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Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and its Resistance to Antibiotics in Poultry in the Czech Republic
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp., in particular Campylobacter jejuni, are among the most frequently identified pathogens, found to be causing human gastrointestinal infections in Europe, with the Czech Republic being no exception. The presented work aimed at assessing results of the first nationwide monitoring of prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks in the Czech Republic, including a comparison of antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni isolates collected from poultry and the human community. The monitoring was carried out in poultry slaughterhouses in 2006 and 2007. From broilers, cloacal swabs were collected and examined. The human isolates of C. jejuni were acquired from rectal swabs in community patients with diarrhoeal diseases. Suspected isolates of both animal and human origin were confirmed by the PCR methods. Antibiotic resistance to selected anti-microbial agents was tested by the microdilution method. In the monitored period, the prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in broilers in the Czech Republic reached almost 50%. In 2006, C. jejuni was detected in 46% and Campylobacter coli in 3% of the tested samples. In 2007, C. jejuni was found in 43% and C. coli in 2% of the samples. The results of anti-microbial susceptibility testing of C. jejuni showed higher resistance in animals when compared with humans. The only exception was tetracycline with higher resistance in isolates of human origin. The highest resistance detected was to quinolone antibiotics. Resistance to oxolinic acid was 77% in animal and 60% in human isolates, to ciprofloxacin 72% in isolates from poultry and 55% in those from humans. In ampicillin, 26% of poultry isolates and 16% of human isolates were resistant. Moreover, 9% of animal isolates demonstrated resistance to streptomycin, undetected in human isolates. In erythromycin, resistance was found in 6% of poultry and 1% of human isolates.
... In broilers, scientific evidence have shown that campylobacteriosis prevalence is very high, reaching over 70 % (Saleha, 2002;Hue et al., 2011;Saiyudthong et al., 2015). However, some countries such as Italy, China, Czech Republic and Brazil reported lower prevalence values, between 32.7 and 63.1 % (Bardon et al., 2009;Chen et al., 2010;Giacomelli et al., 2012;Zendehbad et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2016). In this context, contaminated chicken meat represents the main transmission source for Campylobacteriosis to humans (Robyn et al., 2015;Abu-Madi et al., 2016). ...
... At species level, this research verified that C. jejuni prevalence was higher than C. coli. The same relation has been widely described (Bardon et al., 2009;Hungaro et al., 2015; Table 2. Frequency (n) and percentage (%) of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli prevalence found by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from fecal samples of slaughtered broiler chickens in Paraguay (N = 300). Tabla 2. Frecuencia (n) y porcentaje (%) de la prevalencia de Campylobacter jejuni y Campylobacter coli, determinada mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), de muestras fecales de pollos parrilleros en Paraguay (N= 300). ...
... In broiler chickens, there is scientific evidence showing resistance to ciprofloxacin, with values ranging from 60.2 to 99.5 % in C. jejuni and 44.4 % to 100 % in C. coli; and to erythromycin, with values ranging from 1 % to 98.3 % in C. jejuni and 33.3 to 100 % in C. coli (Bardon et al., 2009;Chen et al., 2010;Yew et al., 2010;Zendehbad et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2016;Mäesaar et al., 2016). The main cause of the high C. jejuni ciprofloxacin resistance in the present study could be due to genetic and environmental effects. ...
Campylobacteriosis is one of the main zoonotic diseases transmitted by food, especially chicken meat and derivatives which represent an important transmission source for humans. This research aimed to verify prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in broiler chickens Cobb 500TM obtained from a slaughterhouse in Paraguay. 300 cloacal swabs samples were randomly collected, then subjected to microbiological analysis and subsequent PCR bacterial confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was determined by the E-test®. Campylobacter spp. prevalence was 63.6%, 97.3% corresponding to C. jejuni and 2.6% to C. coli. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was 89.8% for C. jejuni and 100% for C. coli. Resistance to erythromycin was found only in one strain of C. jejuni (0.5%). High resistance to ciprofloxacin and high prevalence of C. jejuni, were confirmed. This research describes public health risk of consumption of chicken meat contaminated with antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter species. The results indicate the need to implement health control measures regarding the antibiotic treatments in poultry production. This research represents the first scientific report that reveals antimicrobial prevalence and resistance of C. jejuni and C. coli in commercial broiler chickens in Paraguay.
... Rev. salud publica Parag. | Vol. 13 N° 2 | Mayo -Agosto 2023 por otros estudios como el de Tarkut et al. (41) , Bardon et al. (48) . ...
... Hasta el momento no se han reportado en el país datos importantes de resistencia a eritromicina que es la droga de elección al tratamiento. Resistencias similares a ciprofloxacina presentan estudios como el de Notario et al. (32) , Bardon et al. (48) . ...
Introducción:
Campylobacter spp., es un agente común de enterocolitis en humanos. Los factores de virulencia que más se han relacionado con patogenicidad son la motilidad por la presencia de flagelos, la capacidad de adherencia e invasión a la célula eucarionte y la producción de citotoxinas. La reposición de líquidos y electrolitos es el tratamiento recomendado, y los antimicrobianos se requieren solo en la enfermedad grave y/o prolongada.
Objetivo:
Caracterizar los factores de virulencia y la resistencia antimicrobiana en cepas de Campylobacter spp., aislados de pacientes con síndrome diarreico agudo en el Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, periodo 2020 - 2021.
Metodología:
El tipo de estudio utilizado fue retrospectivo de corte transversal, tomando como periodo de estudio los años 2020 y 2021, como criterio de inclusión se consideraron todas las cepas aisladas de muestras que se remitieron con la ficha epidemiológica para el estudio de Enfermedades Diarreicas Agudas (EDAS) en el periodo de estudio de 2020-2021.
Resultados:
Fueron sometidas a estudio unas 168 cepas de Campylobacter spp., donde se observó un predominio de la especie Campylobacter jejuni con un porcentaje de 95% (160/168 ) seguido de Campylobacter coli con un 5 % ( 8/168 ). Se detectaron todos los factores de virulencia investigados siendo el de mayor frecuencia flaA (96%) y ctdC (94%), seguido de cadF (86.9%), ctdB (85%), dnaJ (79.7%), racC (71%) y en menor porcentaje se detectó pldA (49%), ciaB (21%), wlaN (13%) y virB (2%). En cuanto a la resistencia antimicrobiana de las cepas de Campylobacter spp., en este estudio se pudo observar un 51 % de resistencia a ciprofloxacina, 6 % de resistencia a tetraciclina; mientras que para eritromicina se observó una sensibilidad del 100%.
Conclusión:
La identificación de los factores de virulencia implicados en los procesos infecciosos, así como el conocimiento de la resistencia antimicrobiana del agente etiológico constituyen la clave para mejorar la comprensión de la patogénesis y el desarrollo de terapias para el tratamiento de las infecciones presentadas por este patógeno.
... France (82.0%) had a higher prevalence rate than from Denmark and Germany (23.0%-30.0%) (Bardon et al., 2009). ...
... C. jejuni was the major etiological factor of contamination in chickens in our study. Similar results have been documented in earlier studies (Allain et al., 2014, Bardon et al., 2009, Rahimi and Tajbakhsh, 2008. On the other hand, other studies show C. coli to be more prevalent (Ansari-Lari et al., 2011;Khoshbakht et al., 2015;Wieczorek et al., 2012). ...
The presence of foodborne pathogens is a major concern for the food industry and increase in antibiotic resistance adds to the seriousness of this issue. Epidemiological studies have shown that there is little or no information from Iran on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in chickens of slaughter age. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibacterial susceptibility and type of Campylobacter species isolated from the cecum of chickens bred in Saqqez city, Kurdistan, western Iran. Campylobacter was isolated and identified by culture and molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter species was performed by disk agar diffusion test and agar dilution methods. The bacterial isolates were typed by repetitive element sequence based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) method. Fifty-five percent of the farms were found to be contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Gene amplification assay confirmed 67 isolates with Campylobacter spp., of which 57 (85.1%) were identified as C. jejuni and 10 (14.9%) as C. coli. Resistance to tetracycline was the most common finding (70.6%), followed by ciprofloxacin (63.7%) and amoxicillin (27.5%). All isolates retained their susceptibility towards gentamicin and meropenem. Results of MIC 50 and MIC 90 confirmed high resistance towards tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Repetitive element sequence based-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) placed C. jejuni in six profiles, while C. coli could not be separated as diverse clones. The present study focused on obtaining data regarding prevalence, antibiotic susceptibilities, genetic diversity at regular intervals and maintain and improve hygiene. The results of this study showed substantial genetic diversity of C. jejuni in chickens from western Iran.
... France (82.0%) had a higher prevalence rate than from Denmark and Germany (23.0%-30.0%) (Bardon et al., 2009). ...
... C. jejuni was the major etiological factor of contamination in chickens in our study. Similar results have been documented in earlier studies (Allain et al., 2014, Bardon et al., 2009, Rahimi and Tajbakhsh, 2008. On the other hand, other studies show C. coli to be more prevalent (Ansari-Lari et al., 2011;Khoshbakht et al., 2015;Wieczorek et al., 2012). ...
The presence of foodborne pathogens is a major concern for the food industry and increase in antibiotic resistance adds to the seriousness of this issue. Epidemiological studies have shown that there is little or no information from Iran on the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in chickens of slaughter age. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antibacterial susceptibility and type of Campylobacter species isolated from the cecum of chickens bred in Saqqez city, Kurdistan, western Iran. Campylobacter was isolated and identified by culture and molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter species was performed by disk agar diffusion test and agar dilution methods. The bacterial isolates were typed by repetitive element sequence based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) method. Fifty-five percent of the farms were found to be contaminated with Campylobacter spp. Gene amplification assay confirmed 67 isolates with Campylobacter spp., of which 57 (85.1%) were identified as C. jejuni and 10 (14.9%) as C. coli. Resistance to tetracycline was the most common finding (70.6%), followed by ciprofloxacin (63.7%) and amoxicillin (27.5%). All isolates retained their susceptibility towards gentamicin and meropenem. Results of MIC 50 and MIC 90 confirmed high resistance towards tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Repetitive element sequence based-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) placed C. jejuni in six profiles, while C. coli could not be separated as diverse clones. The present study focused on obtaining data regarding prevalence, antibiotic susceptibilities, genetic diversity at regular intervals and maintain and improve hygiene. The results of this study showed substantial genetic diversity of C. jejuni in chickens from western Iran.
... The heavy use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine has been suggested as a cause of antibiotic resistance in human isolates (Hong et al., 2007). In South Korea, both antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter isolates from meats are higher than in other countries (Bardon et al., 2009;Lim et al., 2014). Although most people recover without treatment, campylobacteriosis requires intensive care, especially in seniors, children, and immunodeficient patients (Nachamkin and Blaser, 2000;Feodoroff et al., 2011). ...
... The high antibiotic resistance observed with Campylobacter isolates from poultry samples to certain antibiotics is in agreement with previous studies conducted in South Korea, which reported resistances of 68 to 97% to ciprofloxacin, 58 to 84% to enrofloxacin, 71 to 100% to nalidixic acid, and 60 to 95% to tetracycline (Kang et al., 2006;Hong et al., 2007;Kim et al., 2010;Chae et al., 2011;Kim et al., 2013;Wei et al., 2014). Although the rates of antibiotic resistance found in this study agree with other studies performed in South Korea, antibiotic resistance, especially to fluoroquinolone, is much higher than in studies conducted in other countries (Gyles, 2008;Bardon et al., 2009;Bernadette et al., 2012;Garin et al., 2012;Wieczorek and Osek, 2015;Mäesaar et al., 2016). Fluoroquinolones, such as nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin are important antibiotics because they are the primary choice for treating campylobacteriosis (Ge et al., 2003;Kang et al., 2006;Alfredson and Korolik, 2007). ...
