wu et al., 2009), but further identification of the bioactive compound is needed. ...
Mangroves are widely used for the extraction of natural compounds for the purpose to be used in traditional medicine and the pharmaceutical sector. In this study, Avicennia marina leaves (gathered in Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt) were dried and extracted by ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial activity of the three organic extracts was examined against different fish and human pathogens. The mangrove ethyl acetate extract (MEE) which gave the highest antimicrobial activity was further evaluated, as it exhibited a promising antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH test with IC50 of 50.3 µg/ml. Its total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined to be 109 and 23 mg/g, respectively. In addition, MEE antibiofilm activity was assessed by total biomass quantification using microplate assay and observed under light microscope. MEE showed a highly promising antibiofilm activity, where it succeeded not only in preventing initial cell attachment and biofilm formation by the fish pathogen Pseudomonas fluorescens, but also in disrupting the preformed biofilm with IC50 of 42.0 and 45.8 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, its chemical composition was determined by GC–MS analysis demonstrating that its major constituents are alcohol, fatty acids and their derivatives. Overall, the current study confirms the promising antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of MEE and reports biofilm inhibition and eradication activities of A. marina ethyl acetate extract against Pseudomonas fluorescens.
... Alkaloids are the most diverse class of secondary metabolites and nitrogen based bioactive compounds (usually in a form of a heterocyclic ring). They are found more commonly in flowering plants (Betty Maldoni, 1991 Lakshmi et al., 2010;Li et al, 2009;Li et al., 2012;Dai et al., 2017. 42 Xylocarpus moluccensis Limonoids S Antifeedant, insecticidal and anti-HIV activities. ...
The mangrove ecosystem is being intensively studied with the hope of discovering new chemical entities with biomedical potentials. A number of biologically active compounds with varying degrees of action such as anticancer, antiulcer, antioxidant, antidiabetic and antimicrobial properties have been isolated from mangroves. Totally 81 mangrove species have been reported worldwide, of which 46 species are reported to occur in India. Among these, around 36 mangrove species are used in traditional medicine. Approximately 249 bioactive compounds have been isolated from 18 species, and the remaining species are yet to be screened. Biologically active compounds such as limonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, esters, quinones, phenols, acids, aliphatic alcohol, amides, lactones, aliphatic ketones, and benzodioxols have been derived from the leaves, stems, barks, fruits, and seeds of Indian mangrove plants. This review examines the current trends in the screening and biological activity of metabolites from the Indian mangroves. This comprehensive review in turn can serve as a potential resource for future drug development endeavours.
... Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham (local name Keora) is predominant mangrove in Indian Sunderban. The bark, root, leaves and fruits have been used in folk medicine in the South Asian countries including India for treating diarrhoea, hepatitis, inflammation, wounds, ulcers (3)(4)(5)(6) . Several bioactive constituents including fatty acids, triterpenoids and sterols from the aerial parts of S. apetala have been obtained (7)(8) . ...
Abstract
Introduction: Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham is a true mangrove inhabitant in Indian Sunderban and it is used in folk medicine for digestive disorders.
Method: Hydro-methanolic (20:80) extract of Sonneratia apetala leaves (SA) was chemically standardized by HPTLC and evaluated for its antiradical and gastro-protective properties. Phenolics and flavonoids present in SA were determined and antiradical activities were assessed by in vitro methods like, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxides, superoxides, hydroxyl and ABTS (2,2/-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). Further, gastro-protective efficacy of SA was assessed in alcohol (50% v/v, 5 ml/kg) induced oxidative ulceration in rats.
Results: Chemically standardized SA exhibited presence of polyphenolic compounds. It also showed strong antiradical properties. Oral administrations of SA (125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) significantly protected gastric mucosal membrane from ulcerative damage caused by alcohol, similar to Omeprazole (20 mg/kg) in rats. Moreover, SA treatment significantly reduced the elevation of lipid peroxides; while enhanced the concentration of glutathione and catalase in gastric mucosa in respect to ethanol induced untreated control rats.
Conclusions The results obtained from this study suggest Sonneratia apetala leaf has antioxidant properties and has capabilities to protect gastric mucosal injury caused by alcohol ingestion.
... S. caseolaris is an evergreen tree usually up to 15 m tall and has dark red-petalled flowers and its green fruits are round, leathery berries that are up to 7.5 cm wide [22]. It is a true mangrove species abundantly found in Bangladesh, and Asian tropics [23]. ...
Background
Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. ( S. caseolaris ) belonging to the Sonneratiaceae family is commonly known as Ora. It is traditionally used as an astringent, antiseptic, to treat sprains, swellings, cough and in arresting hemorrhage. The ethanolic extract of S. caseolaris (L.) Engl. fruits was investigated in the present study for its toxicity as well as anti-allergic and anti-hyperglycemic potentials.
Methods
Major phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC. Behavioral change, body weight, mortality and different blood parameters were measured to assess the toxicological effect of the extract. Anti-allergic activity was evaluated using TDI-induced allergic model mice. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and STZ-induced diabetic mice were used to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic activity.
Results
Crude extract contained ellagic acid, vanillic acid and myrecitin (27.41, 3.06 and 7.93 mg per 100 g dry extract respectively). No major toxicity was observed in both acute and sub-acute toxicity study. Oral administration of the extract significantly ameliorated TDI-induced allergic symptoms like sneezing, scratching, swelling, redness and watery rhinorrhoea in the experimental mice. The extracts also reduced the total and differential count of leukocytes in the blood. The extract treated mice showed significant reduction in blood glucose, SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine and bilirubin level.
Conclusions
S. caseolaris contains bioactive phytoconstituents which may be the possible precursors to isolate and characterize the novel compounds targeting the diseases like allergy and diabetes.
... The whole mangrove apple fruits without calyx tube were cleaned, dried and grounded together with the seeds by MX-AC400 mixer grinder (Panasonic, Malaysia) into powder form before extraction. Extraction of mangrove apple fruits was carried out according to Wu et al. (2009). The pericarp with seeds of mangrove fruits was soaked in 95% ethanol (HmbG Chemicals, Malaysia) in a beaker at room temperature (28 o C) with a ratio of 1:2 (270 g fruit: 540 mL ethanol). ...
Palm olein is commonly used in cooking and food processing, however, it is susceptible to oxidation due to its high unsaturated fatty acids content. An antioxidant is added to the oil by oil manufacturer to inhibit lipid oxidation and increase the shelf life of the oil. However, most of the antioxidants are synthetic antioxidants that may not be safe for consumption and decomposed at high temperature during frying or processing. In this study, the antioxidant properties of mangrove apple fruit extract (MAFE), as well as the oxidative stability of palm olein with and without MAFE, were investigated. Palm olein added with MAFE (100 and 200 ppm) and without MAFE were kept at 65°C in an oven for 24 days under accelerated storage. The results showed that MAFE contained high total flavonoid compound (26.06±0.30 mg QCE/g extract) and total phenolic compound (12.21±1.31 mg GAE/g extract). The IC50 values of antioxidant activities of MAFE calculated by DPPH and ABTS•+ were 31.16±0.76 µg/mL and 97.32±3.27 µg/mL, respectively. The palm olein samples added with MAFE showed significantly lower peroxide value, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes after 24 days of storage compared to the palm olein without MAFE (control sample). The oxidative stability of palm olein added with 200 ppm MAFE was higher compared to the palm olein added with 100 ppm MAFE and control sample. Therefore, MAFE has the potential to be used as a source of natural antioxidant to reduce the lipid oxidation and prolong the shelf life of food products.
... Several types of compounds have been found in mangroves (Sonneratiaceae) such as flavonoids, aromatic compounds, steroids, triterpenoids and alkaloids [134], and they have shown antioxidant [135] and cytotoxic activities [136]. The mangrove Sonneratia hainanensis, typical from Chinese coasts, has been found to possess several dimeric alkylresorcinols [127] (ARs, amphiphilic 1,3-dihydroxy-5-alkylbenzene homologues) that have shown to be a promising class of active secondary metabolites [137][138][139]. ...
Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet and are characterized by huge taxonomic and chemical diversity of marine organisms. Several studies have shown that marine organisms produce a variety of compounds, derived from primary or secondary metabolism, which may have antiviral activities. In particular, certain marine metabolites are active towards a plethora of viruses. Multiple mechanisms of action have been found, as well as different targets. This review gives an overview of the marine-derived compounds discovered in the last 10 years. Even if marine organisms produce a wide variety of different compounds, there is only one compound available on the market, Ara-A, and only another one is in phase I clinical trials, named Griffithsin. The recent pandemic emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19, highlights the need to further invest in this field, in order to shed light on marine compound potentiality and discover new drugs from the sea.
... Conversely, 5-((S,Z)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-yl)-2,3-dimethoxyphenol (Figure 7) inhibits microsomal cells by 72% and COX-2 by 23% [21]. 19.02 and 20.21 mg/mL, respectively [81]. Nyasol (Figure 7) is also able to inhibit the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell proliferation [11]. ...
In this review article, the occurrence of nor-lignans and their biological activities are explored and described. Nor-lignans have proven to be present in several different families also belonging to chemosystematically distant orders as well as to have many different beneficial pharmacological activities. This review article represents the first one on this argument and is thought to give a first overview on these compounds with the hope that their study may continue and increase, after this.
... The same effect was observed also for homoegonol but in a minor extent [110]. 19.02 and 20.21 mg/mL, respectively [81]. Nyasol is also able to inhibit the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell proliferation [11]. ...
In this review article, the occurrence of nor-lignans and their biological activities are explored and described. Nor-lignans have proven to be present in several different families also belonging to chemosystematically distant orders as well as to have many different beneficial pharmacological activities. This review article represents the first one on this argument and is thought to give a first overview on these compounds with the hope that their study may continue if not raise after this.
... Berbeda dengan penelitian ini, bahwa ekstrak S.alba yang hidup di kawasan pesisir Pantai Amal Kota Tarakan pada pengujian kualitatif fitokimia menghasilkan nilai negatif yaitu tidak mengandung saponin. Perbedaan variasi genetik, geografi, iklim, teknik budidaya dan pemanenan, waktu penyimpanan, dan teknik persiapan ekstrak merupakan faktor penyebab perbedaan komposisi senyawa, khususnya metabolit sekunder, sehingga mempengaruhi kualitas senyawa ekstrak (Wu et al., 2009). Penelitian lain terhadap hasil analisis proksimat buah Sonneratia sp melaporkan bahwa buah tersebut memiliki kadar air (bb) 84,76%, kadar abu (bk) 8,4%, kadar lemak (bk) 4,82%, kadar protein (bk) 9,21%, dan kadar karbohidrat (bk) 77,57% (Manalu, 2011). ...
Abstrak Traditional products derived from the local wisdom of the Tarakan City coastal communities, namely in the form of cold protective skin powder from the sun which is made from mangrove raw Sonneratia alba. This product has potential to be developed to improve the economic value of local communities. They can compete with products other sunscreen products produced by industry (commercial) through cream preparation technology (sunscreen).This research was carried out for seven months (February-August 2018) in the Environmental Laboratory of FPIK UBT, Samarinda Pharmacy laboratory (AKFARSAM), and the UNMUL Mathematics and Biochemistry laboratory. The research procedure used maserasi method with 70% ethanol solvent followed by concentrating the extract using a rotary evaporator to obtain extracts of active ingredients and carried out qualitative phytochemical testing. The obtained active ingredient was is then formulated into a sunscreen cream preparation. The level of protection of mixed sunscreen cold powder and commercial cream were tested by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer to see the value of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) at absorbance of 290-320 nm. Qualitative phytochemical test showed that on S.alba contains of positive alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins, and negative saponins. ANOVA statistical analysis (95%) based on the calculated F value <F table so that H1 is rejected and H0 is accepted, ie there is no difference in SPF values among sunscreen products tested in this study. Based on the category of sunscreen ability, it is known that the SPF value of the three different products tested in this study ranged from maximum to ultra categories with pH values ranging from 6.5-7.5.
... Buah pedada memiliki kandungan gizi yang baik untuk kesehatan diantaranya yaitu kandungan vitamin C, Iodium yang baik untuk pertumbuhan dan kecerdasan, dan kandungan fitokimia yang baik untuk mencegah segala penyakit yaitu beriberi, kanker, penyakit jantung, hipertensi, diabetes melitus, menjaga kebutuhan jaringan saraf dan lain sebaginya Wu et al. (2009.) Potensi buah pedada oleh masyarakat Inhil belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. ...
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi agar-agar serbuk yang tepat dalam pengolahan manisan pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) sehingga menghasilkan karakteristik fisiko, kimia dan sensori yang baik. Konsentraasi agar-agar serbuk pada pembuatan manisan pedada (Sonneratia Caseolaris) tidak menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap kadar air, abu, gula sukrosa, dan uji organoleptik terhadap rasa dan aroma, serta menunjukkan pengaruh nyata terhadap warna, dan tekstur. Konsentrasi agar-agar serbuk terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan D (2,5% agar-agar serbuk / bb) dengan karakteristik kadar air 17,99%, kadar abu 0.33% dan kadar gula sukrosa 58,21%. Skor uji hedonik terhadap perlakuan D tersebut adalah: 2,58% rasa, 1,50% warna, 2,37% aroma, dan 2,70% tekstur.
... Since the molecular ion peak, m/z 611 [M] + appeared by LC-MS, 2 mol glucose was shown to be attached to cyanidin. Finally, anthocyanin was identified as cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (cyanin) (Figure 2), which was not found in the fruit of S. ovata (Wu et al., 2009), by HPLC using the authentic sample for comparison from the flowers of Dahlia variabilis (Hayashi, 1933). Figure 3 shows the HPLC profile of anthocyanin in red callus of S. ovate (see the subsection 2.2.2). ...
protoplasts to examine the allelopathic activities. Protoplasts were isolated with Cellulase R10 and Driselase 20 in 0.6 M mannitol solution and purified by density gradient centrifugation on 0.6 M sucrose. Protoplasts were co-cultured in 50 μL of liquid Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) basal medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 μM benzyladenine and 0.6 M mannitol solution in a 96-well culture plate. Protoplast density ranged from 5 × 103/mL to 105/mL. Cell division of lettuce protoplasts was strongly inhibited by addition of S. ovata protoplasts, and non-spherical cell enlargement was slightly inhibited. By contrast, digital image analysis of scanned 96-well culture platesrevealed no inhibition in accumulation of yellow color in lettuce protoplasts. An anthocyanin, cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside (cyanin), was identified and its content in the red callus was ca. 1 mM of fresh weight. The effects of cyanin on the growth of lettuce protoplasts at three stages were similar to those of red S. ovata protoplasts. From these results, cyanin was most likely the allelochemical contained in red callus of S. ovata. The allelopathic activity of cyanin was compared with that of other putative allelochemicals in several plant materials, using the protoplast co-culture method with digital image analysis.
