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Bodyweight Training: A Return To Basics
Abstract
FOR CENTURIES, MAN HAS SOUGHT OUT THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHODS TO BUILD STRENGTH, VIGOR, AND VITALITY. OVER THE YEARS, METHODS HAVE EVOLVED, SOME HAVE VANISHED, AND SOME NEVER WENT AWAY, ALTHOUGH SOMETIMES NEGLECTED AND FORGOTTEN. THIS COLUMN HIGHLIGHTS THE ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, AND TRAINING PROGRESSIONS TO ONE OF THE SIMPLEST METHODS OF TRAINING AND CONDITIONING KNOWN TO MAN, BODYWEIGHT TRAINING.
... As a result of the study, it was revealed that the eccentric power qualities of female athletes are important for Cod performance (7). In a similar study, it was found that 1 repetition maximal squat strength, vertical jump and broad jump quality of female athletes were associated with T-test times, whereas male athletes T-test times only associated with broad jump features (8). In a different study applied on the Cod performances of women, jump tests were not as-sociated with Cod performances, whereas relative strength was associated with 505-run performances of athletes. ...
... In the researchers conducted on this subject, it was found that the games played with the number of 1 vs. 1, 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 players produced different physiological and technical skill application results. As stated in the researches; It is seen that the number of players decreases and that the physiological parameters increase, the games played with the number of 1 vs. 1 and 2 vs. 2 players have higher heart rate, blood lactate and perceived exertion (Borg-CR10 or CR20) levels than the games played with the number of 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 players has been specified (8). In other studies, it was found that the games played with 4 vs. 4 players with the goal rule on the goals of normal standard revealed higher value physiological results than the games played with 6 vs. 6 players' game (9). ...
... In a similar study, it was found that the games played without goalkeepers with 1 vs. 1, 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 footballers played more Ssg with more physiological load. However, it was stated that 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 games have higher results in terms of heart rate (8). In another study, it was mentioned that the inclusion of goalkeepers in games with 3 vs. 3 players decreased the intensity of the game and the high intensity runs decreased and revealed a lower heart rate (17). ...
... With a move away from gymnasium-based exercise training, there has been growing interest in programs performed with little or no equipment, such as bodyweight training [3,5]. In contrast to externally loaded resistance training, bodyweight training maximizes relative strength while promoting spatial awareness and gross movement competency [6]. The origins of bodyweight training can be traced back to the early days of human civilization; Our ancestors used their bodies to perform various tasks, from hunting and gathering to farming and building shelter [7]. ...
... In more recent times, bodyweight training has been popularized by several different people and groups, including the physical culturists of the early 20th century, the military, and the counterculture movements of the 1960s and 1970s. The benefits of bodyweight training include improved muscle tone, increased strength and endurance, improved joint stability, cardiovascular fitness and increased flexibility [6,[8][9][10][11]. ...
... Callisthenics are exercises that use your body weight and gravity to provide resistance, such as push-ups, sit-ups and squats. In contrast, bodyweight strength training uses equipment such as swiss balls, wearable resistance garments, resistance bands, or TRX suspension trainers [6]. Unlike bodyweight training, gymnasiumbased strength training incorporates many open-kinetic chain exercises [6]. ...
The COVID Pandemic and cost of living crisis have created renewed interest in home gymnasiums, and outdoor exercise regimes as the stay-at-home economy continues to grow. Emerging from the revolution in stay-at-home exercise has renewed interest in bodyweight exercise training regimes which have stood the test of time against conventional exercise modalities. This mini-review highlights the benefits of bodyweight exercise to develop muscular strength and endurance and provides recommendations on using bodyweight training to improve muscular strength and endurance.
... Changing lifestyles makes the body fitter, from doing physical activity by walking, jogging, cycling and what is still in great demand by teenagers today is workout. Strength training is applied by athletes hitting their weight or using their body weight against gravity (Harrison et al., 2010). ...
... Besides using their body weight, many athletes also use weights to increase their muscle capacity. The athlete can know himself, his limits, his skills, and how to effectively use his body during training without overloading (Harrison et al., 2010;Jaelani et al., 2022). A Korean study explained that in the group of adult and elderly women, physical activity levels were not associated with factors related to health conditions but had an influence on weight, waist circumference, BMI, and age (Chung et al., 2017). ...
Obesity in adolescents is very prone to occur due to consumption of fast food, sweet food/drink patterns, likes to play games without knowing the time, and low physical activity. Overnutrition in adolescents is characterized by relatively excessive body weight. The nutritional needs of adolescents are very important, for example, the needs of athletes, so an appropriate training model is needed. Physical activity can burn fat in the body, thereby increasing the body's metabolism. Bodyweight workout is a form of physical activity to maintain body weight. This study aimed to determine the effect of bodyweight workouts on reducing BMI. The study subjects used the Proportionate stratified random sampling technique by taking a sample of 35 male and female university students with a body mass index above 25. The research instrument uses body mass index (BMI) measurements. The data analysis technique used prerequisite tests for normality, homogeneity, and data analysis using SPSS 25. The decreased results were obtained from an average BMI of 27.411 to 25.086, 2.326 or 8.486%. This study concludes the importance of doing bodyweight workouts to reduce BMI in college students.
... Bodyweight training, also known as calisthenic exercise, is one of the earliest developed resistance training methods, and currently has many followers as it allows the individual to work in a 3-dimensional or multiplanar environment to overcome the force of gravity (Harrison 2010). Bodyweight training generally includes (i) push-ups, pull-ups, chin-ups and dips for upper-body; (ii) squats, lunges, skips and bounds for lower-body; (iii) squat thrusts, jumping jacks, burpees, mountain climbers, body builders, body killers and jump rope for total body. ...
... Similarly, push-up training induced similar increases in muscle thickness and strength to the 40% 1RM bench press free-weight training (Kikuchi and Nakazato 2017). In addition, the inclusion of devices such as a system of straps and handles for performed suspension exercise (Cayot et al. 2017), weighted vests or dip belts (Harrison 2010), elastic bands (Calatayud et al. 2015), and low-intensity exercise with slow movement (Tanimoto and Ishii 2006), or the combination of different exercises in circuit training (Klika and Jordan 2013) are commonly practiced. ...
Recent classifications of resistance training methods classify them in gravitational, to move the resistance we will have to apply an acceleration greater than the force of the gravity (9.81 m·s⁻¹), and non-gravitational methods that allow us to work in multiple directions, not being exclusively conditioned by gravity. Bodyweights training, also known as calisthenic exercise; Free-weights training, weight lifting through barbells, dumbbells, and kettlebells; inertial devices, how flywheel devices that an active stretch, while trying to brake an external resistance that exceeds the capacity of the muscle; and external resistance variable resistance, where resistance varies throughout range of motion are, among others, the main methods of resistance training currently. In this chapter, a contextualization of them will be carried out, exposing those essential aspects that it is necessary to know from a practical application and allowing the reader to understand the following chapters where each of them will be addressed in depth.
... In addition, body weight exercises were preferred because elite handball players could not be homogeneous in terms of sports equipment found in their homes. Exercise with body weight is based on the principle of using one's own body as a means of resistance without using external resistance such as weightlifting, bar or machine (Harrison, 2010). Typical body weight exercises include variations such as push-ups, step-by-step, sit-ups, crouching and traction. ...
... Ayrıca bu çalışmada, elit hentbol oyuncularının evlerinde bulunan spor malzemeleri açısından homojenlik sağlanamayacağı için vücut ağırlığı egzersizleri tercih edilmiştir. Vücut ağırlığı ile yapılan egzersizler, kişinin kendi vücudunu, halter, bar veya makine gibi dış direnç kullanmadan bir direnç aracı olarak kullanma prensibine dayanmaktadır (Harrison, 2010). Tipik vücut ağırlığı egzersizlerine şınav, adımlama, mekik, çömelme ve çekişler gibi varyasyonları içermektedir. ...
The purpose of the research is to show professional handballers that high-density exercises applied in the home environment are similar to aerobic capacity in the field environment. The research group is 16 national handball players with an average age of 24.67+-5.71 years, length of 186.696.40 cm and body weight 89.63+-8.64 kg. Polar clock was used to detect heart beat counts during exercises performed by handball players in the home environment. Five weeks of exercises of different intensity are divided into 4 different intensity exercise groups. Handball players recorded heart rate (HR) and perceived difficulty at the end of their workouts in the home environment. According to the findings, HRmax values in the field environment have a moderate relationship with some exercise Rating Perceived Exertion (RPE) values with MaxRPE, which is a high level of relationship with some exercise HR values of some exercise HR values of different densities. As a result, while the training HR values taken from handball players are planned to resemble the training load, it may be suggested that some training structures do not capture the target HR value, that RPE values taken from handball players are subjective, as well as verifying according to the HR value during training.