The objective of this study was to assess the quantitative prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and molecular subtyping pattern of Campylobacter isolates from chicken and duck products from poultry slaughterhouses in South Korea. A total of 240 chicken (n = 120) and duck (n = 120) carcass samples collected from 12 poultry slaughterhouses between June 2014 and February 2015 in 12 South Korean cities was tested, and 131 samples were positive for Campylobacter. Duck samples showed a higher prevalence (P < 0.05; 93 out of 120) compared to chicken samples (38 out of 120), whereas Campylobacter cell populations from positives were lower (P < 0.05) in ducks (mean count: 183.8 CFU/mL) than in chicken samples (mean count: 499.7 CFU/mL). Most isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (93.9%), ciprofloxacin (95.4%), tetracycline (72.5%), or enrofloxacin (88.5%), but only a few strains were resistant to chloramphenicol (0.8%) or erythromycin (3.1%). Most of the tested strains were classified into diverse pulsotypes according to repetitive element sequence-based-PCR banding patterns, indicating the diversity of Campylobacter isolates present in chicken and duck samples from poultry slaughterhouses. The emergence of Campylobacter contamination and antibiotic-resistant strains in food animals poses a potential risk to public health and should be regularly monitored for developing proper control measures.
... C. jejuni and C. coli were isolated from 5.3% and 17.8%, respectively from chicken samples. Higher percentages (80%, 56%, 76%, 68%, 44.4% and 48.7%) of Campylobacter spp in chickens were obtained byBardon et al. (2009);Ellerbroek et al. (2010);Weber et al. (2014);Sandberg et al. (2015);Osbjer et al. (2016)Schallegger et al. (2016) and respectively. C.jejuni was detected in 12 (5.3%) of the examined chicken samples. ...
... (2016), respectively. Lower percentage of C. coli (2.7%) was obtained byBardon et al. (2009). However higher percentages (53.3%, 30% and 32%) of C. coli were obtained bySchallegger et al. (2016), Henry et al. ...
The genus Campylobacter is one of great importance to public health because it includes several species that may cause diarrhea. Poultry and poultry products are known as important sources of human campylobacteriosis. 225 samples were collected from (75) chickens including intestinal content (75), liver (75) and skin (75). The overall occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken by PCR were (5.3% & 17.8%). Multiplex PCR targeting 23S rRNA specific for genus Campylobacter, hip O gene specific for C. jejuni and glyA gene specific for C. coli was used for the confirmation of phenotypically identified C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. It is concluded that PCR was determined to be more specific and rapid than biochemical tests.
... C. jejuni and C. coli were isolated from 5.3% and 17.8%, respectively from chicken samples. Higher percentages (80%, 56%, 76%, 68%, 44.4% and 48.7%) of Campylobacter spp in chickens were obtained byBardon et al. (2009);Ellerbroek et al. (2010);Weber et al. (2014);Sandberg et al. (2015);Osbjer et al. (2016)Schallegger et al. (2016) and respectively. C.jejuni was detected in 12 (5.3%) of the examined chicken samples. ...
... (2016), respectively. Lower percentage of C. coli (2.7%) was obtained byBardon et al. (2009). However higher percentages (53.3%, 30% and 32%) of C. coli were obtained bySchallegger et al. (2016), Henry et al. ...
The genus Campylobacter is one of great importance to public health because it includes several species that may cause diarrhea. Poultry and poultry products are known as important sources of human campylobacteriosis. 225 samples were collected from (75) chickens including intestinal content (75), liver (75) and skin (75). The overall occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken by PCR were (5.3% & 17.8%). Multiplex PCR targeting 23S rRNA specific for genus Campylobacter, hip O gene specific for C. jejuni and glyA gene specific for C. coli was used for the confirmation of phenotypically identified C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. It is concluded that PCR was determined to be more specific and rapid than biochemical tests.
... Results from recent susceptibility studies of Campylobacter species from poultry and poultry meat performed in different countries indicate substantial variation between countries. High resistance rates have been reported from Belgium (Habib et al., 2009), USA (Ge et al., 2003), Italy (Pezzotti et al., 2003;Nobile et al., 2013;Giacomelli et al., 2014) and Czech Republic (Bardon et al., 2008) while lower resistance rates have been reported from Australia (Miflin et al., 2007). Possible explanation for these differences has been due to different National and Regional policies in relation to the use of antimicrobial agents for food animals (Anderson et al., 2006). ...
... In this study, there was a high resistance to quinolones (ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid) among the isolates. High resistance to flouroquinolones in poultry and poultry meat have been reported in many European countries, 72% in the Czech Republic (Bardon et al., 2008), 65% in Turkey (Cokal et al., 2008), and 82% in Spain (Prats et al., 2000). Similarly, high resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid has been reported in other countries, 88 and 91% in Korea (Kang et al., 2006), 69.4 and 75% in Iran (Taremi et al., 2006). ...
The aim of this study was to determine the resistance profile of 24 Campylobacter jejuni and 16 Campylobacter coli isolates from chickens in a diagnostic laboratory in Nigeria. Susceptibility testing was done by a broth microdilution MIC method with MICRONAUT – S anaerob test plates (Merlin Diagnostika, GmbH, Germany). MIC assay was performed according to CLSI (formally NCCLS) methods. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (57.5%) was the highest, followed by nalidixic acid (47%), tetracycline (35%) and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (22%). Campylobacter jejuni were more resistant than Campylobacter coli to nalidixic acid, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole while Campylobacter coli were more resistant than Campylobacter jejuni to erythromycin and streptomycin. 47.5% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant with nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin as the most frequently occurring antimicrobial agent in the pattern. This work has shown that majority of the Campylobacter isolates were resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents used with multi-drug resistance, thus the need for surveillance and rational use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production.
... Although the observed Campylobacter resistance to ciprofloxacin was lower in the Estonian products (16.7%) than in the Latvian and Lithuanian broiler chicken meat isolates (87.5% and 84.8%, respectively), the general prevalence was still high (60.2%). High levels of resistance of Campylobacter poultry meat isolates to fluoroquinolones have also been found in Poland (Rozynek et al., 2008;Wieczorek et al., 2013), Italy (Di Giannatale et al., 2014), the Czech Republic (Bardon et al., 2008), Switzerland (Kittl et al., 2010) and many other European countries (EFSA, European Food Safety Authority, 2013). Results similar to Estonian results of rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones below 20% in broiler chicken meat isolates have been reported for only a few countries that include the United Kingdom (Gormley et al., 2010), Ireland (Fallon et al., 2003), Iceland (Thorsteinsdottir et al., 2008) and Denmark (EFSA, European Food Safety Authority, 2013). ...
... However, because of the limited amount of data in Campylobacter infection epidemiology, this is only speculation. Similarly to the study by Bardon et al. (2008), we found greater levels of resistance to tetracycline in the human isolates (42.9%) than among the animal-origin isolates (14.3%). Campylobacter isolates from the broiler chicken meat of Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian origin were resistant to tetracycline at 11.1%, 6.3% and 19.6%, respectively (Table 3). ...
The resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolated from retail broiler chicken meat originating either from Estonia, Lithuania or Latvia collected in Estonia were determined. Additionally, in collaboration with the laboratories of several Estonian hospitals, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined for Campylobacter isolates from patients with severe Campylobacter enteric infections. The isolates were identified at the species level by the PCR method. Respectively, 88.8% of the isolates were C. jejuni, and 11.2% were C. coli. In total, 126 Campylobacter isolates of broiler chicken meat and human origin were tested for minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) with the broth microdilution VetMIC(TH) method (National Veterinary Institute; Uppsala, Sweden) for a total of six antimicrobials. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was detected in 62 (63.3%) of Campylobacter broiler chicken meat isolates and in 20 (71.4%) of human-origin isolates. Large proportions of the broiler chicken meat isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (60.2%). Multidrug resistance (i.e. to three or more unrelated antimicrobials) was detected in five (5.1%) C. jejuni isolates. Among the human isolates, 20 (71.4%) were resistant to fluoroquinolones, and two (7.1%) C. jejuni isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The chicken meat isolates of Estonian origin were the most susceptible. However, a high proportion of fluoroquinolone-resistant C. jejuni isolates were found in Latvian and Lithuanian products. The results of this study indicate that the problems caused by the inappropriate use of antimicrobials extend beyond the country in which a food originates; therefore, both domestic and international interventions and agreements are required to implement common policies on antimicrobial usage and to minimize the emergence of Campylobacter drug resistance.
© 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
... Since poultry is the major meat type involved in Campylobacter infections, the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in bird and chicken products assumes significance from public health point of view. Campylobacters from broiler chicken flocks can have higher antibiotic resistance than human isolates (Bardon et al., 2009). C. jejuni isolates from an outbreak linked to pet store companies involving puppies as sources of infection in the USA exhibited resistance to macrolides and quinolones (Montgomery et al., 2018). ...
... O tratamento medicamentoso com antibióticos não deve ser iniciado sem a confirmação da infecção (ACKE, 2018), sendo recomendado apenas para pacientes imunocomprometidos ou febris, jovens, com manifestação clínica grave, apresentando melena ou hematoquezia e sinais extra intestinais (MARKS et al., 2011). A escolha do tipo de antibiótico também é importante, podendo ser incluídos no tratamento tetraciclinas, macrolídeos, betalactâmicos, fluoroquinolonas e aminoglicosídeos (BARDON et al., 2009;BOLTON, 2015). Entretanto, há pouca evidência da eficácia do uso de antibióticos no tratamento de campilobacterioses em cães e gatos, sendo necessária a realização de estudos adicionais voltados para a investigação e identificação de resistência antimicrobiana, com o objetivo de definir as melhores alternativas medicamentosas (MARKS et al., 2011;WEESE et al., 2015). ...
A campilobacteriose é uma doença causada por bactérias do gênero Campylobacter, responsáveis por uma das principais zoonoses de caráter global. As espécies de Campylobacter comumente isoladas de amostras fecais de cães e gatos são C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus e C. jejuni e, embora a maioria destes animais apresentem infecções subclínicas, alguns desenvolvem enterite leve a moderada. Animais jovens, mantidos sob alta densidade populacional e/ou convivendo com outros animais com doenças concomitantes são especialmente predispostos à infecção e ao desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos. O contato com cães e gatos é um fator de risco reconhecido para a campilobacteriose humana, sendo que infecções por Campylobacter e suas complicações, como a Síndrome de Guillain-Barré, podem causar crescente morbidade em seres humanos suscetíveis. Portanto, indivíduos imunossuprimidos, que vivem ou trabalham em contato próximo com estes animais, devem ser informados dos micro-organismos zoonóticos que podem estar presentes. A compreensão da epidemiologia, patogenicidade, fatores de risco e medidas de prevenção e controle da campilobacteriose ampliou nos últimos anos, juntamente com o reconhecimento de novas espécies e diversidade genômica, atribuídos em grande parte à melhoria da tecnologia, permitindo análises comparativas destes micro-organismos. Embora tenha ocorrido progresso no entendimento do potencial patogênico de Campylobacter spp., o incremento nas pesquisas envolvendo este agente bacteriano ainda precisa ser realizado. Palavras-chave: Campylobacter. Zoonose. Diarreia. Abstract Campylobacteriosis is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Campylobacter, representing one of the main global zoonoses. Campylobacter species commonly isolated from dogs’ and cats’ fecal samples are C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus, and C. jejuni, and although most of these animals have subclinical infections, some develop mild to moderate enteritis. Young animals kept under high population density and / or living with other animals presenting concomitant diseases are especially predisposed to infection and to the development of clinical signs. Contact with infected dogs and cats is a recognized risk factor for human campylobacteriosis, and infections by Campylobacter and its complications, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, can cause increasing morbidity in susceptible humans. Therefore, immunosuppressed individuals living or working in close contact with these animals should be informed of the zoonotic microorganisms that may be present. The understanding of epidemiology, pathogenicity, risk factors, preventive and control measures for campylobacteriosis has expanded in recent years along with the recognition of new species and genomic diversity, largely attributed to the technology improvement, allowing comparative analyses of these microorganisms. Although progress has been made in understanding the pathogenic potential of Campylobacter spp., the increase in research involving this bacterial agent still needs to be carried out. Keywords: Campylobacter. Zoonosis. Diarrhea.
