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Social innovation and climate adaptation: Local collective action in diversifying Tanzania
Abstract
In African communities, informal associations are becoming increasingly important in shaping and mediating local adaptation practices. The study suggests that the concept of social innovation is useful for analyzing climate adaptation in the multiscale institutional environments with complex vulnerability contexts. Small-scale local associations have a potential to facilitate collective experimentation and risk management, contributing to the resilience and sustainability of the social-ecological system. Ethnographic focus is on the informal associations of economic cooperation and dispute mediation of Kuria people of northwest Tanzania, and the ways these institutional forms facilitate resource management and the negotiation of difference under income diversification. Organizational features of the groups are examined that facilitate social innovation and alternative patterns of communication, effecting flexible and relational connections between scales. The study examines the features of the local institutions that have a potential to enhance local adaptive capacity, and discusses possible challenges to sustainable climate adaptation.Highlights► Informal institutions in Africa affect local adaptive capacity to climate change. ► Kuria mutual help groups in Tanzania help improve climate resilience of the marginal. ► They facilitate resource management and dispute negotiation under ongoing income diversification. ► Social innovation is an important element in enhancing local adaptive capacity. ► Multiscale institutional involvement enables to address challenges to sustainable adaptation.
... The current context of the water and climate crisis, social inequities, and the premise that local resource users are capable of adapting, suggest the utility of identifying CBA measures for the water sector. When identifying CBA measures, it is important to remember that "CBA is, by definition, contextual and place specific" (Forsyth, 2017, p. 12) and that communities are not homogenous units, but made up of individuals with varying needs and priorities (Rodima-Taylor, 2012). Additionally, all human use of and interaction with natural resources happens within a complex social-ecological system (Ostrom, 2009a): "there are no simple, definitive, or universal rules that govern these systems, because we will always have incomplete knowledge of them and their relations with larger systems" (Ostrom, 2009b, cited in Morçöl, 2014. ...
... Bardhan, 2000;Hicks & Peña, 2003;Ostrom, 2000;Van Steenbergen, 2006). The capacity for collective action is a determining factor in community adaptation to climaterelated challenges (Adger, 2003;Karim & Thiel, 2017;Rodima-Taylor 2012). ...
We are facing a global water crisis exacerbated by hydro-climatic extremes related to climate change. Water scarcity is expected to increasingly affect indigenous and marginalized populations. Supporting the sovereignty of indigenous and rural populations to create water secure futures through place-based knowledge, local management, and Community-based Adaptation (CBA) measures may help tackle this crisis. Zapotec communities in Oaxaca, Mexico have self-organized for collective action to use Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) to address water scarcity, resulting in a perceived increase of groundwater availability. Treating groundwater as a common-pool resource (CPR) within a sociohydrological system, the objectives of this paper are two-fold: (1) to explore how MAR may be implemented as a CBA measure, and (2) to understand what factors triggered and/or enabled the widespread implementation of MAR by Zapotec indigenous communities in the Valles Centrales of Oaxaca, Mexico. In doing so, we aim to get a better understanding of local processes while also furthering theories that relate to CBA, CPR, and sociohydrology. This paper was born from the desire of the Zapotec community members to share their experience and lessons learned so other drought-vulnerable communities might benefit.
... Such initiatives, products, processes or programs are transformative in nature and help realizing sustainable socio-ecological systems . Current socio-ecological resilience research mainly focuses on resilience in urban systems, the role of local institutions to enhance adaptive capacities and participatory governance approaches to facilitate social innovation (Baker and Mehmood 2015;Cole et al. 2018;Frantzeskaki 2019;Radywyl and Bigg 2013;Rodima-Taylor 2012). ...
... Place-based approaches such as urban community gardens (Baker and Mehmood 2015;Gruenewald 2008) and nature-based solutions such as urban green commons (Dorst, van der Jagt, Raven, and Runhaar 2019;Frantzeskaki 2019) and permanent supportive housing (Parkinson and Parsell 2018) are a few examples for such social innovation initiatives. These social innovations occur within the embedded scales of the adaptive system and indicate the participatory, informal and institutional dimensions of adaptation (Rodima-Taylor 2012). ...
LINK TO THE SITE: https://www.igi-global.com/book/theoretical-practical-approaches-social-innovation/244507 ----------
Social innovation is identified as a mechanism response to burning social challenges and the evolution of hybrid organizations such as social enterprises. As a result, there is an overwhelming growing interest among researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to know more about the significant concept of social innovation. Despite this significance, it is often argued that the meaning of social innovation is ambiguous and vague with theory lagging social innovation practice as the field is nascent, emerging, and remains underdeveloped. This may impede the research endeavors of conceptualizing and establishing its socio-economic underpinnings and the legitimization of the field.
Theoretical and Practical Approaches to Social Innovation illuminates and consolidates multiple views of social innovation theory, research, and practice, which to date have not been presented in one publication. The book provides an in-depth theoretical and practical understanding coupled with an assessment of the current research in multidisciplinary perspectives complemented by case studies representing each knowledge cluster in social innovation research. In this unique way, this book links theory to practice demonstrating praxis. While highlighting topics such as social enterprise, urban studies, management, ecological resilience, and social policy and networks, this book is ideal for students, academics, practitioners, researchers, and entrepreneurs looking to expand their knowledge, skills, and passion, and to sustainably pursue their social missions to bring about real social change that can transform communities and ignite innovative approaches to solving social challenges.
... The reconfiguration of social relations between these actors promoted by this collaboration resulted in the 'muvuca do Cerrado', an innovative technique that consists of directly planting seeds of Cerrado species(Sampaio et al., 2020). The success of this technique and the consecutive efforts to expand its adoption increased the demand for native seeds in the region and led to the formation of the ACP + RSC joint venture.Local experimentation encourages collective learning, giving local agents the competitive advantage of promoting their local adaptive capacities(Rodima-Taylor, 2012). Recognising the potential of this technology to generate tangible benefits, nearby communities, such as the Kalunga people, engaged in a major seed collection effort, leading to the formation of the Cerrado em Pé Association (ACP).This practical experience also emphasises the importance of flexible and participatory management systems combined with continuous experimentation to promote SI(Nicholls & Murdock, 2012). ...
To investigate whether and how Social Innovation (SI) can contribute to transformative change, we explored nine Native Seed Collectors Networks (NSCNs) in Brazil. Employing Social Network Analysis, we delved into the organisational structure of four NSCNs. Additionally, we identified five instances of social innovations (SIs) using the guiding questions of the Social Innovation—Forest and Landscape Restoration (SI‐FLR) framework.
These networks, which received a total of US 1.01 million for 997 seed collectors, 46% of whom are from traditional communities and marginalised groups. Furthermore, 55% of these collectors are women, and 23% rely solely on seed collection as their only source of income.
While the NSCNs represent a fledgling economy, they have effectively activated local agency capacity. With the support of the NSCNs' social capital, a favourable context and clear motivations, this agency capacity can trigger SIs. By generating positive impacts, these SIs are changing values and empowering local agents (scaling deep), inspiring agents in other geographies (scaling out) and even influencing policies favourable to socially inclusive landscape restoration (scaling up). This three‐dimensional scaling underscores the catalysing power of SI in NSCNs and their potential contribution to transformative change.
We also emphasise the role of public bodies in promoting enabling conditions, the vital role of local experimentation and the rarely evidenced local agency capacity to leverage SIs in FLR.
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... For instance, Michler and Josephson (2017) observed a strong positive impact of agricultural diversity towards reducing poverty in Ethiopia. Other studies on Africa observed that diversification could assist mitigation of risks (Porter, 2012;Rodima-Taylor, 2012). Diversification among South Asian nations like India and Nepal reveals similar outcomes of diversification's progressive, positive effect on risk minimization and poverty reduction (Gautam & Andersen, 2016;Khan, Jamshed, Fatima, & Dhamija, 2019, pp. ...
Enterprise risk management has become one of the crucial steps for households in attaining resilience in their livelihood decisions. However, households must prioritize diversifying their enterprises to effectively tackle the risk factors that propagate negative externalities (i.e., poverty) and obtain resilience in livelihood decisions. As such, this paper assesses households' risk management strategies considering the heterogeneities in the diversification levels in rural Bangladesh by harnessing data from 90 participating farm households from September 2016 to March 2017. We also explore the deterministic factors linked to diversification strategies. The findings of the multivariate regression analysis depict that education, occupation choice, asset portfolio, and family size are the significant determinants of a household's livelihood diversification choices. Shannon diversity index and livelihood typologies like 'Type 66' and 'Type 75' strategies have been used to assess household risk levels and family earning diversities. The overall diversity index (4.3) reveals that the respondents were moderately diversified. Typology studies confirm that the households in Ishwarganj and Haluaghat are more diversified (earning from multiple sources) than in Gouripur. For instance, under the 'Type 75' strategy, households in Ishwarganj earn 33% of the total income from crop-non-farm combined, and households in Haluaghat earn only 3% of their income solely from livestock. However, respondents in Gouripur earn most of their income from single sources (24% solely from crops under 'Type 66'), and therefore, they are the least diversified and are most likely to be affected by risk. Moreover, FGT and Sen index outcomes of poverty show that BDT 4126 and 5776/ year, respectively, are required to improve the poor status of the households where the poverty line is BDT 58,947.