... La autocarga es un tipo de ejercicio que se realiza exclusivamente con el propio peso corporal 16,17 , convirtiéndose en una alternativa de fácil acceso e ideal para el entrenamiento en grupo. Algunos estudios usando ejercicios de autocarga sin énfasis en la velocidad de ejecución demuestran que este tipo de entrenamiento mejora la fuerza muscular y el equilibrio en adultos mayores 18,19 . ...
... Se brindó un descanso de 2 min entre series y ejercicios. La progresión del entrenamiento para ambos grupos se llevó a cabo aumentando el número de repeticiones, el número de series, disminuyendo la base de sustentación y reduciendo el apoyo en la silla 16 . Además, para el grupo AV-ALTA se fomentó a lo largo de todo el período del entrenamiento mantener la velocidad de ejecución de la fase concéntrica del ejercicio lo más rápido posible. ...
Background:
High-speed resistance training programs aiming to increase muscle power have beneficial effects on balance.
Aim:
To compare the effect of high-speed bodyweight resistance training and normal-speed bodyweight resistance training on the static and dynamic balance in community-dwelling older women.
Material and Methods:
Thirty-five non-disabled community-dwelling women aged 65 to 80 years were trained for 12 weeks using a high-speed bodyweight resistance training (HS-BT) or a normal-speed bodyweight resistance training (NS-BT). At baseline and after the intervention, One Leg Stance (OLS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests were measured. Participants with an attendance to training sessions of less than 70% were excluded from the final analysis.
Results:
Data from 26 participants were analyzed, 14 women aged 71 ± 4 years who received HS-BT and 12 women aged 73 ± 4 years who received NS-BT. After 12 weeks of training, a significant improvement in TUG was observed in women receiving HS-BT (ΔTUG −1.07 sec, p < 0.01), but without changes in the OLS test. No significant changes were observed in any of the tests in the NS-BT group.
Conclusions:
High-speed bodyweight resistance training for 12 weeks improved TUG in these women.
... Exercise and outdoor physical activity are chosen to maintain fitness and reduce the inactivity of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by social isolation (Kaur et al., 2020;Abdelbasset, 2020). Body weight resistance exercises (BWRs) are becoming increasingly popular alternatives to resistance training because they are easy to do in different places, such as sports facilities, public places, and even homes (Harrison, 2010). BWR can improve skeletal muscle mass, strength, function, and other health outcomes when properly prescribed (Martins et al., 2018). ...
... Nevertheless, plyometric exercises should be carefully included in training, particularly around competition because they impose high mechanical loads on the body, which can acutely reduce muscular force and power production and potentially impair sporting performance (7,15). Body weight exercise is a convenient and versatile method of RT that requires no equipment and little space, although the ability to provide an appropriate stimulus to maintain strength and power may be limited (14). This method may be effective for maintaining upper-body strength in trained athletes (31). ...
De Marco, K, Goods, PSR, Baldwin, KM, Hiscock, DJ, and Scott, BR. Resistance training prescription during planned deloading periods: A survey of strength and conditioning coaches across varying sporting codes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance training (RT) prescription practices of strength and conditioning coaches throughout 4 common planned deloading periods (taper, competitive season, tournament, and travel). An anonymous online survey was shared globally to coaches, with data from 204 subjects included in analysis (current level of athlete coached: world class n = 68, elite/international n = 62, highly trained n = 64, trained n = 10). Coaches only provided answers about prescription for deloading periods, which they reported encountering. Where a coach indicated not prescribing RT for specific deloading periods, they detailed any barriers preventing RT prescription. Weekly deload RT prescription was typically reported as follows: 1-2 sessions, 30-60 minutes, 1-3 sets, 1-6 repetitions, and between 60 and 84% 1 repetition maximum. Most coaches reported decreasing volume during all deloading periods (taper: 89.1% [163/183 respondents], competitive season: 70.4% [133/189], tournament: 84.1% [74/88], travel: 74.6% [88/118]), with the most common reduction in RT volume reported as 0-25%. Most coaches also decreased intensity during a taper (52.9% [82/155]), tournament (54.8% [40/73]), and travel (53.6% [52/97]), with a 0-25% reduction the most common. Travel had the highest incidence of coaches not prescribing RT (38.5% [75/195]). The most cited barriers by these subjects were "scheduling/time" (60.0% [45/75]) and "lack of equipment and facilities" (57.3% [43/75]), which were also common in other periods. To address common barriers experienced by coaches, researchers should investigate time-efficient RT strategies requiring minimal equipment for periods of planned deloading to maintain training stimulus.
... Plyometric training has been approved safe for a pediatric population and might increase youth's capacity to develop power and speed [23] when appropriate training design and guidelines are carried out, and have a significant potential to enhance sprint performance, especially plyometric exercises horizontally oriented showing similar biomechanical patterns to sprint running and comparable ground contact times during the initial early sprint acceleration as reported by Maria z. et al. [24] and increases muscle fibers (type II) recruitment in the muscles involved in sprint running, which increases propulsive force production, which enhances the acceleration in sprint running. The bodyweight training was taking part of this training program in absence of adequate strength and resistance training material in schools (the Moroccan case for example), bodyweight training can be an alternative and a plausible option [25], in addition to its efficiency in enhancing balance, postural control, and relative strength [26], [27] and in contrast to traditional resistance training (externally loaded), bodyweight exercise promotes awareness of space and general motor skills while maximizing relative strength [28] and its proponents argue that this approach enables exercises to be adjusted to each person's anthropometric characteristics, allowing for better individualization and easy must be managed to prevent injuries [29]. Remarkably, the proposed teaching-training program did enhance almost all the forcevelocity sprint outputs variables (i.e., HZT-F0, HZT-Pmax, RFmax and MSS) especially the maximal theoretical horizontal force (HZT-F0), maximal horizontal power (HZT-Pmax) and force-velocity slope (SFV) indicating that sufficient input was provided to trigger significant changes in several mechanical outcome metrics in addition to sprint time performance. ...
This study investigates the effect of a short-term (6-week) teaching-training intervention combining plyometric and bodyweight training on anaerobic capacities, the mechanical outputs, the orientation of the Force-Velocity profile and on the sprint performance in youth male physical education students with deficit force on their F-V profile. An experimental randomized controlled study design was adopted with a pre-post-intervention tests to address the problematic. Where is, the biomechanical modeling was used to calculate anaerobic mechanical outputs. Results had shown that the proposed training program did enhance almost all of force-velocity sprint mechanical outputs variables especially the maximal theoretical horizontal force (HZT-F0), the maximal horizontal power (HZT-Pmax) the effectiveness of force application (RFmax) and force-velocity slope (SFV) in addition to sprint time performance at p < 0.01 with values in favor of the experimental group, when compared using inferential statistics to the control group receiving habitual physical education. In conclusion, this study indicates that a teaching-training program, combining bodyweight to plyometric training may be a good decision-making for students with deficit force at lower velocity when attempting to remediate their force-velocity profile and elicit effective motor learning by targeting sprinting-specific biomechanical technical factors and improve their anaerobic performance.
... On the other hand, bodyweight squats, which promote lower limb muscle strength by working against the gravity of the body's own weight, have also been widely used by increasing repetitions, shortening the rest-interval time, changing the squat angle, or increasing the difficulty of movement under constant load (weight) [19][20][21][22] . Increasing repetitions or shortening rest intervals may lead to greater endurance improvement rather than maximum strength [20][21][22] . ...
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of progressive bodyweight training and barbell back squat on muscle strength, muscluar hypertrophy, and body fat percentage in sedentary young women. Thirteen sedentary young women (aged 19.77 ± 0.83 years, height 164.91 ± 6.01) were randomly assigned to either the progressive bodyweight group (n = 6, consisting of 10 levels of movements progressing from bilateral to unilateral) or the barbell squat group (n = 7, 60–80% 1RM). Both groups underwent two training sessions per week for 6 weeks. Measurements of muscle strength (isokinetic knee extensor and flexor muscle peak torque of each leg), muscle thickness (gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles), and body fat percentage were taken at baseline and post-testing. Both groups showed a significant increase in isometric peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor (p < 0.05), but there were no significant between-group differences in isometric peak torque of the knee extensor and flexor (p > 0.05) or in the mean concentric peak torque of the knee H/Q ratio (p > 0.05). Both groups also showed significant increases in muscle thickness (p < 0.05), with no significant differences in Gastrocnemius, Rectus femoris and Gluteus maximus (p > 0.05). The percentage of body fat significantly decreased in the barbell group (pre: 28.66 ± 4.58% vs post: 24.96 ± 5.91%, p = 0.044), but not in the bodyweight group (pre: 24.18 ± 4.63% vs post: 24.02 ± 4.48%, p = 0.679). Our findings indicate that while both training methods increased maximum strength and muscle mass, barbell back squat training may be more effective in reducing body fat percentage.