... Sulfuretin (1) Myristicaceae, Orchidaceae, Passifloraceae, Melastomataceae Chen et al., 2015;Ma et al., 2016;McCormick and Mabry, 1982;Shu et al., 2013 Maritimein (5) Burseraceae, Plantaginaceae Lim et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2016 Leptosin (6) Ericaceae Jankowski and Par e, 1983 Aureusidin (14) Grossulariaceae, Rutaceae Anttonen and Karjalainen, 2006;Godevac et al., 2012;Lu and Foo, 2003;Roux, 1964 4,6,4 0 -Trihydroxyaurone (16) Asparagaceae, Smilacaceae Mandloi and Sant, 1981;Zhang et al., 2008 Aureusin (17) Rutaceae Roux, 1964 Maesopsin (53) Polygonaceae, Pinaceae Krenn et al., 2003;Yang et al., 2004 Maesopsin-6-O-glucoside (54) Iridaceae, Lardizabalaceae, Schisendraceae Farag et al., 2009b;Li et al., 2005;Zeng et al., 2015 Hovetrichoside C (55) Rosaceae, Grossulariaceae, Sonneratiaceae, Pinaceae, Oxalidaceae, Punicaceae, Hypericaceae Lee et al., 2002;Li et al., 2013a;Schwarz and Hofmann, 2007;Wu et al., 2009;Yang et al., 2004Yang et al., , 2015Yuan et al., 2013 Carpusin ( afterwards upon glycosyltransferase action. This assumption was supported by the significantly higher affinity of a glycosyltransferase from C. grandiflora for sulfuretin than for the chalcone analogue butein, with K m ¼ 44 mM vs. 146 mM respectively (Halbwirth et al., 1997). ...
... In traditional medicine, A. tonkinensis leaves are used as immunosuppressive drugs for the treatment of arthritis. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report [4,10], its structure was confirmed as TAT2, the rare auronol glycoside in nature [11]. ...
Objective:
To investigate the antitumor effect of maesopsin 4-O-β-glucoside (TAT2) isolated from the leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis (A. tonkinensis) A. Chev. ex Gagnep.
Methods:
The antitumor activity of TAT2 was evaluated in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing mice. BALB/c mice had tumors induced by implantation with 2 × 10(6) LLC cells into the subcutaneous right posterior flank. Tumor-bearing mice were treated orally with a range of doses of TAT2 and a standard drug, doxorubicin. Animals were observed for tumor growth and mortality rate. Blood was collected to determine hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
TAT2 was isolated from an ethanolic extract of A. tonkinensis leaves. Its structure was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy, and identified as TAT2. The compound did not show acute toxicity at the highest dose tested (2000 mg/kg body weight). TAT2 exhibited antitumor activity by decreasing tumor growth, increasing the survival rate, and ameliorating some hematological and biochemical parameters at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (P < 0.05).
Conclusions:
These results indicate that TAT2 possesses clear antitumor activity. Due to its bioavailability and low toxicity, and the fact that it could be isolated in a large scale from A. tonkinensis leaves, the compound shows promise as a potential anticancer drug.
... It showed the presence of saponins, sapogenins, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and alkaloids were not detected both in the precipitation reaction and thin-layer chromatography test. Although Santoso et al. [21] reported that the chloroform and methanol extract of pedada fruit showed the presence of alkaloids, Minqing et al. [16] found the presence of steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and maslinic acid [26], and this acid has antihyperglycemic activity [18], this is also supported by Tiwari et al. [23] who reported that the methanol extract of the fruit pedada contains a oleanolic acid, luteolin, and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The phytochemical analysis of flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols in the EPFF extract showed that this compounds are greater in quantity than the other phytochemical test. ...
Studies on the phytochemical and acute toxicity of pedada fruit flour (PFF) were carried out. In acute toxicity test, oral administration of the extract to Swiss albino mice at four levels dose, i.e. 0, 10.50; 15.75 and 21.00 g/kg body weight. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of PFF showed the presence of saponins, sapogenins, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids were not detected. The results of acute toxicity (LD50) showed that the ethanol extract of PFF in mice was found more than 21.00 g/kg body weight. It could be concluded that the PFF belongs to relatively less dangerous category 'non-toxic' and 'safe' for food products.
... Steroids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and benzene carboxylic derivatives have been reported to be isolated from the plant (Tian, M., 2009). Phytochemicals isolated from fruits of the plant include (-)-(R)-nyasol, (-)-(R)-4 -O-methylnyasol, and maslinic acid (Wu, Shi-Biao, 2009). Two flavonoids, luteolin and luteolin 7-O-b-glucoside have also been reported from leaves of the plant (Sadhu, S.K., 2006). ...
Administration of Sonneratia caseolaris dried leaf powder to diet of Wistar rats at 0.01, 0.033 and 0.1% (w/w diet) caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in serum glucose levels. At the highest dose administered, there was a more than 20% fall in serum glucose when compared to controls. Administration of leaf powder further caused a dose-dependent significant decreases in serum triglyceride levels and significant decreases in serum total cholesterol and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Significant increases in serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were also observed with administration of leaf powder in diets. The triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio fell from 17.4:1 in controls to 7.6:1 at the highest dose of the leaf powder administered. The overall effects suggest that regular intake of leaf powder in diet can have beneficial effects for diabetic and coronary disease patients.
... Earlier research on Sonneratia species mainly focused on morphological and anatomical features (Baker and Van Steenis, 1951;Duke and Jackes, 1987;Ko, 1993;Chen, 1996;Wang and Chen, 2002;Qin et al., 2007). More recently, studies on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Sonneratia species have also been reported, for example triterpenoids and sterols from the aerial parts of S. apetala (Ji et al., 2005); two flavonoids and their antioxidant activity from the leaves of S. caseolaris (Sadhu et al, 2006); five triterpenoids together with two sterols from the stems of S. ovata and unknown chemical constituents from the fruits of S. caseolaris and S. ovata (Zheng and Pei, 2008); and nine compounds from the fruits of S. caseolaris and seven from the fruits of S. ovata (Wu et al., 2009). ...
A study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant potential and antibacterial activities of ethanol, methanol and chloroform extracts from soil grown and tissue culture explants of the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba, as well as its ethyl acetate and water extracted fractions. Antioxidant effects were determined by DPPH and SOD assays while antibacterial activities were determined using the agar disk diffusion method. LC-MS/MS analysis was also conducted in an attempt to identify active compounds in the extracts and fractions. The results showed that both the methanol and ethanol extracts of leaf and bark exhibited potentially good antioxidant and antibacterial activities compared to the chloroform extracts. There was a positive correlation between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant effects of the ethanol and methanol extracts of leaf and bark (R2 = 0.72). Among the crude extracts, the ethanol extract of bark exhibited the best antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Chloroform extracts of both leaf and bark samples exhibited lower antioxidant and antibacterial activities. On the other hand, water extracted fraction showed better antioxidant activity compared to ethyl acetate extracted fraction. All the extracts showed good antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging between 0.019-0.37 mg mL-1. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 8 peaks at m/z values of 331, 345, 452, 463, 473, 480 and 494 with fragmentation patterns corresponding to the high antioxidant activity of the water extracted fraction. This study has shown that there are metabolites in S. alba that have the potential to serve as antioxidant and antibacterial compounds that may serve as a lead to the development of new pharmaceuticals.
... Fruits from the species are used traditionally to treat bleeding, hemorrhages, piles, sprain poultices (Bandaranayake, 1998). A number of studies reported on the pharmacologically important biological activities (Avenido and Serrano Jr., 2012;Kaewpiboon et al., 2012) and chemical constituents (Wu et al., 2009;Tiwari et al., 2010;Sadhu et al., 2006) of this species, among which antimicrobial properties (Yompakdee et al., 2012;Shamsuddin et al., 2013) and antioxidative activities (Wetwitayaklung et al., 2013;Howlader et al., 2012) of the species had been described. An in-depth study by Minqing et al. (2009) reported the isolation of twenty four compounds from stem and twigs of S. caseolaris of Chinese origin, but none of the compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activities against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. ...
