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Adaptive co-management: Collaboration, learning and multi-level governance
... Local actors' participation in the design and creation of institutions, their physical proximity, and the impact of their decisions are critical in the context of decentralized land management because of their role in both the supply and demand of environmental services (Agrawal, 2002;Andersson et al., 2014;Armitage et al., 2007;Desta, 2021;Kim et al., 2021;Sayles and Baggio, 2017). As a result, the idea of adaptive co-management emerged, which refers to a long-term, flexible resource management approach based on learning and local knowledge, where responsibility is shared between the community and other actors from different levels (Armitage et al., 2007;Gadgil et al., 2000;Kim et al., 2021;Olsson et al., 2004). ...
... Local actors' participation in the design and creation of institutions, their physical proximity, and the impact of their decisions are critical in the context of decentralized land management because of their role in both the supply and demand of environmental services (Agrawal, 2002;Andersson et al., 2014;Armitage et al., 2007;Desta, 2021;Kim et al., 2021;Sayles and Baggio, 2017). As a result, the idea of adaptive co-management emerged, which refers to a long-term, flexible resource management approach based on learning and local knowledge, where responsibility is shared between the community and other actors from different levels (Armitage et al., 2007;Gadgil et al., 2000;Kim et al., 2021;Olsson et al., 2004). ...
... By counting the number of actors who perform the governance functions among the total of actors, regardless of whether or not they are connected, it is possible to have an overview of participation. ( Armitage et al., 2007;Battiston et al., 2014;Borgatti, 2005) Relevance Node with the highest betweenness: frequency with which node vi appears on the shortest path between vj and v k B_vi = Σ j,k SP jik SP jk where SP jik is the number of shortest paths from vj to v k that traverse node vi. ...
Land governance requires coherence not only in terms of policies but also between its governance functions to achieve the desired goals. In this study, we focus on the functions that direct influence land use (boundary setting and resource appropriation; project formulation and financing; and monitoring, evaluation, and learning), which are expected to form a feedback loop necessary for adaptive co-management. We evaluated the degree of coherence of these three functions (as an approach to efficient management) via geo-located multilayer social network analysis and using an area of the Rio Grande and Chico basin in the Colombian Andes as the case study. According to the results, there is a conflict between production and conservation goals, necessitating collaboration among actors and institutions from various levels. The social network analysis revealed that the three functions are not articulated; instead, there exist two feedback loops (one per goal) in the boundary setting and resource appropriation function, leading to such conflict. The imposition of a governance system on the community by a few actors is recognized as the root of this conflict; hence, the need to move toward a governance with the community by promoting active participation in the various functions and interactions within them. We recommend future studies to assess the impact of governance networks on land-use actions to identify the reasons for land-use change and propose new strategies.
... The results we present therefore draw from a combination of local and scientific knowledge, brought together iteratively. This enabled a flexible adaptive management approach, whereby interventions and their objectives were repetitively revised and reframed with each new piece of acquired knowledge (Stringer et al., 2006;Armitage et al., 2007). Our methodology includes a diverse set of social science methods ranging from questionnaires, semi-structured and in-depth interviews, focus groups as well as forms of joint labor and socialization that enabled knowledge transfer and social learning to emerge over time. ...
Wolves in Europe are expanding their range and significantly impacting farming livelihoods and landscapes. Damage prevention measures such as livestock guarding dogs and night-time enclosures have proven successful in mitigating losses. However, they are often implemented as top-down measures without a proper understanding of the farming dynamics they are meant to alter, making them unappealing and difficult to implement for farmers. Semi-extensive, small scale livestock farming systems are particularly vulnerable and diverse, requiring specific care and catered support when addressing issues related to wildlife management. In these contexts, it is crucial to employ adaptive management approaches that enable solutions to be collaboratively designed at the grassroots level. Here we propose a method for centring the experiences and knowledge of local farmers to co-produce damage prevention practices that better address their needs. We developed this approach in the course of the LIFE MEDWOLF project, which was implemented in the province of Grosseto, Italy, between 2012 and 2017. The project brought together local authorities, environmental associations, farming unions and individual farmers to develop tailor-made damage prevention measures and assess their technical and economic impact, through a stepwise process. Collaboration with 86 local farmers resulted in >50 modifications to the original project plan, and an overall 50% reduction of preyed livestock in farms that participated in the project. Our findings highlight the benefits of collaboratively designing, implementing, and monitoring damage prevention measures with farmers. Based on these results, we reflect on the importance of integrating local and scientific knowledge, on the implications this has had on stakeholder relations, and on the challenges that we faced in upscaling this management approach.
