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... Language conventions are often culturally specific and therefore the thinking that accompanies the act of speaking is also directly linked to such conventions (Mead, 1951). Powell (2011) sees culture as sharing a common language. The language used influences perspectives affecting behaviour and our automatic responses to challenge. ...
Using metaphor to clarify pedagogical understanding and to anchor teacher beliefs and knowledge to meaningful contextualized mental maps can have powerful consequences in schools. Frequent changes in school staff and clientele present schools with the challenge of how to share culturally specific messages quickly and effectively to those new to the school, whether staff, students or parents. Conscious collective use of metaphor within a school’s meaning-making system has been found to be one of the possible answers. This article explores the use of metaphorical visions within schools that have undertaken the Innovative Designs for Enhancing Achievement in Schools (IDEAS) Project and how the linking of metaphor to understandings of schoolwide practices creates cognitive connections capable of facilitating collective understandings. The duality of meaning through metaphor facilitates a cognitive ‘Place’ where new and old understandings can be shared, explored and enriched. A skilfully chosen and well investigated rich metaphor can capture the essence of what a school community believes to be important for student success. This essence can be shared, refined, reflected upon and used to guide and align understandings of practice. The findings show that the strong reinforcement of cognitive links through the use of metaphor may also sustain cultural understandings of pedagogical practice over the long term.
... While application of categories is voluntary, most of the world's governments accept and apply them, with an increasing number formalizing them in law (Dillon 2004). The IUCN protected area definition, categories, and accompanying guidance have recently been revised (Dudley 2008) from the previous 1994 edition (IUCN and WCMC 1994), following a detailed analysis coordinated by Cardiff University in Wales (Bishop et al. 2004) and a long consultation within IUCN and its members (see Dudley, forthcoming). The process of revision stimulated a sudden burst of interest in the opportunities and limitations of what is meant by the term " protected area, " particularly with respect to the broader landscape approaches to protec- tion. ...
... The report of this research, published under the title Speaking a Common Language, was issued in time for the Third World Conservation Congress, Bangkok, 2004 (Bishop et al., 2004). Some of the conclusions of this research project relate directly to the use of protected area data in wider forestry statistics and are reflected in this document. ...
Abstract (Sensitive outcomes for the nursing practice. An analysis about the current situation)
This article reviews the international situation about the measurement and analysis of sensitive outcomes for the nursing practice. We can find a lot of bibliographical references in the Anglo-Saxon world, which propose measurable outcomes for instance the ones of the American Nurses Association (ANA),which are assumed by the Joint Commission, and interested projects like the ones of the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) from Iowa University or the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP).
In Spain, the measurement of sensitive outcomes for the nursing practice is incipient and the studies that have worked about it are only a little. The use of the computing Technology in hospitals and clinics generates clinical databases that are going to allow the measure and know the effects of the clinical nursing practice to patients. However these databases are limited by local systems of working, he lack of standards in the structure and the way to get and analyses the dates. This lack can take us to lose important information.
The global protected area estate is the world's largest ever planned land use. Protected areas are not monolithic and vary in their purpose, designation, management and outcomes. The IUCN protected area category system is a typology based on management objectives. It documents protected area types and is increasingly used in laws, policy and planning. As its role grows, the category system must be reactive to opinions and open to modifications. In response to requests from members IUCN undertook a 4-year consultation and recently published revised guidelines for the categories. These made subtle but important changes to the protected area definition, giving greater emphasis to nature conservation, protection over the long term and management effectiveness. It refined some categories and gave principles for application. Debates during revision were intense and highlighted many of the issues and challenges surrounding protected areas in the early 21st century. There was a consensus on many issues including the suitability of different governance models (such as indigenous and community conserved areas), sacred natural sites, moving the emphasis of Category IV from habitat manipulation towards species and habitat protection, and recognition of legally defined zones within a protected area as different categories. However, there was considerable disagreement about the definition of a protected area, the appropriateness of some categories with extensive human use, the possibility of linking category classification with biodiversity outcomes, and recognition of territories of indigenous peoples. We map these debates and propose actions to resolve these issues: a necessary step if the world's protected area network is to be representative, secure and well managed.
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