The present study deals with the phytochemical contents, antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of bark tissue of Sonneratia caseolaris, a mangrove plant from Sundarban estuary, India. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of high amounts of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and saponins. Antimicrobial efficacies of various extracts of S. caseolaris were assessed by disc diffusion method against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans), two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria and one fungus (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The methanolic extract among others showed significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The antioxidant activity as indicated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the bark tissue extract from the species was found to be quite appreciable. The extracts were found to retain their antimicrobial activities despite pH and thermal treatments, thus indicating the stability of their activity even at extreme conditions. The antioxidant activity was also found to be considerably stable after thermal treatments. The components of the tissue extracts were subjected to separation using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The constituents with antimicrobial and antioxidative properties were identified using TLC-bioautography by agar-overlay and DPPH spraying methods respectively. A number of bioactive constituents with antimicrobial and radical scavenging properties were observed on the developed bioautography plate. The fractions with antimicrobial properties were isolated from the reference TLC plates and subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for partial characterization and identification of the metabolites that might be responsible for the activities. The study suggests Sonneratia caseolaris bark as a potential source of bioactive compounds with stable antimicrobial and antioxidative properties and can be used as natural antimicrobial/antioxidative agents in clinical, pharmaceutical and food processing industries.
... The ripened fruits of S. caseolaris have an appealing flavor and taste, enriched with vitamins 10 . The Pedada fruit have many bioactive component such as flavonoid, luteolin and luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside, terpenoid, steroid [25][26][27][28] , oleanolic acid, β-sistosterol-β-Dglucopyranoside that indicated anthihyperglycemic activity 29 . ...
Our study provided evidence for the hypoglycemic effect of dietary fiber from Pedada Fruit Flour (PFF) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. PFF is formulated to feed standard AIN-93M as a replacement of Carboxyl Methyl Cellulase (CMC) diet composition. Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) consisted of three groups with six rats each, i.e 3%, 6% and 9% PFF. Blood glucose levels were monitored for 120 min after feeding intervals 30 minutes. The hypoglycemic effects of PFF in alloxan diabetic rats were studied for 4 weeks. The diabetic rats were divided into 5 groups and each was administrated with the same treatment in MTT with compared group of fed: glibenclamide, hyperglycemic and one group of normal rats as control. Blood glucose and body weight levels was weekly monitored. At the end of feeding treatment we determined the Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) profile from caecum digesta. The MTT showed that all concentration of PFF affected the absorption of glucose in the blood and the lowest blood glucose improvement was 23.89%, indicated the highest ability on glucose absorption. The hypoglycemic effect of PFF was significantly reducing glucose blood in diabetic rats (P<0.05), i.e. 31.29%. In the other hand, the effect of PFF increase body weight in diabetic rats (P<0.05) with magnitude of 5.25% (glibenclamide), 0.85% (3% PFF), 0.49% (6% PFF), and 4.19% (9% PFF). The concentration of all SCFAs profile is similar, i.e acetic acid > propionic acid > butyric acid. © 2015, International Journal of PharmTech Research. All rights reserved.
... In the present research, on the basis of our continuing research interest in the phytochemistry of bamboo, we examined the phytoconstituents of I. latifolius McClure leaves in detail and their antibacterial activities against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacterial strains for the first time. The six known compounds were identified ( Figure 1) as L-phenylalanine (1) [14], dihydroxymethylbis(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) tetrahydrofuran-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) [15], rel-(7R,8S,7′S,8′R)-4,9,4′,9′-tetrahydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-7,7′-epoxylignan 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4) [16], apigenin 6-Cα-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) [17], apigenin 7-O,8-C-di-glucopyranoside (6) [18], and (7S,8S) syringylglycerol-8-O-4′-sinapyl ether 9′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9) [19] through comparing their spectroscopic and physical data with those of previous reports. ...
The glutinous rice dumpling named "Zongzi" in Chinese is a type of traditional food that is popular in East Asian countries. "Zongzi" is made of glutinous rice and wrapped in the leaves of Indocalamus latifolius McClure as the packaging material. Four new compounds, latifoliusine A (2), (7S,8R) syringylglycerol-8-O-4'-sinapyl ether 4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), (7S,8S) syringylglycerol-8-O-4'-sinapyl ether 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), and (7R,8S) syringylglycerol-8-O-4'-sinapyl ether 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (10), along with six known compounds (1, 3-6 and 9) were isolated from I. latifolius McClure leaves. The structures and relative configurations of the compounds were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), nuclear overhauser enhancement (NOE) and circular dichroism (CD). All of the isolated compounds were screened for their antibacterial activities in vitro. The results indicated that apigenin 6-C-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-β-d-glucopyranoside (5) and apigenin 7-O,8-C-di-glucopyranoside (6) have antibacterial activities against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas solanacearum).
... Earlier research on Sonneratia species mainly focused on morphological and anatomical features (Baker and Van Steenis, 1951;Duke and Jackes, 1987;Ko, 1993;Chen, 1996;Wang and Chen, 2002;Qin et al., 2007). More recently, studies on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of Sonneratia species have also been reported, for example triterpenoids and sterols from the aerial parts of S. apetala (Ji et al., 2005); two flavonoids and their antioxidant activity from the leaves of S. caseolaris (Sadhu et al, 2006); five triterpenoids together with two sterols from the stems of S. ovata and unknown chemical constituents from the fruits of S. caseolaris and S. ovata (Zheng and Pei, 2008); and nine compounds from the fruits of S. caseolaris and seven from the fruits of S. ovata (Wu et al., 2009). ...
A study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant potential and antibacterial activities of ethanol, methanol and chloroform
extracts from soil grown and tissue culture explants of the mangrove plant Sonneratia alba, as well as its ethyl acetate and
water extracted fractions. Antioxidant effects were determined by DPPH and SOD assays while antibacterial activities were
determined using the agar disk diffusion method. LC-MS/MS analysis was also conducted in an attempt to identify active
compounds in the extracts and fractions. The results showed that both the methanol and ethanol extracts of leaf and bark
exhibited potentially good antioxidant and antibacterial activities compared to the chloroform extracts. There was a positive
correlation between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant effects of the ethanol and methanol extracts of leaf and bark
(R2
= 0.72). Among the crude extracts, the ethanol extract of bark exhibited the best antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
Chloroform extracts of both leaf and bark samples exhibited lower antioxidant and antibacterial activities. On the other hand,
water extracted fraction showed better antioxidant activity compared to ethyl acetate extracted fraction. All the extracts
showed good antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging between 0.019-0.37 mg mL-1. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 8
peaks at m/z values of 331, 345, 452, 463, 473, 480 and 494 with fragmentation patterns corresponding to the high antioxidant
activity of the water extracted fraction. This study has shown that there are metabolites in S. alba that have the potential to
serve as antioxidant and antibacterial compounds that may serve as a lead to the development of new pharmaceuticals.
Keywords: Sonneratia alba;
... Compound 4 was assigned the molecular formula C36H40O15 based on its ESI-MS and NMR data. The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra showed proton and carbon signals readily assignable for a phloretin skeleton, a β-fucopyranosyl moiety, a β-glucopyranosyl The known compounds were identified as hovertichoside C (5) (Wu et al., 2009), isovitexin 2″-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (6) (Abraham, Masakuni, Isao, & Hajime, 2008), and carambolaflavone (7) (Cazarolli et al., 2012) by interpretation of their spectroscopic data and comparison of the data with the reported values. It was the first report of their presence in star fruit, although compounds 6 and 7 were previously obtained from the leaves of A. carambola (Araho et al., 2005;Cazarolli et al., 2012;Moresco, Queiroz, Pizzolatti, & Brighente, 2012). ...
Star fruit (the fruit of Averrhoa carambola L., Oxalidaceae) is popular in tropical regions. Chemical study of the fruit yielded four new dihydrochalcone C-glycosides, carambolasides A (1), B (2), C (3), and D (4), in addition to hovertichoside C (5), isovitexin 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (6), and carambolaflavone (7). Their structures were identified by spectroscopic and chemical methods, including electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. Compounds 5–7 were reported from the fruit for the first time. Compounds 1–7 were evaluated for antioxidant activity using three assays. All of them exhibited 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity with IC50 values ranging from 7.6 to 3.9 µM, which were more potent than l-ascorbic acid (IC50 = 11.6 µM). However, they were inactive in scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and in ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).