... The respondents who engage in home-based physical fitness activities, such as bodyweight training, are likelier to spend more time on bodyweight training rather than a high-intensity activity. This is confirmed by Harrison (2010), who defined bodyweight training as any exercise that involves utilizing the body as a method of resistance to perform work against gravity. ...
Sports and activity programs play a significant role in children's overall physical activity levels to allow them to benefit from participating in physical activity during the pandemic. The researcher seeks to provide guidelines that will benefit all students who participate in physical education. This study aimed to determine the interest in athletics and engagement in home-based physical fitness activities of pre-service physical education teachers at Batangas State University JPLPC-Malvar, to determine its implications for teaching physical education. It specifically addressed the respondents' level of interest in athletics, their engagement in home-based physical fitness activities, the significant relationship between the two variables, and suggested activities to increase respondents' interest in athletics through participation in home-based physical fitness activities. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to assess 62 students enrolled in the Bachelor of Physical Education program at the Batangas State University JPLPC-Malvar campus. Using a self-made questionnaire and appropriate statistical measures, the obtained results revealed that the majority of respondents engage in home-based physical fitness activities; however, bodyweight training is more engaging than anaerobic exercise. The data also showed a significant relationship between athletic interest levels and home-based physical fitness activities. The majority of responders are pre-service physical education instructors. The recommended activities to increase respondents' interest in athletics can be accomplished through participation in home-based physical fitness activities.
... 12 Bodyweight training, simply stated, is any exercise that involves using the body as a means of resistance to perform work against gravity. 18 Those living close to a field, beach, park, yard or mountains, which can be accessed safely and in solitude can, and are recommended to, use these to carry out moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise. 12 Thankfully none of the respondents were affected by coVid 19. ...
BACKGROUND: Pandemic COVID 19 that started in Wuhan, China, began to present itself in Europe rapidly in the early spring of 2020. This new situation impacted the life of students in all Europe. To measure the level impact of the situation created by COVID 19, from an active and dynamic life with many daily physical activities in the gym, to self-isolation, quarantine and social distancing, the main aim of this study was to investigate the level of mental health and its correlation with physical activity among physical education students.
METHODS: The survey was conducted online through google forms, using the Goldberg and Hillier’s 28-item scaled version of the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). The data were gathered in the period when the teaching process were conducted through online platforms and Pandemic COVID 19 were in the process and all the participants were isolated. A total sample consist of 206 students, 40% of the students were female with the mean age M=20.8 and, 60% male with the mean age M=21.2.
RESULTS: Results show that their general health total scores, 79.6% of the participants had very low disorder, 17.0% low disorder and 3.4% moderate disorder. Results also shows that GHQ-28 scale and subscale level of Somatic symptoms, Anxiety insomnia, Social dysfunction and Severe Depression had lower values in students who did physical activity for 60 min per day, more than 4 times a week during self-isolation.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings general health and its subscales show statistical correlation with physical activity.
KEY WORDS: Exercise; Leisure activities; Mental health; COVID-19
Cite this article as:
Halilaj B, Gallopeni F. Impact of physical activities in mental health of physical education and sports students during pandemic COVID-19. Gazz Med Ital - Arch Sci Med 2022;181:455-60. DOI: 10.23736/S0393-3660.21.04758-6
... La resistencia muscular es uno de los componentes de la aptitud muscular y al igual que las otras capacidades y respetando los principios del entrenamiento se puede mejorar y mantener; en la actualidad existen diferentes formas de entrenarla, tipos de entrenamiento que se utilizan teniendo en cuenta el nivel de preparación y los propios objetivos del sujeto, además, es de clara importancia tener en cuenta factores biológicos y morfológicos como la edad y etapa de maduración para iniciar su entrenamiento cuando los objetivos trazados son en pro del rendimiento deportivo, pues de ellos dependen los resultados obtenidos; la mayoría de los métodos de entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia muscular usan pesos libres o máquinas especializadas; en este programa se trabajó con el método de entrenamiento con el propio peso corporal o Bodyweight training, dentro del cual se realizan ejercicios de las diferentes regiones del cuerpo teniendo como resistencia solo el peso del cuerpo, trabajando contra la fuerza de la gravedad, sin bien es cierto que existe poca evidencia sobre este método, es uno de los más utilizados en la actualidad con personas sedentarias o con poca experiencia en el entrenamiento físico, con resultados favorables [40]. Frente a ello, [41] encontró mejoras en la resistencia muscular y otras variables físicas después de un programa de entrenamiento con el peso corporal de 10 semanas en mujeres no deportistas. ...
El ejercicio físico (EF) regular tiene beneficios en la salud; además, es recomendado como estrategia útil en el tratamiento por consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA). Se estudiaron diferencias y efecto del EF sobre la aptitud física y estrés en sujetos drogodependientes. El diseño pre-experimental pretest-postest con un solo grupo conformado por (n=4, Medad=22.0, DE=5.3), evaluados y elegibles según el autoreporte PAR-Q & YOU y el inventario IDARE. Los resultados mostraron que la resistencia muscular de miembros superiores e inferiores obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p< 0.03, y 0.00), aunque el tamaño del efecto no evidenció valores positivos (d = -1.79 y -6.00); la capacidad aeróbica, resistencia muscular abdominal y flexibilidad no reportaron significación estadística y el tamaño del efecto fue negativo; el estrés mostró diferencias significativas. Los hallazgos revelan que el EF puede generar cambios positivos en algunos componentes de la aptitud física en los pacientes. Se debe seguir investigando esta línea de trabajo.
... Those living close to a field, beach, park, yard or mountains, which can be accessed safely and in solitude can, and are recommended to, use these to carry out moderateto-high intensity aerobic exercise. The bodyweight training, simply stated, is any exercise that involves using the body as a means of resistance to perform work against gravity (Harrison, 2010). The benefits of bodyweight training for musculoskeletal health and functional capacity are well documented for untrained adults, elderly and a wide range of patients (Jönhagen et al., 2009). ...
The aim of the present chapter was to describe the specific effects of the COVID-19 regulations upon PA in sedentary people and on sport and athletes. Also, we present the importance of the home learning with specific recommendations and strategies to minimize the negative effects of the lockdown caused by the restrictions that the pandemic has provoked.
... In general, calisthenics exercises (using one's own body weight) have been propounded to improve physical abilities in the school settings (Šekeljić & Stamatović, 2018), and this sounds organizationally reasonable considering that calisthenics training is safe, cost-effective (Harrison, 2010), and can even outperform resistance training in improving some aspects of muscle strength and body morphology (Flanagan et al., 2002). Furthermore, training on machines or with free weights is difficult to implement in PE classes (Stricker et al., 2020). ...
Although unstable strength training has gained popularity among athletes and the recreational population, there is scarce data regarding the applicability of this type of exercise program in school settings. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the implementation of an unstable surface strength exercise program in physical education would contribute to the improvement of physical fitness in 14-years students. A sample of 220 adolescents (112 girls) was randomly assigned to either the EXP (calisthenics exercise under unstable conditions) or the CON group (prescribed physical education strength exercise program). Before and after the 12- week period, upper-body isometric and repetitive strength were accessed using 4 motor tests. In addition, skinfold thickness (ST) was determined in subscapular, pectoral, and abdominal areas. Both groups improved strength performance (p < 0.01), with greater increase in EXP compared to CON for all motor tests (p < 0.01, ES = 0.21 – 0.45). Both groups decreased total, subscapular and abdominal ST (p < 0.05), with no significant effect of group. Unstable surface strength exercises are effective in improving physical abilities and should be included in the regular physical education curriculum.
... Los programas de entrenamiento de fuerza tradicionales y el entrenamiento pliométrico, realizados por separado o en combinación, son los métodos más utilizados para mejorar aspectos condiciona-les del baloncesto, entre los que se encuentra el esprint (Chappell & Limpisvasti, 2008;Santos & Janeira, 2008). El entrenamiento de fuerza tradicional basado en ejercicios con el propio peso corporal y con peso adicional (Harrison, 2010), realizado a una alta frecuencia de movimiento, hace que los músculos reclutados se contraigan más rápido (Liu et al., 2013). Por esto, es uno de los principales métodos utilizados para aumentar la fuerza explosiva y el rendimiento en el esprint (Liu et al., 2013). ...
La velocidad es uno de los indicadores clave para el desarrollo atlético del jugador de baloncesto. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los efectos que tiene en la velocidad un entrenamiento de fuerza (EF) y otro pliométrico (EP) desarrollados durante ocho semanas en jugadores jóvenes de baloncesto. Para ello, 48 jugadores (16,42 ± 1,13 años) se
distribuyeron en tres grupos: EF (n = 16), EP (n = 16) y grupo control (GC) (n = 16). Se evaluó la velocidad lineal en 10 y 20 m, así como la velocidad con cambios de dirección con el test Pro-agility shuttle. Tanto el grupo EF como el EP mejoraron significativamente todas las variables de rendimiento (p < 0,05). EF fue el que obtuvo la mejora más relevante en el tiempo parcial de 10 m (8,92 %; ES = 0,65), mientras que el grupo de EP mejoró en mayor medida en el test Pro-agility shuttle (7,58 %; ES = 0,57). Los hallazgos de este estudio sugieren que en ocho semanas a) tanto el entrenamiento de fuerza como el pliométrico pueden mejorar el rendimiento de la velocidad en jugadores jóvenes de baloncesto, y b) un entrenamiento de fuerza puede incidir más en la velocidad lineal y un entrenamiento pliométrico en la velocidad con cambios de dirección.