... En la investigación estudiamos tres formas de innovaciones socioambientales en los territorios: a) las innovaciones desde abajo surgen a partir de las acciones colectivas que emprenden los actores en un contexto territorial particular para resolver problemas que afectan el desarrollo cotidiano de las actividades productivas en sus comunidades (Rodima-Taylor, 2012;Helmsing y Enzama, 2016;Hasanov y Zuidema, 2022); b) las innovaciones verticales/jerárquicas se refieren a políticas instrumentadas por instancias gubernamentales, mediante la imposición de medidas de manejo de recursos o conservación ambiental que los actores locales debieran acatar (Torres et al., 2017); y c) las innovaciones multi-escalares se refieren a las iniciativas de conservación y/o certificación ambiental que se instrumentan con la participación de actores en distintas escalas, para promover prácticas sustentables de pesca y la inserción de los pescadores en redes de comercio más benéficas (Bush y Oosterveer, 2019). ...
El objetivo del artículo consiste en construir tipologías de las dinámicas de la gobernanza territorial en torno a la organización de la pesca de langosta espinosa en las reservas de la biósfera de Sian Ka'an y Banco Chinchorro, en Quintana Roo, México. Con base en el estudio de la organización social y las redes que los pescadores construyen con actores externos, elaboramos tres tipologías de gobernanza que explican las diversas trayectorias de desarrollo de las seis comunidades de pescadores que se ubican en las dos reservas: 1) la gobernanza participativa e incluyente se construye en ambientes de confianza que permiten procesos de toma de decisiones más equitativos y la construcción de instituciones sólidas para la preservación del recurso langostero; 2) la gobernanza excluyente y en conflicto se caracteriza por tener capacidades limitadas para la cooperación y la acción colectiva, lo cual se expresa en acuerdos poco democráticos e instituciones frágiles para la conservación ambiental; y 3) la gobernanza en transición hacia la inclusión se presenta en territorios donde se está reconstruyendo el tejido social comunitario para generar una cultura de la pesca responsable. Concluimos que la construcción de tipologías de gobernanza ayuda a comprender la complejidad de los procesos de negociación que resultan en una gran variedad de arreglos institucionales y trayectorias de desarrollo de las organizaciones de pescadores a escala local.
... Informal mutual aid networks also play a role in developing and mediating adaptation practices, and have the potential to facilitate collective experimentation and even risk management, thus contributing to the resilience and sustainability of the socio-ecological system (Rodima-Taylor, 2012). The essence of mutual aid manifests itself on the one hand through the mobilization of social forces such as neighborhoods and volunteers, and on the other through the optimal use of the free time of various human resources and low-cost services (Zhou, 2021). ...
Introduction
The multiple constraints of urban agriculture have prompted farmers in Lubumbashi to turn to informal mutual aid networks. The survey data collected from 88 farmers chosen at random from the 202 farmers previously interviewed enabled us to decipher the crucial role of mutual aid in maintaining urban farms.
Methods
The survey data collected from 88 farmers chosen at random from the 202 farmers previously interviewed enabled us to decipher the crucial role of mutual aid in maintaining urban farms.
Results
The results show that 79.5% of the surveyed farmers resort to mutual aid to ensure the vegetable production cycle. More specifically, this mutual aid consists in sharing resources, for which the farmer would interact 15.1 times with other farmers, and in sharing agricultural know-how, for which the farmer would interact 11.6 times with other farmers. Four categories of resources are defined in this mutual aid network: highly exchanged resources with a high exchange intensity (hoes, watering cans, plant protection products and chicken droppings), highly exchanged resources with a low exchange intensity (land capital, spades, and seeds), lowly exchanged resources with a low exchange intensity (motor pumps and buckets) and non-exchanged resources (financing, labor, chemical fertilizers). Agricultural know-how such as soil preparation, soil fertility management, pest control and sales techniques are widely shared. Characteristics such as gender, age, experience, religious affiliation, and farmer status in the household are statistically significant explanatory factors of mutual aid. In addition, neighborhood relations, kinship and religious affiliation are social ties that enable farmers to help each other.
Discussion
The results provide useful information on the crucial role played by informal mutual aid networks in maintaining urban farms in the face of the negative consequences of chaotic urbanisation and climate change. The study recommends that policymakers and agricultural extension services take these networks into account when drawing up policies for disseminating innovations. For, although informal, they constitute powerful and inexpensive channels of communication in an inoperative institutional context of urban agriculture.
... Individuals whose livelihoods depend on one activity, and who have less access to community resources, are those who are most at risk [7,692]. Resilient livelihoods can be promoted through increased diversification, cooperation, and exchange, all of which can be facilitated by ML systems. ...
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, and we, as machine learning (ML) experts, may wonder how we can help. Here we describe how ML can be a powerful tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping society adapt to a changing climate. From smart grids to disaster management, we identify high impact problems where existing gaps can be filled by ML, in collaboration with other fields. Our recommendations encompass exciting research questions as well as promising business opportunities. We call on the ML community to join the global effort against climate change.
... Governments are typically the main actors in national-level climate governance. As a result, there have been several multistakeholder collaborations that act as venues for social innovation on climate change during the past ten years in Africa (Rodima-Taylor, 2012; Selsky and Parker, 2005) [88,94] . These partnerships provide possibilities and synergies for information exchange, idea development, issue resolution, and the funding necessary to launch, scale up, and maintain climate-smart activities nationally and regionally (Mulgan et al., 2007) [76] . ...
The challenge of addressing climate change in Africa cannot be overestimated. It will require a substantial transformation of the present economic development model and multi-stakeholder partnerships to mitigate and adapt effectively to its impacts in Africa. Researchers increasingly suggest that climate change has intensified the frequency of droughts, floods, and other environmental disasters across sub-Saharan Africa. In response to the resulting array of climate induced challenges, various stakeholders are working collectively to build climate resilience in rural and urban communities and trans-continentally. This paper examines key climate resilience-building projects that have been implemented across sub-Saharan Africa through multi-stakeholder partnerships. It uses a vulnerabilities assessment approach to examine the strategic value of these projects in managing the mitigation of climate shocks and long-term environmental changes. There are still many challenges to building climate resilience in the region, but through multi-stakeholder partnerships, sub-Saharan African nations are expanding their capacity to pool resources and build collective action aimed at financing and scaling up innovative climate solutions. This paper concludes that multi-stakeholder partnerships are increasingly being utilized for pooling the economic and technical resources needed to finance and scale up innovative climate resilience projects in developing countries in Africa.
... 91 This shift highlights the central role of institutions as facilitating and structuring local actions to strengthen resiliency among communities. 92 O'Riordan and Jordan defined institutions as ''the multitude of means for holding society together for giving it a sense of purpose, and for enabling it to adapt.'' 93 Institutions use structures of power and relationships in organizations with leaders, participation, resources, and knowledge, to socialize approaches of looking at the world that is shaped by communication, communities' cultural values, and forms of active collaboration. ...
For too long climate change addressed as an environmental issue without truly articulating that this is first
and foremost a social/environmental justice issue. Using a justice framework that includes the principles
of distribution, recognition, and procedural, this article explores how innovation can address causes of
climate injustice. The article highlights opportunities for introducing social and technological innovation
in two areas: communities and institutions. The discussion of these two areas underscores the many
potential roles of social and technological innovation: (1) to handle the impacts of extreme weather in
communities; and (2) to create climate and energy resilient institutions. Furthermore, the article shows that
this (in)justice framework is useful to better capture the role of innovations in the reduction of existing
inequalities. This study calls attention to the pivotal role that innovative social and technological approaches play in finding solutions for climate injustice.
... The issue of power or bargaining power (Bardhan 2001, Knight & North 1997, Knight & Ensminger 1998, Platteau & Sekeris 2010, Sick 2002 leads to a strong focus of empirical work on the role of authority, elites and kinship (Cleaver 2002, Haller 2002a, and to questions of authority, decision making, conflicts, monitoring and sanctioning, solidarity and cooperation, depending often on concepts of ethnicity, lineage, kinship, and networks of patron-client and friendship (Agrawal 1997, Bollig 2006, Naess & Bårdsen 2015, Nugent & Sanchez 1993, Thébaud & Batterbury 2001, Van Ufford & Zaal 2004. Effects of the changes on economic wellbeing are mostly addressed in a sense of wealth distribution and especially inequality among community members (Andersson & Agrawal 2011, Bardhan, Ghatak & Karaivanov 2007, Beyene 2009a, Galaty 1981, Lesorogol 2003, Sick 2008, Rodima-Taylor 2012. Also discounting rates (Haller 2002a) are found to play a role. ...
