No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Trace Elements In Human and Animal Nutrition
Abstract
3. ed
... A threshold level of approximately 4000 μg F/g dry bone, above which overt lesions become evident, has been described in various mammalian species [63,[84][85][86]. However, according to Underwood (1977) no macro and microscopic changes in bones are found in animals with fluoride bone levels up to 2,500 ppm [87]. ...
... A threshold level of approximately 4000 μg F/g dry bone, above which overt lesions become evident, has been described in various mammalian species [63,[84][85][86]. However, according to Underwood (1977) no macro and microscopic changes in bones are found in animals with fluoride bone levels up to 2,500 ppm [87]. ...
Fluoride is commonly found in varying amounts in various environments, such as soil, water, and air, naturally and/or anthropogenically. Prolonged exposure to fluoride in animals through any medium becomes toxic and gradually their health deteriorates and they even develop a serious disease called fluorosis. From this disease, mainly the teeth and bones of animals get affected and deformed. In its severe condition, animals become lame and their teeth fall out at an early age. Chronic exposure to fluoride can be hazardous to the health of not only domestic animals and humans, but also critically important wildlife. In the world, most studies on fluoride toxicity have been conducted mostly in domestic animals and humans. However, some investigations have also been conducted on endemic fluorosis in some species of herbivorous wild mammals, such as cervids [red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), elk (Cervus canadensis), moose (Alces alces), etc.], bovids [bison (Bison bison and B. bonasus)], wild boar (Sus scrofa), fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus, P. poliocephalus, and Rousettus aegyp-tiacus), rodents [voles (Microtus agrestis and Clethrionomys glareolus), wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), and cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus)], small mammals [moles (Talpa europaea)], and terrestrial and arboreal marsupials [red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus), swamp wal-laby (Wallabia bicolor), eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), common brush tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecular), and common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus)]. These studies indicate that wildlife or wild animals are not safe from long-term fluoride exposure. The purpose of the present editorial is to draw the attention of wildlife conservationists to the fact that chronic exposure to fluoride by any means can be threatening or dangerous to the health of wildlife, and on the other hand, to how wildlife can be protected from fluorosis.
... The high-yielding Holstein-Friesian (HF) breed is the predominant dairy breed in many countries (Strapakova et al., 2014;Underwood, 1977;Erickson and Kalscheur, 2020), including in Kazakhstan (Bermagambetova et al., 2016). At present, in Kazakhstan, the productivity of HF cows reaches 8000-10 000 kg of milk on breeding farms where cattle are housed in free-stall barns and receive nutritionally balanced diets and 6000-7000 kg of milk on commercial farms (Mironova et al., 2021). ...
... An excess of crude fat in diet E (+13.17 %) had no negative effect on the experimental cows. According to the litera-ture, a dietary fat content of 4.2 % (DM basis) has a beneficial influence on rumen function and stimulates microbial protein synthesis (Underwood, 1977). ...
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two mineral-vitamin premixes on the health status (blood biochemical parameters), milk yield and composition of Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows in Kazakhstan. The study was performed on Holstein-Friesian cows kept on the Bek Plus dairy farm in the village of Korzhynkol, Fyodorovsky District, Kostanay Region. Forty primiparous cows, selected from the herd, were divided by the analogue method into two groups: a control group (C) and an experimental group (E) of 20 animals each. The diets fed to group E cows were supplemented with LI-R 18 PRO and PANTO ® Mineral R-77 Premium mineral-vitamin premixes. The premixes positively affected cow productivity and blood biochemical parameters, whose values were higher in group E than in group C. Higher levels of glucose, albumins and globulins exerted a beneficial influence on the health status of cows. No cases of lameness or metabolic diseases were recorded in group E. The yields of milk, protein and fat were higher in group E than in group C. Dietary supplementation with two premixes had no significant effect on the chemical composition of milk, including the values of the following parameters: somatic cell count (SCC), dry matter (DM), lactose (L se), casein (C in), acidity (A ty), lactic acid (LA), density (D ty), free fatty acids (FFAs), glucose (G se) and urea (U ea).
... It has been estimated that the adult human body contains 80 mg of copper, with a range of 50-120 mg. Tissue copper levels range from < 1 pg/g (dry weight) in many organs to > 10 pg/g (dry weight) in the liver and brain [10]. Copper in human blood is principally distributed between the erythrocytes and the plasma. ...
... Total erythrocyte copper in normal humans is around 0.9-1.0 pg/ml of packed red cells [10]. In plasma, about 93% of copper is firmly bound to the enzyme caeruloplasmin, while the remaining plasma copper (7%) is bound less firmly to albumin and amino acids, and constitutes transport copper capable of reacting with receptor proteins. ...
Although it is widely accepted that copper plays a key role in human nutrition the clinical picture of its deficiency is not always so straightforward. Moreover, serious concerns about the overuse of copper dietary supplements arouse when investigations revealed that copper toxicity in humans has probably been underestimated. This paper reviews the present knowledge on the deficiency and toxicity of dietary copper in humans.