Speed is a key indicator for overall athletic development. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of strength (ST) and plyometric training (PT) for 8 weeks on sprinting speed in youth basketball players. 48 players (16.42 ± 1.13 years) were divided into three groups: ST (n = 16), PT (n = 16) and control group (CG) (n = 16). 10 and 20 m linear sprint, as well as the sprint with change of direction were measured by the Pro-agility shuttle test. Both the strength and plyometric groups significantly improved all performance variables (p < 0.05). The most relevant result in ST was in 10 m split time (8.92 %; ES = 0.65), whereas the PT was in Pro-agility shuttle test (7.58 %; ES = 0.57). The findings of this study suggest that, in eight weeks a) both strength and plyometric training can improve sprinting performance, and b) strength training might well influence on linear speed and plyometric training on speed with change of direction.
... Street Workout (SW) is a novel urban sport where athletes use their body weight as resistance, known as calisthenics exercises (Tomczykowska, 2013). Calisthenics exercises are used for strength, body composition, and posture improvements (Thomas et al., 2017;Kotarsky et al., 2018), for physical preparation of gymnasts and militaries (Harrison, 2010;Gist et al., 2015), and are commonly used in physical therapy and fitness (Tapley et al., 2015;Thompson, 2019). In SW, athletes execute isometric and isotonic calisthenic exercises on rings, bars, or the floor, as well, swings and combinations, called freestyle. ...
In several sports, morphological differences exist when comparing training status. However, these are less known in novel urban sports such as Street Workout (SW). This study compares the morphological characteristics between untrained (novice) and trained (experienced) SW athletes. Thirty-seven male Street workout practitioners from Viña del Mar (Chile) participated. Anthropometric, body composition, and somatotype data were assessed and compared according to the training experience. We found that trained SW athletes had a higher flexed and tensed arm perimeter (+4.4 %, p=0.038), lower hips perimeter (-4.8 %, p=0.041), narrower biiliocristal breadth (-3.2 %, p=0.035), lesser sum of 6 skinfolds (-40.8 %, p<0.001), and a lower endomorphic component (p<0.001) than untrained SW athletes. The proportionality analysis revealed that trained athletes had significantly higher upper body perimeters and lower skinfolds than untrained athletes. In addition, trained participants had higher percentages of the whole-body (+6.5 %, p<0.001) and upper limb muscle mass (+1.1 %; <0.001), and lower fat mass percentage (-7.9 %, p<0.001) and fat mass (-6.9 kg, p<0.001). In conclusion, similar to other sports, morphological differences exist in SW according to the training status, suggesting that morphology is associated with training experience. Further studies using DEXA should corroborate our findings and, in turn, determine the relevance of morphology in SW performance.
... Street Workout (SW) is a novel urban sport where athletes use their body weight as resistance, known as calisthenics exercises (Tomczykowska, 2013). Calisthenics exercises are used for strength, body composition, and posture improvements (Thomas et al., 2017;Kotarsky et al., 2018), for physical preparation of gymnasts and militaries (Harrison, 2010;Gist et al., 2015), and are commonly used in physical therapy and fitness (Tapley et al., 2015;Thompson, 2019). In SW, athletes execute isometric and isotonic calisthenic exercises on rings, bars, or the floor, as well, swings and combinations, called freestyle. ...
SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ, J. & HERNÁNDEZ-JAÑA, S. Morphological differences of Street Workout athletes according to the training experience. Int. J. Morphol., 40(2):320-326, 2022. SUMMARY: In several sports, morphological differences exist when comparing training status. However, these are less known in novel urban sports such as Street Workout (SW). This study compares the morphological characteristics between untrained (novice) and trained (experienced) SW athletes. Thirty-seven male Street workout practitioners from Viña del Mar (Chile) participated. Anthropometric, body composition, and somatotype data were assessed and compared according to the training experience. We found that trained SW athletes had a higher flexed and tensed arm perimeter (+4.4 %, p=0.038), lower hips perimeter (-4.8 %, p=0.041), narrower biiliocristal breadth (-3.2 %, p=0.035), lesser sum of 6 skinfolds (-40.8 %, p<0.001), and a lower endomorphic component (p<0.001) than untrained SW athletes. The proportionality analysis revealed that trained athletes had significantly higher upper body perimeters and lower skinfolds than untrained athletes. In addition, trained participants had higher percentages of the whole-body (+6.5 %, p<0.001) and upper limb muscle mass (+1.1 %; <0.001), and lower fat mass percentage (-7.9 %, p<0.001) and fat mass (-6.9 kg, p<0.001). In conclusion, similar to other sports, morphological differences exist in SW according to the training status, suggesting that morphology is associated with training experience. Further studies using DEXA should corroborate our findings and, in turn, determine the relevance of morphology in SW performance.
... WHO recommends for children for youth (5-17) years that 60mins of daily body exertion with moderate to hard aerobic intensity, with muscle and bone strengthening thrice weekly and for above 18 activity for 75min/week with intense aerobic exercise training or 150 min/week of moderate aerobic intensity along with muscle strengthening twice daily (WHO, 2010). This type of drill is useful for the people who live near parks, beach, mountains etc. Bodyweight training can simply be illustrated as any exercise that involves the body as a mean of resistance to perform work against gravity (Harrison, 2010). Including example, like push-ups, pull-ups, squats, lunges, box jumps, jumping roping etc. ...
The novel Coronavirus disorder 2019 (COVID-19) globally
affecting human behavior, especially affecting human bodily culture, forcing many people around the sphere to quarantine themselves for some time. As for the sake of protection after the out-break of Covid-19, many countries and regions take precautionary measures as they close all the schools and universities and banned all the social activities like travelling, cultural and sports events and prohibited all social gatherings. A lot of training sessions were affected due to the coronavirus pandemic (covid-19). Athletes training, cardio workout drill on a treadmill, bodyweight exercises, dance and energetic virtual reality, can resource to prevent the bodily damage and intellectual cataclysmic outcome of the pandemic and are the pragmatic hints
for staying energetic while quarantining or self-isolation. This commentary offers beneficial facts on domestic-primarily based totally on bodily exercises for sedentary humans throughout the continuance, along with kids and adolescents, which could be undertaken for the duration of the prevailing pandemic or different outbreaks of infectious disorder. Conclusion: In this study, the researcher recommended a home-based physical activity plan for
beginner and professional players.
Key Words: Coronavirus, Human, Physical Activity, Quarantine, Bodily
exercise.
... The aerobics training types are described in Table 1 below for trained and untrained individuals, with the specific intensity associated with pulse, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) also as intensity with regard to the degree of breathlessness during exercise [78][79][80]. Dancing activities reception, audio-visualdirected gymnastics and aerobics are often recommended for maintenance of cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal fitness and for reducing the severity of symptoms of depression and anxiety [81][82][83][84][85]. Dance-based workout involves the utilization of body movements which helps to enhance Strength training, simply stated, is any type of exercise that involves using the body as a means of resistance to perform work against gravity [88]. Examples of body weight exercises for the upper and lower body include push -ups, pull-ups, squats, lunges, box jumps and jump roping. ...
... With that said, the authors acknowledge that constraints may be placed on the amount of gym-based activity their youth athletes can experience (i.e., low training age and/or limited resources). It should be noted, however, that strength is considered a fundamental quality to train in youth (79)(80)(81) and, given that the young soccer player will typically have a low training history, positive adaptations to an individual's strength characteristics can be made with simple methods that require limited equipment (56). Therefore, a "mixed-methods" training approach (53,132) within the frameworks of block periodization and phase potentiation may provide a viable long-term strategy for maximizing the transfer of training and physical preparedness (31,32). ...
Multidirectional speed (MDS) can be defined as the competency and capacity to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, and maintain speed in multiple directions and movements, within the context of sport-specific scenarios."The components of MDS are linear speed, change of direction speed, curvilinear speed, contextual speed, and agility. A MDS development framework is provided for the practitioner who considers the complexities of the growing athlete within a progressive sequence of skill learning and adaptation. Practical examples for each MDS component are provided and discussed within weekly microcycle examples that represent different stages of development for the youth athlete.
... Una altra virtut atribuïda a les autocàrregues és l'efectivitat en la millora de la força relativa, l'equilibri i el control postural. En canvi, el principal desavantatge que se'ls atribueix és la dificultat per quantificar la càrrega de treball (Harrison, 2010). ...