It is well known that the development and adaptation capacities of rural communities in the developing world largely depend on the flexibility of the communities’ ‘social structure’ (the community as a norm-group itself, together with its ‘institutions’ as the legal, moral and ideological framework). ‘Structures’ that have been identified by research as being crucial for rural livelihoods are found to be specific non-market security structures that are based on concepts of solidarity, reciprocity, and kinship. It is also widely acknowledged that ‘agency’ (understood as the decision-making and action-taking of individuals, including their aims to influence others) also plays a role. However, very little is known about how the interplay between ‘structure’ and ‘agency’ shapes institutional change and adaptation. Specifically, proper analytical frameworks for analyzing this interplay are missing. This dissertation aims to contribute to our understanding of development and adaptation capacities of rural communities against the backdrop of current mechanisms of social security and their evolution, to the interplay of different factors in such processes of institutional change, and the relationship between structure and agency, as well as to the required development of appropriate analytical frameworks. Empirical research was conducted on the Mahafaly Plateau in South-West Madagascar with three detailed micro-studies on cases of change, analyzing them through the lens of Contemporary Classical Institutional Economics and the Framework for Modeling Institutional Change (Ensminger 1992), then proposing suggestions on how to improve the framework. The cases reveal that indeed ‘agency’ is an important factor shaping institutional change on the local or regional level. Institutional change is found to be both driven by collective action as well as evolutionary mechanisms. Importantly, agency is influencing both of these mechanisms. The results may be transferred to other rural societies of the developing world that also base the enforcement of their formal institutions on orality, ideologically value personal freedom and procedural liberty, and show a high diversity of institutions of all kinds. For such societies, the results suggest that the societal environment on the one hand favors adaptation on the level of individuals or small groups and allows these actions to evolutionary change institutions. On the other hand, adaptation based on designed institutional change and collective action is difficult to plan and execute. The framework applied to the cases is shown to be suitable as it allows us to shed light on changes in institutions including ideology as a result of the interplay between individual actors and their behavior, changes in external factors such as relative prices, the constellations of actors, and their bargaining power. By modifying the framework by adding ‘agency’ as one of the core elements, the analysis becomes even more comprehensive.
... Formal, top-down policy-making therefore often fails to achieve the expected impacts as it is frequently opposed by persistent local institutional settings (ibid.). By paying special attention to these processes behind institutional change, nuances between and the interplay of formal and informal institutions on various geographical scales can be analysed jointly (Chhetri et al., 2012;Rodima-Taylor, 2012). ...
Due to ‘dark sides’ of global value chain integration, a growing body of literature engages with regional value chains (RVC) as alternative strategy for inclusive regional development. To date, we know little about the conditions and actors under which RVCs evolve. Research dominantly highlights the role of regional lead firms, such as supermarket chains in food RVC, and state interventions. However, the role of other stakeholders such as public organisations and civil society at the local remains unclear. Therefore, the embeddedness of RVCs in multiple institutional layers and their exposure to institutional change needs consideration to understand how they evolve. The analysis of an emerging horticulture RVC in Namibia allows disentangling the interactions of state-driven market protection, firm-driven standardisation, and civil-society-driven collective action by analysing the processes of institutional layering underlying value chain governance. This study asks (1) how public, private and civil society governance forms hamper or foster the expansion of RVCs, and (2) how the layering of various institutions can create synergies rather than frictions. The case study helps to develop a grounded understanding of multi-layered governance, which is a crucial step to understand how RVCs can contribute to inclusive economic development in peripheral, rural areas.
... Apart from the above livelihood adaptation strategies, communities also develop collective-action driven informal institutional strategies for livelihood diversification through product marketing, new approaches for getting access to livelihood assets or for generating seasonal or permanent migration opportunities to abroad or urban areas where there are more opportunities available (Rahman et al., 2018c;Rodima-Taylor, 2012;Soubry et al., 2020b). Although these institutional innovations may not ensure livelihood sustainability, they offer alternative livelihood strategies through the redistribution of resources required for innovation (Agarwal et al., 2012;Agrawal and Perrin, 2008;Karlsson and Hovelsrud, 2015). ...
Planned adaptations are commonly adopted by governments considering large-scale socio-economic and political interventions, while local communities innovate their adaptive responses using locally available resources – also known as autonomous adaptation. Congruence between planned and autonomous adaptation is needed to develop a concerted and effective effort to minimize the negative impacts of context-specific vulnerability. This paper offers a systematic framework for building congruence between planned and autonomous adaptation using a six-step approach to guide their integration while maintaining an environment for future autonomous innovations. We applied this framework to previously conducted case studies in Spain, Bangladesh and Canada, revealing key lessons for using autonomous adaptation as leverage points for sustainable climate adaptation.
... A second theme that has gained visibility over the years in this group is Social innovation, which is a growing body of research focused on innovation to tackle social and societal challenges affecting the most vulnerable communities and shows some early linkages with the literature on socio-technical (sustainability) transitions (Prasad 2016). It also deals with innovation in urban governance, community development and social networks (Rodima-Taylor 2012;Scheffran, Marmer, and Sow 2012). These themes are explicitly focused on societal challenges and issues around adoption of innovative technologies and practices. ...
This article examines how the literature on innovation in developing countries has developed in the social science-related disciplines over the last two decades. While increasing fourfold in the last decade compared to the decade before, the bulk is on middle-income emerging economies. These emerging economies, especially China, increasingly shape the thematic orientation of the literature. In this respect, low-income countries remain marginal, and research on them is rather fragmented. Furthermore, new disciplinary fields that did not exist or were small 20 years ago have been central in the literature's overall advance. Yet, it is mainly informed by theoretical concepts developed in the rich world and outside innovation and development studies. However, we argue that the innovation and development research community is well positioned to inform this increasing interest in innovation in developing countries. To do so, it should strengthen its core with grounded theory building, seek complementarities with other theoretical traditions, and endorse openness and collaboration with development research in domains such as agriculture, energy and health. This may strengthen the ability of the community to better inform policies for societal change.
... Also, in articles aligning with weak sustainability, social innovation was about local solutions for local or global (environmental) problems (e.g. Angelidou and Psaltoglou, 2017;Baker and Mehmood, 2015;Rodima-Taylor, 2012). Argued by Castro-Spila et al. (2018), social innovations are micro innovations bound by their local contexts and participants. ...
New technologies, market-based solutions, and regulation have proven inadequate in remedying today's human caused ecological crises. This suggests that detrimental social practices need to be fundamentally changed. While social innovation is one possible approach for such change, a comprehensive picture of research on social innovation in relation to ecological challenges is missing. Therefore, with an emphasis on so-called strong sustainability, this article's purpose was to investigate social innovation's potential in relation to ecological crises, to identify important gaps, and advance research implications. A systematic literature review of social innovation research that address environmental issues was carried out, and the resulting literature was analyzed according to sustainability and five dimensions of social innovation. To reap more of social innovation's potential in our time of ecological crises, we suggest a move in social innovation research towards strong sustainability and propose such research avenues within each of the five dimensions of social innovation: conceptualization, environmental needs and challenges, key resources, capabilities, and constraints, types of governance, networks and actors, and, finally, process dynamics for strongly sustainable social innovation.
... rough social capital, Jordan [22] opines that members within the social network may converge for gatherings be it for entertainment but later for some constructive purposes. Lastly, Rodima-Taylor [23] mentions that unlike other forms capital, social capital is much more democratically distributed, and this becomes a powerful engine of social mobility where it sanctions effective norms and information channels between members who share similar values and norms. ...
The livelihoods of rural people have been plagued by the precarious impacts of climate change–related disasters manifesting through floods, heat waves, droughts, cyclones, and erratic temperatures. However, they have not remained passive victims to these impacts. In light of this, rural people are on record of employing a plethora of adaptation strategies to cushion their livelihoods from climate change impacts. In this vew, the role of social capital as a determinant of climate change adaptation is underexplored. Little attention has been paid to how social capital fostered through trust and cooperation amongst rural households and communities is essential for climate change adaptation. This study explored how people in Mazungunye communal lands are embracing social capital to adapt to climate change impacts. The researchers adopted a qualitative research approach guided by the descriptive research design. The population of the study was gathered through simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Accordingly, the population sample consisted of 25 research participants drawn from members of the community following the simple random and purposive sampling techniques. In-depth individual interviews and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Data were analysed through the Thematic Content Analysis. This study established that different forms of social capital are being embraced by the community members to withstand the effects of climate change. These include village savings clubs (fushai), chief’s granary (Zunde raMambo), collective field work (nhimbe), and destocking of livestock (kuronzera) strategies. These strategies illustrate community reliance on indigenous knowledge adaptation strategies as a community response to impacts of climate change on their livelihoods.
... Furthermore, reciprocity among neighbors through exchange or lending of food or resources may explain the positive relationship between household social capital and food security (Martin et al., 2004;Quetulio-Navarra et al., 2017) and the negative relationship between social support and health outcomes (Ahmadi et al., 2017). Pooled resources among informal community groups help mitigate risk and better incorporate poor and vulnerable community members, resulting in better success in livelihood activities and an increased resilience and ability to adapt to climate change (Rodima-Taylor, 2012). ...