... Participatory governance promotes the participation of non-governmental actors and/or the private sector in decisionmaking processes. This allows the sharing of authority and knowledge and promotes self-regulation and co-management to enhance the implementation of government policies (Armitage & Berkes, 2007;Gray, 2005;Kearney et al., 2007) This study provided empirical evidence for consideration in GNADP 2023. However, there are limitations to be addressed in future studies. ...
Aquaculture developmental plans represent a nation's determination for self‐reliance on domestic fish production through resilient aquaculture. This study reviewed the 2012 Ghana National Aquaculture Development Plan (GNADP) and sought inputs from industry stakeholders to inform GNADP 2023 using the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA). In furtherance of this, we also investigated the justifications for antibiotic treatments including the assessment of the sector that is supposed to regulate aquaculture growth. The findings suggest that GNADP 2023 must be strategized to address industry sustainability bottlenecks identified as input availability and quality, permitting, regulation and enforcement, financing schemes and technical expertise. In terms of technical expertise, the inclusion of women in aquaculture can diversify the skill sets for the improvement of capacity and competence in good aquaculture practices and fish health management. Sector partnerships can aid in leveraging the expertise and resources among sectors to address persistent industry issues. The justifications for antibiotic treatments are disease management, prophylactics, antibiotic availability, application, and effectiveness, capacity and competence, including regulation and enforcement. This also comprised the sense of ownership and responsibility as farmers feel they must safeguard their investment. It is therefore important for farmers to pursue preventative aquaculture biosecurity measures. The government sector was selected predominantly to regulate aquaculture growth. We however recommended a participatory approach as this could facilitate peer regulation to enhance the regulation and enforcement of aquaculture regulations. The findings in this study are worth considering as it pioneers the adoption of the EAA framework for aquaculture developmental planning in Ghana.
... Deste modo, enquanto o idioma da modernização ecológica se reorienta da gramática da sustentabilidade para a da resiliência e da preparação (Nadasdy, 2007;Hornborg, 2009;Druschke et al., 2016;Moore, 2022), narrativas distópicas se disseminam no tecido social, entre o catastrofismo e a resignação (Danowski;Viveiros de Castro, 2014). Nas Humanidades e nas Ciências Sociais, esse conjunto de preocupações tem sido articulado por meio do conceito de Antropoceno. ...
MThis article discusses the social reactions to the proliferation of European wild boars (Sus scrofa) in the Brazilian Pampa as manifestations of broader transformations in the local agrarian system ongoing since the second half of the 20th century. With an anthropological critique of contemporary notions such as “eco-anxiety” and “ecological anxiety disorder,” the article aims to demonstrate, from the perceptions of extensive livestock breeders, how a socially situated and non-reductionist apprehension of what is at stake in socio-environmental anxieties, as expressed by concrete subjects in local situations, can be obtained by a combination of ethnographic (synchronic) and historical (diachronic) approaches.
KEYWORDS:
Socioenvironmental anxieties; Biological invasion; Wild boar; Pampa; Anthropology; Environmental history
... Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the discussions leading to an international legally binding mechanism started to address the advent of potential conflicts between the sovereign rights connected to the continental shelf beyond 200 nm and the protective measures applied in ReMPas [45]. The concept of adaptive co-management arises from the integration between the proposed management of common-use resources with the adaptive management approach [46,47,48,49,50,51]. It pays explicit attention to learning (experiential and experimental) and collaboration (vertical and horizontal) between actors as the real users [52]. ...
The Blue Economy is an emerging concept that encourages better stewardship of the ocean and associated resources. Turning it into a global issue poses several challenges to ocean conservation effectiveness especially at Remote Marine Protected Areas (ReMPA). How to implement and manage the ReMPAs is still new to modern society, and the participation criteria in the decision-making processes is undermost in a legitimate perspective. The proposed framework highlights the importance of emerging studies to untangle Oceans territorialization and use(r)s, in order to establish composition parameters for shared and realistic management. The initial application is exemplified by taking two Brazilian ReMPA. The preliminary results seek to support the priorities of Scientific innovative methodological appropriation in Ocean decision-making, as envisioning new baselines of legitimacy for ReMPAS governance. Thus, the two asymmetries found represent baseline challenges towards a framework to be considered as a starting point for ReMPA participative governance guidelines. These asymmetries pose emerging questions about how will these territories be governed since the stakeholder’s composition reflections to be considered in future scholars. The three highlights argue about the questions posted above and point preliminary conclusions.
