... Uptake of paternity leave is very low when it is not mandatory (i.e., when employers can refuse a request), such as in the US, Australia, and the UK (Bartel et al., 2018;Baum & Ruhm, 2016;Han et al., 2009;Hosking et al., 2010;Huerta et al., 2013;Nepomnyaschy & Waldfogel, 2007;Tanaka & Waldfogel, 2007), while it is higher if leave is mandatory, or short and paid at, or near, income replacement level (Moss, 2015). The implementation of fathers' quotas on parental leave, as in many Nordic countries, has increased leave take-up (Cools et al., 2015;Ekberg et al., 2013;Haas & Hwang, 2008;Hart et al., 2022;Kotsadam & Finseraas, 2011, 2013Rege & Solli, 2013;Sundström & Duvander, 2002), for results from the forerunner countries, i.e., Sweden and Norway; Kotsadam & Finseraas 2013 for Germany; Kotsadam & Finseraas 2019 for Quebec). However, the characteristics of fathers who take paternity leave appear to be relatively similar across different national contexts: they are generally more advantaged, better educated, in higher prestige occupations, and have greater incomes. ...