Agricultural adaptation to climate change is critical for ensuring future food security. Social capital is important for climate change adaptation, but institutions and social networks at multiple scales (e.g., household, community, and institution) have been overlooked in studying agricultural climate change adaptation. We combine data from 13 sites in 11 low-income countries in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia to explore how multiple scales of social capital relate to household food security outcomes among smallholder farmers. Using social network theory, we define three community organizational social network types (fragmented defined by lack of coordination, brokered defined as having a strong central actor, or shared defined by high coordination) and examine household social capital through group memberships. We find community and household social capital are positively related, with higher household group membership more likely in brokered and shared networks. Household group membership is associated with more than a 10% reduction in average months of food insecurity, an effect moderated by community social network type. In communities with fragmented and shared organizational networks, additional household group memberships is associated with consistent decreases in food insecurity, in some cases up to two months; whereas in brokered networks, reductions in food insecurity are only associated with membership in credit groups. These effects are confirmed by hierarchical random effects models, which control for demographic factors. This suggests that multiple scales of social capital—both within and outside the household—are correlated with household food security. This social capital may both be bridging (across groups) and bonding (within groups) with different implications for how social capital structure affects food security. Efforts to improve food security could recognize the potential for both household and community level social networks and collaboration, which further research can capture by analyzing multiple scales of social capital data.
... This is especially important when they are being asked to take action to adapt in an environment of high uncertainty (Siegrist and Cvetkovich 2000). Vertical social capital includes the degree and quality of participatory decision making between farmers, communities, and public and sector bodies, which can increase the ability for collective agreement and action on climate adaptation (Adger 2003, Rodima-Taylor 2012. Management structure and culture ...
Agriculture is a major economic driver in Aotearoa-New Zealand (New Zealand), led by export earnings from dairy farming. Dairying is uniquely exposed to climatic- and nonclimatic socioeconomic stressors, which have their greatest effects on production and yield. The growing need to consider these and other changes is accelerating efforts aimed at ensuring greater resilience, adaptability, and flexibility within the industry. To gain insight into these dynamics at the farm-level, a resilience-based assessment framework was piloted with three different types of dairy farming systems, following extensive drought on the east coast of the North Island. Using a participatory and bottom-up approach, the framework was used to qualitatively explore the potential significance of varying social, economic, and agroecological attributes between high-input, low-input, and organic systems, and their implications for resilience. The “lock in trap” of highly intensive systems, although profitable in the near term, may be less resilient to climate shocks because these are likely to occur in conjunction with changing market and financial risks. Low-input systems are less dependent, in particular, on fossil fuels and are associated with higher levels of farmer satisfaction and well-being. Organic farming provides ecological benefits, and the financial premium paid to farmers may act as a short-term buffer. The framework provides insight into the current context at the farm level and can draw out individual perspectives on where to target interventions and build resilience. Results demonstrate the potential of in-depth qualitative assessments of resilience, which can usefully complement quantitative metrics. The framework can be used as the basis for further empirical assessment and inform the design of similar approaches for cross-sector comparative analysis, large-N surveys, or modelling. Furthermore, the preliminary characterization of resilient farm-systems has the potential to contribute to broader sustainability frameworks for agriculture and can inform strategic adaptation planning in the face of climate change.
... This suggests that adequacy and timeliness of water delivery are critical for rice crop choice. Thus, our findings echo the importance of policies that strengthen community-based institutions as an adaptation strategy (Amaru & Chhetri, 2013;Rodima-Taylor, 2012;Thapa & Scott, 2019). ...
Change in crop choice is a common adaptation strategy for global change. However, its drivers are not well understood. We investigate the multilevel determinants of smallholders’ crop choice in irrigated agriculture of Central Nepal. We build upon previous studies and consider four levels of determinants: households, irrigation systems, local and regional market systems, and climatic conditions. Using primary survey data of 316 farmers from 9 farmer-managed irrigation systems in the Trishuli-Narayani sub-basin of Central Nepal, among other results, we document that smallholder farmers are likely to choose rice during the monsoon season if they are experienced and farm in the irrigation systems fed by large rivers. Water stress affects the crop choice mainly in two ways. In irrigation systems fed by large rivers, farmers located towards the tail-end of the canal are less likely to plant rice due to water stress. Farmers living in the irrigation systems that are fed by small and medium-size rivers are more likely to choose less water-demanding crops. Market integration is also a key determinant of crop choice. We discuss the implications of our findings for climate-resilient adaptation strategies in Central Nepal.
... Associated with these changes are extreme events such as floods and a rise in human, crop, and animal diseases. Together, these changes adversely affect crop, mobility, and migration patterns among rural communities (Rodima-Taylor 2012). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathways to enhance resilience
to increased climate variability and directional change among pastoral
households in Simanjiro District in Northern Tanzania. The study used household
survey and rainfall and temperature data. Results indicate increasing temperature
and decreasing precipitation trends over the past four decades. Also, extreme
climatic events, particularly drought, have become more frequent. Food and
water insecurity are key factors causing an increased household vulnerability.
Increased climate change-induced malaria prevalence poses additional health
risks. Household adaptive strategies include livelihood diversification and migration. Local institutions are instrumental in enhancing climate change resilience
at the local level. We conclude that livelihood diversification and migration
are key pathways to enhancing households’ climate change resilience.
... In addition, social innovations are also found useful in facilitating adaptations to climate change. For instance, in Africa and Tanzania, small-scale, community-based informal associations are gaining popularity in modelling and facilitating local adaptation practices (Rodima-Taylor, 2012). The significance of social innovations in addressing climate change problems is that they help foster linkages through collective actions at the local level, thus adding a new dimension to the institutional dynamics in climate action. ...
Globally, climate change impacts are manifold, severely affecting the agriculture sector. Climate resilient agriculture (CRA) is viewed as a panacea for overcoming the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. This article critically reviews the literature on CRA to delineate the emerging patterns of climate-resilient agriculture. It explores multiple dimensions of CRA as related to practices, technologies, policies, innovations and interventions across different parts of the world. In the end, a schematic approach towards undertaking empirical research on CRA in the Indian context. The review found that, globally, CRA practices mainly include systematic strategies for management of critical inputs, namely, land and water, cropping systems and livelihood management. It emerges that innovations and institutions have a crucial role in accelerating the rate of adoption of CRA practices. The article highlights the need for undertaking more empirical research to get a deeper understanding of the emerging patterns of CRA in the Indian context.
... Mental health services need to be integrated with local community programs, stakeholders, and local government. [19][20][21] A wide range of community coping strategies used to help the healing process include self-introspection, expressed feelings, improved spiritual well-being, and volunteers. Community adaptations are related to local resources and mental illness. ...
Background: People with severe mental illness have the ability to live a satisfactory and independent life with the help of the community. Their adaptation to life’s challenges is a dynamic process, and the community plays an important role. This research, therefore, aims to address the question of how social capital, demographic factors, and coping strategies affect the community’s ability to adapt to people with severe mental illness.
Design and methods: The multi-stage random sampling was used to obtain data from 137 respondents from rural society using an analytic observational design and cross-sectional approach. In addition, the Somers’ D test was used to measure the effect of social capital, demographic factors, and coping strategies on community adaptation.
Results: The results showed a significant effect of social capital, demographic factors, and the coping strategy of community adaptation (P<0.05). Based on empirical research, access to social
capital is critical in fostering community adaptation through its
social participation, network, trust, coping strategies, and cooperation.
... Locally, they have been used to foster interactions between farmers, local authorities, and service providers to involve them in the designing, implementation, and assessment of solutions, and consequently enhance the innovative capacity of farmers ( Dabire et al. 2017;Kilelu, Klerkx, and Leeuwis 2013;Nederlof, Wongtschowski, and van der Lee 2011). Despite a shift in the research on CC towards acknowledging the role of institutions and collective actions to jointly develop local solutions ( Chhetri et al. 2012;Cooper and Wheeler 2015;Eriksen and Selboe 2012;Rodima-Taylor 2012), the relevance of IPs as spaces to implement CSA remains unexplored. ...
The main purpose of this work was analyzing how an innovation platform can foster and provide a basis for multi-actor collaboration in order to enable climate-smart agriculture (CSA) implementation at the local level. Using a mix of social (interactions between stakeholders, knowledge changes, adoption of practices) and technical indicators (income, fulfillment of caloric requirements of the household, farm resource use, planned biodiversity or greenhouse gas emission changes), we monitored the collaboration between an NGO, local civil authorities, associations, and farmers that aimed to achieve a common goal linked to the participatory and contex-tualized development of CSA in Colombia. We found that multiple stakeholder engagements led to improved interactions between members of the platform and their local environment, a proactive participation in the platform meetings and a significant increase in farmer knowledge levels on the challenges posed by climate change and the resultant extreme events. The platform also facilitated the adoption of best-bet practices that contribute towards CSA when farmers both diversify their production and decrease the use of mineral fertilizers. Our findings suggest that innovation platforms can facilitate the collective understanding and use of CSA options corresponding to local conditions and priorities.