... In the face of apparent failures to address complex environmental problems by centralized management and reductionist approaches, network forms of governance have emerged that engage with the concept of collaborative governance (Newig et al., 2010), which recognizes that actors' engagement is the basis for maintaining SES resilience and sustainability in rangelands as elsewhere (Hruska et al., 2017). A collaborative governance system that involves social networks comprised of various actors including government, non-government, and user groups across geographical and jurisdictional governance scales, levels, and units is more likely to be effective in addressing the evolving complexity and unpredictability of environmental problems (Ostrom et al., 2007;Bodin and Crona, 2009;Armitage et al., 2010). A collaborative governance system plays an important role in facilitating collective learning, producing common understanding or shared goals, mobilization of key resources, deliberation of commitment and collective actions, and resolution of conflicts (Carlson and Berkes, 2005;Scholz and Wang, 2006;Bodin and Crona, 2009;Newig et al., 2010). ...
Effective natural resources governance plays a crucial role in enhancing the resilience of socio-ecological systems (SES) in the face of environmental changes. It is recognized that the ability to adaptively respond to complex environmental change and manage SES resilience resides in actors’ networks. Network forms of governance facilitate both horizontal and vertical interconnection of actors, bring different perspectives and sources of knowledge, and develop shared values and innovative solutions to problems. However, the structural pattern of actors’ collaborative linkages within the network strongly influences actors’ behavior and, hence, delivery and impacts of effective governance. We analyze social networks (SNA) among pastoralists in the Borana rangelands of Ethiopia to identify the structural gaps that result in misfits. Our quantitative SNA revealed a low level of network density with very few horizontal and vertical interactions and linkages among actors in the governance system, which considerably limits flows of knowledge, experiences, and other resources, leading to a failure to establish shared values and undertake joint action. Rangelands governance in Borana is further hampered by the absence of adequate network heterogeneity and solidarity that in turn blocks the building of collaborative planning and efficient use of available resources to address the complex problems of rangeland pastoralism. Our results suggest that a policy environment that can create conditions for greater collaboration, the strengthening of actors’ ties, and the development of trust and social capital enabling the design of effective collective governance should be developed.
Forest conservation has long faced conflicts between traditionally-living indigenous peoples and other more modern stakeholders. Often such conflicts are rooted in differences between the perceived interests of indigenous peoples and other stakeholders, or in ineffective negotiations due to a power-disparity between involved stakeholders. Thus far conservationists have tried to overcome such conflicts by creating different types of collaborative management systems with indigenous peoples. Although co-management appears a good solution to guide all stakeholders towards a conservation target, in practice few such arrangements have proven successful. The co-management model offers a greater potential for success when it is approached as a conflict-prone system. This paper presents a methodology for aligning the interests of different stakeholders during the creation of a co-management system in Suriname. Using the Model for the Analysis of Potential Conflict in Development (MAPCID), we demonstrate that timely identification of conflict and balancing of power made the system preemptive and adaptive, two factors essential to the successful creation of the South Suriname Conservation Corridor.
Public awareness arises by building green open spaces (RTH) which are used as facilities to improve environmental quality. Effective environmental governance involves awareness, empowerment, coordination and enforcement between government, communities and the private sector. In this study researchers used qualitative methods. The use of qualitative methods is used to understand the phenomena that occur in research. By using qualitative methods, we can explore data in depth so that data collection and data analysis produce accurate data for drawing conclusions. This qualitative case study aims to explore the workings of environmental governance in the management of green open spaces. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the environmental governance in this study is in the management of green open spaces in Ponorogo seen from the theory of awareness, empowerment, coordination and enforcement which expands on the theory from previous studies. The management of green open space which involves many public actors, namely the government, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and the community will certainly assist the local government in managing it. In this case the effectiveness of environmental governance in the efforts of the Ponorogo Regency Government has been implemented well because it has given awareness to the community of green open spaces provided and the public cares about green open spaces as lungs that can be preserved.