... Copper deficiency may lead to neurological derangements such ashypotonia, psychomotor retardation, and periods of apnea [13]. Therefore, WHO (World Health Organization) reported in 1973 that the daily copper oral intake should be as 30µg/kg/ day (about 2mg/kg) in normal adults and 80µg/kg/day in infants [14]. Besides, the copper absorption in the body depends upon various factors such as gut absorption and its interaction with other nutrients. ...
... The Scherer equation [28] was used for the calculation of crystallite sizes across various planes in both the control and Biofield Energy Treated samples. [12][13][14] in the Biofield Energy Treated sample were significantly increased in the range from 8.01% to 527.54% compared to the control sample, which showed that the Biofield Energy Treatment might increase the crystallinity of the Biofield Energy Treated copper chloride sample. Besides, it was also analysed from the data that the crystallite sizes of the Biofield Energy Treated samples of copper chloride at 2θ equal to nearly 24.0°, 32.8°, 34.0°, 43.1°, and 49.1° (Table 1, entry 3, 6, 7, 11, and 13) were significantly increased from 7.68% to 30.78% with respect to the control sample. ...
Copper plays an important role in development, normal functioning, iron absorption and transport, and immune function in human body. It is given in the supplements in the form of copper chloride to avoid the cupper deficiency associated symptoms. This study was designed to analyse the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment on copper chloride regarding its physical, thermal, and spectral properties. For this, the copper chloride sample was distributed in two halves, in which one part was termed as control sample and kept untreated. The other part was named as Biofield Energy Treated sample and it received the Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely by the renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi. Consequently, the control and treated samples were analyzed for any change with the help of PXRD, DSC, TGA/DTG, FT-IR, and UV-Vis analytical techniques. The PXRD analysis of the treated sample showed the significant changes in the crystallite sizes from -8.35% to 30.78% along with 5.27% increase in the average crystallite size compared with the control sample. Similarly, the relative peak intensities of the Biofield Energy Treated sample showed alterations in the range from -38.00% to 527.54%, compared to the control sample. The DSC analysis revealed the increase in melting point of the treated sample (193.10°C) by 1.76% compared to the control sample (189.76°C) with 13.94% increase in the latent heat of fusion (ΔH). Also, the treated sample showed increase in the decomposition temperature by 3.96% with a significant 35.22% reduction in the enthalpy of decomposition, compared with the control sample. Besides, The TGA/DTG analysis showed the alterations in the weight loss of Biofield Energy Treated sample by -1.03, -24.44, and 2.35% in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd step, respectively. The Tmax values of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd peaks of the Biofield Energy Treated sample were increased by 4.68, 1.88, and 4.06% compared to the control sample. The thermal analysis revealed the increase in thermal stability of the treated sample after the Biofield Energy Treatment. Additionally, the spectral analysis including FT-IR and UV-Vis analysis did not reveal any significant difference between both the samples. The overall study concluded that the Trivedi Effect®- Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment may help in developing a different polymorphic form of copper chloride, which might have improved thermal stability and safety profile along with better bioavailability compared to the control sample.
... Body zinc contents are regulated by the homeostatic mechanism (1-2), which regulate zinc absorption and excretion depending on its body requirements (3)(4). Absorption of zinc in small intestine is decreased by fibers, phosphate, calcium, and copper whereas increased by glucose, amino acid, and peptides (5). Most zinc in the circulation is bound to albumin (6). ...
... . Previous studies concentrated on the relationship of several minerals & their importance in diabetic patients, (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). In the present study, serum zinc was measured in DM patients. ...
Body zinc content is regulated by the homeostatic mechanism, which regulate zinc absorption and excretion depending on its body requirements. The function of cells and tissues enzymes is depend zinc content & over 70 human body enzymes with which zinc is associated. Pervious studies show that some trace elements like magnesium, zinc, manganese & selenium may play important role in action of insulin hormone, including activation of insulin receptor sites. The aim of the study is to determine the serum level of zinc in normal healthy men & diabetes mellitus type II patients. A cross sectional study was done in Tikrit teaching hospital from beginning of January to end of December 2010. The study conducted on 50 type 2 diabetic male patients was participated in the study. While, 30 normal healthy men age matched (aged 55 to 60 years) were included as a control. Serum zinc was measured for control healthy non diabetic subjects & diabetic type 2 patients. There were non significant differences regarding age. However there is significant increase in BMI of diabetic patients as compare with control men. Fasting serum glucose was significantly higher in DM patients as compare with control subjects. Moreover, there is significant reduction in serum zinc in diabetic patients (89.35 ± 19.23 µg/dl) as compare with normal health subjects (135 ± 35.18 µg/dl). In diabetic patients, there is significant negative correlation between fasting blood sugar & serum zinc (r= - 0.37). In present study conclude that there is a significant reduction in serum zinc in diabetic patients. The present study recommend that diabetic type II patients should be encourage to eat diet rich in zinc or take zinc supplement.
... Fiber and bulk in the diet interfere with Fe absorption, and vegetableand grain-based diets characteristically produce marginal Fe status. This is particularly relevant in a maize-focused diet because phytic acid in corn combines with Fe to produce an insoluble Fe complex that cannot by utilized (Underwood 1977). ...
