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50 Strength and Conditioning Journal February 2002
© National Strength & Conditioning Association
Volume 24, Number 1, pages 50–51
NUTRITION NOTES
Honey: An Alternative Sports Gel
Richard B. Kreider, PhD, FACSM, EPC;
Christopher J. Rasmussen, CSCS; Stacy L. Lancaster, CSCS;
Chad Kerksick, CSCS; and Michael Greenwood, CSCS*D
Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory
Department of Human Movement Sciences and Education
The University of Memphis Ann C. Grandjean
Column Editor
IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT INGEST-
ing carbohydrates prior to and
during endurance exercise can im-
prove performance capacity. The
primary means of enhancing car-
bohydrate availability prior to ex-
ercise has been by ingesting car-
bohydrate-rich snacks, whereas
the ingestion of sports drinks (glu-
cose/electrolyte solutions) has
been shown to enhance carbohy-
drate availability during exercise.
Ingesting carbohydrates and pro-
tein within 2 hours following exer-
cise (e.g., 1.5 g/kg carbohydrate
and 0.5 g/kg protein) has been re-
ported to increase glycogen resyn-
thesis and protein synthesis, pro-
mote a more optimal anabolic
hormonal environment, and im-
prove immune function. Theoreti-
cally, optimizing availability of car-
bohydrates prior to and during
exercise as well as following exer-
cise can help optimize exercise per-
formance and recovery, which lead
to greater training adaptations (5).
Although these may seem
rather simple recommendations,
different types and forms of car-
bohydrates have varying affects on
the delivery of carbohydrates to
the muscle and anabolic hor-
mones. In this regard, the type
and form of carbohydrate ingested
may affect the digestion rate, glu-
cose release in the blood, and in-
sulin response.
Over the last few years, re-
searchers in the Exercise and
Sport Nutrition Lab at the Univer-
sity of Memphis have been evalu-
ating the effects of ingesting vari-
ous types of carbohydrate gels
prior to and during exercise on ex-
ercise capacity, as well as the ef-
fects of different types of carbohy-
drate/protein powders following
exercise on recovery (2–6). The ra-
tionale has been to try to deter-
mine the optimal type of carbohy-
drate to ingest prior to, during,
and/or following resistance and
endurance exercise. An additional
goal was to determine whether
honey (in gel and powder form)
can serve as a natural and less ex-
pensive source of carbohydrates.
Our most recent study evalu-
ated the effects of ingesting honey
on blood glucose, insulin, and cy-
cling performance prior to and
during endurance cycling. Our ra-
tionale was based on results of our
initial study in this series (3, 6),
which found that the carbohydrate
profile and glycemic index re-
sponse of honey was nearly identi-
cal to that of a popular sports gel.
Moreover, contrary to anecdotal
myth, we found honey did not pro-
mote physical or psychological
signs of hypoglycemia in fasted
subjects (3, 5), during resistance
training (1), or following resistance
training (1, 2). In this study, 9 well-
trained male cyclists performed
three 40-mile time trials on their
own racing bicycle attached to a
computerized race simulator. Each
race was separated by 1 week.
Subjects were asked to prepare for
each time trial as they would for a
competitive race and to follow sim-
ilar dietary intake the day before
each time trial. In a double-blind,
randomized, and counterbalanced
manner, subjects ingested 15 g of
a noncaloric flavored gel placebo, a
dextrose gel, or honey with 250 mL
of water prior to and every 10 miles
during each time trial. The placebo
and carbohydrate gels were pack-
aged in generic foil packets for
double-blind administration.
Blood samples were taken prior to
and every 10 miles during the race.
In addition, power output, split
times, heart rate, and ratings of
February 2002 Strength and Conditioning Journal 51
perceived exertion were deter-
mined throughout the time trials.
Subjects were paid based on their
performance during each time trial
in order to encourage their best ef-
fort.
Results revealed that the sub-
jects tolerated the gels well with no
complaints of symptoms of hypo-
glycemia or gastrointestinal upset.