Is there a limit to the amount of fish that can be taken from the sea? This question echoes the concern of the broader environmental movement in asking: are there ‘limits to growth’? If the answer is ‘yes’, then what must be done to remain within sustainable limits? Fifty years after the publication of the landmark report Limits to Growth , new theories about limits highlight the importance of collective self-limitation, also in the context of fisheries management, in place of external, top-down determination and imposition of limits. This paper considers the shift in fisheries governance from regulating and establishing Maximum Sustainable Yields to collectively co-managing territories and ecosystems as symptomatic of a general turn from externally-imposed to self-imposed limitations. We show how perceptions and practices of limits are changing based on an ethnographic study of six small-scale fisheries co-management plans located off the Catalan coast in the Northwestern Mediterranean. The study evidences the challenges fishers face in attempting to define the limits of their agency to manage external forces that are often beyond their control. It concludes by arguing for the adoption of an ethos of collective self-limitation in fisheries governance to protect and benefit local communities and their environments.
Commercial yield of tunas in the central Pacific increased severalfold between 1952 and 1998. We developed age-structured production models that incorporate information from multiple fisheries to estimate population biomass and recruitment trends of tunas (Thunnus alalunga, Thunnus albacares, Thunnus obesus, and Katsuwonus pelamis) and billfish in the central north Pacific (0°N to 40°N and 130°E to 150°W). Our results suggest that all tuna stocks remain above 40% of 1950s levels, whereas blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) declined to 21% and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) to 56%. Estimated biomasses of juvenile bigeye (T. obsesus) and yellowfin (T. albacares) tuna increased to 112 and 129%, respectively, of 1950s levels. Juvenile albacore (T. alalunga) decreased during the 1970s and 1980s but recovered to historical highs (121%) in recent years. Skipjack (K. pelamis) remained relatively stable between 1952 and 1980, declined by 35% between 1981 and 1990, and then increased to 68% of 1950s levels. These changes generally represent decreases in top predators and increases in small tunas, which make up their prey. Application of stock assessment methods set in a food web context provides an important step toward developing a method that recognizes fishery exploitation as a component of ecosystem dynamics.
Pelagic fisheries in the Pacific Ocean target both large ( Thunnus spp.) and small tunas (juveniles of Thunnus spp; Katsuwonus pelamis) but also take billfishes (Xiphias gladius, Makaira spp., Tetrapturus spp., Istiophorus platypterus) and sharks (Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus longimanus, Galeocerdo cuvieri) as bycatch. We developed a multispecies model using the Ecopath with Ecosim software that incorporated time-series estimates of biomass, fishing mortality, and bycatch rates (1952-1998) to evaluate the relative contributions of fishing and trophic impacts on tuna dynamics in the central Pacific (0°N to 40°N and 130°E to 150°W). The Ecosim model reproduced the observed trends in abundance indices and biomass estimates for most large tunas and billfishes. A decline in predation mortality owing to depletion of large predators was greatest for small yellowfin tuna and could possibly account for apparent increases in biomass. For other tunas, however, predicted changes in predation mortality rates were small (small bigeye) or were overwhelmed by much larger increases in fishing mortality (skipjack and small albacore). Limited evidence of trophic impacts associated with declining apex predator abundance likely results from the difficulties of applying detailed trophic models to open ocean systems in which ecological and fishery data uncertainties are large. Résumé : Les pêches commerciales dans le Pacifique ciblent les thons, tant de grande (Thunnus spp.) que de petite taille (jeunes Thunnus spp.; Katsuwonus pelamis), mais elles récoltent aussi les espadons et les voiliers ( Xiphias gladius, Makaira spp., Tetrapturus spp., Istiophorus platypterus), ainsi que les requins (Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus longimanus, Galeocerdo cuvieri) comme prises accessoires. Nous avons mis au point un modèle multispécifique basé sur le logiciel Ecopath additionné de Ecosim qui incorpore les séries
How do business organizations make decisions? What process do they follow in deciding how much to produce? And at what price? A behavioral theory of the firm is here explored. Using a specific type of duopoly, a model is written explicity as a computer program to deal with the complex theory implicit in the process by which businesses make decisions. This model highlights our need for more empirical observations of organizational decision-making.