The objective of this study was to verify which methodology is most effective in improving anthropometric and strength variables: training with free weights, weight training machines or isometrics. 33 male university students did strength training twice a week for eight weeks; they were divided into three training groups: isometrics (ITG), weight training machines (WMTG) and free weights (FWTG). The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), lean tissue (LT), fat percentage (% fat), jump squats (JSQ), counter-movement jump squats (CMSQ), bench presses (BP), squats (SQ), maximum relative weight in bench presses (MRW BP) and maximum relative weight in squats (MRW SQ). No significant improvements were found in the ITG in the anthropometric and strength variables. In the WMTG, there were significant improvements in % fat and strength levels, while in the FWTG there were significant improvements in % fat, LT and strength levels. Similarly, the FWTG made significant improvements compared to the WMTG in the following tests: JSQ, BP, SQ, MRW BP and MRW SQ. Eight-week strength training applied to university-age males was more effective in increasing strength and lean tissue when performed with free weights than with weight training machines. The use of isometrics did not lead to kinanthropometric or strength improvements. However, it is impossible to totally rule out the possibility that the absence of adaptations is due to the difficulties in quantifying load intensity.
... Such exercise can improve physical function in the elderly and enhance aerobic capacity and physical fitness (16)(17)(18). The recommended frequency of squat is 1-2 sets of 10 repetitions for the beginner and 2-3 sets of 20 repetitions for the advanced (4,19). We set a 10-repetition squat exercise as one set in this system, and visitors could repeat this exercise as they liked. ...
COVID-19 has changed our lives and limited our ability to have adequate physical activity (PA). It is necessary to replace outdoor PA with home-based fitness. However, people lack access, skills, and even motivation for home-based fitness. To address these issues, we designed a free access self-monitoring and coaching and music-based interactive online squat fitness system. Body weight squat was utilized for fitness exercise and evaluated based on three indices: knee width, hip depth, and rhythm. An online survey on changes in exercise due to the COVID-19 pandemic and exercise habits was conducted to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA. We collected data from 557 respondents 5 months after the system first released and analyzed 200 visitors' performance on squat exercise and the other relevant parameters. Visitors were divided into three groups according to their age: younger, middle, and older groups. Results showed that the younger group had better squat performance than the middle and older groups in terms of hip depth and rhythm. We highlighted the lessons learned about the system design, fitness performance evaluation, and social aspects, for future study of the design and development of similar home-based fitness systems. We provided first-hand results on the relation between the COVID-19 pandemic and physical exercise among different age groups in Japan, which was valuable for policy making in the post-COVID-19 era.
... Strength training, simply stated, is any type of exercise that involves using the body as a means of resistance to perform work against gravity [88]. Examples of body weight exercises for the upper and lower body include push -ups, pull-ups, squats, lunges, box jumps, jump roping, burpees, etc. ...
Corona viruses are sort of viruses that are phenotypically and genotypically diverse. The outbreak of COVID-19 starts in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The research method of this article is a systematic review based on search strategy by used terms in relation with physical activity and Covid-19. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many people around the world to stay at home and self-isolate for a long period of time. These leads to psychological outcomes such as depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, panic, confusion, anger, fear, and substance misuse and develops Sedentary Death Syndrome and reduce individuals' functional ability. Increased physical activity levels and fitness help alleviate or relieve Covid-19 associated health problems such as depression, anxiety and stress (mental health) and at this time if an individual follows a physically active lifestyle or participate regularly in home based physical activity, it has been found to be an effective way of improving fitness and overall health of individual. The effect of regular home based exercise training has a significant positive effect on overall health of individuals. Mental and physical well-being are negatively affected by sedentary habits and positively affected by active lifestyle.
... Work with low loads and with the use of the bodyweight (as occurs in the Body Jump ® program) could be positive in the shortterm. However, the improvements in the maximum strength levels would be compromised in the long term, requiring exercises with higher load percentages [34,35]. Nevertheless, it is important to note that BJ started with a lower 1RM starting value than GC, and this should be considered when analyzing the results. ...
(1) Background: Body Jump® is a novel group fitness program with musical support, which is performed rebounding in a minitrampoline. Although the number of practitioners has increased exponentially in recent years, this activity’s short-term effects on physical fitness and body composition in women have not yet been studied. (2) Methods: 27 healthy young women were randomly divided into a Body Jump® group (BJ) and a control group (CG). BJ performed three classes per week for one month. The week before and after the intervention, the anthropometric assessments were carried out to estimate the body composition, and different performance tests were performed to assess the jumping capacity (countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) tests), the muscular strength (1RM test) and the aerobic fitness (UKK test). (3) Results: VO2 max (p = 0.001), CMJ flight height (p = 0.023), SJ flight height (p = 0.003) and the 1RM value in the half-squat exercise (p = 0.009) were significantly increased in BJ. In CG, there were no statistically significant differences after the intervention period. Regarding the changes in body composition, a significant enhancement in several parameters were found in BJ, such as the sum of skinfolds (p = 0.003) and the percentage of fat mass (p = 0.002), while no changes were found in any of the anthropometric variables in CG. (4) Conclusions: carrying out the Body Jump® program three days per week for one month had positive effects on physical fitness and body composition in a group of healthy young women. This training program can be an effective option for enhancing, in the short term, these fitness parameters and the body composition of these recreational users into the fitness centers.
... Bodyweight training stated is any exercise involves using the body as a means of resistance to perform work against gravity [11] . It can enhance a range of biomotor abilities including strength, power, endurance, speed, flexibility, coordination and balance [12] . ...
Due to the corona virus outbreak, several countries in universe are facing the problem of major lockdowns including India. The pandemic has forced many people to stay at home and self-isolate for a period of time. COVID-19 seems to be having a major impact on physical activity behaviors worldwide. The present study is going to highlight physical activity awareness during COVID-19 lockdown period. It is very important for an individual, family and society also. It presents on how to people are facing the challenges like as psychological, physical, economic and social in their routine life in lockdown period. It is very important to maintain the psychological and physical condition in this situation. Physical activity is good for your body, mind and spirit especially during such stressful situations and it will also ensure good overall health. So, engaging in day-today physical activity at home is better way to maintain the physical and psychological conditions during lockdown period.
... The SSC improves the ability of the muscle-tendon unit to produce maximal force in minimum time (Komi, 2000). The strength training program comprised traditional resistance training techniques, including self-loading exercises and exercises with additional weight (Harrison, 2010). Finally, the COD training program consisted of circuits performed with a basketball that involved rapid, whole-body movements involving changes of velocity and direction . ...
The study aim was to compare the effects of a 7-week plyometric, strength and change of direction (COD) training program on basketball-specific performance measures in high-school players. Forty male players were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: plyometric (PG, n = 10), strength (SG, n = 10), COD (CODG, n = 10), and control group training (CG, n = 10). Two training sessions were performed at weekly intervals before basketball training. Performance of the counter movement jump (CMJ), Abalakov jump (ABKJ), 10 m zigzag sprint, 20 m in line sprint (measurements at 10 and 20 m), and sit and reach flexibility test (SRFT) was assessed before and after the intervention. A 4 (group) × 2 (time) repeated measures analysis of variances (ANOVA) was conducted for each variable. Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used when the interaction was significant. Significant (all p < 0.05) time x group interaction was noted for SRFT, CMJ, ABK, sprint, and zigzag 10 m, in favor of the experimental groups compared to the control group. However, improvements in physical fitness were similar between the three experimental groups. In conclusion, 7 weeks of specific plyometric, strength and COD training produced similar medium to large improvements in physical fitness of high-school basketball players.
... Bu dönemde evde uygulanması kesinlikle tavsiye edilen eğitimlerden biridir(Hammami vd., 2020). Zumba, jimnastik gibi aktiviteler de kardiyovasküler, metabolik ve kas-iskelet sistemi sağlığının korunması ve depresyon semptomlarının azaltılması için tavsiye edilmektedir(Barene vd., 2014).Vücut ağırlığı eğitimi; vücudun yer çekimine karşı bir direnç olarak kullanılmasını içeren egzersiz uygulamalarıdır(Harrison, 2010). Üst ve alt vücut için, vücut ağırlığı egzersizlerine push-ups, pull-ups, squat, lunges, burpees gibi örnekler verilebilir. ...
... Bodyweight training (BWT) is a type of resistance 77 exercise, which utilizes an individual's own body mass as a resistive load against which force must be 78 exerted. It is convenient to prescribe in general populations because it negates the need to use specialized 79 equipment or machines (Harrison, 2010). In this way, BWT can be an effective, low-cost alternative to ...