Tanulmányunkban arra vállalkoztunk, hogy feltárjuk a mezőgazdasági termelői együttműködések szerepvállalását az éghajlatváltozás negatív következményeivel szembeni alkalmazkodásban. A tématerület vizsgálatát indokolja, hogy a nemzetközi kutatások tapasztalatai szerint a klímaváltozás által felvetett problémákra születő, termelői kooperáción alapuló kollektív válaszok az üzemszintű beavatkozásoknál eredményesebb, hatékonyabb, komplexebb alkalmazkodást tesznek lehetővé. Az együttműködések speciális formáira, a zöldség-gyümölcs ágazatban működő termelői szervezetekre az egységes szabályozás ellenére az Európai Unióban markáns tagországi eltérések jellemzőek, amit a termelői szervezetek környezeti, éghajlatvédelmi célokra allokált forrásainak jelentős szórása (6,5-39,7%) is érzékeltet. A termelői szervezetek vonatkozásában rendelkezésre álló európai uniós támogatási adatok elemzése arra is rávilágít, hogy a termelői szervezetek éghajlatvédelmi szerepvállalása a korábbi programidőszakokban nem mutatott diverzifikált, a klímasérülékenység területi különbségeit is figyelembe vevő alkalmazkodást. Az európai uniós elismeréssel rendelkező termelői szervezetek az operatív programjaik keretében rendelkezésre álló működési támogatások bő felét a termelési erőforrások fenntartható használatát elősegítő integrált termelésre fordították. Emellett jelentős hatású intézkedésként azonosíthatók a biológiai sokféleség védelmét szolgáló, valamint a talajvédelmi intézkedések. A tanulmányt megalapozó empirikus kutatás keretében vizsgált hazai termelői szervezetek mélyelemzései mindemellett arra is rávilágítottak, hogy a termelői szerveződések napjainkban elsősorban az éghajlatváltozással összefüggő tudásátadás, szemléletformálás terén bírnak befolyással az éghajlatváltozás kihívásaihoz történő alkalmazkodás kimenetelére, míg az eszközspecifikus, nagyobb tőkeigényű beruházások, fejlesztések összehangolása egyelőre nem jellemző körükben. A termelői szerveződések éghajlatváltozással összefüggő szerepvállalásában alapvető változást hozhat az Európai Unió Közös Agrárpolitikájának 2023-tól módosuló vidékfejlesztési eszközrendszere, mely a környezeti, éghajlatvédelmi célkitűzések elérése érdekében a korábbi programidőszakokhoz képest hangsúlyosabban épít a gazdák kollektív fellépéseire.
Climate change, conflict, and COVID-19 create a new normal for the world. It is well known that a crisis can bring not only enormous impacts but also a window of opportunity for innovation. This chapter illustrates the emerging innovation phenomenon during the crisis response through two case studies from mainland China. It explores the dynamic process and influencing factors for government agencies, NGOs, and enterprises to pursue social innovation when facing a natural disaster or pandemic. It discusses building an enabling environment and a learning society to engage and empower stakeholders to join the journey of social innovation in the changing future.
Informal artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) continues to grow globally, raising both challenges and opportunities in terms of economic, social, and environmental impacts. The ASM literature explores the formalization and transfer of corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices from larger firms as the pathway to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits. But we know very little about environmental and social responsibilities of informal mining operations (and informal economy actors in general, who are often portrayed as devoid of these responsibilities). This paper aims to theorize and empirically explore principles and practices of social and environmental responsibility in informal mining. We combine elements of relational stakeholder theory with Ghana's Akan philosophy to develop our theoretical framework. Through a qualitative research process involving thematic analysis – of field notes from field observations and 81 interviews with ASM miners, community leaders/residents and executive members of Small-Scale Mining Association–Prestea Branch in Ghana – and pattern-matching technique, we find that: a) informal ASM is culturally and relationally motivated to be socially and environmentally responsible, b) there is a model of informal social and environmental responsibility (ISER) that is characterized by commonality, solidarity, tradition, and human-nature interdependencies, and c) social and environmental responsibilities are interpreted in a distinctive, non-Western way and comply with two main informal norms: gifting for social responsibilities and taboos for environmental responsibility. We conclude by suggesting that governments should collaborate with traditional authorities to promote ISER practices as cultural norms.
This study articulates five dimensions of territorial governance (social capital, leadership, transparency, accountability, socioenvironmental innovations, and commercialization routes) to construct a tripartite typology that helps explain the diverse sustainable transitions of small-scale fisheries in specific territorial contexts. The types are: 1) participative-inclusive governance expressed in solid institutions dedicated to environmental conservation; 2) exclusive-conflictive governance which generates institutions that are fragile for environmental conservation; and 3) transitional governance toward inclusion and responsible fishing, seen in communities that are implementing social and organizational changes to reduce overexploitation of fishing resources. Intensive fieldwork was conducted in localities devoted to spiny lobster fishing along the coast of Quintana Roo. We also held 106 interviews with key actors in governance. Results show that articulating intra- and extra-territorial networks is vitally important in developing the kinds of socioenvironmental innovations that can help local fishermen respond to the multiple environmental, economic, and political contingencies that affect their territories. We conclude that it is necessary to articulate institutional changes on various territorial scales to propel sustainable transitions that are realistic and feasible for small-scale fishers in marginalized communities in countries of the Global South.
Amidst uncertain and disruptive environments, the significance of Organizational Resilience and Sustainability cannot be overstated, as they are crucial for businesses to thrive. By integrating sustainability and resilience practices into strategies, organizations can better navigate disruptive environments and position themselves for sustainable success. The aim of conducting a bibliometric study on organizational sustainability and resilience is to gather knowledge of the literature already written in these fields and spot trends, patterns, and research gaps. The present study sheds light on the four Organizational Resilience pillars: Preparedness, Responsiveness, Adaptability, and Learning. These pillars are crucial in enhancing an organization’s ability to withstand and recover from disruptive events. Using the Scopus Database, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on 120 documents that satisfied the inclusion criteria and were published between 2010 and 2022. Descriptive Statistical Analysis was employed to examine and comprehend the extent to which previous research has explored organizational resilience and sustainability within Business Management. The analysis focused on factors such as production productivity, country productivity, affiliation productivity, author productivity, and the most cited document.
Climate change is a serious issue over all the world as it directly influences on agriculture sector. Abiotic and biotic stresses occurred in response to environmental changes. Crop yield is highly vulnerable to environmental changes. Wheat is the major staple food globally and severely affected by changing climate. Wheat is one of the most extensively grown crops in the world; however, its productivity lags behind that of other staple food crops. The main reason for this crop loss is the environmental changes which badly affect the wheat crop. 1 °C increase in temperature lowers 6% yield of wheat, and due to drought, 4.4% of yield loss is seen in previous years. Food security and ecosystem resilience are the most serious global issues. Climatic-smart agriculture is the only approach to reduce the detrimental impact of climate changes on wheat crop adaptability before they have a significant influence on global crop production. In this book chapter, we summarize the negative impacts of environment on wheat and climate-resilient technologies for alleviating negative impact of climate on wheat production.
Climate change is the main reason for the different abiotic and biotic stresses in agriculture, and it adversely affects crop production and yield. Fluctuating climate conditions such as rainfall, drought, and temperature can cause global changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and sea level rise. These alarming global events have attracted the attention of agronomists because of the detrimental impacts of climate change on the agriculture sector and food security under increasing global food demand. Therefore, climate-resilient agriculture is the only possible and most appropriate solution to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. Therefore, it is imperative to focus on global food production and its security under changing climatic conditions to meet the needs of the fast-growing population. To deal with climatic fluctuations, different global agricultural practices including water, land, crop, and livelihood management strategies are being adopted worldwide to improve climate-resilient agricultural crops. In addition, the modifications in the plant genetic material such as genomics (molecular plant breeding), genetic engineering, and other genome editing approaches are practices to develop climate-resilient transgenic crops to enhance crop productivity and yield. Moreover, conservation agriculture can also be effectively converted into sustainable agriculture through different land management practices and resource utilization. Plants also use various adaptive strategies such as physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms to cope with harsh environmental conditions. However, more research is required to design and develop more climate-resilient management strategies and eco-friendly and resistant agricultural crops under changing climatic conditions.
Indigenous knowledge of local environments is crucial for developing innovative and contextual climate change adaptation strategies. Although the significance of community-led efforts based on this knowledge has been well acknowledged, they have not been effectively incorporated into mainstream development processes. The mountainous region of Ladakh presents a novel case of water storage in the form of ice reservoirs as an adaptive strategy against intensified water scarcity. This study aims to assess community-based innovations in climate change adaptation strategies and find solutions for their effective integration. This study theorizes a framework for Social Innovation in Climate Change Adaptation (SICCA) for a structured analysis of the situation in Ladakh. This research was conducted through interviews, surveys, Geographic Information System-based mapping, and field observations to analyze the use of ice reservoirs as a solution to water scarcity issues. The results demonstrate the wide recognition of these techniques' effectiveness and the role of the community in the planning, execution, and operation of the initiatives. The findings highlight the challenges in their scaling up and diffusion. The research emphasizes the need to recognize and value community-based adaptation strategies to address the challenges posed by climate change. It offers recommendations for integrating them into the mainstream development process, and the framework serves as a significant outcome to guide policymakers and civil society actors for practical implementation.