... The absence of Cu in the deciduous dentition examined may result from chronic prenatal deficiency. As Cu is essential in the oxidation of ferrous to ferric Fe, deficiency can produce anaemia, decreased collagen formation and skeletal demineralization (Underwood 1977). Cu deficiency could be an important factor in prenatal development and failure to thrive during early postnatal growth. ...
... The region between the capsule and the splenic pulp trabeculae split into 2 parts, hematogone red pulp and lymphoid white pulp divided by marginal zone (12). Major minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl and S) constitute more than 100 mg/kg, while micro minerals or trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mb, Se, I, Mn, F, Co, Cr, Al, As, Si, V, Ni and Sn) are present in lower amounts in the animal body, reported by (19). Also, (19) and (23) published the minerals elements content of some organs and tissues. ...
... Major minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl and S) constitute more than 100 mg/kg, while micro minerals or trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mb, Se, I, Mn, F, Co, Cr, Al, As, Si, V, Ni and Sn) are present in lower amounts in the animal body, reported by (19). Also, (19) and (23) published the minerals elements content of some organs and tissues. Critical minerals that are physiologically and specifically required for growth and energy production are Ca and phosphorus (P) (22). ...
... Excessive levels can be damaging to the organism. Other heavy metals such as mercury, plutonium, and lead are toxic metals that have no known vital or beneficial effect on organisms and their accumulation over time in the bodies of animals can cause serious illness [15], [16]. ...
To assess the quality of groundwater in Aba Metropolis for domestic and drinking purposes, the physico-chemical and microbial status of the groundwater were studied. Groundwater samples were collected from eight stations within the Metropolis for analysis. Comparing the concentration of the chemical constituents with WHO (World Health Organization) drinking water standards of 2004, the status of groundwater is satisfactory for drinking and domestic purposes. The concentration of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn) in wells GW 5 and GW 6; and that of Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) in GW 8 were below permissible limit, and are found to be associated with the depth of the aquifer. The high Chloride content of GW 4 is attributable to the nature of the industry within the area, while the presence of Lead (Pb) in GW 3 though below permissible limit is a great concern because of long term accumulative health problems. Also, values obtained for Fe exceeded the WHO permissible limits for safe drinking water in some samples. Further microbiological analysis reveals low microbial load but health-watch concern. Recommendations on the strategies to reduce/eliminate some of these pollutants were made.
... In cattle, copper deficiency can result in changes in hair color, texture, growth, and appearance. Severe copper deficiency may even cause hair coat loss (Underwood, 1977;Engle et al., 2016). ...
Introduction
The hair coat status of cattle serves as an easily observed indicator of economic value in livestock production; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine differences in the intestinal microbiota and metabolome of cattle based on a division of with either slick and shining (SHC) or rough and dull (MHC) hair coat in Simmental cows.
Methods
Eight SHC and eight MHC late-pregnancy Simmental cows (with similar parities, body weights, and body conditions) were selected based on their hair coat status, and blood samples (plasma) from coccygeal venipuncture and fecal samples from the rectum were collected. The intestinal microbiota (in the fecal samples) was characterized by employing 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3–V4 hypervariable region on the Illumina MiSeq PE300 platform, and plasma samples were subjected to LC–MS/MS-based metabolomics with Progenesis QI 2.3. Plasma macromolecular metabolites were examined for differences in the metabolism of lipids, proteins, mineral elements, and hormones.
Results
Notable differences between the SHC and MHC groups related to host hair coat status were observed in the host metabolome and intestinal microbiota (P < 0.05). The host metabolome was enriched in histidine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and purine metabolism in the SHC group, and the intestinal microbiota were also enriched in histidine metabolism (P < 0.05). In the MHC group, the symbiotic relationship transitioned from cooperation to competition in the MHC group, and an uncoupling effect was present in the microbe–metabolite association of intestine microbiota–host interactions. The hubs mediating the relationships between intestinal microbiota and plasma metabolites were the intestinal bacterial genus g__norank_f__Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, plasma inosine, triiodothyronine, and phosphorus, which could be used to differentiate cows’ hair coat status (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Overall, the present study identified the relationships between the features of the intestinal microbiota and host hair coat status, thereby providing evidence and a new direction (intestine microbiota–host interplay) for future studies aimed at understanding the hair coat status of cattle.
... The primary route of strontium into the body is through the gastrointestinal tract. The absorption of strontium in the gastrointestinal tract is age-dependent, ranging from approximately 90% in infants to around 10% in the elderly (Underwood, 1977). The absorption within a specific age group exhibits significant individual variations, linked to the functional state of the gastrointestinal tract (Likhtarev et al., 1975). ...