... The general resilience of the isolates was evaluated by their antibiotic resistance, ability to survive and potentially grow under an aerobic atmosphere and at low temperature, and by their interactions with Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Recently, an increase in the resistance of Campylobacter spp. to antibiotics has been reported in several countries, including the Czechia (Serichantalergs et al., 2007;Bardon et al., 2009). Factors contributing to this increase could include the veterinary use of antibiotics as prophylaxis or for the treatment of animal diseases (Skandalis et al., 2021). ...
Campylobacter jejuni is regarded as the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis around the world. Even though it is generally considered to be a sensitive microaerobic pathogen, it is able to survive in the environment outside of the intestinal tract of the host. This study aimed to assess the impact of selected environmental parameters on the survival of 14 C. jejuni isolates of different origins, including 12 water isolates. The isolates were tested for their antibiotic resistance, their ability to survive at low temperature (7°C), develop aerotolerance, and to interact with the potential protozoan host Acanthamoeba polyphaga. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by standard disk diffusion according to EUCAST. Out of the 14 isolates, 8 were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and 5 to tetracycline (TET), while only one isolate was resistant to erythromycin (ERY). Five isolates were resistant to two different antibiotic classes. Tetracycline resistance was only observed in isolates isolated from wastewater and a clinical sample. Further, the isolates were tested for their survival at 7°C under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions using standard culture methods. The results showed that under microaerobic conditions, all isolates maintained their cultivability for 4 weeks without a significant decrease in the numbers of bacteria and variation between the isolates. However, significant differences were observed under aerobic conditions (AC). The incubation led to a decrease in the number of cultivable cells, with complete loss of cultivability after 2 weeks (one water isolate), 3 weeks (7 isolates), or 4 weeks of incubation (6 isolates). Further, all isolates were studied for their ability to develop aerotolerance by repetitive subcultivation under microaerobic and subsequently AC. Surprisingly, all isolates were able to adapt and grow under AC. As the last step, 5 isolates were selected to evaluate a potential protective effect provided by A. polyphaga. The cocultivation of isolates with the amoeba resulted in the survival of about 40% of cells treated with an otherwise lethal dose of gentamicin. In summary, C. jejuni is able to adapt and survive in a potentially detrimental environment for a prolonged period of time, which emphasizes the role of the environmental transmission route in the spread of campylobacteriosis.
... Food contamination and spoilage by microorganisms present serious problems for consumer safety. There have been numerous cases of food poisoning, pathogen outbreak and product recall worldwide (Bardon et al., 2009;Castañeda-Gulla et al., 2020;Premarathne et al., 2017;Scheinberg et al., 2013). Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli are the main pathogenic microorganisms found on the surface of chicken meat (Castañeda-Gulla et al., 2020;Cunningham, 2012). ...
In New Zealand, aerobic mesophilic counts on fresh chicken should be < 6 log CFU cm⁻² by end of shelf-life (4 °C) as the products are susceptible to microbial contamination by spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Effect of UV-C light was investigated on fresh chicken samples (20 °C) using 50 to 300 mJ cm⁻² dosages. Treatment with 50 mJ cm⁻² extended the shelf-life of skin-on-fillets to day 6 and skinless-fillets to day 7 at 4 °C. This dosage had no impact on the colour and lipid oxidation of the chicken samples (p < 0.05), despite the detection of a slight burnt odour on treated fresh raw chicken samples stored for 1 d (4 °C) which was not perceived after cooking. Treatment with 50 mJ cm⁻² successfully extended the shelf life of skinless chicken portions at 4 °C (p < 0.05).
... Antibiotická léčba zároveň zkracuje dobu vylučování kampylobakterů stolicí na 72 hodin od zahájení léčby [4]. Celosvětově narůstá rezistence kampylobakterů k fl uorochinolonům, proto by tato antibiotika měla být předepisována pouze po předchozím ověření citlivosti [1,4,26,27]. ...
JOURNAL: ZPRÁVY CENTRA EPIDEMIOLOGIE A MIKROBIOLOGIE (SZÚ, PRAHA) 2019; 28(4)
Abstract:
Cíl práce: Salmonelózy a kampylobakteriózy jsou v České republice (ČR) nejvýznamnějšími infekčními průjmo-vými onemocněními přenášenými potravinami a vodou. Cílem naší práce bylo analyzovat hlášená epidemiologická data výskytu salmonelóz a kampylobakterióz v ČR v roce 2018. Metody: Provedli jsme deskriptivní analýzu dat salmonelóz a kampylobakterióz zaznamenaných v rámci systému pro hlášení infekčních onemocnění (ISIN) v ČR v roce 2018. Pro zpracování a třídění dat byl použit program MS Excel 2010. Incidenční mapy byly vytvořeny pomocí ECDC Map Maker tool (EMMa). Výsledky: V roce 2018 bylo v ČR hlášeno celkem 23 780 případů kampylobakterióz (incidence 224,1/100 000 obyv.) a 11 347 případů salmonelóz (106,9/100 000). V porovnání s předchozími lety si tato onemocnění udržují stabilní trend. Podle pohlaví bylo 52 % kampylobakterióz a naopak 48 % salmonelóz zaznamenáno u mužů. Věkově specifi cká incidence byla u obou těchto onemocnění nejvyšší ve věkových skupinách 1-4 roky a u 0letých. Podle krajů byla nejvyšší incidence kampylobakterióz zaznamenána v krajích Jihomoravském a Moravskoslezském a sal-monelóz v krajích Vysočina a Jihočeském. Hospitalizováno bylo 14 % případů kampylobakterióz a 24 % případů salmonelóz. V souvislosti s těmito onemocněními bylo hlášeno 6 a 13 případů úmrtí. Závěry: Onemocnění kampylobakteriózou a salmonelózou si v ČR v posledních letech udržují stabilní trend, incidence obou onemocnění je nadále vysoká. Vzhledem k velkému celkovému množství případů tato onemocnění způsobují nadále významnou zátěž pro obyvatelstvo i zdravotní systém. Prevence onemocnění by se měla soustředit především na rizikové skupiny obyvatelstva, kterými jsou děti do pěti let věku, z důvodu vysoké četnosti případů, a osoby starší 80 let, jimž hrozí vyšší podíl těžkých průběhů a hospitalizací.
... e resistance rate to erythromycin in Campylobacter species isolated from human and animal samples in Iran was low (6.4%, 13%, and 7.4% for C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, respectively). e frequency of erythromycin resistance in Iran was higher than that in Turkey [47], Ethiopia [48], Canada [49], Australia [50], and the Czech Republic [51] and lower than that of South Africa [52], Malaysia [53], Italy [54], and China [55]. e target modifications through point mutations in the 23S rRNA gene such as A2074C, A2074G, and A2075G mutations, modifying L4 and L22 ribosomal proteins along with CmeABC efflux pump, are three main mechanisms complicated in macrolide resistance in Campylobacter species [5]. ...
Background:
Campylobacter species are one of the main causes of bacterial food poisoning worldwide. Recently, WHO reported that the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species is becoming a public health issue around the world. The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species, especially fluoroquinolone-resistant strains isolated from human and animal origins in Iran.
Methods:
Using related keywords and without date and language limitations, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and SID to identify relevant studies on the prevalence of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Campylobacter species in Iran.
Results:
A total of 34 reports (9 in Persian and 25 in English) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disk diffusion, E-test, and agar dilution were common methods used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The antibiotic resistance profiles of Campylobacter species against fluoroquinolones were as follows: 53.6%, 41.8%, and 0% to ciprofloxacin for C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. lari, respectively, 24.3% and 25.1% to enrofloxacin for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, 59.6% and 49.2% to nalidixic acid for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively, and 87.3% and 64.7% to ofloxacin for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively.
Conclusion:
Our findings revealed a high prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species in Iran. This calls for the use of more effective antibiotics with low resistance rates including aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and imipenem.
... In addition, an EFSA report (2010) recorded a relatively low prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks in Norway (3.2 %) and Finland (3.9 %). In contrast, Rajagunalan et al. (2014) in India and Bardon et al. (2008) in the Czech Republic reported Campylobacter prevalence rates of 76.32 % and 50.0 %, respectively. These variations may be attributed to geographical location, breeding methods and season-related differences (Daskalov and Maramski, 2012). ...
Campylobacter is one of the most important zoonotic bacterium and the leading cause of human
gastroenteritis worldwide. To investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of this pathogen, a
total of 360 chicken cloacal swabs and 15 water samples were gathered from different localities in Giza and
Cairo Governorates. An additional 50 stool specimens were collected from individuals in contact with the
examined chickens. Eleven Campylobacter isolates were recovered through bacteriological examination.
Campylobacter spp. were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as C. jejuni (63.6 %) and C. coli
(36.4 %) through the detection of the Map A and Ceu E genes, respectively. The antibiotic resistance of the
Campylobacter isolates was determined via the disc diffusion method and was observed most frequently
to nalidixic acid (81.8 %), tetracycline (72.7 %), ciprofloxacin (54.5 %), and erythromycin (54.5 %), while
low resistance to ceftriaxone (18.2 %) was detected. Among the 11 Campylobacter isolates, 9 isolates
were multidrug resistant (MDR). The tet (O) gene, which is responsible for tetracycline resistance, was
detected in only 6 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the tet (O) gene sequences recovered from the C.
jejuni isolates revealed that the strains isolated from chickens and drinking water from the same farm were
identical. However, the sequence of the tet (O) gene from human isolates was highly similar to that from
drinking water isolates. Our findings highlight the presence of MDR Campylobacter strains in chickens
and the role of drinking water as a potential reservoir for tetracycline-resistant isolates. Therefore, regular
monitoring of resistance is required, and increased attention should focus on preventing the transmission
cycle of such emerging pathogens between different ecosystems to avoid public health hazards.
... In addition, an EFSA report (2010) recorded a relatively low prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks in Norway (3.2 %) and Finland (3.9 %). In contrast, Rajagunalan et al. (2014) in India and Bardon et al. (2008) in the Czech Republic reported Campylobacter prevalence rates of 76.32 % and 50.0 %, respectively. These variations may be attributed to geographical location, breeding methods and season-related differences (Daskalov and Maramski, 2012). ...
... Nonetheless, antibiotics are regularly used in Campylobacter infected patients with diarrhea, high fever or patients with other severe illness like weakened immune systems, AIDS, thalassemia, and hypogammaglobulinemia (CDC, 2016). Antibiotics drugs of choice for the treatment of campylobacteriosis includes fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, macrolides, betalactams (Bolton, 2015) and erythromycin (Bardon et al., 2009). Other useful alternative antibiotics drugs of choice include ciprofloxacin, vancomycin (Bruzzese et al., 2018) and quinolones (Gilber and Moellering, 2007). ...