This book gives positive examples how humans and rivers have been, and are still in some places, living in harmony. It analyses how this knowledge can be transferred into modern river management schemes and thereby it attempts to mitigate the deplorable trend of the decline of biological and cultural heritages and diversities in and along rivers. A harmonious way to live with the river includes i.a. respecting its natural features and ecosystem services. This means that human land use forms and cultures, including fishing, agriculture, navigation and river works respect the natural hydrological patterns (Flood Pulse, Environmental Flows). It also includes the physical-psychological-spiritual linkage of the people to the river (e.g. worshipping, well-being, detention, and in-spiration), and how these linkages serve as a motivation to take action in favor of the river’s nature. Twenty-nine case studies from Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe, and 7 papers on overarching themes of sustainable river management are presented. Without claiming its completeness, we understand this book as a first attempt to highlight the interactions between the biological-evolutive populations of non-human biota and the biological-evolutive-cultural populations of human beings, using the dynamic riverscape as the physical background. The target audience of this book includes interdisciplinary scientists from the fields of ecology, geosciences, social and political sciences, as well as urban planners and managers of river ecosystems and riverine heritage sites worldwide.
Mitigating climate change, preventing mass species extinctions, improving rural livelihoods, and disaster risk reduction are among today's most urgent challenges. To meet these challenges, a large number of social actors need to agree to engage and act collectively on Forest and Landscape Restoration (FLR), ensuring its dual goal of restoring ecological functionality and improving people's wellbeing. Although FLR has gained momentum globally, the experiences so far continue to face socio‐economic and governance challenges associated with the design and realization of effective efforts. Social Innovation (SI) can be seen contemporarily as the process and the result of interaction between stakeholders in the construction of solutions to social needs and problems, including those tackled by FLR. Here, using a content analysis approach applied to existing literature, we propose five possible conceptual bridges between FLR and SI. The Social Innovative – Forest and Landscape Restoration (SI‐FLR) process advocates that sustainable livelihood needs should be attended first to ensure the Social‐Ecological Systems' resilience. These bridges are: (1) “Landscape as the main context”; (2) “Nature as social need”; (3) “Landscape stewardship groups”; (4) “Governance capabilities”; (5) “Adapting and transforming to enhance resilience.” Identifying these bridges, will help decision‐makers and project managers to improve the FLR initiatives by supporting the potential of SI and sparking the interest of other researchers to explore the many possibilities of SI‐FLR.
نوآوریهای اجتماعی راه حلهای جدیدی هستند که به طور همزمان نیاز اجتماعی را برآورده میکنند و منجر به روابط جدید یا بهبود آن و استفاده بهتر از داراییها و منابع میشوند. استفاده از شاخصها برای جذب نوآوریهای اجتماعی و ارزیابی اثرات مورد انتظار طرحهای نوآوری اجتماعی، ابزارهای مهمی را برای ایجاد پیشرفت و بهبود فراهم میکنند. روش پژوهش از منظر هدف، کاربردی و برحسب گردآوری اطلاعات اسنادی-فراترکیب میباشد. با استفاده از روش فراترکیب، 1215 مقاله و پژوهش مرتبط در سالهای 2000 تا 2019 از پایگاههای علمی وب آف ساینس و اسکوپوس و جستجوگر گوگل فراخوانی شده اند که با بهکارگیری این روش، 35 مقاله نهایی مبنای استخراج یافتهها قرار گرفت. خروجی روش فراترکیب سه بعد (محیطی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی) بر اساس خط پایین سهگانه، 16 مفهوم و 56 کد در ارزیابی نوآوری اجتماعی شناسایی شد. نتایج بر اساس نظر متخصصان با شاخص کاپای 664/0 مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. نتایج این پژوهش میتواند مبنایی برای ارزش گذاری نوآوریهای اجتماعی در سطح کلان باشد.
It is generally well-accepted in innovation research that consumer/user adoption of an invention is key to its diffusion. Despite general awareness about the importance of the adopter perspective in innovation diffusion, the majority of the literature on social innovation, hardly addresses the adoption-side of innovation diffusion. Social innovation potential therefore often remains under-utilized. In this paper the result of a review of 468 (predominantly English language) publications on social innovation is provided (based on Web of Science), searching for the adopter perspective in social innovation research. The findings show that, although some hints at the role of adopters, and their environment, can be found in the literature, attention for the willingness and capacities of potential adopters is meager in peer-reviewed publications. Propelled by high policy expectations, at the national as well as European level, scientific interest in social innovation has been booming over the last decade. Without a proper understanding of social innovation diffusion dynamics and adopter willingness and their interactions with existing institutions, expectations may not be fulfilled and specific social innovation policies that have been emerging across Europe may not be able to achieve intended policy goals.
Research increasingly suggests that climate change has intensified the frequency of droughts, floods, and other environmental disasters across sub-Saharan Africa. In response to the resulting array of climate-induced challenges, various stakeholders are working collectively to build climate resilience in rural and urban communities and trans-continentally. This paper examines key climate resilience-building projects that have been implemented across sub-Saharan Africa through multi-stakeholder partnerships. It uses a vulnerabilities assessment approach to examine the strategic value of these projects in managing the mitigation of climate shocks and long-term environmental changes. There are still many challenges to building climate resilience in the region, but through multi-stakeholder partnerships, sub-Saharan African nations are expanding their capacity to pool resources and build collective action aimed at financing and scaling up innovative climate solutions. This article contributes to ongoing interdisciplinary academic, management, and policy discourses on global climate adaptation focused on populations and landscapes most at risk.
The importance of innovation for effective responses to climate change is widely asserted, but exactly how and whom innovation helps adapt has received little systematic attention. In this synthetic review, a practice-oriented framework is used to show that innovations which contribute to adaptation in the aquaculture sector include changes to the material, procedural and informational dimensions of practice. The material dimension is dominated by concerns with cost and competitiveness, whereas for the procedural dimension issues of skills and compliance arise, and for the informational dimension, key issues are trust, reliability and persuasiveness. A secondary classification into ten types of practices identified additional associations with adaptation mechanisms, for instance, technical practices are followed and adjusted to reduce and manage risks, while many infrastructural and technological practices aim to control rearing environments. Innovation has been driven more by concerns with increasing productivity, disease control, and food safety than extreme weather events and climate change. Nevertheless, many new practices have significant implications for adaptation. This study also shows that innovation and adaptation are timebound and face social limits, and these are better understood when different dimensions and types of practice, sources of innovation, and mechanisms of adaptation are distinguished.
To adapt is to survive. However, sub-Saharan Africa, although highly dependent on agriculture, is vulnerable, most affected, with low-adaptive capacity. Luckily, the region is blessed with inherent adaptation-related strengths that are within reach, to counteract uncertainty in climatic patterns which are expected to continue well into the future. One such strength is a bimodal rainfall pattern that avails the ‘hidden’ multiple season-cropping systems that have the potential to produce four types of crops in a single plot in a single year: short-rains crops, long-rains crops, permanent crops and fruit crops. Despite burgeoning literature on adaptation, the impact of multiple season-cropping systems has not been adequately investigated. This study applies a novel approach to measure its impact on productivity of more than 10,000 smallholder plots using an endogenous switching regression framework. The study finds that plots that adopt multiple season-cropping systems produce higher quantities, earn more crop revenue, and are less likely to be affected by rainfall variability in comparison to plots that engage in single season-cropping systems. As the fight against climate change continues, there is need to move the needle on adaptation and consider strategies that are within reach. The multiple season-cropping systems provide this opportunity and emphasises the benefit of engaging in agriculture throughout the year and producing long-rains, short rains, permanent and fruits crops.
Some studies indicate that climate change policy failures are endemic to policymakers in both developed and developing countries. Consequently, the increased vulnerability of people in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) can partly be attributed to developed-country stakeholders’ inability to understand climate change vulnerability in the context of SSA and a fear on the part of policymakers to implement substantive policy innovations. In order to determine how social innovation and entrepreneurship can be harnessed to enhance climate change resilience and improve the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), an inductive analysis using secondary data consisting of research articles, policy briefs, project reports and case studies was undertaken. Agribusiness development–focused entrepreneurship and social innovation were noted to have the potential to facilitate the development of new institutions and social systems that can correct structural inequalities and improve investments in SSA’s agriculture sector, thereby reducing local vulnerabilities to climate change and facilitating the attainment of SDG 16 (i.e., promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development). This article is among the foremost in highlighting how climate change policies that integrate entrepreneurship and rural-to-rural migration as means to reduce vulnerability can reduce youth unemployment and support the ‘leave no one behind’ principle.
Climate change impacts the quantity and seasonality of rainfall, threatening Africans' ability to maintain satisfactory yields on rain-fed farms. On the semi-arid northwestern slopes of Mount Kenya, irrigation systems structured around Community Water Projects (CWPs) provide households with piped water, which helps mitigate drought impacts and enhances resilience to increasingly variable rainfall patterns. The vision of these irrigation systems is to equitably distribute water resources among CWP members both for household consumption and to maintain or improve agricultural yields. However, not all households receive equal quantities of water from their CWPs, and little is known about the impact of water provisioning on farmers' opinions or perceptions of CWP performance.