Strontium (Sr), a trace element with a long history and a significant presence in the Earth’s crust, plays a critical yet often overlooked role in various biological processes affecting human health. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted implications of Sr, especially in the context of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Sr is predominantly acquired through diet and water and has shown promise as a clinical marker for calcium absorption studies. It contributes to the mitigation of several NCDs by inhibiting oxidative stress, showcasing antioxidant properties, and suppressing inflammatory cytokines. The review delves deep into the mechanisms through which Sr interacts with human physiology, emphasizing its uptake, metabolism, and potential to prevent chronic conditions. Despite its apparent benefits in managing bone fractures, hypertension, and diabetes, current research on Sr’s role in human health is not exhaustive. The review underscores the need for more comprehensive studies to solidify Sr’s beneficial associations and address the gaps in understanding Sr intake and its optimal levels for human health.
... The pollution of aquatic environmental with heavy metals consititues a public health hazard during recent years. Untreated municipal and industrial wastes, together with inputs from the atmosphere, are the primary sources of heavy metal pollution (13). The lead was mainly coming from automobile emissions. ...
Ninety random samples of chicken breast and thigh (45 of each) were collected from 3 different chicken processing plants A, B, C (30 of each) located in Kalyobia Governorate. Thus, each plant was represented by 15 thigh and 15 breast samples. The collected samples were analyzed for detection of their contents of lead residues using digestion technique by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the positive samples were 40.00% & 53.33%, 33.33% & 46.67% and 26.67% & 46.67% in chicken breast and thigh samples in plant A, B and C, Respectively. Concerning that the mean values of lead levels (mg/kg) in the examined chicken meat samples were 0.16 ± 0.01, 0.10 ± 0.01 & 0.07 ± 0.01 for breast samples and 0.27 ± 0.02, 0.18 ± 0.01 & 0.11 ± 0.01 for thigh samples in plant A, B and C, respectively. Accordingly, the unaccepted samples of breast and thigh were 26.67 % & 40% for plant A, 13.33% &26.67% for plant B and 6.67% & 20% for plant C, respectively. Finally, the public health significance of these serious residues and sources of their presence in chicken meat as well as some recommendations to avoid them in such food items were discussed.
(PDF) DETERMINATION OF LEAD RESIDUES IS CHICKEN MEAT. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379381970_DETERMINATION_OF_LEAD_RESIDUES_IS_CHICKEN_MEAT [accessed Apr 09 2024].
... Prolonged exposure to nickel can also cause pulmonary fibrosis, gastrointestinal distress, skin dermatitis, lung and prostate malignancies, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity [62]. The most common consequence of nickel exposure, such as coins and jewelry, is dermatitis, which manifests as itching, red skin, and rashes [63]. ...
Heavy metals play essential roles in biological activities as enzyme cofactors in trace amounts. However, their significance is overshadowed by potential harm in excess. Bio-accumulation, toxicity, non-biodegradability, and persistence are hallmarks that impact the environment and human health. Bio-accumulation is critical as metals accumulate in organisms, posing risks in ecosystems, especially in the food chain. This leads to elevated metal concentrations in the human food chain. Even at trace levels, heavy metals like lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic exhibit toxicity, causing various health issues, emphasizing the need to regulate exposure. Non-biodegradability distinguishes heavy metals; they persist in the environment, enhancing the risks associated with prolonged exposure and accumulation. Due to their recognized toxicity, heavy metals are a focus of research. Understanding sources, pathways, and effects is crucial for effective mitigation strategies. Researchers explore pollution control, improved industrial practices, and remediation techniques. Anthropogenic activities, such as industrialization, urbanization, waste disposal, and agricultural practices, release heavy metals into the environment. This contaminates air, water, and soil, contributing to environmental and health risks. The present paper discusses the sources and toxicological effects of various heavy metals.
... Lead is counted to be a highly toxic metal and its widespread use has caused high environmental pollution and health problems in many parts of the world. Unlike some metals, such as zinc and manganese, lead does not play any biological functions; instead, it disturbs various organisms' physiological processes (Underwood, 2012). The harmful effects of lead depend on its chemical forms inducted into animals, route of induction, and frequency with duration inducting it into animals (Abdel-Mobdy et al., 2023;Abdel-Rahim et al., 2014). ...
Lead is considered a common old chronic toxicant around the world due to expanded environmental pollution, it is likely an inevitable contaminant in food, dairy products, air etc. Also, fipronil is a wide‐ranging effective N‐phenyl pyrazole insecticide which used commonly in agriculture and public health insect control, but until now no adequate data are available on the oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and mutagenic influence of fipronil and lead or their mixture subchronic exposure. Both xenobiotics (lead and fipronil) exert a harmful impact on reproduction, prompting the exploration of various foods for functional protection. The present study investigated the effects of camel milk treatments on reproductive problems caused by lead acetate with or without mixing with fipronil in male albino rats. Liver oxidative stress, testicular relative weight, sperm analysis, investigation of chromosomal aberration, and histopathological examination of testis were performed. The results showed that the oxidative stress was elevated in rats treated with fipronil, lead acetate, and their mixture, which were reduced through camel milk treatments. Sperm counts were decreased significantly in lead and/or fipronil exposure but significantly elevated with camel milk intoxicated treated. Sperm morphological abnormalities and chromosomal aberrations in intoxicated groups were reduced significantly in camel milk‐treated animals relative to untreated intoxicated groups. Testicular histopathological results showed moderate common degeneration of seminiferous tubules in lead and/or fipronil‐intoxicated rats which were ameliorated by camel milk treatments. Generally, it can be concluded that lead and fipronil together in a mixture resulted in or induced severe reproductive problems and oxidative stress over lead or fipronil alone. Camel milk treatment significantly decreased the harmful oxidative stress in reproductive as well as the mutagenicity disorder associated with lead and fipronil exposure in male albino rats.