Campylobacter species are among the leading cause of bacterial foodborne and waterborne infections. In addition, Campylobacter is one of the major causative agent of bacterial gastrointestinal infections and the rise in the incidence of Campylobacter infections have been reported worldwide. Also, the emergence of some Campylobacter species as one of the main causative agent of diarrhea and the propensity of these bacteria species to resist the actions of antimicrobial agents; position them as a serious threat to the public health. This paper reviews Campylobacter pathogenicity, infections, isolation and diagnosis, their reservoirs, transmission pathways, epidemiology of Campylobacter outbreaks, prevention and treatment option, antibiotics resistance and control of antibiotics use.
... Efficacy is lost when the antibiotic regimen is not started at the onset of symptoms and may require prolonged treatment (Guerrant et al., 2001). Advantages of using erythromycin include the low frequency of natural resistance of Campylobacter to erythromycin (Smith et al., 1999;Bardon et al., 2009), with antibiogram analysis of 1,808 isolates from Finnish patients between 2003 and 2005 reporting a resistance prevalence to erythromycin at 1.1% (Lehtopolku et al., 2010). Clindamycin is a lincomycin antibiotic, and Wagner et al. (2003) first proposed this as a potential therapeutic for campylobacteriosis. ...
Campylobacter is one of the most commonly reported foodborne human bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens. Campylobacter is the etiological agent of campylobacteriosis, which is generally a self-limited illness and therefore does not require treatment. However, when patients are immunocompromised or have other co-morbidities, antimicrobial treatment may be necessary for clinical treatment of campylobacteriosis, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choices. However, the increase in antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter to clinically important antibiotics may become insurmountable. Because of the transmission between poultry and humans, the poultry industry must now allocate resources to address the problem by reducing Campylobacter as well as antimicrobial use, which may reduce resistance. This review will focus on the incidence of antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter in poultry, the clinical consequences of this resistance, and the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance associated with Campylobacter.
... The first line antimicrobials like aminoglycosides and cephalosporins are of particular importance, since patients suffering from campylobacteriosis are usually treated with these antimicrobials agents (Uaboi-Egbenni, Bessong, Samie, & Obi, 2011). The resistance to chloramphenicol was also observed previously in humans (Bardon, Kolar, Cekanova, Hejna, & Koukalova, 2009) and chickens (Miflin et al., 2007). The great variability in this antibacterial's efficacy is probably due to its worldwide use in cattle, both at therapeutic or low doses; this would increase selective pressure on bacteria. ...
Campylobacteriosis is among the leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis all over the world and most of the isolates are resistant to different antibacterials. Pet rearing has been identified as a risk factor for Campylobacter infection in humans. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of faecal Campylobacter shedding among dogs, to estimate the specific prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni shedding, to identify the associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter spp. in dogs attending veterinary practice at Veterinary University, Mathura, India. Rectal swabs were aseptically collected and incubated using selective media and species isolation was further processed following standard protocols. In addition, genus and species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for species differentiation. A total of 134 dogs were included in this study. Among 134 faecal samples cultured, 38 samples (28.36%) were positive for Campylobacter species. C. jejuni was the most prevalent isolate in dogs. Breed, age, clinical signs of diarrhea and habitat sharing had statistically significant association with Campylobacter shedding. On drug sensitivity assay with 19 commonly used antibacterials 100% resistance was shown against amoxycillin, ampicillin, aztreonam, cefotaxim, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. It was followed by pefloxacin (92.11%), chloramphenicol (86.84%), ciprofloxacin (84.21%), nitrofurazone (78.94%), ofloxacin (76.32%), norfloxacin (73.68%) and cefaclor (73.68%). The results of the present study revealed high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. among dogs. The prevalence was higher in dogs of nondescript breed, pups and dogs sharing their habitat. The antimicrobial resistance patterns showed a high rate of multi drug resistant isolates in the dog population. Therefore, awareness in handling of dogs is important to prevent the zoonotic transmission of bacteria from pets to human beings especially in children and immunocompromised patients.
... Studies conducted by the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Dairy 2002 and Dairy 2007 reported that 0.4% of the cattle Campylobacter isolates were resistant to erythromycin (USDA, 2011). Similar findings also were observed in European countries, where macrolides resistance among Campylobacter isolates from human and C. jejuni isolates from chicken and cattle has been low and stable (Gibreel and Taylor, 2006;Papavasileiou et al., 2007;Bardon et al., 2009). However, in the case of Campylobacter isolates of animal origin from some developing countries, high prevalence of macrolide resistance, especially in C. coli from poultry and swine, has been reported in multiple studies (Li et al., 2016;Shobo et al., 2016;Singh and Mittal, 2016;Wang et al., 2016). ...
Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen and is commonly present in food producing animals. This pathogenic organism is highly adaptable and has become increasingly resistant to various antibiotics. Recently, both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization have designated antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter as a serious threat to public health. For the past decade, multiple mechanisms conferring resistance to clinically important antibiotics have been described in Campylobacter , and new resistance mechanisms constantly emerge in the pathogen. Some of the recent examples include the erm(B) gene conferring macrolide resistance, the cfr(C) genes mediating resistance to florfenicol and other antimicrobials, and a functionally enhanced variant of the multidrug resistance efflux pump, CmeABC. The continued emergence of new resistance mechanisms illustrates the extraordinary adaptability of Campylobacter to antibiotic selection pressure and demonstrate the need for innovative strategies to control antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter . In this review, we will briefly summarize the trends of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter and discuss the mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics used for animal production and important for clinical therapy in humans. A special emphasis will be given to the newly discovered antibiotic resistance.
... Modelling of the relative risk (RR) or incidence of campylobacte-riosis, and identification of environmental, demographic or socioeconomic associations has been the main topic of studies in Canada (Green et al., 2006;Arsenault et al., 2012Arsenault et al., , 2013, Sweden (Nygård et al., 2004), USA (Weisent et al., 2011(Weisent et al., , 2012, and England and Wales (Gillespie et al., 2008). With some exceptions, local studies rather deal with the mechanism of transmission to humans (Bardon et al., 2009) than the spatial distribution of the infection (Zeleňáková et al., 2012;Marek et al., 2015aMarek et al., , 2015b. ...
Inspired by local outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in the Czech Republic in 2010 linked to the debate about alleged health risks of the raw milk consumption, a detailed study was carried out. Firstly, scanning was utilised to identify spatio-temporal clusters of the disease from 2008 to 2012. Then a spatial method (geographical profiling originally developed for criminology) served as assessment in selecting fresh-milk vending machines that could have contributed to some of the local campylobacteriosis outbreaks. Even though an area of increased relative risk of the disease was identified in the affected city of České Budějovice during January and February 2010, geoprofiling did not identify any vending machines in the area as the potential source. However, possible sources in some nearby cities were suggested. Overall, 14 high-rate clusters including the localisation of 9% of the vending machines installed in the Czech Republic were found in the period 2008-2012. Although the vending machines are subject to strict hygiene standards and regular testing, a potential link between a small number of them and the spatial distribution of campylobacteriosis has been detected in the Czech Republic. This should be taken into account in public health research of the disease.
... A study by Said et al. that was carried out in Egypt from 1998 to 2005 reported a ratio of 85:15 from 118 samples collected [18]. The Czech Republic reported similar ratios in two consecutive years, 46:3:other species in 2006 and 43:2:other species in 2007 [29]. Conversely, studies showing a greater prevalence of C. coli have also been documented, with a study by Maćkiw et al between January 2008 and December 2009 indicating the presence of C. coli in 108 samples out of 143 (75.5%), whereas C. jejuni was only found in 35 (24.5%) of the samples [12]. ...
Introduction:
There is a dearth of surveillance data on clinical Campylobacter in South Africa, particularly in the private healthcare environment. We investigated the prevalence of resistance to first-line antibiotics used to treat campylobacterioses in clinical Campylobacter isolates from a private pathology laboratory.
Methodology:
Identification of the Campylobacter specific genes were confirmed by PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the broth micro-dilution method against macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin) and tetracycline.
Results:
Seventy-two Campylobacter isolates were identified by PCR, with 54 (75%) being classified as C. jejuni and 18 (25%) as C. coli. Of these, 11 (20.4%) C. jejuni and six (33.3%) C. coli strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin and three (7.41%) C. jejuni and three (16.7%) C. coli strains were resistant to gatifloxacin. The number of C. jejuni strains resistant to erythromycin and azithromycin was 17 (31.5%) and 36 (50%) respectively, while the resistance of C. coli strains to erythromycin and azithromycin were seven (38.9%) and 14 (77.8%) respectively. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 (55.6%) C. coli and 14 (25.9%) C. jejuni strains.
Conclusion:
In the light of these resistant profiles, the lack of a South African Campylobacter surveillance program is of concern. Relatively high prevalence of resistance in clinical isolates of C. jejuni and C. coli to the fluoroquinolones, macrolides and tetracycline used in first line treatment is of great concern. The efficacy treating human campylobacteriosis should thus be revisited.
... Kromě toho 26 % z těchto izolátů C. jejuni bylo rezistentních k ampicilinu, 9 % k streptomycinu a 6 % vykazovalo rezistenci k erytromycinu. Ve všech případech (vyjma tetracyklinu) byla prokázána vyšší rezistence veterinárních izolátů C. jejuni oproti humánním [43]. ...
... isolates were reported in Spain by Saenz et al. (2000 Saenz et al. ( ), as far as 1997 Saenz et al. ( - 1999 In the first monitoring on bacterial resistance among Campylobacteria spp. strains isolated from broiler chickens and men in the Czech Republic (2006 Republic ( -2007), a higher resistance in animal isolates compared to human ones also was established by Bardon et al. (2009). Unlike all cited studies, Norstrom et al. (2007), detected a low resistance of Campylobacter spp. ...
A total of 110 caecal samples were collected from broiler chickens originating from 6 small poultry farms in Bulgaria during the first half of 2009, and (45) Campylobacter jejuni strains were isolated. Twenty four (53.3%) of the C. jejuni isolates were determined as resistant to several antibiotics. The highest percentage of resistance was observed against (tetracycline) 22.2%, (enrofloxacin) 13.4% and (ampicillin) 11.1%. Two strains (4.4%) were resistant to erythromycin. The distribution of isolates on the basis of Minimal Inhibition Concentration revealed the highest value of 64 μg/ml to tetracycline in one of the strains. Four isolates resistant against ampicillin were with MIC of 32 μg/ml, and another one – with MIC 16 μg/ml.
... In recent decades, numerous authors have reported an increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Campylobacter spp. strains, particularly those isolated from poultry (Sáenz et al., 2000;Bardon et al., 2009;Chen et al., 2010;Rahimi and Ameri, 2011;Mackiw et al., 2012). The high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance is of great concern, since this drug is widely employed in the treatment of human gastroenteritis and recommended in cases of infection caused by macrolide-resistant Campylobacter (Kos et al., 2006). ...
Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter strains (C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari) isolated from broiler carcasses processed in the State of Paraná, Brazil. 2. Rates of microbial resistance and susceptibility were assessed by both Disk Diffusion (DD) and Etest (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) techniques. Results were expressed as percentages and the comparison of the results obtained by both methods was performed using the Chi-squared (x(2)) test at a significance level of 5%. Antibiotics were tested using DD (12 antibiotics) and/or MIC (7 antibiotics) methods. 3. A total of 95.8% of the strains were resistant to at least two agents. In terms of multidrug resistance, 75% of strains were resistant to three or more groups of antibiotics. The highest rates of resistance were detected for cefalotin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid. A high rate of susceptibility of the strains to erythromycin (95.8%) was found confirming that this is considered the agent of choice for treating campylobacteriosis. Comparison of the microbial resistance and susceptibility, as determined simultaneously by the two methods, found the techniques to be statistically equivalent for 5 out of the 6 antibiotics tested. 4. The results of this study suggest the need for adopting measures to control the use of antibiotics in broiler production to prevent multidrug resistance of Campylobacter strains and reduce the risk of serious human diseases caused by the consumption of contaminated chicken meat.
... This has led to frequent antimicrobial resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones, also in other species of bacteria -Enterobacteriaceae or enterococci -prevalent in Lithuanian animal farms (Ruzauskas et al. 2009). Resistance of C. jejuni isolated from broilers to quinolones and fluoroquinolones have also been reported by other authors from Czech, Turkey and Spain from different studies in 2003-2007, where resistance to ciprofloxacin ranged from 57.9 to 74.2% (Bardon et al. 2009;Cokal et al. 2009;Oporto et al. 2009). Some studies have demonstrated increased resistance of C. jejuni to quinolones after intensive usage of these compounds in poultry (Mcdermott et al. 2002). ...
Campylobacter jejuni isolates from broiler intestines and from retail poultry drumsticks were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility in Lithuania during 2009. The results were interpreted according to EUCAST epidemiological cut-off values using a broth microdilution method. The current study demonstrated that C. jejuni isolated from poultry drumsticks were more frequently resistant to different classes of antimicrobials – (fluoro)quinolones, macrolides, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, than those isolated from intestines of live chickens; however, statistically significant results were obtained only for ciprofloxacin. All isolates from chicken intestines and drumsticks were susceptible to chloramphenicol. According to the data of the current study, it may be presumed that poultry carcasses could be contaminated by campylobacters, not only during evisceration but also from contaminated equipment or during handling. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of campylobacters should not be limited to the monitoring of live (or slaughtered), broilers but also include testing of retail products.
Campylobacter jejuni is widely spread in raw poultry products and is the most common cause of bacterial human gastroenteritis worldwide. Although campylobacteriosis is often a self-limiting disease, some cases, particularly those caused by resistant strains, are severe. It was determined that the frequency of resistance to antimicrobials of C. jejuni isolated from poultry products differ from the resistance of strains isolated from poultry intestines. This could be associated with certain strains that are able to survive in a slaughterhouse environment.
Hygienic measures in raw food processing should be strongly enforced. Personal hygiene during marketing is also very important since resistant bacteria could easily spread among salespersons and consumers.
... Bardon y col. encontraron que los porcentajes de resistencia a fluoroquinolonas y otras drogas eran mayores en animales que en seres humanos 17 . en este trabajo se pudo demostrar que en los dos establecimientos de cría para la producción de pollos parrilleros (e1, e2) y en el establecimiento de gallinas ponedoras (POn) se detectaron cepas resistentes a quinolonas con el mismo patrón de polimorfismo de ADN del hallado en los aislamientos de pacientes con diarrea debida a C. jejuni resistente a ciprofloxacina. ...
Se compararon 8 aislamientos de Campylobacter jejuni provenientes de humanos con enfermedad diarreica aguda, con 23 aislamientos de cloaca de gallinas y pollos obtenidos de zonas próximas a la ciudad de Rosario, todos resistentes a la ciprofloxacina. Las muestras se sembraron en agar selectivo y se incubaron en microaerofilia a 42 °C. Las colonias se identificaron con el método tradicional. Los aislamientos se conservaron a -70 °C en caldo cerebro corazón con 17% v/v de glicerina. La clonalidad se determinó por RAPD-PCR, utilizando el primer 1254 (Stern NJ). Se interpretaron los aislamientos como clones distintos cuando diferían en una banda de amplificación. Se obtuvieron 5 clones diferentes. Los patrones I, II y V fueron aislados en criaderos industriales de pollos y en humanos (el II también en un establecimiento de gallinas ponedoras de huevos). En un gallinero familiar se obtuvo el patrón I. El patrón III sólo se obtuvo de humanos. El patrón IV se halló en uno de los criaderos pero no en humanos. Se pudo determinar que 93.5% de las cepas se aislaron tanto de animales como de humanos, por lo que se considera posible que la colonización de criaderos con cepas resistentes a los antimicrobianos pudiera ser el origen de la infección de humanos.
... These selected strains were confirmed by examination of morphology and Gram staining, motility under dark field microscopy and oxidase and catalase testing. Strains phenotypically classified as Campylobacter were stored at −80 • C in a semi-solid medium Evans and Sayers, 2000); 2 ( Bull et al., 2008); 3 ( Ellis-Iversen et al., 2009); 4 ( Lawes et al., 2012); 5 ( Powell et al., 2012); 6 (Van De Giessen et al., 1996); 7 ( Bouwknegt et al., 2004); 8 ( Lyngstad et al., 2008); 9 ( Jonsson et al., 2012); 10 ( Kapperud et al., 1993); 11 ( Barrios et al., 2006); 12 ( Guerin et al., 2007); 13 ( McDowell et al., 2008); 14 ( Refrégier-Petton et al., 2001); 15 ( Di Giannatale et al., 2010); 16 ( Hald et al., 2000); 17 ( Näther et al., 2009); 18 ( Hansson et al., 2010); 19 ( Bardon et al., 2009). made up of bacteriological agar, nutrient broth, glycerol, pyruvate, yeast extract and Campylobacter growth supplement or FBP (Oxoid ® SR0084, Basingstoke, UK). ...
An extensive epidemiological study was performed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Campylobacter infection in broiler farms in Andalusia (southern Spain). A total of 2,221 cloacal swabs and 747 environmental swabs from 291 broiler flocks were screened between April 2010 and May 2012. The prevalence of Campylobacter in individual animals was 38.1%, and the flock prevalence was 62.9%. Flocks were predominantly infected by C. jejuni and C. coli but were also infected by untyped Campylobacter spp., and mixed-species infection could be found. Risk factors for Campylobacter infection were assessed from direct interview of the farmers. The number of positive samples by flock was modelled assuming a binomial distribution. Analysis indicated five factors associated with increased intra-flock prevalence: presence of dogs or cats on the farm, older age of the broiler flock, the application of thinning of flocks, the presence of windows with canvas blinds, and the presence of rodents in the poultry house. Two factors were associated with decreased intra-flock prevalence: the treatment of drinking water and having an entrance room for access into the poultry house. This is the first study performed on broilers farms from Spain reporting the risk factors of Campylobacter infection and is the largest study on the prevalence of Campylobacter infection.
... Campylobacter jejuni, which colonizes the intestinal tract of both wild and domestic animals, is recognized worldwide as a leading cause of bacterial gastrointestinal enteritis (1,2). It is widely present in poultry meat and slaughterhouses (3), especially raw and undercooked chicken (4). Thus establishment of a simple and quick detection method for C. jejuni is a valid aim for preventing and controlling this foodborne disease. ...
Campylobacter jejuni is a worldwide foodborne pathogen recognized as a leading cause of human gastrointestinal enteritis. A rapid, sensitive, and specific method is required to monitor food and water in cases of contamination by this pathogen. This report presents a novel immunochromatographic test (ICT) using fluorescent microspheres labeled with polyclonal antibodies of C. jejuni as the capture reagent dispensed onto the conjugate pad. Polyclonal antibodies against the outer membrane protein PEB1 of C. jejuni were used as the detective reagent at the test line, whereas the goat anti-rabbit IgG was used on the control line. PEB1 was obtained by gene cloning and expression to prepare its antibody. In this study, a simple and rapid ICT is reported for detecting C. jejuni for the first time with a detection limit of 106 CFU/ mL.
CZECH: Cíl práce: Cílem naší práce bylo analyzovat hlášená epidemiologická data výskytu kampylobakterióz v České republice v letech 1997–2017 a shrnout současné poznatky ohledně výskytu tohoto onemocnění.
Metody: Provedli jsme deskriptivní analýzu dat kampylobakterióz zaznamenaných v rámci systému pro hlášení infekčních onemocnění (EpiDat) pro Českou republiku ve sledovaném období. Pro zpracování a třídění dat byl použit statistický program R a MS Excel 2010. Incidenční mapy byly vytvořeny pomocí ECDC Map Maker tool (EMMa).
Výsledky: V letech 1997–2017 bylo v naší republice hlášeno celkem 411 699 případů kampylobakterióz (průměrná roční incidence 188,9/100 000 obyv.). Roční incidence kampylobakteriózy v České republice v letech 1997–2005 prudce stoupala. Trend výskytu kampylobakterióz se však v posledních deseti letech ustálil. Nejvyšší průměrná věkově specifická incidence byla ve věkových skupinách 1–4 roky 1 068,5/100 000 obyvatel a do jednoho roku 814,7/100 000 obyvatel. Nejvyšší průměrná roční incidence kampylobakterióz byla hlášena v krajích Moravskoslezském (297,1/100 000 obyvatel) a Jihomoravském (274,0/100 000 obyvatel). Hospitalizováno bylo 52 398 osob (12,7 %). V souvislosti s kampylobakteriózou bylo v celém sledovaném období zaznamenáno celkem 84 úmrtí (0,02 %), jako přímá příčina úmrtí však byla kampylobakterióza uvedena pouze jedenkrát. Onemocnění kampylobakteriózou má v České republice charakter sporadických případů a rodinných výskytů (> 99 % výskytů) a nejčastějším etiologickým agens u kampylobakterióz je Campylobacter jejuni.
Závěry: Od roku 2007 je kampylobakterióza nejčastěji se vyskytujícím onemocněním infekční etiologie přenášeným vodou a potravinami v naší republice. Vzhledem k velkému množství případů toto onemocnění způsobuje významnou zátěž pro obyvatelstvo i zdravotní systém. Prevence onemocnění by se měla soustředit především na rizikové skupiny obyvatelstva, kterými jsou děti do pěti let z důvodu vysoké četnosti případů, a starší 80 let, jimž hrozí vyšší podíl těžkých průběhů a hospitalizací.
Klíčová slova: Campylobacter spp. – kampylobakterióza – Česká republika – alimentární infekce
ENGLISH: Aim: The aim of our study was to conduct analysis of reported epidemiological data on human campylobacteriosis in the Czech Republic (CZ) from 1997 to 2017 and to summarize the current knowledge about the disease. Methods: We conducted a descriptive epidemiological analysis of data on campylobacteriosis cases reported to the national surveillance system of infectious diseases in the CZ (EpiDat) from 1997 to 2017. MS Excel 2010 and statistical program R were used for data management and analysis. The incidence maps were created using the ECDC Map Maker tool (EMMa).
Results: Overall, 411 699 campylobacteriosis cases (average annual incidence of 188.9/ 100 000) were reported in the CZ from 1997 to 2017. Between 1997 and 2005, the annual incidence of campylobacteriosis was increasing sharply, but it showed a fairly stable trend over the last decade. The highest average age-specific incidence of 1 068.5/100 000 was observed in the age group 1-4 years followed by 99% of cases). The most common etiologic agent of campylobacteriosis is Campylobacter jejuni.
Keywords: Campylobacter spp. campylobacteriosis Czech Republic alimentary infections food and waterborne diseases
Conclusions:
Since 2007, campylobacteriosis is the most common food- and water-borne disease in the CZ. Given the high number of cases, this infectious disease is a rising public health concern. The prevention should be focused on the main risk groups, i.e. children under 5 years of age, who are the most affected, and those older than 80 years, who have more complications and a higher hospitalization rate.
Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter are the most common pathogens causing zoonotic diseases in humans. Therefore, the aim of the study was to isolate Campylobacter bacteria from broiler chickens and evaluate their susceptibility to selected antibiotics by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), followed by isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific for Campylobacter spp. The material for the study consisted of field isolates of Campylobacter spp. obtained from the gut (cecum) of broiler chickens directly after slaughter in slaughterhouses, and bacteriophages specific for these strains. We isolated 48 strains from poultry (140 broiler chickens): 31 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and 17 of Campylobacter coli. Identification of the strains was confirmed by multiplex PCR and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Over 83% of Campylobacter strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and over half the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 91.6% of all strains. Four bacteriophages were obtained, and on the basis of their morphological structure, they were assigned to two families of the order Caudovirales: Myoviridae and Siphoviridae. A high percentage of the Campylobacter strains were resistant to at least three of the antibiotic groups tested. All of the phages exhibited lytic activity against the Campylobacter spp. isolates, but the antibacterial effect of the phages was not observed for all strains. The aim of the study was to isolate Campylobacter bacteria from broiler chickens We used the classical and molecular (PCR, MALDI‐TOF) methods for identification of these strains. The bacteria were also characterized for susceptibility to selected antibiotics as well as specific bacteriophages isolated from poultry environments.
The study was conducted from (December 2010 to June 2011). During this study 330 samples were collected including 210 bile samples (130 of sheep and 80 of cattle) and 120 fecal samples (70 of cattle and 50 of sheep) from Basrah abattoir. These samples were analyzed for checking the presence of Campylobacter jejuniusing selective media, biochemical, serological and biotyping tests. The final isolation rate of Campylobacter jejuniwas 13.3% from total samples, isolation rate from bile was 17.6% while from fecal samples was 5.8% (X 2 =7.24, P=0.007, DF=1). The isolation rate from sheep was 14.5% while from cattle was 11.5%,the differences in isolation rates was statistically significant (X 2 =0.46, P=0.5, DF=1). Eight isolates of C. jejuniwere investigated for the presence of genes encoded the cytolethal distending toxin (cdtA, cdtBand cdtC) by using PCR assay. The results revealed that cdtBwas detected in 6 (75%) of the isolates and cdtCof 2 (25%). All C. jejuniisolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility assays using disc diffusion method. The results showed that the percentage of isolates sensitivity togentamycine, ciproflaxacine and nitrofurantuone were(95.5%, 90.9%, and 88.6%) respectively, whereas, the percentage of susceptibility to azithromycine ,erythromycine and chloramphenicol were (68.2%,52.3% and 34.1%) respectively, on the other hand, all isolates were resistant to tetracycline.
The thermophilic bacteria of Campylobacter spp. It Constitutes pathogens frequently identified in cases of diarrhea in humans. A locally non-existent evidence of published works of Campylobacter spp. In laying hens. The objective of this investigation was to determine the presence of Campylobacter spp. And resistance profile of strains isolated from laying hens, located in the poultry division of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences of the National University of Asunción. A total of 150 cloacal swab specimens were collected from laying hens of the Hisex Brown line. The samples were submitted to microbiological analysis and species identification based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. The antimicrobial resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin, was performed using antibiotic gradient strips method by agar diffusion. Of the 22 samples were positive to Campylobacter spp, jejuni species, representing a presence of 15%. Results of antimicrobial resistance demonstrated that strains of Campylobacter jejuni showed 95% resistance to Ciprofloxacin. No resistance to Erythromycin was observed. A low prevalence of Campylobacter spp. In laying hens However, the high resistance observed to Ciprofloxacin should serve as a basis for the correct antimicrobial activity in the poultry production chain.
Genotypes of Campylobacter jejuni in Baltic fresh broiler chicken meat and in Estonian human origin samples were determined by using MLST. We observed associations between clonal complexes, sequence types, and antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni isolates. The detection of high proportions of fluoroquinolone resistance among Latvian (100.0%) and Lithuanian (84.6%) origin broiler chicken meat C. jejuni isolates, found in this study, suggests the wide use of these antibiotics in poultry in these countries. MLST of 48 Baltic origin C. jejuni isolates revealed a total of 22 sequence types belonging to 13 clonal complexes. From the 13 assigned CCs and 22 STs, the most prevalent were ST-353 CC and ST-5 consisting of human, Latvian and Lithuanian chicken meat isolates. Among human and chicken meat isolates the resistance rate was 63.6 and 62.2%, respectively. ST-353 isolated from humans were more often resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin than the other STs. Strain types ST-5, ST-50, ST-353, ST-354, and ST-429 isolated from poultry were more often resistant to both nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin than the other STs. Furthermore, ST-353 and ST-354 isolated from poultry were more often resistant against tetracycline than the other STs. Fluoroquinolone resistance was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with ST-353 CC and ST-5 in comparison with all other CCs, STs. We found that three Estonian broiler isolates belonged to the novel ST-8188.
The study indicates the potential public health concern posed by the very high fluoroquinolne resistance in Campylobacter jejuni found in Latvian and Lithuanian poultry meat.
The study was conducted from (December 2010 to June 2011). During this study 330 samples were collected including 210 bile samples (130 of sheep and 80 of cattle) and 120 fecal samples (70 of cattle and 50 of sheep) from Basrah abattoir. These samples were analyzed for checking the presence of Campylobacter jejuniusing selective media, biochemical, serological and biotyping tests. The final isolation rate of Campylobacter jejuniwas 13.3% from total samples, isolation rate from bile was 17.6% while from fecal samples was 5.8% (X 2 =7.24, P=0.007, DF=1). The isolation rate from sheep was 14.5% while from cattle was 11.5%,the differences in isolation rates was statistically significant (X 2 =0.46, P=0.5, DF=1). Eight isolates of C. jejuniwere investigated for the presence of genes encoded the cytolethal distending toxin (cdtA, cdtBand cdtC) by using PCR assay. The results revealed that cdtBwas detected in 6 (75%) of the isolates and cdtCof 2 (25%). All C. jejuniisolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility assays using disc diffusion method. The results showed that the percentage of isolates sensitivity togentamycine, ciproflaxacine and nitrofurantuone were(95.5%, 90.9%, and 88.6%) respectively, whereas, the percentage of susceptibility to azithromycine ,erythromycine and chloramphenicol were (68.2%,52.3% and 34.1%) respectively, on the other hand, all isolates were resistant to tetracycline.
The aim of the research was the determination of resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) of 387 Campylobacter sp. strains isolated from poultry between 1994-1996 (broilers, laying hens) and between 2005-2008 (broilers, laying hens, and turkeys). The resistance was determined by an agar dilution method (MIC), with accordance to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendation. Limit concentration for both antimicrobials was measured at >= 4 mu g/mL. It was demonstrated that during 14 years (1994-2008) there was almost two-fold increase in the number of Campylobacter sp. strains resistant to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. The strains isolated from poultry between 1994-1996 revealed 47.9% and 52.1% resistance to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively, while the percentage of resistant strains among the isolates taken between 2005 and 2008 was measured at 90.2% for ciprofloxacin and 92% for enrofloxacin.
1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in domestic and free-living pigeons and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance profiles. 2. The material consisted of cloacal swabs obtained from 108 homing pigeons and fresh faeces from 72 wild birds from Lublin and its vicinity. The identification of strains isolated on differential-selective media for Campylobacter spp. was carried out by MALDI-TOF and PCR. The susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in Mueller-Hinton broth. 3. A total of 35 strains of Campylobacter spp. were isolated; 27 were identified as Campylobacter jejuni and 8 as Campylobacter coli. Over half of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and streptomycin, 40% of strains were resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin, and 37% isolates were resistant to amoxicillin. Resistance to two or more antibiotics was observed in all strains tested. The results indicate that both domestic and free-living pigeons are reservoirs for bacteria of the genus Campylobacter, which are characterised by varied and growing resistance to commonly used antibiotics.
Study aim: To determine the frequency of Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans in the Czech Republic and to test their susceptibility to antimicrobials commonly used to treat campylobacteriosis by the standard EUCAST method. Material and methods: Consecutive Campylobacter isolates recovered from clinical specimens in 49 microbiological laboratories within one month in 2013 were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Susceptibility to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline was tested by the microdilution method and the results were interpreted based on the EUCAST clinical breakpoints to differentiate between susceptible and resistant strains. Results: Of the study set of 769 Campylobacter spp. strains, 90.1 % were assigned to C. jejuni, 9.8 % to C. coli, and a single strain to C. fetus (0.1 %). Except one blood isolate of C. jejuni, all other isolates were recovered from the stool. Ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC > 0.5 mg/l) was detected in 61.9 % strains of C. jejuni and in 72.0 % strains of C. coli, tetracycline resistance (MIC > 2 mg/l) was detected in 32.0 % of strains of both species, and erythromycin resistance was found in 0.3 % of strains of C. jejuni (MIC > 8 mg/l) and in 2.7 % of strains of C. coli (MIC > 4 mg/l). A C. coli strain was multidrug resistant (i.e. resistant to all three antimicrobials tested). Conclusions: Despite the fact that most Campylobacter infections in humans cure on their own, the resistance of the causative strains to the antimicrobials of choice and alternative agents needs to be studied because of its relevance to the treatment of severe cases that require antibiotics. Resistance to macrolides was found rather infrequently in this study in both C. jejuni (0.1 %) and C. coli (2.7 %) strains. Nevertheless, alarming is ciprofloxacin resistance confirmed in 61.9 % of C. jejuni strains and 72.0 % C. coli strains. As the species C. coli is more often resistant to antimicrobials than C. jejuni and ciprofloxacin along with other fluoroquinolones is commonly used to treat severe food-borne and generalized infections, it is crucial to identify the Campylobacter strains to the species level and to test their susceptibility to relevant antibiotics by a valid and reproducible method to be able to provide an effective therapy.
The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance to quinolones and tetracycline of 200 C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from poultry and poultry meat. Among the strains tested, a high-level of resistance, ranging from 78% to 82% for nalidixid acid and ciprofloxacin, as well as from 44%-56% for tetracycline was observed. Moreover, all Campylobacter strains were examined for the molecular background of the appearing resistance. Almost all resistant strains tested by MAMA-PCR carried the Thr-86-to-Ile mutation in the gyrA gene. This mutation was not found in the sensitive strains. These results were confirmed by DNA sequencing performed on a group of selected strains. Moreover, all tetracycline-resistant, but none of the sensitive Campylobacter strains possessed the tet(O) gene. These data revealed that the antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter strains represent a considerable risk for the consumption of poultry meat and should be monitored in the poultry production chain.
Objective: To provide basic clinical, laboratory, and microbiological characteristics of adult patients with campylobacteriosis admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases University Hospital Brno (UHB), in 2011–2013. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory parameters of 160 patients hospitalized with campylobacteriosis at the Department of Infectious Diseases, UHB from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013. Results: There was no lethality or bacteremia reported in the study group of 160 adult patients (n = 160) with campylobacteriosis. A more severe form of the disease with signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occurred in 24 patients, i.e. 15% of the study population. Transient mild to moderate leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were seen in 16 (10.0%) and 24 patients (15.0%), respectively, and seven patients (4.4%) had bicytopenia. The following factors correlated statistically significantly with the intestinal form of the disease and SIRS: age under 70 years (p = 0.037), absence of arterial hypertension (p = 0.044), immunosuppressive treatment (p = 0.008), leukocyte count in the peripheral blood over 12.0 × 109/l (p = 0.023), and body temperature over 38.0 °C (p < 0.001). Antibiotic treatment was used in 96.3% of patients with the intestinal form and in 100.0% of patients with SIRS. The average duration of antibiotic treatment was 8.8 and 9.3 days, respectively. Postantibiotic colitis due to Clostridium difficile occurred in seven patients (4.4%). There were no organ or autoimmune complications observed. Conclusions: Campylobacteriosis with SIRS occurs preferentially in persons under 70 years of age. Empirical antibiotic treatment is used too frequently without being adequately deescalated. © 2015 ,Czech Medical Association J.E. Purkyne. All rights reserved.