Total time to perform the time tri-
als (placebo 131.3 ± 3.6 minutes,
dextrose 128.3 ± 3.8 minutes, and
honey 128.8 ± 3.5 minutes; P=
0.02) was significantly faster when
subjects ingested the dextrose and
honey gels compared with the
placebo. Average power (placebo
164 ± 11 W, dextrose 175 ± 13 W,
and honey 174 ± 12 W; P= 0.002)
was also significantly higher when
subjects ingested the carbohy-
drate gels during exercise. Addi-
tionally, mean heart rate (placebo
171 ± 6 b/min, dextrose 178 ± 7
b/min, and honey 177 ± 5 b/min;
P= 0.08) and glucose (placebo 5.4
±0.2 mmol/L, dextrose 5.8 ± 0.3
mmol/L, and honey 6.0 ± 0.4
mmol/L; P= 0.10) values tended
to be higher in the groups ingest-
ing carbohydrates during the time
trials. No significant differences
were observed in insulin (placebo
5.3 ± 0.3 mIU/mL, dextrose 5.1 ±
0.2 mIU/mL, and honey 6.0 ± 0.8
mIU/mL; P= 0.29). These findings
indicate that ingesting dextrose
and honey gels during endurance
cycling can improve performance
presumably by enhancing carbo-
hydrate availability and work out-
put. Moreover, honey can serve as
an effective and less expensive
source of carbohydrate gel.
References
1. Earnest, C., R. Kreider, J.
Lundberg, C. Rasmussen, P.
Cowan, M. Greenwood, and A.
Almada. Effects of pre-exercise
carbohydrate feedings on glu-
cose and insulin responses
during and following resis-
tance exercise. J. Strength
Cond. Res. 14:361. 2000.
2. Kreider, R., J. Lundberg, C.
Rasmussen, P. Cowan, M.
Greenwood, C. Earnest, and
A. Almada. Effects of ingesting
protein with various forms of
carbohydrate following resis-
tance-exercise on substrate
availability and markers of ca-
tabolism. J. Strength Cond.
Res. 14:366. 2000.
3. Kreider, R., C. Rasmussen, J.
Lundberg, P. Cowan, M.
Greenwood, C. Earnest, and
A. Almada. Effects of ingesting
carbohydrate gels on glucose,
insulin and perception of hy-
poglycemia. FASEB J. 14:
A490. 2000.
4. Lancaster, S, R.B. Kreider, C.
Rasmussen, C. Kerksick, M.
Greenwood, P. Milnor, A.L. Al-
mada, and C.P. Earnest. Ef-
fects of honey supplementa-
tion on glucose, insulin and
endurance cycling perfor-
mance. FASEB J. 15:LB315.
2001.
5. Leutholtz, B., and R.B. Krei-
der. Optimizing nutrition for
exercise and sport. In: Nutri-
tion Health. T. Wilson and N.J.
Temple, eds. Totowa, NJ: Hu-
mana Press, 2001. pp. 207–
235.
6. Rasmussen, C., R. Kreider, J.
Lundberg, P. Cowan, M.
Greenwood, C. Earnest, and
A. Almada. Analysis of the
glycemic index and insulin re-
sponse index of various carbo-
hydrate gels. FASEB J. 14:
A489. 2000.
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... The constituents of NH include bioactive compounds that are necessary for metabolism and physiological processes. Regular use of natural honey encourages physiological processes such as development and strengthens physical activities such as exercise and other sporting events (Kreider et al. 2002). Honey is considered a complete meal, as it includes essential constituents of a balanced diet, particularly micronutrients which support digestion and its main dietary components promote healthy growth (Kreider et al. 2002). ...
... Regular use of natural honey encourages physiological processes such as development and strengthens physical activities such as exercise and other sporting events (Kreider et al. 2002). Honey is considered a complete meal, as it includes essential constituents of a balanced diet, particularly micronutrients which support digestion and its main dietary components promote healthy growth (Kreider et al. 2002). Studies have reported increased gain in body weight in rats fed that were with fed with honey blossom honey. ...
... The health claims for honey include physiological processes like growth, physical performance and fitness, bone health, mental state and regulation of body weight. However, there is enough evidence that supports the use of NH in managing various disease conditions like diet-related cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, etc. (Kreider et al. 2002;Ajibola 2013;Al-Bukhaari 1994). Research studies have found that natural honey may have a medicinal effect because of its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and antioxidant qualities. ...