... Compositions of goat, sheep, cow and human milks are different, but vary with diet, breed, individuals, parity, season, feeding, management, environmental conditions, locality,stage of lactation, and health status of the udder (Parkash and Jenness, 1968;Schmidt, 1971;Linzell and Peaker, 1971;Larson and Smith, 1974;Posati and Orr, 1976;Underwood, 1977;Jenness, 1980;Haenlein and Caccese, 1984;Juàrez and Ramos, 1986;Park, 1991;Park, 2006a). ...
Sheep is the dairy animal of the poor because of the lower capital investment, small gestation so as faster generation turnover rate, catering the need of immediate fresh milk in quantity that is suitable for immediate household consumption subsequently provides regular source of income and better nutrition to farmers of arid, semi-arid and harsh climatic regions. Considering its comparative high medicinal and therapeutic potential over bovine milk, the future of sheep milk is to develop cost effective functional foods which are the need of the urban population due to change in their lifestyle and so as to treat their different body ailments.
... Compositions of goat, sheep, cow and human milks are different, but vary with diet, breed, individuals, parity, season, feeding, management, environmental conditions, locality,stage of lactation, and health status of the udder (Parkash and Jenness, 1968;Schmidt, 1971;Linzell and Peaker, 1971;Larson and Smith, 1974;Underwood, 1977;Jenness, 1980;Haenlein and Caccese, 1984;Juàrez and Ramos, 1986;Park, 1991;Park, 2006a). ...
The non-bovine livestock species are key drivers for sustainable development in agriculture and allied sectors. They contribute to food security, nutrition, poverty alleviation, and economic growth. The interactions of these animal species with its environment is somewhat complex compared to other animal species domesticated by human. The non-bovine population, viz. donkey, sheep, goat, camel has a pastoral-linkage involving traditional animal husbandry on natural resources thereby directly addressing the livelihood security of the community. Concurrently, one of the important production outputs, the non-bovine milk is considered to have huge economic and social importance in specific regions where it can serve as a tool for the improvement of food and economic security. It has covered the following topics: The chapters 1. Non-bovine population: sheep, goat & camel - status and prospects; 2. Spatial distribution of equines in India; 3. Changing landscape of donkeys in India: from beast of burden to dairy/production donkeys; 4. Policy dialogues for donkeys and their owning communities in India; 5. Donkey milk: perspectives and challenges; 6. Small ruminants: supporting socio-economic livelihood; 7. Importance of sheep milk: 'dairy sheep' a perspective avenue; 8. Importance of goat milk: a promising nutraceutical adjuvant; 9. Camel milk: nutraceutical & therapeutic properties; 10. Non-bovine milk: socioeconomic constraints and marketing challenges.
... is, dental fluorosis, non-ulcer dyspepsia, and polyuria (increased frequency of urination). Polydipsia, muscle weakness, recurrent abortions/stillbirths resulting from impaired blood flow to the fetus due to arteriosclerosis and calcification of blood vessels, oligospermia, azoospermia, decreased testosterone levels, and tooth enamel discoloration.(Underwood, 1977;W.H.O., 1984;Singh and Seimbi, 1988; Machoy et.al.,1991;Susheela, 1999; Maanju et.al. 2003). As a result of the arid to semi-arid climate and limited availability of surface water resources, the people living in Rajasthan rely heavily on groundwater for drinking and agricultural needs. The fluoride issue is affecting most of the district ...
Groundwater is an important source that provides support to all habitants in the arid to semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. The current study contributes to the rising demand for potable water in Ladnun block in the northern part of Nagaur district; situated in the central part of Rajasthan. This paper concentrates on the Evaluation of the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical aspects of groundwater in the Ladnun block which encompasses three notable aquifers: Older Alluvium, Bilara Limestone, and Jodhpur sandstone. An attempt was made to understand the groundwater quality as well as its suitability for drinking and other uses by using the water quality parameters. A comprehensive assessment of water quality parameters in groundwater samples were carried out; collected from 34 different locations in the study area in the year 2018 to 2022. Most of the villages of the study area are affected by more than 1.5mg/L fluoride, TDS, and salinity hazards which are harmful to human health. Groundwater quality is slightly hard and brackish to saline in the block due to ancient seawater entrapped in sediments, Halite, and higher-order evaporite mineral deposits. According to WQI most of the water sample falls into the unsuitable category. Therefore, the study area recommended artificial recharge of groundwater and rainwater harvesting to overcome the water demand for drinking purposes
... 78 Further, the location of the scan on the sample can also influence results. The partitioning of 79 elements in biological samples may occur due to tissue type, metabolic processes (Tomlinson et 80 al. 2004), age, and sex (Underwood 1977 84 The use of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) as a non-destructive technique for elemental 85 analysis of biological samples offers significant opportunities in the field of biological and 86 environmental sciences. However, when planning a sampling design for biological samples, there 87 are a number of potential sources of variation that need to be accounted for to ensure data are 88 comparable and research questions are answerable. ...