... Methanolic extract of S. caseolaris twigs with a dose level of 1000 lg L À1 was also preferred over other solvents (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, water) and other dose levels (10 and 100 lg L À1 ), due to its significantly higher clear zone of inhibition average values in the antibacterial assay performed (Avenido & Serrano 2012). The genus Sonneratia (family Sonneratiaceae) is a small group of mangrove plants that consists of nine (9) species in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including S. caseolaris (Wu et al. 2009), which has steroids, glycosides, triterpenes and sterols detected in leaf and twig extracts (Avenido & Serrano 2012). Medicated diets given to P. monodon postlarvae at different feeding frequencies (2, 3 and 4 times a day) did not adversely affect the histology of vital structures (i.e. ...
The growing demand for fish food products worldwide heightens the pressure on the current availability of feed ingredients, especially marine resources such as fishmeal and fish oil, for aquaculture feed production. To address this concern, the potential of novel ingredients for use in feed formulations needs to be tapped. This paper highlights recent researches undertaken concerning the dietary inclusion of various indigenous ingredients classified as seaweeds, leaf meals, oilseed meals, vegetable oils and medicinal herbs, and their effects on growth performance, feed intake, feed utilization efficiency, nutrient retention, disease resistance and other physiological activities among consumer species. Moreover, this paper presents information regarding their nutritive values, optimum inclusion levels and recommended protocols that can improve their potential as feed additives or fishmeal replacements.
The present work aims to develop active and biodegradable coating from polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), agarose, and D‐glucose combined with Sonneratia ovata leaf extract (SO) for prolonging the shelf life of Grande Naine banana. In addition, the PVOH/agarose/D‐glucose/SO coating films were prepared through solvent evaporation method before applying it to banana for the purpose of characterizing vital properties required for food packaging materials. Our findings showed that the addition of SO in the polymer blend based on PVOH/agarose/D‐glucose (PAD) imparts outstanding flexibility, UV‐barrier, antioxidant, and bactericidal properties of the resultant film. It was also found that the modified coatings with SO could prolong the shelf life of bananas up to day 6th storage at 25°C. The visual appearance, development of peel color, weight loss, total soluble sugar content, and pH of banana samples confirmed that PAD‐SO coating could prevent ripening of bananas during the storage period as compared to uncoated and PAD‐coated fruits. These results suggest that PAD‐SO active coatings are a promisingly potential material for extending the shelf life of fruits.
Introduction: Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham is a true mangrove inhabitant in Indian Sunderban and it is used in folk medicine for digestive disorders. Method: Hydro-methanolic (20:80) extract of Sonneratia apetala leaves (SA) was chemically standardized by HPTLC and evaluated for its antiradical and gastro-protective properties. Phenolics and flavonoids present in SA were determined and antiradical activities were assessed by in vitro methods like, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), nitric oxides, superoxides, hydroxyl and ABTS (2,2/-azino-bis-3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). Further, gastro-protective efficacy of SA was assessed in alcohol (50% v/v, 5 ml/kg) induced oxidative ulceration in rats. Results: Chemically standardized SA exhibited presence of polyphenolic compounds. It also showed strong antiradical properties. Oral administrations of SA (125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg) significantly protected gastric mucosal membrane from ulcerative damage caused by alcohol, similar to Omeprazole (20 mg/kg) in rats. Moreover, SA treatment significantly reduced the elevation of lipid peroxides; while enhanced the concentration of glutathione and catalase in gastric mucosa in respect to ethanol induced untreated control rats. Conclusions The results obtained from this study suggest Sonneratia apetala leaf has antioxidant properties and has capabilities to protect gastric mucosal injury caused by alcohol ingestion.
Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan usaha pengolahan aneka penganan dengan memanfaatkan potensi mangrove lokal sebagai bahan baku produk. Sedangkan target kegiatan adalah (a) penggunaan bahan baku alternatif pengganti tepung menjadi tepung mangrove sebanyak 20-30%; (b) mengadopsi dan inovasi teknologi pengolahan buah dan daun mangrove untuk bahan baku produk; (c) memanfaatkan bahan baku produk yang berasal dari mangrove sebagai aneka produk penganan bernilai ekonomis; (d) membuat aneka produk penganan olahan dari mangrove sebagai alternatif musim panceklik ikan di laut; (e) pengemasan produk penganan (f) meningkatan kapasitas manajemen usaha dan pemasaran aneka produk penganan mangrove. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode FGD kepada kelompok-kelompok masyarakat pengolah produk perikanan di Desa Batakan yang telah melakukan kegiatan pengolahan krupuk dan ikan kering. Sedangkan kegiatan penyuluhan dan pelatihan keterampilan diberikan sebagai paket alih teknologi pada setiap program agar khalayak sasaran atau mitra. Teknik skoring dari hasil evaluasi menginformasikan bahwa 80% peningkatan pengetahuan teknik pemilihan/sortasi mangrove sebagai bahan utama, teknik penghilangan tanin dan HCN 55%, 65% peningkatan pemakaian bahan baku tepung berbahan mangrove, 75% pengetahuan pengolahan aneka produk penganan berbahan mangrove, perbaikan desain dan teknik pengemasan 60% serta labelisasi produk dan peningkatan kapasitas manajemen usaha pemasaran produk olahan sebesar 60%.
Mangrove plants (focally, Avicennia marina) are resources rich in bioactive substances, and they are considered as promising agents in various biological activities. Phytochemical analyses of the roots and leaves of Avicennia marina collected from the coast of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, showed different proportions of various parameters which generally recorded higher values in root samples than those analyzed in leaf samples. The total phenolics in raw plant were 19.7% for roots and 9.5% for the leaf samples. In addition, the total flavonoids of roots and leaves samples in raw plant were rather closed to each other and appeared as 8.8% and 10.9%, respectively. In particular, the total phenolics and the total flavonoids in crude extracts of roots exhibited considerable higher values (394.8 and 175.9 mg/L, respectively) than that of leaves (190.8 and 21.7 mg/L, respectively). Both the root and leaves of A. marina showed promising antioxidant activity and thus are very promising agents. Additionally, the results revealed that both crude extracts had effective activities. The most affected bacterial pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae which was inhibited by leaves crud extract (24 mm), while Enterococcus faecalis was the lowest inhibited bacterium by the two crudes tested (12 mm). On the other hand, the GC–MS results of methanol extract from the roots and leaves of A. marina showed the presence of several bioactive components, with totally 28 and 26 major compounds, respectively, especially fatty acids and their derivatives, which are famous as antioxidant and antibacterial agents.
Natural dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones are common and structurally diverse secondary metabolites that occur frequently in plants, fungi, lichens, and animal waste and possess broad spectra of biological activities such as cytotoxic, antioxidant, antifungal, and antimicrobial. The literature on the isolation, structural diversity, and biological activity of natural dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-ones from 1949 to December 2014 was reviewed.
Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. has been used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. The high concentrations of heavy metals in edible parts of S. caseolaris can lead to poisoning. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in various parts of S. caseolaris (breathing roots, calyces, fruits, leaves, seeds, and stamens) and their extracts by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The concentrations of As, Cd, and Hg found in the raw plant samples and their extracts were below the permissible limits. However, the contamination of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in some parts of plant samples and their extracts were rather high. It is concluded that quality control of the raw material must be carried out before further utilization of S. caseolaris.
The objective of this study was to use artificial neural network in development of transparent soap. The different eighteen transparent soap formulations were prepared and the physical properties of them such as clearness, hardness, foam ability and surface tension were investigated. Moreover, the correlation between each formulation and response parameters was examined using feed-forward back-propagation neural networks. The results showed that the amounts of SLES-N70, glycerine, sodium stearate and PVP-K30 were the important parameters on foam ability, clearness, hardness and surface tension, respectively. The proposed models were able to predict the properties of transparent soap with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The predictive ability of these models was validated by an external set of 6 formulations which were not included in the training set. The predictions were in good agreement with the observed and the predictived values. Moreover, the 5% of Sonneratia caseolaris extract was successfully incorporated into the soap. These results could be applicable for development of transparent soap containing S. caseolaris extract.