In this study, we relate respondents' satisfaction with their CWPs to the quantity of water delivered. Not surprisingly, farmers who received low quantities of water from their CWPs expressed above-average rates of concern regarding drought. In contrast, satisfaction with one's CWP was unrelated to the absolute quantity of water received (log liters/minute), but it was strongly associated with relative measures of water delivery: respondents who received less water than other members of the same water project experienced high rates of dissatisfaction, as did respondents who received less water than in the past. These results suggest that Kenyan farmers may feel particularly dissatisfied—and, perhaps, particularly driven to demand improved water governance—when they perceive inadequate water delivery relative to some reference group.
Because relative water quantity dictates satisfaction even after controlling for factors that can be resolved internally at the CWP level (by, for example, striving for uniformity of water flows across and within households), water project managers are limited to some degree in their ability to improve satisfaction through better governance. That said, governance actions that prevent declines in flows over time (e.g. maintaining infrastructure to reduce leaks) could ostensibly lead to meaningful improvements in member satisfaction.
This chapter focuses on social innovation, a topic that the literature has been increasingly discussing in the last decade. The authors revise the many available (and, to some extent, too general) definitions as well as identify the main features that have been claimed as relevant for social innovation (e.g. Mumford, 2002), which concur in providing its definition. By doing so, they pursue the assessment of a less fuzzy definition of social innovation and make a first attempt to focus on the role that companies play in developing as well as scaling social innovations. The adopted approach exploits the literature review and is based on an in-depth analysis of the definitions of social innovation: the authors collected and catalogued them, so identifying the main dimensions of analysis. Clarifying what social innovation is and the role that companies play in social innovation initiatives can increase companies' awareness of what they (can) do with respect to social innovation, possibly taking advantage of this in terms of business objectives.
Sociedades de todo el mundo están sintiendo los efectos del cambio climático; sin
embargo, la población más pobre del planeta es la que cada día se coloca en una situación
mayor de vulnerabilidad. Bolivia es considerado uno de los países con el índice más alto
de vulnerabilidad debido al grado de pobreza que posee y a sus numerosos ecosistemas.
El país en esta última década mostró importantes cambios sociales, mejorando las
condiciones económicas de diferentes pueblos indígenas, los cuales, hasta hace poco
tiempo, fueron víctimas de una serie de injusticias sociales, colocándolos en una posición
de elevada pobreza. Uno de estos pueblos es el Guaraní de Tentamí (Chuquisaca), el
cual atraviesa una compleja situación en su economía, la que se agrava paulatinamente
debido a los impactos del cambio climático, provocando hambre, escasez de agua,
enfermedades de vinculación hídrica y finalmente, la migración de la población.
Inspired by recent calls for a transformation of management scholarship, we conduct a scoping review of empirical studies during 1998–2015 on the phenomenon of social innovation within organizations. Social innovations are novel solutions that address social problems and create value for society as a whole. We make several problem-based observations and suggest how the social innovation phenomenon can be empirically grounded and contextualized to make future research intellectually relevant and meaningful for practice. We propose that the way forward lies in using abduction as a logic of discovery, adopting complexity theorizing, and using set-theoretic analytical methods to reflect multiple realities. The application of these three methods will help link theory and research methods with practice, thereby improving the ability of research to tackle managerial and societal issues and hence strengthening management scholarship.
Vertical integration, which creates strategic linkages between national and sub-national levels, is being promoted as important for climate change adaptation. Decentralisation, which transfers authority and responsibility to lower levels of organisation, serves a similar purpose and has been in place for a number of decades. Based on four case studies in semi-arid regions in Africa and India, this paper argues that vertical integration for climate change adaptation should reflect on lessons from decentralisation related to governing natural resources, particularly in the water sector. The paper focuses on participation and flexibility, two central components of climate change adaptation, and considers how decentralisation has enhanced or undermined these. The findings suggest that vertical integration for adaptation will be strengthened if a number of lessons are considered, namely (i) actively seek equitable representation from marginal and diverse local groups drawing on both formal and informal participation structures, (ii) assess and address capacity deficits that undermine flexibility and adaptive responses, especially within lower levels of government, and (iii) use hybrid modes of governance that include government, intermediaries and diverse local actors through both formal and informal institutions to improve bottom-up engagement.
Climate adaptation has become a pressing issue. Yet little attention has been paid to the consequences of adaptation policies and practices for sustainability. Recognition that not every adaptation to climate change is a good one has drawn attention to the need for sustainable adaptation strategies and measures that contribute to social justice and environmental integrity. This article presents four normative principles to guide responses to climate change and illustrates the significance of the ‘sustainable adaptation’ concept through case studies from diverse contexts. The principles are: first, recognize the context for vulnerability, including multiple stressors; second, acknowledge that differing values and interests affect adaptation outcomes; third, integrate local knowledge into adaptation responses; and fourth, consider potential feedbacks between local and global processes. We argue that fundamental societal transformations are required in order to achieve sustainable development pathways and avoid adaptation funding going into efforts that exacerbate vulnerability and contribute to rising emissions. Despite numerous challenges involved in achieving such change, we suggest that sustainable adaptation practices have the potential to address some of the shortcomings of conventional social and economic development pathways.
This largely methodological paper focuses on how to define the social economy and its governance at the local and especially the urban neighbourhood level. A distinction is made between essentialist and holistic definitions. The second section appraises the potential contribution of various current ideas in institutional economics and economic sociology to the definition of the social economy and its governance. It is found that 'old' and 'new' institutionalism in particular offer useful tools, including the holistic methodology as applied by John Commons. The third section elaborates on the analytical elements required for defining the social economy from a holistic perspective, stressing the role of essentialist abstract categories, the role of local culture and articulation between spatial scales. First, we show how the notion of social capital defined through a 'holistic approach' can enrich the definition of the social economy. Secondly, we stress the importance of empirical investigations in feeding into the holistic definitional work. The fourth section concludes the paper by enhancing the necessary dialogue between an abstract-essentialist and a contextualised holistic definition of the social economy at the neighbourhood level.
Rapid changes to the climate are predicted over the next few years, and these present challenges for women's empowerment and gender equality on a completely new scale. There is little evidence or research to provide a reliable basis for gender-sensitive approaches to agricultural adaptation to climate change. This article explores the gender dimensions of climate change, in relation to participation in decision-making, divisions of labour, access to resources, and knowledge systems. It draws on insights from recent research on agricultural adaptation to climate change in Tanzania. The article then explains why future gender-sensitive climate-adaptation efforts should draw upon insights from 'resilience thinking', 'political ecology', and environmental anthropology Á/ as a way of embedding analysis of power struggles and cultural norms in the context of the overall socio-ecological system.
This paper explores the contribution that the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze might offer to researchers studying social innovation in response to climate change. Since the publication of the Stern Report it has been recognized that climate change requires major changes to the way our economy is organized, but it also requires significant social and behavioral change. Can this be usefully viewed through the prism of theories of social innovation? How might such social innovation affect the life chances of the socially excluded and to what extent does it, therefore, offer a space for radical social change? The Transition Towns — a community movement in response to climate change — is used as a test-case of these ideas.
This paper describes an initiative to develop a model for understanding the multi-faceted nature and effects of vulnerability. The model is designed to enable analysis and assessment of interventions that address vulnerability, a concept that is widely used across disciplines and in development planning in Africa, particularly in southern Africa. The model is being developed to accommodate analyses of ‘multiple stressors’ and to identify the intersection and interaction of stressors in different contexts. Using three case studies related to vulnerability reduction and HIV/AIDS, we show how multiple processes interact and can influence the outcomes of vulnerability interventions in ways that may not be readily apparent when focusing on one stressor alone.
This paper provides a critical review of the literature on territorial innovation models ( industrial districts, milieux innovateurs, new industrial spaces, local production systems, etc.). The review is organized in two stages. First, the main features of each of these models and their view of innovation are compared. Second, their theoretical building blocks are reconstructed and evaluated from the point of view of conceptual clarity and analytical coherence. It is found that despite some semantic unity among the concepts used ( economies of agglomeration, endogenous development, systems of innovation, evolution and learning, network organization and governance), territorial innovation models (TIMs) suffer from conceptual ambiguity. The latter is mainly a consequence of the way territorial innovation is theorized, i.e. in terms of technologically driven innovation and a business culture that is mainly instrumental to the capitalist market logic. This pressing ideological priority pushes the 'conceptual flexibility' of TIMs across the border of coherent theory building.
Adaptation to climate change is given increasing international attention as the confidence in climate change projections is getting higher. Developing countries have specific needs for adaptation due to high vulnerabilities, and they will in this way carry a great part of the global costs of climate change although the rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are mainly the responsibility of industrialized countries. This article provides a status of climate change adaptation in developing countries. An overview of observed and projected climate change is given, and recent literature on impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation are reviewed, including the emerging focus on mainstreaming of climate change and adaptation in development plans and programs. The article also serves as an introduction to the seven research articles of this special issue on climate change adaptation in developing countries. It is concluded that although many useful steps have been taken in the direction of ensuring adequate adaptation in developing countries, much work still remains to fully understand the drivers of past adaptation efforts, the need for future adaptation, and how to mainstream climate into general development policies.