Point 1: Portable x-ray fluorescent (pXRF) technology provides significant opportunities for rapid, non-destructive data collection in a range of fields of study. However, there are sources of variation and sample assumptions that may influence the data obtained, particularly in biological samples.
Point 2: We used representative species for four taxa (fish, mammals, birds, reptiles) to test the precision of replicate scans, and the impact of sample thickness, sample state, scan location and scan time on data obtained from a pXRF.
Point 3: We detected significant differences in concentration data due to sample state, scanning time and scanning location for all taxa. Infinite thickness assumptions were met for fish, reptile and mammal representatives at all body locations when samples were thawed, but not dried. Infinite thickness was not met for feathers. Scan time results found in most cases the 40, 60 and 80 second beam times were equivalent. Concentration data across replicate scans were highly correlated.
Point 4: The opportunities for the use of pXRF in biological studies are wide-ranging. These findings highlight the considerations required when scanning biological samples to ensure the required data are suitably collected, while maintaining minimal radiation exposure to live animals.
... Since plant tissue supplies low sodium, phytophagous species must obtain the necessary minerals from soil consumption. The deficiencies will likely affect their fertility and mortality [13]. Other literature reported that herbivores lick from the deposits to detoxify elements that widely spread in their habitats or through ingestion [14]. ...
Salt licks are a vital source of necessary minerals for wildlife, especially herbivores. As herbivores need to compensate for their lack of sodium intake from plant tissues, salt licks have become a hotspot for wildlife and an ideal location to study species diversity within a specific habitat. We assessed the wildlife population at six salt licks in Ulu Muda, Kedah, using camera traps between February and March 2022. We deployed 12 camera traps to monitor the salt licks actively. The study recorded 12 species from eight families at all salt licks, with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) being present at all salt licks, followed by wild boars (Sus scrofa) at five and Malay tapirs (Tapirus indicus) at four. We also identified seven species categorized as Vulnerable (VU) and Endangered (EN) at the salt licks, including one endemic species to Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, we need to closely monitor all the salt licks and understand the dynamics of wildlife visiting the salt licks to develop conservation strategies for these hotspots.
... Humans and animals alike are therefore at risk of exposure to toxic levels of vanadium compounds via inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption since they are present in and can accumulate in foods (Habib and Ibrahim 2011), water (Rehder 2012), soil (Khan et al. 2011) and air (Imtiaz et al. 2015). Transplacental (Underwood 1971;Li et al. 2019) and lactational (Soazo and Garcia 2007;Olopade et al. 2011) exposure of vanadium compounds to embryos and neonates, respectively have been reported in developmental neurotoxicity chiefly characterized by neurobehavioural deficits, astrogliosis, and demyelination Mustapha et al., 2014;Azeez et al. 2016). In the last two decades, restive communities like the Arabian Gulf and the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have witnessed crude oil burning (a potential source of atmospheric vanadium) on an increasingly large scale (Haider et al. 1998: Todorich et al. 2011, thereby putting the population at risk of vanadium inhalation and toxicity. ...
Heavy metals exposure causes multi-systemic pathologies in biological systems. Due to their genotoxic effects, some of these anomalies have been reported to transcend to unexposed generations. Vanadi-um, a transition metal, crosses the blood brain barrier, causing neuroinflammatory and demyelinating lesions with neurobehavioural inadequacies in exposed subjects. There are however scarce scientific information on vanadium neurotoxicity over generations of exposed subjects. This study explored the effects of vanadium exposure on the body weight, neurobehavioural (open field and negative geotaxis tests) and neurohistological changes (Purkinje cell, astroglial and myelin histoarchitecture) in three consecutive generations – two exposed generations (G1 and G2) and one withdrawal generation (G3), of mice. Neonatal pups of BALB/c mice in G1 and G2, were treated with sodium metavanadate every 48 h, first via lactation from post natal day (PND) 1-14, and later intraperitoneally (PND 15-21) for males; PND 15-45 for female pups till they were mated with unexposed males. The G3 pups were not treated with sodium metavanadate. The vanadium treated pups had irregular body weight gain. In all the studied generations (G1-3), there were reduced locomotor and exploratory activities, and diminished motor and vestibular function compared to the controls. Furthermore, there was multilayering and pyknosis of the cerebellar Purkinje cells, moderate to marked astrogliosis and generalized demyelination in the corpus callosum, hippocampus (CA1-4 and the dentate gyrus), cerebral cortex, thalamus and cerebellum. This study revealed that effects of vanadium exposure including neurobehavioural anomalies, astrogliosis, demyelination and cerebellar Purkinje cell pathology can persist across multiple generations, including generation not initially exposed.