We compared the effects of body-weight resistance training (BWT), at moderate or high-speed conditions, on muscle power, velocity of movement, and functional performance in older females. In a randomized single-blinded non-controlled trial, participants completed twelve weeks (three sessions/week) of BWT, at high (HST; n=14; age, 70.6±4.3 years) or moderate (MST; n=12; age, 72.8±4.2 years) speeds. Data were analysed with an ANOVA (group×time), with level set at <0.05. After the intervention, timed-up-and-go test performance (p<0.05), and the rising-from-a-chair test mean (22.4%) and maximal velocity (28.5%), mean (24.4%) and maximal power (27.7%), normalized mean (25.1%) and maximal power (28.5%) increased in the HST group (p<0.05). However, the MST group achieved no improvements (p>0.2). We conclude that high-speed BWT is an effective and economically practical strategy to improve the functional capacity of older women, relevant to daily life activities.
... Vücut ağırlığı ile egzersiz eğitimi, vücudun yer çekimine karşı iş yapmak için bir direnç aracı olarak kullanılmasını içerir (15). Üst ve alt ekstremite için vücut ağırlığı ile yapılan egzersizlere örnek olarak push-up, pull-up, squat, lunges, ip atlama egzersizleri örnek olarak verilebilir (Tablo 2). ...
... Bu dönemde evde uygulanması kesinlikle tavsiye edilen eğitimlerden biridir(Hammami vd., 2020). Zumba, jimnastik gibi aktiviteler de kardiyovasküler, metabolik ve kas-iskelet sistemi sağlığının korunması ve depresyon semptomlarının azaltılması için tavsiye edilmektedir(Barene vd., 2014).Vücut ağırlığı eğitimi; vücudun yer çekimine karşı bir direnç olarak kullanılmasını içeren egzersiz uygulamalarıdır(Harrison, 2010). Üst ve alt vücut için, vücut ağırlığı egzersizlerine push-ups, pull-ups, squat, lunges, burpees gibi örnekler verilebilir. ...
... Bu dönemde evde uygulanması kesinlikle tavsiye edilen eğitimlerden biridir(Hammami vd., 2020). Zumba, jimnastik gibi aktiviteler de kardiyovasküler, metabolik ve kas-iskelet sistemi sağlığının korunması ve depresyon semptomlarının azaltılması için tavsiye edilmektedir(Barene vd., 2014).Vücut ağırlığı eğitimi; vücudun yer çekimine karşı bir direnç olarak kullanılmasını içeren egzersiz uygulamalarıdır(Harrison, 2010). Üst ve alt vücut için, vücut ağırlığı egzersizlerine push-ups, pull-ups, squat, lunges, burpees gibi örnekler verilebilir. ...
Koronavirüsler (CoV), soğuk algınlığı gibi toplumda yaygın olarak gözlenen hafif enfeksiyon tablolarına ve daha ciddi enfeksiyon tablolarına neden olabilen büyük bir virüs ailesidir. Bu ciddi enfeksiyon tabloları arasında; Orta Doğu Solunum Sendromu (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome = MERS) ve Ağır Akut Solunum Sendromu (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome = SARS) bulunmaktadır. İnsanlarda bulunan koronavirüslerin insandan insana kolaylıkla bulaşabilen farklı alt tipleri de bulunmaktadır. İnsanlar arasında kolaylıkla bulaşabilen bu alt tip koronavirüsler genellikle soğuk algınlığına neden olabilmektedirler. Ayrıca hayvanlarda saptanan birçok koronavirüs alt tipi de bildirilmiştir ve bu virüsler, hayvanlardan insanlara geçebilmekte, insanlarda ağır hastalık tablolarına neden olabilmektedirler. SARS-CoV misk kedilerinden insanlara bulaşabilen, MERS-CoV ise tek hörgüçlü develerden insanlara bulaşabilen koronavirüsler olarak tespit edilmişlerdir. 2003 yılında SARS-CoV bilinmeyen bir virüs olarak ortaya çıkmış ve bu virüs çok sayıda insanın hayatını kaybetmesine neden olmuştur. Bu virüsten yaklaşık 10 yıl sonra 2012 yılında da daha önce insanlarda ve hayvanlarda varlığı gösterilmemiş olan MERS-CoV Suudi Arabistan’daki insanlarda ortaya çıkmıştır. MERS-CoV ilk defa insanlarda Suudi Arabistan’da tanımlanmış olsa da; ilk vakaların 2012 yılında Ürdün Zarqa’daki bir hastanede ortaya çıktığı bildirilmiştir. Daha sonra 31 Aralık 2019’da Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Çin Ülke Ofisi tarafından Çin’in Hubei eyaletinin Wuhan şehrinde etiyolojisi bilinmeyen pnömoni vakaları tespit edilmiştir. Daha önce insanlarda tespit edilmemiş yeni bir koronavirüs çeşidi olan 2019-nCoV, SARS- CoV’a benzerliğinden dolayı yeni tip koronavirüs SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Tek zincirli, pozitif polariteli, zarflı RNA virüsleri olarak bilinen koronavirüsler, pozitif polariteli olmalarından dolayı RNA’ya bağımlı RNA polimeraz enzimi içermemektedirler, ancak genomlarında bu enzimi kodlamaktadırlar. Yüzeylerinde bulunan çubuksu uzantıları Latincede Corona yani taç anlamına geldiğinden, bu virüsler Coronavirüs (Taçlı Virüs) olarak adlandırılmışlardır. Koronavirüsler insanlarda ve hayvanlarda çeşitli derecelerde respiratuvar, enterik, hepatik, nefrotik, nörolojik tutulumlara neden olabilen klinik tablolara yol açabilmektedirler (Bilim Kurulu Çalışması, 2020; Zhou ve ark., 2019). COVID-19 ile ilişkili olan interstisyel akciğer hastalıkları diffüz parankimal akciğer hastalıkları olarak da bilinmektedirler ve bu hastalıklar interstisyumu, vasküler yapıları, plevrayı, bronşiolleri, intraalveoler yapıları tutabilen hastalıklardır. Bu hastalıklar arasında nedeni bilinen kollajen vasküler hastalıklar, hipersensitivite pnömonisi gibi hastalıklar bulunmaktadır. Etiyolojisi bilinmeyen hastalıklar ise idiyopatik interstisyel pnömoni olarak adlandırılmaktadırlar. İdiyopatik interstisyel pnömonilerin en sık karşılaşılan tipi idiyopatik pulmoner fibrozistir. İdiyopatik pulmoner fibrozis; etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmeyen, genellikle ileri yaşlarda ortaya çıkabilen, ilerleyici, geri dönüşümsüz kronik fibrotik bir akciğer hastalığıdır. İdiyopatik pulmoner fibrozisin genetik bulgularına bakıldığında; bu hastalarda telomer uzunluğunun, diğer interstisyel akciğer hastalıklarından muzdarip olan kişilere kıyasla daha kısa olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kısa telomere sahip bu hastalarda ekstrapulmoner hastalık sık görülebilmektedir (Demirağ, 2019). İdiyopatik pulmoner fibrozis hastalarında pulmoner hücrelerin çoğunda interlökin-18’in (IL-18’in) oldukça fazla eksprese edildiği bilinmektedir. IL-18 geninin promotör bölgesinde yaygın olarak bulunan IL-18 -607C/A ve IL-18 -137C/G gen varyasyonları tanımlanmıştır. IL-18 geninde ortaya çıkan bu genetik varyasyonlar sonucunda IL-18 gen ekspresyon seviyeleri değişebilmektedir. IL-18 gen varyasyonlarının alerjik hastalıklar, viral enfeksiyonlar, otoimmün hastalıklar, çeşitli kanser türleri, akciğer hastalıkları gibi inflamatuar hastalıklar için genetik risk faktörleri olabilecekleri düşünülmektedir (Kawayama ve ark., 2012). Bu yüzden bu bölümün amacı; COVID-19 ile ilişkili idiyopatik interstisyel pnömoni hastalığı ile ilgili genel bilgi verilmesinin yanısıra; proinflamatuar sitokin IL-18 gen varyasyonlarının interstisyel pnömoni hastalığı gelişimindeki rollerinin incelenmesidir.
... This involves the minimum use of the equipment and has to be progressive in nature to achieve fitness goals. [22] ...
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a negative impact globally, affecting various domains of life, including the fields of outdoor sports and athletic activities. The postponement or cancellation of outdoor sports and athletic activities has resulted in detraining effects in sportspersons. These detraining effects may result in a myriad of effects on physical health, mental health, and also, cause loss of opportunities, financial concerns, and disruption in non-sporting activities. This review article highlights the possible detraining effects, psychological consequences on sportspersons, and certain interventions which may help in mitigation of these effects during the pandemic and in its aftermath.
... Bodyweight training is any work performed against gravity, and includes pushups, pullups, and squats used to increase strength and stamina [1]. Bodyweight training has grown in popularity because it requires minimal or no equipment. ...