Cork tree (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a plant in the family of Sonneratiaceae whose extract has been reported for the traditional use as an astringent and an antiseptic. The methanolic seed extract of cork tree was employed as the active compound in the in situ forming gel containing 30% Eudragit RS in N-methyl pyrrolidone. The prepared gel exhibited the in situ formimg gel properties. The anitimicrobial activity was tested with agar diffusion method using Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 8740, Candida albicans ATCC 17110, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 27175 and anaerobic bacteria from oral cavity as tested microbes. The obtained gel could inhibit all tested microbes. The release of three markers (gallic acid, luteolin glycoside and luteolin) from 10% w/w seed extract gel was performed using dialysis tube method in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The released amount of three markers was analyzed simultaneously with HPLC method. Gallic acid and luteolin, respectively, were rapidly released in the initial stage and gradually released for 720 min. Luteolin glycoside started to release at 480 min. and lesser amount was released into the medium at 720 min. In situ forming gel comprising cork tree seed extract exhibited the potential dosage form to deliver the active compound from natural product and show antimicrobial activity.
Phenolic compound, such as gallic acid, and two flavonoids, e.g. luteolin and luteolin-7-O-glucoside, are the interesting substances in cork tree (Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl.). Utilization of cork tree has been reported as traditional medicine and food. Generally, herbal plants are employed as fresh plant or drying and processing into dietary supplement. Therefore in this study, extracts from several parts of cork tree were prepared using boiled water to emulate the usage. The dried extracts were obtained using two drying techniques, spray drying and freeze drying. Morphology and thermal properties of the dried extracts were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Total phenolic compound amount was determined using Follin-Ciocalteu technique. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were measured using TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods. Squeezed juice from the fresh plant was also analyzed for the comparison. Morphology of the spray-dried extracts powder was spherical shape with highly shrinkage. The difference was observed for the leaf extract that found less shrinkage than the others. Two endothermic peaks around 60°C and 150-160°C were evident in DSC thermogram of almost exracts whereas that of leaf extract was found around 130-140°C. The highest % yield of the water extract was obtained from stamen following by calyx and leaf of cork tree. Total phenolic compound containing in the extracts was found lower than that of the fresh plant. Thermal drying process reduced the amount of total phenolic compound. Antioxidant activities of the extracts from stamen, calyx and leaf reported in terms of TEAC value were in medium range comparing to the standard antioxidant, trolox. GEAC (Gallic acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) value from FRAP method was rather low comparing to gallic acid. However the rather high total phenolic compound and antioxidant, the cork tree exhibited the ability as the source of dietary supplement.
Sonneratia ovata Backer, Sonneratiaceae, is a widespread plant in mangrove forests in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia. Sonneratia ovata's chemical composition remains mostly unknown. Therefore, we now report on the structural elucidation of three new phenolics, sonnerphenolic A (1), sonnerphenolic B (2), and sonnerphenolic C (23), a new cerebroside, sonnercerebroside (3) together with nineteen known compounds, including nine lignans (5-13), two steroids (14, 15), two triterpenoids (16, 17), three gallic acid derivatives (18-20), two phenolic derivatives (4, 22) and a 1-O-benzyl-β-d-glucopyranose (21) isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia ovata. Their chemical structures were established by spectroscopic data, as well as high resolution mass spectra and comparison with literature data. The in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and cytotoxic activities against HeLa (human epithelial carcinoma), NCI-H460 (human lung cancer), MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cancer cell lines and PHF (primary human fibroblast) cell were evaluated on some extracts and purified compounds at a concentration of 100μg/mL. Compounds (5, 6, 23) exhibited cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cell line with the IC50 values of 146.9±9.0, 114.5±7.2, and 112.8±9.4μM, respectively, while they showed nontoxic with the normal cell (PHF) with IC50s >277μM. Among 15 tested compounds, (S)-rhodolatouchol (22) showed inhibition against AChE with an IC50 value of 96.1±14.5μM.
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Polyphenols in methanolic extracts from Sonneratia caseolaris seeds were determined by HPLC coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry and quantified by HPLC coupled with ultraviolet/visible detection in order to evaluate their stability of the extracts during 6 months of storage. Antioxidant activity was measured by using TEAC assay, and the free radical scavenging activity was monitored in the initial 3 months of the stability evaluation. Study on the effect of temperature on the stability of the methanolic extract indicated that gallic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and luteolin were unstable at 25 and 45°C during storage time. At -80 and 4°C the quantities of luteolin-7-O-glucoside reduced while those of luteolin increased at the same time. The results suggested that luteolin-7-O-glucoside was hydrolyzed to luteolin. Therefore the polyphenols should be kept at low temperature. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was preserved in all temperatures during the first 3 months.
A bioassay method for allelopathy, the 'protoplast co-culture method' was developed to study the relationship between salt tolerance and allelopathy of three mangrove species, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris, and S. ovata. Plants of S. alba grow in the seaward-side high salinity region and plants of the latter two species grow in upstream-side regions of a mangrove forest, respectively. Effects of five sea salts (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, MgSO4 and CaCl2) on the growth of the suspension cells of the latter two species were first investigated by a small-scale method using 24-well culture plates. S. ovata cells showed higher tolerance than S. caseolaris cells to NaCl and other salts, but were not as halophilic as S. alba cells. Protoplasts isolated from suspension cells were co-cultured with lettuce protoplasts in Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.1 μM benzyladenine, 3 % sucrose and 0.6-0.8 M osmoticum. S. caseolaris protoplasts had a higher inhibitory effect on lettuce protoplast cell divisions than S. alba protoplasts at any lettuce protoplast density, and the effect of S. ovata was intermediate between the two. These results were similar to those obtained from a different in vitro bioassay method for allelopathy, the 'sandwich method' with dried leaves. The inverse relationship between allelopathic activity and salt tolerance in suspension cells of Sonneratia mangroves is discussed.
nested within the Sonneratiaceae. The Sonneratiaceae occurred within the Lythraceae with high bootstrap value support (96%).
The two traditional genera constituting Sonneratiaceae were in different well-supported clades. Duabanga (Sonneratiaceae) is sister to the clade of Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae) (82%). The mangrove genus Sonneratia (100%) formed the other monophyletic group. It was located terminally within the Lythraceae clade and comprised two clades:
one consisting of S. apetala, S. alba, S. ovata, and S. hainanensis; the other including S. caseolaris and S. paracaseolaris. The results indicated that species previously placed in two different sections (Sect. Sonneratia and Sect. Pseudosonneratia) of Sonneratia occurred within the same clade, and the taxonomic classification was not supported by the molecular analysis of the ITS region
sequences. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the ITS regions, the Sonneratiaceae were shown to be nested within the family
Lythraceae. Therefore, the sequence data presented here do not support the recognition of the Sonneratiaceae as a distinct
family, but instead support the inclusion of Sonneratiaceae in the Lythraceae proposed by other authors.
According to the traditional medicinal usage of Sonneratia caseolaris, we tested the extract of S. caseolaris for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect on thin-layer chromatography. Following activity-oriented separation, two flavonoids, luteolin (1) and luteolin 7-O--glucoside (2), were isolated. Both of the compounds were found to possess antioxidant activity.
Two novel phenolic glycosides cis-p-coumaric acid 4-O-(2′-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside and trans-p-coumaric acid 4-O-(2′-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside were isolated and identified from Salvia officinalis together with 4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-O-(6′-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin 7-O-β-d-glucoside, 7- and 3′-O-β-d-glucuronide, 6-hydroxyluteolin 7-O-β-d-glucoside and 7-O-glucuronide, and 6,8-di-C-β-d-glucosylapigenin (vicenin-2). The luteolin glucuronides and vicenin-2 were identified as new sage constituents.