... Recent studies are focusing on exploring the complicated relationship between micronutrients and the human immune system. Trace elements like zinc, copper, and selenium, among others, are involved in various physiological and metabolic functions, including immune responses [29]. Inadequate or excessive intake of these minerals can make people more susceptible to infections [30]. ...
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a fatal disease prevalent in more than 70 countries, poses significant health challenges, particularly in poor communities with limited access to healthcare. Vitamins and trace elements play a crucial role in immune function and may influence susceptibility to VL. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the differences in serum vitamin and trace element levels in VL patients compared to healthy individuals. We conducted an extensive search of databases (PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar) to identify potentially eligible articles published from inception to June 2023. Data extraction and quality assessment were carried out by two reviewers independently. RevMan software (version 5.4) was used for analysis. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95% was used to summarize the findings. Ten studies comprising 546 VL patients and 535 controls were included in our study. The findings revealed significantly reduced serum retinol levels in VL patients in comparison to controls (SMD: − 0.67; 95% CI: [− 1.05, − 0.28]; p = 0.0008). Serum zinc levels were also substantially lower in VL patients, regardless of controls recruited from endemic (SMD: − 2.65; 95% CI: [− 3.86, − 1.44]; p < 0.0001) or non-endemic regions (SMD: − 1.99; 95% CI: [− 3.02, − 0.96]; p < 0.0002). However, VL patients exhibited significantly increased serum copper levels compared to controls (SMD: 2.51; 95% CI: [0.70, 4.32]; p = 0.007). Patients with VL had lower serum levels of zinc and retinol and higher levels of copper, indicating a possible role of these micronutrients in influencing VL susceptibility and progression.
... Dietary copper comes from organ meats, green leafy vegetables, some fruits, and nuts. Drinking water is considered as a potential major source of copper intake [1,2]. A high copper concentration exists in drinking water because of the widespread use of copper pipes in household plumbing in some countries. ...
This study describes the development of two highly sensitive immunosensor platforms for the trace determination of copper ions, Cu(II), in drinking water. These platforms were a microwell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA) with a KinExATM 3200 immunosensor. Both ELISA and KinExA were developed utilizing the same antibody and coating reagent. The antibody was a mouse monoclonal antibody, designated as 8D66, that specifically recognized Cu(II)-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid complex (Cu(II)-EDTA) but did not recognize Cu(II)-free EDTA. The 8D66 monoclonal antibody was generated by the fusion of spleen cells of an immunized BALB/c mouse with SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells. The immunogen was a protein conjugate of Cu(II)-EDTA with keyhole limpet hemocyanin protein. The coating reagent was Cu(II)-EDTA covalently linked to bovine serum albumin protein (Cu(II)-EDTA-BSA). Both assays involved the competitive binding reaction between Cu(II)-EDTA complexes, formed in the sample solution, and Cu(II)-EDTA-BSA conjugate which has been immobilized onto ELISA plates (in ELISA) or polymethylmethacrylate beads (in KinExA) for a limited quantity of binding sites of the 8D66 antibody. In ELISA, color signals were generated by a peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine substrate. In KinExA, a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled secondary antibody was used to generate KinExAgram (trend-line fluorescence responses vs. time). The conditions of both ELISA and KinExA were investigated, and the optimum procedures were established. Both ELISA and KinExA were validated, and all validation parameters were acceptable. Many different metal ions that are commonly encountered in drinking water did not interfere with the Cu(II) analysis by both ELISA and KinExA. Both assays were applied to the determination of Cu(II) in drinking water with satisfactory accuracy and precision. Both assays were compared favorably with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in terms of their abilities to accurately and precisely determine Cu(II) in drinking water samples. A comparative evaluation of ELISA and KinExA revealed that KinExA had a higher sensitivity and better precision than ELISA, whereas both assays had comparable accuracy. Both ELISA and KinExA were superior to the existing atomic spectrometric methods for Cu(II) in terms of sensitivity, convenience, and analysis throughputs. The proposed ELISA and KinExA are anticipated to effectively contribute to assessing Cu(II) concentrations and control the exposure of humans to its potential toxicities.
... Foods, including drinking water, are considered as a potential major source of copper intake. 1,2 In some countries, copper salts are added to drinking water to control the growth of algae. 3 In addition, copper compounds are encountered and used on many crops that might be fed to livestock and may also exist in feed supplies and products for which no Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) are authorized. ...