Chapter
Honey has been broadly recognized as a source of nourishment and medication by both old and new generations. It has been utilized by people to treat numerous illnesses through topical application for at least 2700 years, but recent researches have revealed the antiseptic and antimicrobial activities of honey. It has been seen as a powerful agent that can be used in various human pathologies. Different clinical examinations have affirmed that the use of honey to cutaneous injuries which are severely infected removes contamination from the injury and enhances tissue healing. Honey has been perceived as a successful antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for centuries. Utilized mainly for treating burns and surface wounds, it has thus been developed into clinical medicine, as medical grade honey. In spite of this, the underlying interest in the utilization of honey for antimicrobial treatment was significantly reduced, as antibiotics were discovered and used. Nonetheless, due to the alarming increment in the occurrence of organisms with antimicrobial resistance, specifically the expansion in multidrug resistance (MDR), the quantity of efficient antibiotics is decreasing at a larger rate than new medications are created. This serious situation has made numerous scientists to think back to the pre-antibiotic period for creating solutions, directing their consideration towards the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial activity of honey.
... Ingredients of natural nutritional supplements based on apiculture products and herbs and the importance of their ingestion for the recovery after effort Honey was used by the sportsmen as an energetic source starting in the most ancient times, at the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece. The physiological actions of honey, as a source of carbohydrates, for the sportsmen performance have been highlighted in several studies [5], [6]. Honey significantly increases heart rate, blood glucose and muscle exercise capacity during the training [6], [7]. ...
... Honey significantly increases heart rate, blood glucose and muscle exercise capacity during the training [6], [7]. There have been studies evaluating the effect of carbohydrates with low glycemic index and high glycemic index of honey on sportsmen during the training and it was found that the fructose is absorbed more slowly than glucose and this is highly recommended for sportsmen [5], [6]. The most common dose of carbohydrates for any sportsmen is that of about 30-60 grams per hour [8], [9]. ...
... Honey based supplements can significantly improve immune function and can promote optimal hormonal anabolic environment. Carbohydrate ingestion before, during and after physical effort helps optimize physical performance and body recovery [5]. During the last decade the scientist have evaluated the effects of ingesting different types of gels and honey before the effort and during the training [5], [8]. ...
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Introduction : We started from the idea that the association of dietary supplements recommended by specialists and approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency with natural honey-based products, is beneficial for improving body composition and effort capacity in elite rugby players. The main purpose of this study was to determine the type of carbohydrates with the most beneficial effects for recovery and performance. Materials and methods : The study lasted 30 days and included 30 rugby players from SCM Timisoara Saracens Rugby team. They were randomly divided into 2 groups: the study group who consumed dietary supplements based on apiculture and herbal products, along with classical nutritional supplements and the control group that only used classical supplements. With the help of the InBody 720 Body Composition Analyzer, we evaluated the body composition parameters, and the player’s ability to repeatedly perform high-intensity aerobic work was established with the intermittent Recovery Level 2 YO-YO test. Results : The results show a significant increase in the average running distance in the fitness test for the study group (p = 0.021) and also for the control group (p = 0.008), with a considerable difference between the groups in terms of running distance (increase by 300 meters versus 208 meters in the control group) but without a significant difference between groups at the end of the study (p = 0.789). Improvements in body composition parameters were found in both groups, but significant differences between groups occurred only in terms of extracellular fluids/total body fluids ratio (p = 0.047) and extracellular water/total water ratio (p = 0.042). The study group showed a significant decrease in total body fat (p = 0.054) and visceral fat area (p = 0.002) and an increase in extracellular water (p = 0.013). The control group experienced a significant decrease in body fat and body fat percentage (p = 0.013 and p = 0.017 respectively), and increase in terms of skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.03), intracellular water (p = 0.03) and total water = 0.032). Conclusion : The results of this study highlight the importance of the type and quality of nutritional supplements in professional athletes training.