In Australia, New Guinea and the southwestern Pacific seven taxa are recognised in Sonneratia of which three species are redescribed in view of their Indo-Malesian counterparts (S. alba, S. caseolaris, S. ovata), one species is redescribed from its most likelyInd o-Malesian equivalent (S. lanceolata, being distinct from S.caseolaris), one widespread hybrid is fully described (S. x gulngai being the putative synonym of S. albax S. caseolaris), and two other hybrids (S. alba x S. gulngai, S. alba x S. lanceolata ) of very limited occurrence are described as sub-units of their closest ‘parental’ forms. A key, descriptions and full synonymy are given as well as 2 distribution maps, 6 other figures and one table.
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a potent antimetabolite used for chemotherapy of gastrointestinal (GI), breast, and head and neck malignancies. Although clinical trials have been conducted, the poor therapeutic index of 5-FU has precluded its clinical use for a number of other tumor types. It is unclear whether this lack of utility is due to problems with drug delivery or inherent insensitivity. Adenovirus (Ad) vector-mediated cytosine deaminase (CD)/5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) gene therapy has the potential to overcome pharmacokinetic issues associated with systemic 5-FU and is particularly well suited to use with tumors in which local control is paramount, such as recurrent, localized prostate cancer and malignant gliomas. In this study, the in vitro response by a panel of human tumor cell lines derived from both GI (colon, pancreas) and non-GI (prostate, glioma) tumors to 5-FU and to AdCMVCD (an Ad encoding Escherichia coli CD)/5-FC was examined. Whereas the sensitivity (IC(50)) of individual cell lines to these agents varied, no significant difference in median IC(50) for either 5-FU or AdCMVCD/5-FC was evident for the four tumor types tested (P > 0.1). The relevant contributions of Ad gene transfer efficiency and inherent 5-FU sensitivity in determining response to AdCMVCD/5-FC were then assessed. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that whereas both factors significantly contribute to the response, inherent 5-FU sensitivity was substantially more important (beta= 0.78 versus 0.48; P < 0.001). Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of a single intratumoral injection of AdCMVCD followed by systemic 5-FC was assessed in three intracranial C.B17 severe combined immunodeficient mouse models of human glioma. AdCMVCD/5-FC efficacy was specific, virus dose-dependent, and closely paralleled in vitro 5-FU and CD/5-FC sensitivity in two of three models tested. These results reveal that glioma cells are as sensitive as GI tumor cells to the antineoplastic effects of 5-FU, identify inherent 5-FU sensitivity as an important factor in determining CD/5-FC efficacy, and confirm previous findings in rat models that demonstrate the potential clinical utility of AdCMVCD/5-FC gene therapy for gliomas.
The present paper reviewed the recent progresses on the chemical constituents and biological activities, as well as the classification and distribution of the mangrove. A perspective is made about the pharmaceutical potentials of the title plants.
A new triterpenoidal saponin has been isolated from the ethanolic extract of Acanthus illicifolius. It was shown to be [α-l-arabinofuranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl(1 → 3)]-3β-hydroxy-lup-20 (29)-ene.
A new testing method was used to observe on-line the dynamic wetting course of liquid resins on PE fabric. The measure procedures and data processing were introduced in detail. To aim at some applications of vinylester resins/polyethylene fiber composites, vinylester resins (VRs) were at first modified by three kinds of additives, including elastomer, liquid rubber and isocyanate-terminated prepolymer. Then the wetting behaviors of these modified resins on the surface polyethylene (PE) materials were observed. After they were modified by six kinds of elastomers, the infiltrate-steady-times of these resins on the surface of PE fabric all increased; only the contact angle of natural rubber-modified VR on the surface of PE film decreased. After VRs were toughened by three kinds of liquid rubbers, their wetting velocities all became slower and the contact angles on the surface of PE film all decreased. In addition, VRs were also modified by three kinds of isocyanate-terminated prepolymers, which were the products of different hydroxyl-terminated polymers reacted with methylene bisphenyl isocyanate and whose structures were characterized by means of GPC, DSC and FT-IR, respectively. The wetting state of these modified resins on the surface of PE materials suggested that the interfacial compatibility of modified VRs and PE fabric did not decrease at the same time when the other properties of vinylester resins changed.
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was used to establish the genetic relationship among six Sonneratia species in China. A total of 100 primers were screened, of which 11 polymorphic and informative patterns were selected to determine the genetic relationship. Four hundred and eighty five DNA bands were amplified, among which 481 bands (99.18%) were polymorphic. The average number of DNA bands amplified by each primer was 44. Similarity coefficients were calculated and a dendrogram was constructed by using UPGMA algorithm. The six Sonneratia species were divided into two major groups. Group I consisted of Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia×gulngai, Sonneratia alba, and Group II included Sonneratia×hainanensis, Sonneratia ovata and Sonneratia apetala. In Group I, S.×gulngai was close to S. alba, and in Group II, S.×hainanensis was close to S. ovata. The genetic relationships estimated by the polymorphism of ISSR markers are basically in agreement with those previously inferred by morphological data. Thus, ISSR approach is a reliable marker system that can be used to study genetic relationship in the genus Sonneratia.
Taraxerol, careaborin (taraxeryl trans-p-hydroxycinnamate), and the novel triterpenoid taraxeryl cis-p-hydroxycinnamate were isolated from the leaves of Rhizophora apiculata.
A general regiospecific synthesis of dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives 1a,c and 8a-i related to ellagic acid is described (Scheme I, Table I). The sequence involves directed ortho metalation-boronation of benzamides 4 to give the arylboronic acids 5, which, upon palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling with alkoxybromobenzenes 6 leads to the biphenylamides 7. BBr3 demethylation followed by acid-catalyzed cyclization affords pyranone 8. In this manner, the naturally occurring dibenzopyranones 1a, autumnariol (1c), and the heterocyclic analogue 13 (Scheme III) were efficiently prepared.
A series of benzo[c]chromen-6-ones are prepared by a Suzuki coupling and lactonization sequence starting with 2-methoxyphenylboronic acids and methyl 2-bromobenzoate derivatives. The use of ionic liquids in this synthesis has been explored. It was found that the Suzuki coupling proceeds much faster when a catalytic amount of the ionic liquid [BMIM][PF6] is used. By using the Lewis acidic ionic liquids [BMIM][Al2Cl7] or [TMAH][Al2Cl7] the methyl 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzoate product obtained from the Suzuki coupling can be converted to benzo[c]chromen-6-ones in one step, while the conventional route involves three steps. The use of ionic liquids is demonstrated in the synthesis of a variety of benzo[c]chromen-6-ones. It is also shown that the application of ionic liquids is not limited to laboratory scale experiments, as a process was developed and performed on a multi-kilogram scale. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The isolation of pentacyclic triterpenoids from seven species of fresh mangrove leaves using a simple and rapid method is described. The leaves were homogenized using chloroform—methanol and the extract was diluted with water to precipitate out triterpenoids which were separated into neutral and acidic fractions. These were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as acetyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on a 3% OV-17 column. Sterols were isolated from the chloroform layer by preparative thin layer chromatography and were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on a 3% OV-17 column. The triterpenoids found were α-amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in most of the samples. Sterols found in all the samples were cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and stigmast-7-en-3β-ol. Retention indices of the triterpenoids and sterols have been determined.
A compilation of the13C NMR data of a selected variety of naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoids, arranged skeletonwise, is provided. A bri
A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation. The assay detects living, but not dead cells and the signal generated is dependent on the degree of activation of the cells. This method can therefore be used to measure cytotoxicity, proliferation or activation. The results can be read on a multiwell scanning spectrophotometer (ELISA reader) and show a high degree of precision. No washing steps are used in the assay. The main advantages of the colorimetric assay are its rapidity and precision, and the lack of any radioisotope. We have used the assay to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.
