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A thematic mapping system and a description of local climatic conditions developed for urban planning purposes
Abstract
A short description of a new thematic mapping system for complex climatic conditions on a local and regional scale is given. The mapping system is mainly based on the contributing processes in the local earth/air system and the wind systems associated with the actual terrain conditions. The main climatic conditions are indicated by a number of symbols — all indicating the character of several atmospheric factors. The symbols have relative values and cover certain ranges of variations, but none indicates numerical values.As a basis for the mapping of climatic conditions, topographic maps of 1:50 000, 1: 20 000 or 1: 10 000 are used, depending on terrain conditions and detail requirements.The system has been tested both in teaching planners and in practice, and the Norwegian governmental planning authorities are attempting to include it in the official use of thematic maps.
... In order to include meteorological factors, researcher Sterten (1982) developed urban climatic maps (UCMap) which could be employed to reduce the gaps between urban planning and climatology. The urban climatic map is a climatic information and evaluation tool that helps planners understand climatic-environmental conditions and variations and achieve their aims Ren et al. (2012). ...
... The urban climatic map is a climatic information and evaluation tool that helps planners understand climatic-environmental conditions and variations and achieve their aims Ren et al. (2012). Many European cities' governments including Sterten (1982), Baumueller et al. (2009), Lazar andPodesser (1999), Matzarakis et al. (2008) have carried out UCMap studies and based their development on the conclusions derived from them. UCMap prepared by Ren et al. (2013) puts together meteorological, planning, land use, topographical, and vegetation information. ...
The current process of urbanisation has led to modification in the built environment and thereby influenced the urban climate. While every urban area has a unique climate impact, developing cities in tropical regions are ever more affected by the global climate change scenario due to its inherent extreme climate characteristics. Also, the heat stress conditions in an urban environment have further increased due to inadequate climate consideration in the planning process. This is because climatic parameters are difficult to translate into development plans and policies, therefore they are rarely incorporated into the urban planning process. In line with the current climate change scenario, studies on regulating climate change simulants through urban planning are much needed to mitigate heat stress. Climate-sensitive planning parameters are needed to be adopted by the local governments in planning process. This study employs the spatial mapping approach—urban climatic maps to assist the planning process, taking the case of a tropical city of Bhopal, India. Using thermal load and cooling potential parameters, climate-sensitive areas are identified. The study suggests a way forward for climate-sensitive planning of cities where urban planning decisions are well informed by evidence through a robust process of spatial climate mapping and analytics.
... Desta forma, desde então, cidades localizadas na Áustria, Suécia, República Theca, Noruega, Reino Unido, Suíça, Hungria, Portugal, Holanda, França, etc. vêm construindo seus estudos e aplicando a técnica do UC-Map, criando seus mapas climáticos urbanos (Sterten, 1982;Lindqvist;Mattsson, 1989;Paszynski, 1991;Lindqvist, 1991;Scherer et el., 1999;Parlow et el, 2001;Ward, 2003;Gál;Unger, 2009;Parlow et al., 2014). ...
Este artigo mostra uma metodologia analítica aplicada ao estudo de clima urbano, inspirada no Urban Climate Map (UC-Map). Foram utilizados uma série de camadas de informação espacial, medições climáticas e conhecimento do clima urbano para avaliar e mapear o potencial térmico e dinâmico em área urbana, visando identificar diferentes campos térmicos. As informações foram agrupadas em quatro eixos principais, a saber densidade construtiva, albedo, cobertura vegetal e altimetria. A proposta metodológica foi aplicada para a cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG, uma área urbana de médio porte, localizada em uma região de mares de morros, na qual fatores como declividade e altitude são importantes no potencial térmico e dinâmico. O resultado da aplicação desta metodologia converge com os dados experimentais e evidencia os efeitos do uso do solo, dos materiais construtivos e do fluxo de pessoas e mercadorias na definição de diferentes campos térmicos. Evidencia que a distribuição e o tamanho da cobertura vegetal, além da amplitude da ventilação, interferem e proporcionam ambientes mais frescos e, portanto, reduzem o armazenamento de calor. A metodologia apresentada é simples de aplicar e pode ser adaptada para outras áreas urbanas com características semelhantes às de Juiz de Fora-MG. Methodological Propose Applied to The Urban Climate Study A B S T R A C TThis article shows an analytical methodology applied to the urban climate study, inspired by the Urban Climate Map (UC-Map). A series of layers of spatial information, climate measurements and knowledge of the urban climate were used to evaluate and map the thermal and dynamic potential in an urban area, in order to identify different thermal fields. The information was grouped into four main axes, namely constructive density, albedo, vegetation cover and altimetry. The methodological proposal was applied to the city of Juiz de Fora-MG, a medium-sized urban area, located in a region of sea of hills, in which factors such as slope and altitude are important in the thermal and dynamic potential. The result of the application of this methodology converges with the experimental data and evidences the effects of the use of the soil, constructive materials and the flow of people and merchandise in the definition of different thermal fields. It shows that the distribution and size of the vegetation cover, besides the amplitude of the ventilation interfere and provide fresher environments and therefore reduce the storage of heat. The methodology presented is simple to apply and can be adapted to other urban areas with characteristics similar to those of Juiz de Fora-MG.Keywords: Thermal fields, urban climate, spatial model, urban climate map, dynamic potential.