The concept of resilience has evolved considerably since Holling's (1973) seminal paper. Different interpretations of what is meant by resilience, however, cause confusion. Resilience of a system needs to be considered in terms of the attributes that govern the system's dynamics. Three related attributes of social-ecological systems (SESs) determine their future trajectories: resilience, adaptability, and transformability. Resilience (the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks) has four components-latitude, resistance, precariousness, and panarchy-most readily portrayed using the metaphor of a stability landscape. Adaptability is the capacity of actors in the system to influence resilience (in a SES, essentially to manage it). There are four general ways in which this can be done, corresponding to the four aspects of resilience. Transformability is the capacity to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic, or social structures make the existing system untenable. The implications of this interpretation of SES dynamics for sustainability science include changing the focus from seeking optimal states and the determinants of maximum sustainable yield (the MSY paradigm), to resilience analysis, adaptive resource management, and adaptive governance.
Future changes in climate pose significant challenges for society, not the least of which is how best to adapt to observed and potential future impacts of these changes to which the world is already committed. Adaptation is a dynamic social process: the ability of societies to adapt is determined, in part, by the ability to act collectively. This article reviews emerging perspectives on collective action and social capital and argues that insights from these areas inform the nature of adaptive capacity and normative prescriptions of policies of adaptation. Specifically, social capital is increasingly understood within economics to have public and private elements, both of which are based on trust, reputation, and reciprocal action. The public-good aspects of particular forms of social capital are pertinent elements of adaptive capacity in interacting with natural capital and in relation to the performance of institutions that cope with the risks of changes in climate. Case studies are presented of present-day collective action for coping with extremes in weather in coastal areas in Southeast Asia and of community-based coastal management in the Caribbean. These cases demonstrate the importance of social capital framing both the public and private institutions of resource management that build resilience in the face of the risks of changes in climate. These cases illustrate, by analogy, the nature of adaptation processes and collective action in adapting to future changes in climate.
We investigate how smallholder farmers at two sites in Kenya and Tanzania cope with climate stress and how constraints and opportunities shape variations in coping strategies between households and over time during a drought. On the basis of this analysis, we draw out implications for adaptation and adaptive policy. We find that households where an individual was able to specialize in one favoured activity, such as employment or charcoal burning, in the context of overall diversification by the household, were often less vulnerable than households where each individual is engaged in many activities at low intensity. Many households had limited access to the favoured coping options due to a lack of skill, labour and/or capital. This lack of access was compounded by social relations that led to exclusion of certain groups, especially women, from carrying out favoured activities with sufficient intensity. These households instead carried out a multitude of less favoured and frequently complementary activities, such as collecting indigenous fruit. While characterized by suitability to seasonal environmental variations and low demands on time and cash investments, these strategies often yielded marginal returns. Both the marginalization of local niche products and the commercialization of forest resources exemplify processes leading to differential vulnerability. We suggest that vulnerability can usefully be viewed in terms of the interaction of such processes, following the concept of locality. We argue that coping is a distinct component of vulnerability and that understanding the dynamism of coping and vulnerability is critical to developing adaptation measures that support people as active agents.
Opening Paragraph
For over a decade African economies have been plagued by recurrent food shortages, economic decline and growing disparities between the living standards of rich and poor. To a large extent food shortages and rural impoverishment may be attributed to external shocks—world recession, oil price shocks, deteriorating terms of trade and mounting debt service obligations—compounded in the 1970s and early 1980s by drought and war. In addition government policies have exacerbated the effects of adverse environmental and world market trends, aggravating rather than alleviating food shortages and depressing rural output and incomes.
Frequent droughts and conflicts are key challenges faced by nomadic pastoralists in Kenya's drylands. Few options exist for alternative livelihoods. This article investigates the potential of collecting plant gums and resins for livelihood diversification and for contributing to sustainable adaptation to climate change in Kenya's drylands. Observations were made in various studies over a period of two years on dryland vegetation resources, and interviews undertaken with gum collectors. This research found that many households currently collect and sell plant gums and resins as alternative to livestock production. These include gum arabic from Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal; myrrh from Commiphora myrrha; hagar from Commiphora holtziana; and frankincense from Boswellia neglecta. Collectors include poor people, women and children and some opportunists. Incomes are relatively low, however, and several factors constrain the activity. The case of gums and resins illustrates that key principles of sustainable adaptation are related: supporting local knowledge and adaptation strategies (one key principle of sustainable adaptation) does not contribute to sustainability unless at the same time contextual factors that marginalize livelihoods are addressed (another key principle).
Future changes in climate pose significant challenges for society, not the least of which is how best to adapt to observed and potential future impacts of these changes to which the world is already committed. Adaptation is a dynamic social process: the ability of societies to adapt is determined, in part, by the ability to act collectively. This article reviews emerging perspectives on collective action and social capital and argues that insights from these areas inform the nature of adaptive capacity and normative prescriptions of policies of adaptation. Specifically, social capital is increasingly understood within economics to have public and private elements, both of which are based on trust, reputation, and reciprocal action. The public-good aspects of particular forms of social capital are pertinent elements of adaptive capacity in interacting with natural capital and in relation to the performance of institutions that cope with the risks of changes in climate. Case studies are presented of present-day collective action for coping with extremes in weather in coastal areas in Southeast Asia and of community-based coastal management in the Caribbean. These cases demonstrate the importance of social capital framing both the public and private institutions of resource management that build resilience in the face of the risks of changes in climate. These cases illustrate, by analogy, the nature of adaptation processes and collective action in adapting to future changes in climate.
Like other sub-Saharan African countries, Tanzania is caught up in a process by which previous structural adjustment conditionalities have been replaced by the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). This paper utilizes research on rural livelihoods in 10 subvillages in the country’s Morogoro region to derive policy inferences relevant to the capacity of the PRSP to deliver its promises for poverty reduction in rural areas. Research findings show that rural poverty is strongly associated with lack of land and livestock, as well as inability to secure nonfarm alternatives to diminishing farm opportunities. The rural poor encounter a public sector institutional context that is neutral or blocking rather than enabling for them to construct their own pathways out of poverty. The PRSP process needs to address disjunctures between its macro-level goals and debilitating local-level institutional contexts, if real gains in rural poverty reduction are to be realized.
En la UE se ha estimado que los costes de la congesti�n representan el 2% de su PIB y que el coste de la poluci�n del aire y ruido supera el 0,6% del PIB, siendo alrededor del 90% de los mismos ocasionados por el transporte terrestre. Ante este hecho y el continuo aumento de la demanda del transporte privado frente al p�blico para los desplazamientos, muchos abogan por una conjunci�n de medidas tanto restrictivas como alternativas al uso del coche. Dentro de las primeras se encuentra el establecimiento de un peaje o una tarifa por el uso de las carreteras, medida que aunque desde el punto de vista de la Teor�a Econ�mica es la manera m�s eficiente para corregir el fallo de mercado que supone la congesti�n, desde la visi�n de pol�ticos y del p�blico no goza de gran aceptaci�n. En este trabajo se pretende hacer una simulaci�n de los efectos que tendr�a sobre el bienestar social de la implantaci�n de una medida de este tipo en la Bah�a de C�diz. In the European Union it has been estimated that the congestion cost are the 2% of the gross domestic product and the cost of pollution and noise is over 0,6%, olso it is known that the 90% of this cost are caused by overland transport. For this reason and for the always increasing demand of private transport, there are professionals who thinks that the solution have to be restrictive measures added to alternatives to the car. road pricing is a restrictive measures that for the economic theory is the most efficient way to solve congestion cost but for politicians and user of transport is not always accepted. In this study we are going to simulate road pricing for commuters in the Bah�a of C�diz and then it will be estimated welfare effects.
Despite many approaches of neoclassical and endogenous growth theory, economists still face problems in explaining the reasons for income differences between countries. Institutional economics and the deep determinants of growth literature try to depart from pure economic facts to examine economic development. Therefore, this article analyzes the impact of institutions, geography, and integration on per capita income. Concerning theoretical reasoning, emphasis is on the emergence of institutions and their effect on economic growth. However, institutions can appear in different shapes since political, legal, and economic restrictions are not the only constraints on human behaviour. Norms and values also limit possible actions. Therefore, a differentiation between formal and informal institutions is made. Informal institutions are defined as beliefs, attitudes, moral, conventions, and codes of conduct. Property rights are assumed to be the basic formal institutional feature for economic success. Despite their direct impact on growth through individual utility maximization, property rights also make a statement concerning the political and legal environment of a country. Regarding the regression analysis, different religious affiliations are used as instrumental variables for formal and informal institutions. The regression results affirm a crucial role of informal and formal institutions concerning economic development. However, a high proportion of Protestant citizens encourage informal institutions that support economic growth, while a high Muslim proportion of the population is negatively correlated with growth-supporting formal institutions. --
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