The protectionist approach to wildlife conservation has been blamed by some conservationists for failing to protect wildlife and its habitats, especially in Africa. The failure of this approach has triggered a rush by conservationists to find alternatives. One alternative that has gained support is the Community-Based Wildlife Management (CWM) approach. Four assumptions underlie CWM: (1) that the national governments and their wildlife authorities are willing to devolve ownership of, and management responsibilities for, wildlife to rural communities; (2) that the communities are interested to participate in managing wildlife; (3) that the communities have the capability to manage wildlife; and (4) that wildlife conservation and rural economic development are compatible. The idea of CWM is put to the test by bringing together the existing views on the approach and assessing the plausibility of the four assumptions on the basis of the literature. Although the aim of CWM-to address the failures of fences-and-fines-is laudable, the four assumptions are problematic. The approach is, therefore, less effective than it is said to be.
Three models of interest groups, power and political process in America are contrasted: (1) the Truman-Dahl-Lindblom pluralism of the 1960s; (2) the unfinished plural elitism of the 1970s, a theory emphasizing special-interest capture of policy systems whose most influential exponent is Lowi; (3) the ‘triadic’ model of process set forth by Wilson in The Politics of Regulation . The triadic model assumes the normality in policy systems of organized economic producers being challenged by the countervailing power of other organized interests, while state agencies act autonomously. It is argued that the triadic model is the most advanced of the three, although it still needs development. Eighteen illustrative propositions are presented in terms of triadic power. These include relationships among interest groups and state autonomy, ‘high polities’ and routine politics, and types of coalitions in policy systems. Other propositions describe links to possible cycles between triadic power and plural elitism, to corporatist decision-making, and to the ‘resource mobilization’ theory of social movements.
Many natural resource and environmental policy issues evidence recurring choices, made with considerable effort, whose temporary solutions never seem to deal with the underlying problems. Drawing on examples from endangered species policy, I describe five behavioral tendencies of humans and human institutions that result in recurrent environmental policy problems, including poor long-term direction, delays, impasses, and piecemeal solutions to crosscutting problems. These tendencies are short-term rationality outcompeting long-term rationality, competitive behavior driving out cooperative behavior, fragmentation of interests and values, fragmentation of responsibilities and authorities, and fragmentation of information and knowledge. By understanding these tendencies, it is possible to frame policy solutions to them. This paper identifies a set of necessary responses including finding ways to bind current decisionmakers to the future, promoting creativity and risk-taking on the part of public resource management organizations, utilizing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms that foster cooperation, building political concurrence, utilizing coordinating mechanisms, instituting clear performance measures, and implementing ways to promote information flows between organizations.
The Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) modeling approach combines software for ecosystem trophic mass balance analysis (Ecopath), with a dynamic modeling capability (Ecosim) for exploring past and future impacts of fishing and environmental disturbances as well as for exploring optimal fishing policies. Ecosim models can be replicated over a spatial map grid (Ecospace) to allow exploration of policies such as marine protected areas, while accounting for spatial dispersal/advection effects.The Ecopath approach and software has been under development for two decades, with Ecosim emerging in 1995, and Ecospace in 1998, leading to an integrated and widely applied package. We present an overview of the computational aspects of the Ecopath, Ecosim and Ecospace modules as they are implemented in the most recent software version. The paper summarizes the capabilities of the modeling system with respect to evaluating how fisheries and the environment impact ecosystems. We conclude by a warning about pitfalls in the use of the software for policy exploration.
Over the last three decades, the demand for fish in the Amazon basin has greatly increased due to population growth in the main cities of the region. While technological improvements in commercial fishing methods have made it possible to meet this growing demand, they have led to concerns about the possible extinction of certain fish species and to conflicts over the resource between commercial fishermen and rural communities. This study reviews the current state of inland fisheries in the Amazon in order to analyse policy options for fisheries management, and identifies key gaps in information on the economic, social and biological aspects of fisheries which constrain policymakers.
Although many jurisdictions have embraced ecosystem-based management for the marine environment, it is unclear what this entails in terms of both theory and practical action. I examine the management of complex systems in industrial control as a source of practical guidance on how to approach the ideals of marine ecosystem management. Industrial control systems focus on objectives and outcomes, are hierarchical and localise and distribute control tasks. The principles of hierarchical control systems and focussing on ecosystem services helps overcome the conceptual difficulties with ecosystem management while retaining the idea of a holistic approach to managing human impacts.