The beta-D-glucoside, gentiobioside and 6-O-alpha-L-arabinosyl-beta-D-glucoside of benzyl alcohol, androsin and a new simple aliphatic glycoside, isopentylgentiobioside, have been found in the cell cultures of Lycopersicon esculentum. Their structures were elucidated from chemical and spectroscopic evidence.
Many human cervical and oral carcinomas express RNA of human papillomaviruses, and the RNA transcript provides a potential target for gene therapy of these carcinomas. Three hammerhead ribozymes that were targeted to RNA of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18) were cloned into a plasmid expression vector. Each plasmid was then transfected into the HPV-18-expressing cell line. HeLa, or the non-HPV-expressing oral cancer cell line, Tu167. None of the ribozymes had any effect on the phenotype of Tu167 cells. In contrast, each ribozyme affected the phenotype of HeLa cells, causing reduced growth rates, increased serum dependency, and reduced focus formation in soft agar. A molecule that had the same antisense sequences as a ribozyme but lacked the catalytic sequences affected the HeLa cell phenotype to a much lesser extent. The effects of two of the ribozymes could be attributed in part to an increased intracellular concentration of the tumor suppressor protein p53. The most effective ribozyme was targeted to nucleotide 309 in the HPV-18 transcript, but each of the three ribozymes appears to have potential for gene therapy of cancers that express HPV-18.
During the search for antimicrobial compounds from higher plant sources, a methanol extract of Ceanothus americanus demonstrated antimicrobial activity against selected oral pathogens. Through further bioassay-guided fractionation and purification, three triterpenes (ceanothic acid, 27-hydroxy ceanothic acid and ceanothetric acid) and two flavonoids (maesopsin and maesopsin-6-O-glucoside) were identified. Among these, ceanothetric acid and maesopsin-6-O-glucoside were new compounds. Ceanothic acid and ceanothetric acid demonstrated growth inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces viscosus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia with MICs ranging from 42 to 625 micrograms ml-1. Maesopsin, its glucoside, and 27-hydroxy ceanothic acid, were inactive below the concentration of 500 micrograms ml-1.
Two 2-hydroxy-2-benzylcoumaranone glycosides, 2,4, 6-trihydroxy-2-[(4'-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-3(2H)-benzofuranone-4-yl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (maesopsin 4-O-glucoside) (1) and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-2-[(4'-hydroxyphenyl) methyl]-3(2H)-benzofuranone-4-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosido-4'-y l-alpha-L -rhamnopyranoside (maesopsin 4-O-glucosido 4'-O-rhamnoside) (2), two neolignan glycosides, 2R-(E)-2, 3-dihydro-2-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxylphenyl)-5-(3"-hydroxy-1"-pro pen yl) -7-methoxy-3-benzofuranmethanol-4'-yl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3 )-[ beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(l-->2)]-beta-d-glucopyranoside (3) and (threo) 1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxy)-2-(4"-hydroxymethyl-2", 6"-dimethoxyphenoxy)-propane-1,3-diol-4'-yl-beta-d-glucopynosid e (4), and a phenylpropanoid glycoside, 3-methoxy-5-(2'-propenyl)-1, 2-benzenediol-1-yl-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D- glucopyransodie (5) were isolated from the bark of Hovenia trichocarea. Compounds 1-5 were named hovetricosides C-G, respectively, and their structures were established by extensive NMR experiments and chemical methods. Also obtained in this investigation were the known compounds acanthoside B, kelampayoside A, shashenoside I, and 3,4, 5-trimethoxyphenol-1-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D- glucopyranoside.
Antifungal activity was detected from Anemarrhena asphodeloides by the Bio-Cell Tracer (BCT) method. An active fraction was separated by silica gel column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. The molecular weight was determined by GC-MS, and the molecular structure was analyzed by IR, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR. The isolated compound was found to be identical to nyasol, (Z)-1, 3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadiene, which formerly appeared in the literature without any remark on the antifungal activity. This compound showed antimicrobial activity against 38 strains of fungi and five strains of bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 12.5 to 200 microg mL(-)(1), except for two strains based on the broth dilution method.
A nor-lignan and two sesquiterpenes, along with six known compounds, have been isolated from the medicinal plant Cremanthodium ellisii. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectral evidence, especially 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC).
Callus tissue cultures induced from an axenic leaf of Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae) produced triterpenes in large amounts (ca. 50 mg/g dry wt). Nine triterpenes were characterized as ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 2alpha-hydoxyursolic acid, maslinic acid, tormentic acid, 2alpha, 19alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid, hyptadienic acid and a mixture of 3-O-cis-p-coumaroyltormentic acid and 3-O-trans-p-coumaroyltormentic acid. The triterpene composition in the callus tissues was noticeably different from that in intact leaves. The contents of tormentic acid with antidiabetic action, and 2alpha, 19alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid with anti-HIV activity, were much larger than those in the intact leaves. All of the triterpenes isolated from the callus tissues showed an inhibitory effect comparable to (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) of green tea on the activation of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). 2alpha, 19alpha-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid was the most potent inhibitor among them and caused a significant delay of two-stage carcinogenesis on mouse skin.
Objective:
Isolation and structural elucidation of the constituents of China mangrove Sonneratia apetala.
Method:
chromatography methods were used for isolation of compounds, spectroscopic methods were used for structural identifyication.
Result:
seven known compounds named (+/-) symgaresinol, betulinic acid, lupeol, lupeone, stigmast-5-ene-3beta, 7alpha-diol, beta-alpha myrin hexadecaneate, physcoion were isolated.
Conclusion:
these known compouns were unreported previously from this plant.
The ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Centaurea scoparia Sieb. (Asteraceae) afforded five polyoxygenated flavones apigenin, luteolin, salvigenin, cirsimaritin, and hispidulin, the two lignans (-)-matairesinol and (-)-arctigenin together with omega-hydroxypropioguaiacone and vanillin. The structure elucidations of the isolated compounds are based on spectroscopic methods including 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Some proton and carbon signals are revised or newly reported.
Cancer stem cells have been isolated from human gliomas and many other parenchymal tumors. It was previously assumed that many established malignant cell lines also contain a rare subpopulation of stem cells. This study was designed to investigate the fraction of cancer stem cells in the C6 glioma cell line using clonal and population analyses, rather than isolating methods, which are based on specific markers. Interestingly, in the serum-containing medium, each of the 67 single C6 cells plated per miniwell was able to generate a clone and subclones, which subsequently gave rise to a xenograft glioma in the BALB/C-nude mouse. The CD133- C6 cells also possessed clonogenic, self-renewal, and tumorigenic capacities. Moreover, our findings indicated that brief exposure to Hoechst 33342 was harmful to the clonogenicity and proliferation of individual C6 cells. Therefore, the non-side-population cells may be deprived of their stem cell features in the process of Hoechst 33342 staining as a step in isolating a Hoechst-negative side population with flow cytometry. Thus, we concluded that the C6 line was mainly composed of cancer stem cells, although many of them were neither CD133+ nor side population.
Three known phenolic compounds, (-)-(R)-nyasol (= 4,4'-(1Z,3R)-Penta-1,4-diene-1,3-diyldiphenol; 1), its derivative 2, and broussonin A (3)--isolated from the rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides--were for the first time identified as the active principles capable of efficient respiratory-syncytial-virus (RSV) inhibition. The IC50 values of 1-3 against the RSV-A2 strain, propagated in HEp-2 cells, were determined, their activities being higher than that of the standard antiviral drug ribavirin (IC50 = 1.15 microM). In addition, the known, but inactive, compound 'trans-N-(para-coumaroyl)tyramine' (= (2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]prop-2-enamide; 4) was isolated from this plant for the first time.
This review describes more than 600 new examples of naturally occurring flavonoids found either as aglycones or glycosides, comprising flavones, flavonols, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, flavanones, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanidins and anthocyanins. The main topics addressed are source, identification, biological activity, biosynthesis, synthesis, and ecological or chemosystematic significance, and 514 references are cited.
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