... Kreider and colleagues have conducted controlled studies to examine the physiological effects of gel and powdered forms of honey as a source of carbohydrates for athlete performance, namely cycling (Earnest et al., , 2004Kreider et al., 2000). Honey dramatically raises blood glucose levels and heart frequency during performance (Kreider et al., 2002). Honey did not exhibit physical or psychological indicators of hypoglycemia in fasting individuals Leutholtz and Kreider, 2001), during resistance training , or after resistance training . ...
... Honey did not exhibit physical or psychological indicators of hypoglycemia in fasting individuals Leutholtz and Kreider, 2001), during resistance training , or after resistance training . Another experiment examined the impact of honey and carbohydrate gels with varying glycemic index on 64-kilometer cycling performance (Earnest et al., 2004;Kreider et al., 2002). Cycling performance was enhanced by high-GI (glucose) and low-GI (honey) gels, with honey marginally outperforming glucose. ...
... Chronic supplementation of honey enhanced exercise performance by improving power output, heart rate and blood glucose level during endurance trials (1,6). However, the effect of acute supplementation of honey on endurance performance has not yet been explored. ...
... Consumption of carbohydrate before and during endurance exercise improves exercise performance (1,2). Honey is a natural yellowish or brown viscous fluid produced by honey bees, Apis mellifera, from the nectar of flowers. ...
... 20 Honey also elicits mild increases in blood sugar and insulin, demonstrating that honey could be an effective pre-workout energy source. 21 Additionally, consumption of honey has been shown to increase power and speed during a cycling performance test compared to dextrose, suggesting that honey may serve as a useful alternative form of carbohydrates for athletes. 22 Yosef & Shalaby (2010) demonstrated that honey intake resulted in a lower skin temperature and improved blood glucose among wrestlers. ...
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Introduction: This study investigated the effects of Acacia honey drink on glucose metabolism, plasma total antioxidant status, selected physiological parameters and time trial running performance in the heat compared to a commercially-available sports drink. Materials and methods: Ten participants completed two endurance running trials in the heat with either honey drink (H) or sports drink (SPD) ingestion. Honey drink or sports drink was ingested one hour prior to the experimental trials. Participants warmed up for 5 min by running at 50% of their respective VO2max, and subsequently ran at 60% of their respective VO2max for 1hour. This was immediately followed by a 20 min time trial running performance. Participants drank 3 mL.kg body weight-1 of cool honey or sports drink every 20 min during the trials. Blood samples were collected for subsequent biochemical analysis. Results: Plasma glucose, insulin, cortisol, total antioxidant status and running performance were not statistically different between H and SPD trials. These findings indicated that Acacia honey drink and sports drink ingested before and during exercise elicited similar effects on glucose metabolism and endurance running performance. Conclusion: Acacia honey has potential to be used as an alternative ergogenic aid for athletes who train and compete in a hot and humid environment.
... This is also associated with dietary supplementation with NH, which provides up to 17 g of carbohydrates for every tablespoon consumed and gives the much needed energy, thus serving as an inexpensive substitute to commercially available sporting activities enhancers (Ajibola et al., 2012). The data obtained from the Sports Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory of one University show that honey can be used effectively instead of glucose for energy replenishment during physical exercise (Kreider et al., 2002). A very recent review of the hypoglycaemic effect of honey by some workers also conclude that, the synergistic effect of fructose and glucose constituents of honey might contribute to the low glycaemic response after a honey meal (Erejuwa et al., 2012). ...
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Bee products include honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and bee bread consists mainly of carbohydrates (CHO), minerals, and vitamins which are properties that are believed able to improve performance and general human health. Especially, bee pollen can be an effective nutrient source for human body to increase immune functions and antioxidant activity, which is essential for a wide variety of metabolic and physiologic processes. Thus, it is believed that bee pollen can be the best supplement for human nutrition and health, but there is limited information on the ergogenic effects of bee pollen on body performance. The main target of this study was to analyse some energy components together with physicochemical and antioxidant properties of bee pollen to determine its potential as a performance-enhancing energy source for humans. For this aim, some physicochemical and biological values together with antioxidant capacity of bee pollen collected from different regions of Central Asia were investigated. The findings have revealed that bee pollens have an abundance of fenolic substances and antioxidants, which are all important in achieving optimal health and performance. However, it has also been concluded that physicochemical and antioxidant properties of pollen samples were varied depending on the varied geographical locations having different floral sources.