Background:
To assess current microbiological risks of raw cow's milk. The presented work reports the prevalence of selected bacteria on Czech dairy farms in 2010 and compares the results with a similar study in 2002.
Material and methods:
The prevalence of bacteria was studied by culture methods using milk filters made from non-woven fabric collected from dairy farms throughout the year 2010. Together 260 filters from 65 dairy farms were tested. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O 157 and Salmonella spp. in filters was tested. In staphylococci, genes encoding enterotoxin-production were studied. In Campylobacter spp., resistance to antibiotics was ascertained.
Results:
In 2010, the prevalence rates of selected bacteria on farms were as follows: Campylobacter spp. 3%, Escherichia coli O 157 0.4%, Salmonella spp. 0.8%, Listeria monocytogenes 10% and Staphylococcus aureus 31%. In 12% of the tested filters, S. aureus with the genetic make-up for enterotoxin production was isolated. Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from dairy farms is different from that in human or poultry isolates.
Conclusion:
Raw cow's milk contains bacteria capable of causing human alimentary tract diseases. The above microbiological risks for consumers are eliminated by proper storage conditions (below 10 degrees C) and heat treatment (boiling) of raw milk.
The aims of this study were to describe the basic parameters of adult patients with acute community-onset salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis responsible for more than 90 % of all cases of community-onset diarrhea in the Czech Republic, and, according to the results of this analysis, to update the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms.
The data were collected retrospectively between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013. Patients with systemic signs of infection having at least 2 signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or with elevated serum procalcitonin levels (more than 0.5 ng/ml) were classified as being at risk for the invasive form of the disease. The remaining patients were classified as having the simple intestinal form of the disease. Patients with community-onset post-antibiotic diarrhea were excluded. The data were statistically processed.
The following clinical factors were statistically significantly correlated with the high-risk form of the disease: duration of illness of less than 3 days before admission and any of the following (some of them are part of the SIRS classification), even after being adjusted for age: body temperature above 38 °C, peripheral blood white cell count (WBC) above 12 × 10⁹/l, neutrophil count above 9 × 10⁹/l and CRP level above 150 mg/l. The risk form of the disease occurred in 60 cases (18.7 %). The mean WBC was 9.4 × 10⁹/l (median, 8.4; range, 1.7-89.0). The WBC within the normal range was seen in 194 cases (60.4 %). The mean CRP level was 92.9 mg/l (median, 77.0; range, 1.0-342.0). An elevated procalcitonin level was seen in 21 patients; the marker was not routinely measured. Positive blood culture results were obtained in 2 persons with salmonellosis; the examination was not routinely performed. There were 34 patients (10.6 %) with documented immune system dysfunction; the risk form of salmonellosis or campylobacteriosis was seen in only 11 of them (3.4 %). A total of 306 patients (95.3 %) were treated with antibiotics; the mean duration of antibiotic therapy was 8.7 days (median, 7; range, 2-31).
Antibiotic treatment in salmonellosis/campylobacteriosis should not be indicated only due to elevated CRP levels but rather after comprehensive evaluation of the duration of symptoms, individual risk factors and dynamic changes in markers of inflammation. Blood culture tests should be carried out more frequently.
To determine the frequency of Campylobacter spp. isolated from humans in the Czech Republic and to test their susceptibility to antimicrobials commonly used to treat campylobacteriosis by the standard EUCAST method.
Consecutive Campylobacter isolates recovered from clinical specimens in 49 microbiological laboratories within one month in 2013 were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Susceptibility to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline was tested by the microdilution method and the results were interpreted based on the EUCAST clinical breakpoints to differentiate between susceptible and resistant strains.
Of the study set of 769 Campylobacter spp. strains, 90.1 % were assigned to C. jejuni, 9.8 % to C. coli, and a single strain to C. fetus (0.1 %). Except one blood isolate of C. jejuni, all other isolates were recovered from the stool. Ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC > 0.5 mg/l) was detected in 61.9 % strains of C. jejuni and in 72.0 % strains of C. coli, tetracycline resistance (MIC > 2 mg/l) was detected in 32.0 % of strains of both species, and erythromycin resistance was found in 0.3 % of strains of C. jejuni (MIC > 8 mg/l) and in 2.7 % of strains of C. coli (MIC > 4 mg/l). A C. coli strain was multidrug resistant (i.e. resistant to all three antimicrobials tested).
Despite the fact that most Campylobacter infections in humans cure on their own, the resistance of the causative strains to the antimicrobials of choice and alternative agents needs to be studied because of its relevance to the treatment of severe cases that require antibiotics. Resistance to macrolides was found rather infrequently in this study in both C. jejuni (0.1 %) and C. coli (2.7 %) strains. Nevertheless, alarming is ciprofloxacin resistance confirmed in 61.9 % of C. jejuni strains and 72.0 % C. coli strains. As the species C. coli is more often resistant to antimicrobials than C. jejuni and ciprofloxacin along with other fluoroquinolones is commonly used to treat severe food-borne and generalized infections, it is crucial to identify the Campylobacter strains to the species level and to test their susceptibility to relevant antibiotics by a valid and reproducible method to be able to provide an effective therapy.
Campylobacter spp. - antimicrobial resistence - microdilution method - EUCAST breakpoints.
To monitor the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry in slaughterhouses, poultry and pork liver at retail, and cows milk in Moravia. To determine the resistance of animal isolates to selected antibiotics; and to compare it with an antibiogram of human strains.
Throughout the year 2013, the following samples were collected in the South Moravian and Olomouc Regions: mixed samples of broiler cecal contents in slaughterhouses, fresh and frozen chickens and pork liver at retail, and raw cows milk from vending machines. The samples were both qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for the presence of Campylobacter spp. The isolates recovered were tested for resistance to antibiotics. For comparison, antimicrobial resistance was also studied in human isolates from the same regions.
A total of 41.8% of the tested food samples were found to contain Campylobacter spp.. The most contaminated (73.2%) were fresh chickens. Campylobacter spp. were not detected in raw cows milk samples. The isolates showed high levels of resistance to quinolone antibiotics and, in the case of C. coli, also to tetracycline and streptomycin.
The studied commodities were frequently contaminated with Campylobacter spp. The levels of contamination (in CFU/g) varied between commodities and so, evidently, did the real risk for human infections. When antibiotic therapy is needed, quinolone antibiotics cannot be used. Adherence to high standards of consumer safe food handling is crucial for the prevention of diseases.
Campylobacter spp. - prevalence - food - resistance to antibiotics.
Campylobacteriosis belongs to the most frequent bacterial gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In the past several years, an increasing trend in the prevalence of campylobacteriosis has been observed in many countries. The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. also poses a major challenge. The authors review current knowledge on the microbiology of Campylobacter spp., complex pathogenetic as well as pathophysiological mechanisms in the development and course of campylobacteriosis and related complications such as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
With the increasing trends of pet ownership the chances of campylobacteriosis are also increasing as these pets are kept in close visicinity of owners. The prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of Campylobacter isolates from faeces of dogs attended in veterinary practice at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Mathura, India. During the period of investigation (October 2009 to April 2010), 100 rectal swabs from dogs were collected and transported to the laboratory for further investigations. Bacteriological examination revealed 51.00% prevalence rate of Campylobacter isolates in dogs faecal samples. The disc-diffusion method was used to know the susceptibility of all the 51 Campylobacter isolates against 10 commonly used antimicrobials in pet animal practice. High rates of resistance were observed to erythromycin (90.20%), tetracycline (88.23%), ampi-cloxacillin (88.23%), ciprofloxacin (80.39%), enrofloxacin (68.63%) and aymoxycillin-clavulanic acid (19.61%). All the Campylobacter isolates were susceptible to amikacin, levofloxacin and streptomycin. Erythromycin and ciprofloxacin are drugs for treatment of human campylobacteriosis. The high resistance rate to these drugs among Campylobacter isolates from dog faeces is of public health significance as dogs are supposed to be the main source of infection in human beings.
The purpose of this study was to isolate Campylobacter species from the intestines and livers of chicken and to identify Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by both conventional methods and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Four specific primers derived from the ceuE gene present in the genomes of C. coli and C. jejuni were used for PCR identification. In the examination of 150 intestine and liver samples by culture and PCR, 25 (16.6%) and 32 (21.3%) were identified as C. coli and C. jejuni, respectively. It was concluded that the PCR assay used in this study may successfully be applied for the differentiation of these species as an alternative to conventional methods, owing to its accuracy and speed.
Antimicrobial resistance has emerged among Campylobacter spp. mainly due to use of antimicrobial agents in animal feed. A total of 219 samples containing Campylobacter spp. were detected in our research during the course of 2003/4. The samples, originating from chicken (101) and pigs (118) were tested for their resistance to selected antibiotics. Evaluation of results was carried out using agar dilution method (NCCLS M11-A6) to test the sample resistance against ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid. The C. jejuni strain from pigs mainly showed a high resistance to tetracycline (39.13%) and erythromycin (34.78%). Approximately a quarter (26.07%) of C. jejuni detected was resistant to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin (26.09%). C. coli isolates from pigs showed simular results to C. jejuni, such as resistance to tetracycline (60.71%) and erythromycin (56.84%). On the other hand, it was found that C. jejuni in pigs had a high resistance to ciprofloxacin (52.63%) and nalidixic acid (34.74%). C. jejuni isolates from chicken samples had the highest resistance to ciprofloxacin (45.21%) and ampicillin (27.40%), and a low resistance to erythromycin (13.70%). A quarter of the samples collected were resistant to nalidixic acid. In comparison of C. jejuni prevalence, resistance to tetracycline (21.92%) was lower in chicken than in pig samples. Similar to results of porcine meat analysis, C. jejuni isolated in chickens showed no resistance to chloramphenicol and a low resistance to gentamicin. C. coli strains found in chickens showed high resistance to nalidixic acid (60.71%) and ciprofloxacin (46.43%). Even though laws prevent the use of antimicrobial material in feed for livestock, their resistance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics is high. Prevention of the use of antimicrobial material in feed is the most precise control in raising livestock.
A real-time PCR assay for detecting thermophilic Campylobacter spp. directly in chicken feces has been developed. DNA was isolated from fecal material by using magnetic beads followed by PCR with a prealiquoted PCR mixture, which had been stored at -18 degrees C. Campylobacter could be detected in less than 4 h, with a detection limit of 100 to 150 CFU/ml, in a fecal suspension. A bacterial internal control was added before DNA extraction to control both DNA isolation and the presence of PCR inhibitors in the samples. The assay was performed on 111 swab samples from a Danish surveillance program and compared to conventional culturing using selective enrichment. There was no statistically significant difference in performance between real-time PCR and culture by selective enrichment, and the diagnostic specificity was 0.96 with an agreement of 0.92. Therefore, the assay should be useful for screening poultry flocks for the presence of Campylobacter.
Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken meat and human stools and subsequent antibiotic resistance profiles of the pathogenic isolates obtained from 2000 through 2002 were investigated. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were isolated from 570 of the 923 raw chicken meat samples collected from traditional markets, large retail stores, or department stores in Korea, resulting in the isolation rate of 61.8%. A total of 579 Campylobacter isolates were obtained from raw chicken (36.3% for C. jejuni and 26.4% for C. coli) with the average population of 335.6 CFU/g. From 513 human stool samples, 15 isolates of Campylobacter were detected. Seasonal variation in the quantification of C. coli was not noticeable throughout the year, while the isolation rate of C. jejuni was the highest in September through October (840 CFU/g) followed by that of July through August and May through June in decreasing order, showing a significant seasonal effect (P < 0.05). Contamination of Campylobacter was more severe in raw chicken meat sold in traditional markets than in those sold in large retail stores and department stores. Prevalence of Campylobacter in raw chicken sold in traditional markets was significantly influenced by seasonal changes (P < 0.05), whereas the samples obtained from other places was less affected by the seasonal changes. Susceptibilities of the 594 chicken isolates to ciprofloxaxin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were determined by an E-test. Campylobacter isolates were the most resistant to nalidixic acid (91.4%) followed by ciprofloxaxin (87.9%), tetracycline (87.2%), kanamycin (30.6%), erythromycin (19.4%), and chloramphenicol (1.3%). Human isolates showed a similar resistance to the six antibiotics tested. The proportion of Campylobacter isolates with multidrug resistance to four or more antimicrobials obtained from 2000 through 2002 ranged from 28 to 43.5%, indicating that it could be a serious health-threatening factor. This study suggests that it is prudent to establish an effective National Monitoring Program in Korea for the prevention and control of Campylobacter spp.
This 1-year study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and concentrations of pathogenic and indicator bacteria on Swedish broiler chickens. A total of 636 chilled carcasses were collected from 10 slaughterhouses and sent to the National Food Administration for analyses of carcass rinses. No carcasses were positive for Salmonella. Campylobacter, predominantly Campylobacter jejuni, were detected on 15% (by enrichment) or 14% (by direct plating) of the carcasses. With one exception, all samples from late December through April were Campylobacter negative. The 10th and 90th percentiles of Campylobacter numbers per carcasses were 3.0 and 5.0 log CFU, respectively, and the maximum was 7.1 log CFU. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected on 68% of the carcasses, with a maximum of 3.5 log CFU/cm2. The 10th and 90th percentiles were 3.4 and 4.4 log CFU/cm2 for total aerobic microorganisms, 1.8 and 3.3 log CFU/cm2 for Enterobacteriaceae, and 2.0 and 3.6 log CFU/cm2 for Escherichia coli. No correlation was found between numbers of any indicator bacteria and numbers of pathogenic bacteria. Subsets of the samples were analyzed for Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, and Enterococcus, resulting in prevalence estimates of 29, 18, 9 (as determined by a PCR assay), and 97%, respectively. L. monocytogenes was most common at slaughterhouses with a low prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci, and vice versa. These results will improve the ability of researchers to assess the importance of chicken as a source of foodborne pathogens and can serve as a basis for risk management actions.
Antimicrobial susceptibility in Campylobacter jejuni collected from the environment outside four broiler houses (n = 63) and from the environment inside these broiler houses (including broiler droppings) (n = 36) from May to September 2004 was studied and compared with isolates from Norwegian broilers analyzed within the frame of the Norwegian monitoring program of antimicrobial resistance in feed, food, and animals (NORM-VET) in 2004 (n = 75). The MICs of oxytetracycline, ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, and nalidixic acid were obtained by the broth microdilution method VetMIC. The present study, which to our knowledge is the first Norwegian study on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from the environment of broiler houses, revealed a very low occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in C. jejuni from the broilers and broiler house environments studied. All isolates originating from the four broiler houses studied were susceptible to all the antimicrobial agents tested, except for one isolate from the outdoor environment (courtyard soil), which was resistant to oxytetracycline (MIC, 8 mg/liter). For the isolates from broilers (NORM-VET), low prevalences of resistance to oxytetracycline (1.3%) and ampicillin (4%) were observed. No quinolone resistance was observed. The results for the broiler isolates are in agreement with the earlier findings of a very low prevalence of resistance in Campylobacter from broilers in Norway, which reflects the low usage of antimicrobials in Norwegian broiler production. Furthermore, the present data are in accordance with antimicrobial susceptibility data for C. jejuni from domestically acquired human cases.
A national quantitative survey of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in 1,011 uncooked retail meat samples (beef, unweaned veal, chicken, lamb and mutton, and pork) was undertaken from August 2003 to June 2004 to establish baseline proportionality data. The presence, number, and type of Campylobacter present in each sample was assessed. Prevalences of C. jejuni and C. coli were 89.1% in chicken, 9.1% in pork, 6.9% in lamb and mutton, 3.5% in beef, and 10% in unweaned veal. C. jejuni was identified in the majority of positive samples (246 of 259). In chicken samples positive for C. jejuni, 40.2% had counts of <0.3 most probable number (MPN)/g, 50.5% had 0.3 to 10.0 MPN/g, 8.8% had 10.1 to 50.0 MPN/g, and 0.5% had 110 MPN/g. In other meats (49 samples), Campylobacter counts were < or = 0.3 MPN/g, except for one unweaned veal sample at > 10.9 MPN/g. Penner serotyping and SmaI macrorestriction genotyping using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with 247 isolates revealed 17 Penner serotypes and 56 electrophoresis profiles. Seven Penner serotypes (HS1 complex, 2, 4 complex, 6, 11, 27, and 42) were represented by 10 or more isolates from chicken. When data from both typing methods were combined, 62 sero-genotypes were generated. In a comparison of these sero-genotypes with historical data for isolates from human cases, 71% of the beef isolates, 50% of the lamb and mutton isolates, 50% of the pork isolates, 41% of the chicken isolates, and 25% of the unweaned veal isolates were common to both sources. These results provide baseline proportionality profiles of Campylobacter in these five meats and will facilitate exposure assessment in combination with other information such as consumption data and subsequent quantitative risk assessment.
To detect campylobacteriosis and determine the drug susceptibility of causative organisms, we acquired 500 diarrheic samples in Cary-Blair transfer medium from two pediatric hospitals in Tehran between October 2004 and October 2005. The samples were also enriched in Preston broth (with supplements) and defibrinated sheep blood (7%). They were plated from both media on Brucella agar containing antibiotics and blood. Isolates were identified through biochemical tests and by the polymerase chain reaction method. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. In total, 40 Campylobacter strains were isolated (8%). C. jejuni was the dominant species (85.8%) followed by C. coli (14.2%). The rates of resistance to antimicrobial agents were as follows: ciprofloxacin (61.7%), ceftazidime (47%), carbenicillin (35%), tetracycline (20.5%), cefotaxime (14.7%), ampicillin (11.7%), neomycin erythromycin and chloramphenicol (2.9%), gentamicin, streptomycin, imipenem and colistin (0.0%). Campylobacter is an important cause of diarrhea among Iranian children. The detection of Campylobacter increases by 25% if samples are treated in enrichment broth prior to plating. The high rate of resistance to ciprofloxacin is alarming, and further investigation into the possible reasons for this is imperative.
The development of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli is a matter of increasing concern. Because campylobacteriosis is transmitted to humans usually via food of animal origin, the presence of antimicrobial-resistant campylobacters in broiler chickens has important public health implications. The aim of our study was to analyze resistance patterns of C. jejuni isolated from fecal samples collected at a large Estonian chicken farm, from cecal contents collected at slaughterhouses, and from meat samples collected at the retail establishments in 2005 and 2006. A total of 131 C. jejuni isolates were collected over a 13-month period and tested by the broth microdilution VetMIC method (National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden) to determine the MICs of various antimicrobials. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was detected in 104 (79.4%) of the 131 isolates. High proportions of the isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin (73.3%) and nalidixic acid (75.6%). Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more unrelated antimicrobials) was detected in 36 isolates (27.5%), all of which were resistant to enrofloxacin. Multidrug resistance was significantly associated with enrofloxacin resistance (P < 0.01), and the use of enrofloxacin may select for multiresistant strains.
To investigate genetic diversity and specificity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated from humans, retail poultry meat, and live farm chickens in Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and identify the role of poultry meat in sporadic Campylobacter infections.
We determined the type of Campylobacter species using standard microbiological methods and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and performed pulsed field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing of the flaA gene to investigate genetic diversity among the isolates.
We isolated C jejuni and C coli from 75 (5.2%) of 1453 samples of consecutive outpatients with sporadic diarrhea; from 51 (34.7%) of 147 samples of poultry meat; and from 15 out of 23 farm chicken samples. The proportion of C coli found among human (30.1%), poultry meat (56.9%), and farm chicken isolates (53.3%), was greater than the proportion of C jejuni. Fourteen and 24 PFGE genotypes were identified among 20 C coli and 37 C jejuni isolates, respectively. Identical PFGE genotypes were found in two cases of human and poultry meat isolates and two cases of poultry meat and farm chicken isolates.
Only a minority of human Campylobacter isolates shared identical PFGE type with poultry meat isolates. Although poultry is the source of a certain number of human infections, there may be other more important sources. Further research is required to identify the environmental reservoir of Campylobacter spp responsible for causing human disease and the reason for the high prevalence of C coli human infections in this region.
Campylobacter jejuni is a frequently detected food-borne pathogenic bacterium. Clinical cases are mostly sporadic but campylobacteriosis can have serious consequences, such as the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome as well as diarrheal diseases. We examined 265 retail raw chickens from Korean markets for the presence of C. jejuni using the US Food and Drug Administration standard cultural method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). The mPCR-confirmed C. jejuni isolates were subtyped by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and flaA-typing for investigating the genetic diversity of the microorganism in retail raw chickens. Restriction enzymes SmaI and DdeI were used for PFGE and flaA-typing, respectively. Campylobacter spp. were found in 181 samples (68.3%) and C. jejuni in 100 samples (37.74%). For C. jejuni, 73 pulsotypes and 30 flaA types were detected. Antibiotic resistance tests performed by disk diffusion assay indicated that most C. jejuni isolates were resistant to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin, and 87 composite types were revealed by PFGE, flaA-typing, and the antibiotic resistance tests. Our results show that the genetic diversity of C. jejuni isolates is very high and the correlation between genotype and antibiotic resistance was low even though many bacteria showed multi-drug resistance.
The results of the epidemiological analysis of campylobacteriosis reported by Regional Laboratory of Sanitary Epidemiological Station in Bielsko-Biala (PSSE Bielsko-Biala), Silesia voivodeship in Poland are presented. From August 2005 to July 2006, stool samples from 723 diarrhea cases were examined for the presence of Campylobacter as well as Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli. From stool samples of 163 patients 170 bacterial etiological agents were isolated. The most frequently detected bacterial etiological agents were Salmonella spp. n=79 (46%) and Campylobacter spp. n=70 (41%). The other bacterial pathogens isolated from stool samples were EPEC n=17 (10%), Yersinia enterocolitica n=3 (2%) and E. coli 0157 (VT+) n=1. The most frequently isolated species of Campylobacter spp. was C. jejuni--87%. In 7 out of 70 cases, Campylobacter spp. were isolated together with S. Enteritidis (n=2), E. coli EPEC (n=4) and verotoxic E. coli O157 (n=1). Patients' ages ranged from 0 to 78 years. Most (59%) of the Campylobacter spp. were isolated from children under the age of 2. The seasonal peak of campylobacteriosis was observed between July and November and in May.
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