Bodyweight training has grown in popularity; it is desirable to be fit and strong. However, training can be dangerous if performed incorrectly. Several systems are used to correct pose during training. However, most require wearable sensors that may interfere with training, or an expensive depth camera. We offer a new form of training support using a smartphone camera and a server. We use a verbal interface to help users to correct their pose and to encourage them. We describe our new system and experimentally evaluate it.
... Assim, dentre as alternativas o treinamento com peso corporal (TPC) vem sendo bastante utilizado, demonstrando ser uma opção viável para esta população [4]. Trata-se de um treinamento que utiliza pouco ou nenhum implemento [5] visando melhorar capacidades físicas com o uso do peso corporal como sobrecarga [6]. De fato, aplicando o TPC, Silva e Zácaro [7] encontram efeitos na força de flexão dos joelhos e Lord et al. [8] encontraram resultados positivos no equilíbrio, tempo de reação, controle neuromuscular e risco de quedas, demonstrando a eficácia desse método em variáveis relacionadas a funcionalidade de idosos. ...
RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento com peso corporal é um método que visa melhorar a aptidão física sem a necessidade do uso de implementos para gerar sobrecarga, sendo alternativa ao treinamento resistido tradicional. Porém ainda são poucos os estudos analisando seus efeitos sobre a funcionalidade de idosas ativas. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos do treinamento com peso corporal com o treinamento tradicional na funcionalidade de idosas. Métodos: Trinta e três idosas ativas (64,42 ± 4,22 anos) concluíram 12 semanas de intervenção, sendo randomizadas em três grupos: Treinamento com peso corporal (TPC: n=13), Treina-mento resistido tradicional (TT: n=13) e Controle (GC: n=7). Para a verificação das respostas funcionais fo-ram utilizados os testes de Sentar e Levantar (SL), Gallon Jug Shelf Transfer (GJST), Levantar-se da posição decúbito ventral (LPDV), Time Up and Go (TUG), Caminhada de seis minutos, Isometric Dead Lift (IDL) e o HandGrip Test. A autopercepção da qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do questionário WHOQOL-BREF. Resultados: Após as 12 semanas de intervenção, o TT demonstrou melhoras significativas nos testes SL (3,23%) e TUG (-6,06%), bem como no WHOQOL-BREF (7,62%). O TPC proporcionou melhora significa-tiva no teste IDL (10,32%) e ambos os grupos experimentais apresentaram melhoras significativas no GJST (TT=-7,59% e TPC=-7,62%) e LPDV (TT=-9,28% e TPC=-12,25%) em relação aos valores iniciais. Conclusão: Ambos os programas se mostraram eficazes para melhora da funcionalidade de idosas. Considerando a semelhança na magnitude dos efeitos, o TPC pode ser uma alternativa viável, prática e de baixo custo ao TT para essa população. Palavras-chave: Envelhecimento, Treinamento funcional, Atividades diárias, Qualidade de vida.
ABSTRACT Background: The bodyweight training is a method that aims to improve physical fitness without the use of implements to generate overload, being an alternative to traditional resistance training. However, there are still few studies analyzing its effects on the functionality of active older women. Objective: To compare the effects of bodyweight training with traditional resistance training on functionality of active older women. Methods: Thirty-three older women (64.42 ± 4.22 years) completed twelve weeks of intervention and were randomized into three groups: Bodyweight Training (CT: n = 13), Traditional Resistance Training (TT: n = 13) and Control (GC: n = 7). Functional responses were assessed using the Sit and Stand (SL), Gallon Jug Shelf Transfer (GJST), Stand Up (LPDV), Time Up and Go (TUG), Six-Minute Walk, Isometric Dead Lift (IDL) and Hand Grip Test. Self-perception of quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, TT demonstrated significant improvements in SL (3.23%), TUG (-6.06%) and WHOQOL-BREF (7.62%) tests. The CT provided significant improvement in the IDL test (10.32%) and both experimental groups showed significant improvements in GJST (TT =-7.59% and CT =-7.62%) and LPDV (TT =-9.28% and CT =-12.25%) in relation to the initial values. Conclusion: Both programs proved to be effective for improving the functionality of the older women. Considering the similarity in the magnitude of the effects, CT may be a viable, practical and inexpensive alternative to TT for this population.
... Thus, among the alternatives, bodyweight training (BWT) has been widely used, proving to be a viable option for this population [4]. It is a training that uses little or no implement [5] aiming to improve physical abilities with the use of bodyweight as overload [6]. In fact, applying BWT, Silva and Zácaro [7] found effects on knee flexion strength, and Lord et al. [8] found positive results in balance, reaction time, neuromuscular control and risk of falls, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method in variables related to the functionality of the elderly. ...
How to cite: Santos GV, Resende-Neto AG, Chaves LMS, De Jesus LC, Vasconcelos ABS, Barranco-Ruiz Y, et al. Effects of bodyweight and traditional resistance training on the functionality of elderly people: a randomized clinical trial. Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc 2020;19(3):180-191. https://doi.org/10.33233/rbfe.v19i3.3360.
ABSTRACT: Background: The bodyweight training is a method that aims to improve physical fitness without the use of implements to generate overload, being an alternative to traditional resistance training. However, there are still few studies analyzing its effects on the functionality of active older women. Objective: To compare the effects of bodyweight training with traditional resistance training on functionality of active older women. Methods: Thirty-three older women (64.42 ± 4.22 years) completed twelve weeks of intervention and were randomized into three groups: Bodyweight Training (BWT: n = 13), Traditional Resistance Training (TT: n = 13) and Control (CG: n = 7). Functional responses were assessed using the Sit and Stand (SL), Gallon Jug Shelf Transfer (GJST), Stand Up (LPDV), Time Up and Go (TUG), Six-Minute Walk, Isometric Dead Lift (IDL) and Hand Grip Test. Self-perception of quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, TT demonstrated significant improvements in SL (3.23%), TUG (-6.06%) and WHOQOL-BREF (7.62%) tests. The BWT provided significant improvement in the IDL test (10.32%) and both experimental groups showed significant improvements in GJST (TT = -7.59% and BWT = -7.62%) and LPDV (TT = -9.28% and BWT = -12.25%) in relation to the initial values. Conclusion: Both programs proved to be effective for improving the functionality of the older women. Considering the similarity in the magnitude of the effects, BWT may be a viable, practical and inexpensive alternative to TT for this population.
... Bodyweight training, simply stated, is any exercise that involves using the body as a means of resistance to perform work against gravity (Harrison, 2010). Examples of bodyweight exercises for the upper and lower body include push-ups, pull-ups, squats, lunges, box jumps, jump roping, burpees, etc. (Table 2). ...
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be having a major impact on physical activity behaviours globally. The pandemic has forced many people around the world to stay at home and self-isolate for a period of time. WHO recommends 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for 6–17-yr-olds, and 75 min/wk of vigorous or 150 min/wk of moderate physical activity for adults and elderly, including 3 and 2 days/wk, respectively, with muscle and bone strengthening. Practical recommendations for staying active at home, with aerobic exercise training on a bike or rowing ergometer, bodyweight training, dance and active video gaming, can aid to counteract the detrimental physical and mental side-effects of the COVID-19 protective lifestyle regulations. This commentary provides useful information on home-based physical activity for sedentary people across the lifespan, including children and adolescence, that can be undertaken during the present pandemic or other outbreaks of infectious disease.
... This paper explores a new, wearable approach to workload sensing. By sensing the user instead of exercise equipment, it works across all types exercises and exercise equipment, including machines, free weights, body-weight exercises [20] (e.g push-ups, street workout [41], and TRX [44]), and resistance bands [3] that are elastic and provides variable workload. ...
... It is clear that resistance training benefits older people by increasing strength and improving some aspects of functioning. Resistance training was defined as an exercise that involves the participant exerting effort against their body weight or external resistance [9]. Studies have shown the use of high and moderate intensity strength training in improving the muscle strength in older adults [10,11]. ...
Online exercise programming has become increasingly popular in recent years, including for older adults. Instructors hold unique perspectives on such programming that could yield important insights for effective program design and delivery. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine instructors’ perceptions and experiences teaching exercise classes online to older adults. Using qualitative description, 19 instructors from a community exercise program for seniors completed a one-on-one semistructured interview. We analyzed data using reflexive thematic analysis and generated three main themes: (a) characteristics of effective online instructors, (b) challenges to delivering online exercise programming to older adults, and (c) future of online exercise programming. Most participants enjoyed delivering online exercise classes and developing the unique skills (particularly related to fostering social experiences and engaging with participants) required to be effective online exercise instructors. Our findings speak to the importance of ensuring instructors are adequately trained to deliver online exercise to seniors.
Wer wünscht sich nicht ein einfaches System zur Ermittlung der optimalen Trainingsbelastung? Herkömmliche Verfahren sind oft aufwendig, wenig objektiv und werden den Trainierenden wegen der unvermeidbaren Leistungsschwankungen oft nicht gerecht. Geschwindigkeitsbasiertes Krafttraining verspricht hier Abhilfe. Es ermöglicht eine relativ einfache Ermittlung der optimalen Trainingsparameter, verspricht gute Ergebnisse bei geringerer Ermüdung und lässt sich im Trainingsalltag leicht umsetzen.