... The consumption of energy giving substances before, during and after any form of physical exercise improves the individual's performance and increases the rejuvenation of muscles. This is also associated with dietary supplementation with bee's honey, which provides up to 17 g of carbohydrates for every tablespoon consumed and gives the much needed energy, thus serving as an inexpensive substitute to commercially available sporting activities enhancers [38]. ...
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Honey is the name given to the sweet, yellowish liquid that is produced by honey bees and stored in honey combs. Bee's honey is one of the most valued and appreciated natural substances known to mankind since ancient times. According to modern scientific view, the best bee's honey is made by Apies mellifera (Family: Apidae). Nutritionally, it is composed of carbohydrate, water, minerals, protein, vitamins and enzymes like invertase, diastase and glucose oxidase, which are uses for nutritional values. The main nutritional and health relevant components are carbohydrates, mainly fructose and glucose that are used for athletic performance and infant nutrition increase digestion and absorption. The medicinal activities as antimicrobials, antifungal, anti parasitic and antiviral uses are due to its acidic and hydrogen peroxide. It is used as health inhancing by mixing with many natural products such as lemon, clover, milk, cinnamon and water for treatment of various ailments and other health disorders like: hearing loss, bad breath, obesity, influenza, bronchial asthma, artiritis, toothache, hair loss, bladder infections, skin infection and as well as use in beauty industry for cosmetic purpose. Honey as any other natural food can be contaminated from the environment, for instance pesticides, antibiotics; poison plants, which produce nectar containing toxic substances, can affect health status. The awareness of society on function of honey is not equally known with utilization of it. So, awareness creation in society about nutritional, medicinal and harmful effects of bee's honey well needed. [Negesa Tola, Geremew Haile Negesse Mekonnen and Walkite Furgassa.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a leading cause of dementia, has been a global concern. AD is associated with the involvement of the central nervous system that causes the characteristic impaired memory, cognitive deficits, and behavioral abnormalities. These abnormalities caused by AD is known to be attributed by extracellular aggregates of amyloid beta plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Additionally, genetic factors such as abnormality in the expression of APOE, APP, BACE1, PSEN-1, and PSEN-2 play a role in the disease. As the current treatment aims to treat the symptoms and to slow the disease progression, there has been a continuous search for new nutraceutical agent or medicine to help prevent and cure AD pathology. In this quest, honey has emerged as a powerful nootropic agent. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the high flavonoids and phenolic acids content in honey exerts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. This review summarizes the effect of main flavonoid compounds found in honey on the physiological functioning of the central nervous system, and the effect of honey intake on memory and cognition in various animal model. This review provides a new insight on the potential of honey to prevent AD pathology, as well as to ameliorate the damage in the developed AD.
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The primary factors that affect exercise performance capacity include an individual’s genetic endowment, the quality of training, and the effectiveness of coaching (see Fig. 1). Beyond these factors, nutrition plays a critical role in optimizing performance capacity. In order for an athlete to perform well, their training and diet must be optimal. If an athlete does not train enough or has an inadequate diet, their performance may be decreased (1). On the other hand, if an athlete trains too much without a sufficient diet, they maybe susceptible to become overtrained (see Fig. 2).
Effects of honey supplementation on glucose, insulin and endurance cycling performance
  • S Lancaster
  • R B Kreider
  • C Rasmussen
  • C Kerksick
  • M Greenwood
  • P Milnor
  • A L Almada
  • C P Earnest
Lancaster, S, R.B. Kreider, C. Rasmussen, C. Kerksick, M. Greenwood, P. Milnor, A.L. Almada, and C.P. Earnest. Effects of honey supplementation on glucose, insulin and endurance cycling performance. FASEB J. 15:LB315. 2001.
Effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on glucose and insulin responses during and following resistance exercise
  • Almada
Almada. Effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate feedings on glucose and insulin responses during and following resistance exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 14:361. 2000.