... Most studies of urban climate maps use the method that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. Presently, countries in which climate maps are utilized to investigation urban climate include Germany (Matzarakis et al., 2008), Portugal (Alcoforado et al., 2009), the United Kingdom (Smith et al., 2009), Switzerland (Fehrenbach et al., 2001), Greece (Charalampopoulos & Chronopoulou, 2005), Sweden (Thorsson et al., 2011), Norway (Sterten, 1982), Austria (Lazar & Podesser, 1999), Hong Kong (Ng, 2010), Japan (Moriyama & Tanaka, 1999), Netherlands (Ren et al, 2012). ...
In recent years, urban heat stress exacerbate with the increasing level of urbanization, a significant increase in the urban population and building density. However, previous researches on thermal stress mostly adopt only air temperature distribution of the urban heat island. On the other hand, when doing analysis with thermal stress, many of them only presents the results by weighting each urban development factor and classification by levels but the specific numerical stress cannot be presented in this way. The result does not deal with the significance of risk (e.g. long-term frequencies), only a simple identification of regional differences in thermal stress. This information will not be an effective control to the growing problem of urban thermal stress. Therefore, this study applies and improves the concept of urban climate map begin by Germany in the 1970s. In this research the metropolitan area of Tainan city was chosen as a study area to analyze. The research steps include (1) Construction the grid of 50*50 meter. (2) Collection the basic layers, including population density, land use, building floor area, land cover. (3) Establish development layers, including the sky view factor, street aspect ratio, imperviousness ratio, building energy consumption. (4) Setup wind parameters layers, including the frontal area index, wind path. (5) Carried out traverse measurement once a month for air temperature, relative humidity, globe temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and the solar radiation. The measurement and layer results are used to establish the thermal stress conditions estimate formulas by regression model. Finally, the long-term climate data are imported to each grid to simulate the thermal index. The thermal risks map, which integrating important urban information contains thermal environment, wind environment, developing factors, are produced following the previous steps based on long-term climate data. It is based on grid and presenting the different percentage of thermal potential risk and different occur frequency risk of threshold setting in Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET). This research gets rid of the traditional way by using air temperature as the indicator; choosing PET as temperature indicators in order to solve the problem that air temperature is difficult to express the issue of human thermal perception. This method is to establish an effective and accurate climate information platform of urban thermal environment. Urban planners can quickly get thermal environmental information and apply into their case, it also display the real meaning between urban development and human thermal perception. Thereby it enhances the climate adjustment for urban area.
... From the mid-1980s, countries in Europe, such as Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Portugal, and the United Kingdom have carried out UCMap studies (Sterten, 1982;Parlow et al., 1995Parlow et al., , 2001aUnger, 2004;Hsie and Ward, 2006;Gal and Unger, 2009;Smith et al., 2009). Following significant heat wave events in 2003 and 2006, many other European countries have begun climate-change-related spatial planning studies based on the UCMap framework. ...
Since their introduction 40 years ago, worldwide interest in urban climatic map (UCMap) studies has grown. Today, there are over 15 countries around the world processing their own climatic maps, developing urban climatic guidelines, and implementing mitigation measures for local planning practices. Facing the global issue of climate change, it is also necessary to include the changing climatic considerations holistically and strategically in the planning process, and to update city plans. This paper reviews progress in UCMap studies. The latest concepts, key methodologies, selected parameters, map structure, and the procedures of making UCMaps are described in the paper. The mitigation measures inspired by these studies and the associated urban climatic planning recommendations are also examined. More than 30 relevant studies around the world have been cited, and both significant developments and existing problems are discussed. The thermal environment and air ventilation condition within the urban canopy layer (UCL) of the city are important in the analytical processes of the climatic-environmental evaluation. Possible mitigation measures and planned actions include decreasing anthropogenic heat release, improving air ventilation at the pedestrian level, providing more shaded areas, increasing greenery, creating air paths, and controlling building morphologies. Further developments have and will continue to focus on the spatial analysis of human thermal comfort in urban outdoor environments and on the impacts and adaptations of climate change. Mapmakers must continue to share lessons and experiences with city planners and policy makers, especially in the rapidly expanding cities of developing countries and regions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
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