Background:
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine metabolic disorders, affects the major organs in human and comorbid with others. Besides, diabetic patients are more prone to various infectious diseases as well as COVID-19 sporadic infection which are highly risk for diabetes mellitus patients. To combat this infections and comorbid situations, an integrated balanced nutritional supportive could help in maintaining sound health and increase immunity for prevention and management of such type of viral infections.
Objectives:
While information regarding nutritional supports in COVID-19 pandemic in diabetic patients are not available, this review aimed to accumulate the evidence from previous publications where studied about nutrition-based supports or interventions for viral diseases with special emphasis on respiratory infections.
Methods:
For reviewing, searches are done for getting journal articles into Google Scholar, Pub Med/Medline, Database of Open Access Journal and Science Direct for relevant data and information.
Results:
Integrated nutritional supports of both macronutrients and micronutrients guidelines including home-based physical exercise schedule is summarizes in this comprehensive review for possible prevention and management of diabetic patients in COVID-19 infections. The immune boosting benefits of some vitamins, trace elements, nutraceuticals and probiotics in viral infections of diabetic patients are also included.
Conclusion:
There is an urgent need for healthy diet and integrated nutritional supports with home-based physical activities for diabetic patients during the self-isolation period of COVID-19 Infection.
En la actualidad, el fútbol es uno de los deportes con mayor campo de investigación científica. En los últimos tiempos, el entrenamiento de la fuerza ha adquirido un papel fundamental en la planificación y
programación del entrenamiento en fútbol, ya que, influye de forma positiva en la mejora de las demás cualidades y, por tanto, en un mayor rendimiento del deportista. Sin embargo, aún existe mucha controversia sobre el desarrollo de trabajos de fuerza en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol y su posible interferen cia con otras cualidades físicas y/o antropométricas. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral, fue comparar los efectos que producen dos tratamientos de fuerza diferentes, sobre la capacidad de salto, el consumo máximo de oxígeno y la composición corporal, en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol durante una temporada, atendiendo a la categoría (cadete/juvenil) y la demarcación específica (portero, defensa central, lateral, centrocampista, extremo y delantero). Los tratamientos de fuerza fueron: 1. Grupo de fuerza con au tocargas (GAUT) y 2. Grupo de fuerza con sobrecargas (GSOB). Después de 37 semanas, con un total de 74 sesiones de entrenamiento,se produjeron mejoras significativas sobre la capacidad de salto (17.54 % GAUT ; 16.54 % GSOB ) y sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno (7.58 % GAUT; 6.69 % GSOB). Además, se produjeron descensos del % graso (13.94 %), aumentos significativos desde el 0.5 al 1.84 % en la variable altura (cm) y aumentos en la masa muscular (Kg) (8.30 % GAUT; 4.81 % GSOB), en ambas categorías.
Podemos concluir que las diferentes metodologías de entrenamiento de fuerza utilizadas, hicieron mejorar de manera significativa las variables de rendimiento estudiadas. Así pues, podemos indicar que tanto el tratamiento de fuerza con autocargas como el de sobrecargas, son métodos de entrenamiento válidos y óptimos para producir cambios a niveles neuromusculares, cardiorrespiratorios y antropométricos. Por último, se recomienda tanto a los entrenadores y/o preparadores físicos, qu e implementar un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza durante la temporada en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol, es efectivo para mejorar el rendimiento de sus jugadores.
BODY WEIGHT TRAINING
Introduction
Strength, it is one of the basic biomotoric features of the individual
and is expressed as the opposing power created by a muscle / muscle group
to overcome the external resistance as the most basic value of many sports
branches (Acar, 2000, Günay ve Cicioğlu, 2001).
Sport also has features that positively affect performance, among them
strength has an important factor (Serin, E., 2019). The aim that all trainers, instructors
want to achieve is that their athletes have sufficient performance and
strength level. While achieving this goal, a lot of research should be done besides
working. Different training variations, physiological reactions, muscle
fiber types to build muscle are the building blocks that need to be evaluated by
trainers to bring the person better condition (Bosco, A. 1985).
It was not possible for mankind to continue his life with a sedentary
lifestyle. In case of this situation, there will be negative effects on human
health. Accordingly, human health is mostly dependent on training, physical
activities and exercises (Serin, E., 2020).
As it is known, New Coronary Virus Disease is an important public health problem all over the world, but it also poses a risk for the increase of various disease groups due to inactivity and increased sedentary time. The effects of physical activity and exercise in preventing metabolic diseases are well defined by studies. In addition to the usual physical activity and exercise recommendations, WHO has various recommendations within the scope of isolation and similar restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, exercises that can be done at home and how they can be diversified have gained more importance.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of self-loading strength training program (SLSTP) on countermovement jump performance (CMJ) and body composition (BC) in young soccer players. 60 young soccer players were distributed in 4 groups [U16 14,67 ± 0,49 years); U17 (15,73 ± 0,46); U18 (16,67 ± 0,82); U19 (18,27 ± 0,46)]. Completed a strength training program with self-loading during 8 weeks with weekly training frequency of 2 sessions of 1 hour per week. CMJ performed with the app My Jump and BC were analyzed with Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method (BIA). Data were collected pre- and postintervention. The effect size (ES) was calculated and a level of significance of p<0,05. The main results of the study showed a significant increase in U19 group (p<0.01) in CMJ performance. A significant decrease in body mass in U17 group (p<0.001). U17 and U19 groups showed a significant decrease in % fat mass (p<0.001) and, finally, there was a significant increase in lean mass (p <0.001) in all groups.
The present study confirms that the strength training with self-loading is a valid method to produce changes at the neuromuscular level and modification of body composition in young soccer players.
Resistance training is commonly used in sports for prevention of injuries and in rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to compare closed vs. open kinetic chain weight training of the thigh muscles and to determine which mode resulted in the greatest performance enhancement. Twenty-four healthy subjects were randomized into a barbell squat or a knee extension and hip adduction variable resistance weight machine group and performed maximal, progressive weight training twice a week for 6 weeks. All subjects were tested prior to training and at the completion of the training period. A barbell squat 3-repetition maximum, an isokinetic knee extension 1-repetition maximum, and a vertical jump test were used to monitor effects of training. Significant improvements were seen in both groups in the barbell squat 3-repetition maximum test. The closed kinetic chain group improved 23 kg (31%), which was significantly more than the 12 kg (13%) seen in the open kinetic chain group. In the vertical jump test, the closed kinetic chain group improved significantly, 5 cm (10%), while no significant changes were seen in the open kinetic chain group. A large increase of training load was observed in both subject groups; however, improvements in isotonic strength did not transfer to the isokinetic knee extension test. The results may be explained by neural adaptation, weight training mode, and specificity of tests.
RESISTANCE TRAINING METHODS HAVE BEEN BROADLY CLASSIFIED INTO 3 CATEGORIES: CONSTANT, ACCOMMODATING, AND VARIABLE RESISTANCE. VARIABLE RESISTANCE TRAINING METHODS, WHICH INCLUDES CAMS AND LEVERS, CHAINS, AND RUBBER-BASED RESISTANCE, WILL BE THE FOCUS OF THIS ARTICLE. THE KINEMATICS, KINETICS, AND HUMAN STRENGTH CURVE CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH THESE 3 TYPES OF VARIABLE RESISTANCE ARE DISCUSSED, GIVEN THAT EACH RESISTANCE TYPE MAY OFFER A UNIQUE SET OF MECHANICAL STIMULI AND, HENCE, MUSCULOSKELETAL ADAPTATIONS. THE PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH FORM OF VARIABLE RESISTANCE WILL ALSO BE CONSIDERED.
The purpose of this study was to compare electromyographic (EMG) activity during open kinetic chain (OKC) and a modified closed kinetic chain (MCKC) knee extension exercises. Both OKC and closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercises provide benefits when devising conditioning programs; however, there are no exercises that combine the benefits of both exercises. Subjects performed maximum isometric knee extensions for both traditional OKC and MCKC knee extension exercises. Surface electrodes were placed on 8 lower-extremity muscles. One second of integrated EMG activity followed 95% maximal knee extension force. The following muscles demonstrated greater EMG activity during the MCKC vs. the OKC knee extension exercises: vastus medialis, medial hamstring, lateral hamstrings, and gluteus maximus. There was no difference between force output between the 2 conditions. This study demonstrates that modifications to traditional OKC exercises demonstrate some characteristics of CKC exercises, and therefore provide another avenue of rehabilitation or strengthening.
Explosive Power and Strength: Complex Training for Maximum Results
- Da Chu
Chu DA. Explosive Power and Strength:
Complex Training for Maximum Results.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1996.
pp. 141–143.