This study describes the development of two highly sensitive and selective sensor-assisted fluorescence immunoassays for the trace determination of copper ions, Cu(ii) residues, in food samples. These assays were the microwell-based fluoroimmuoassay (FIA) and the kinetic exclusion assay (KinExA). FIA and KinExA were assisted by a microplate reader and a KinExA™ 3200 immunosensor, respectively. Both FIA and KinExA were developed utilizing the same antibody, capturing reagent, and fluorescence signal-generating reagent. The antibody was a mouse monoclonal antibody, designated as 8D66, that specifically recognized the Cu(ii)–ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complex (Cu(ii)–EDTA) but did not recognize Cu(ii)-free EDTA. The capturing reagent was Cu(ii)–EDTA covalently linked to bovine serum albumin protein (Cu(ii)–EDTA–BSA). The fluorescence-generating reagent was an anti-mouse IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (IgG–FITC). Both FIA and KinExA involved competitive binding reactions between Cu(ii)–EDTA complexes, formed in the sample solution, and Cu(ii)–EDTA–BSA conjugate which has been immobilized onto microwell fluorescence assay plates (in FIA) or polymethylmethacrylate beads (in KinExA) for a limited quantity of binding sites of 8D66 antibody. The conditions of both FIA and KinExA were investigated, and the optimum procedures were established. Both FIA and KinExA were validated, and all validation parameters were acceptable. Many different metal ions that are commonly encountered in food samples did not interfere with Cu(ii) analysis by both FIA and KinExA. Both assays were applied to the determination of Cu(ii) in food samples with satisfactory accuracy and precision. Both assays were compared favorably with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Comparative evaluation of FIA and KinExA revealed that KinExA had higher sensitivity and better precision than FIA, whereas, both assays had comparable accuracy. Both FIA and KinExA were superior to the existing atomic spectrometric methods for Cu(ii). The proposed FIA and KinExA are anticipated to effectively contribute to assessing Cu(ii) concentrations and controlling the exposure of humans to its potential toxicities.
... In contrast to arsenic, trace concentrations of Selenium are essential for human and animal health. Selenium deficiency has been linked to cancer, AIDS, heart disease, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthropathy, immune system and reproductive disorders in humans, and white muscle disease in animals (Underwood, 1977;World Health Organization et al., 1996). Despite the necessity for Selenium, the range between deficiency and toxicity is very narrow. ...
Thirty specimens of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) were collected from six stations along the Ticino River between Maggiore Lake and Pavia. For each station the two largest specimens were selected to analyze trace metals in the first rays of the pectoral fin to determine the oldest specimens for each station. A total of 12 samples were processed for age determination and trace metal detection.
After a preliminary treatment with hydrogen peroxide to remove the perishable component, the proximal portions of the spines were cut into thin sections of < 100 μm thickness and mounted on slides. A microscopic analysis was then carried out to count growth rings (annuli) for determining the fish age. Results obtained were compared with ages calculated from the fish length. Fish age based on growth rings counting was much more differentiated (from 3 to 9) than that calculated on the fish length (from 5,3 to 8,4), implying that individual variability and environmental features like food availability and water temperature can result in different growth rates determining different ages for fish of the same length.
The same thin sections were analyzed with Laser Ablation (LA) Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for determining metal concentrations. Analy-sis was carried out on multiple spots along a radial traversal plane of the spine. Spots near the centre of the spiny ray revealed metal concentrations deposited during the first life year, while those near the perimeter the last life years. By this high-resolution technique, metal exposure and consequent deposition in bone tissues during the fish growth could be reconstructed for a total of 48 elements. After data reprocessing, 13 elements were selected as they were present in concentrations above the detection threshold: Li, B, Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Pb, U and Hg.
Statistical analyses were carried out to find mutual relationships among local metal concentrations (correlation analysis) and relationships among metal concentrations, fish age and sampling stations (Generalized Linear Model, GLM). Finally, a regression analysis of the metal concentrations and the distance from the lake was per-formed to verify relationships. Positive correlations were observed between Li and Sr and between Ni, Cu and Zn. Remarkable was also the positive correlation between B and Co. U showed a negative correlation with B, Co and Zn. Finally, a negative correlation between Mg and Rb was observed.
Concentrations of Mg, Rb, Sr and Hg were linearly related with the distance from the lake (regression analysis P < 0,05). Mg concentration increases along the river, while Rb, Sr and Hg concentrations decrease. Considering the well-conserved natural environment of the river, decreasing concentration trends of pollutants can be interpreted as an increase in distance from the source. This is confirmed for Hg contamination; it is known that heavy Hg contamination is present in Maggiore Lake deriving from an industrial plant located in Pieve Vergonte (NO) on the lake’s tributary (Toce River). The chemical production of chlorinated compounds in which Hg is involved as a catalyst stopped more than 20 years ago, but the contamination is still present .
GLM showed that some elements had non-linear relationships with stations. The concentration of Co was much higher in Lanca Ayala than in all other stations. Ni showed significant differences between Somma Lombardo and Turbigo. Pb concentrations showed that Somma Lombardo and Pavia are the most contaminated stations. These two stations are, respectively, the first after Maggiore Lake and the one at the end of the Ticino River, and they correspond to the river stretches flowing just beside urbanized areas, from which a direct input of Pb could have leaked into the river, especially before unleaded gasoline was introduced (1st January 2002).
The LA-ICP-MS methodology used for this study showed great potential. It can effectively ensure in a fast and reliable way a large amount of data with a high age resolution. Obtained data can be subsequently analyzed from multiple points of view, as demonstrated in this work. In some cases the interpretation of results was possible, like Hg and Pb, while in others it requires further insights not included in this report.
... Co concentrations were high in the soft tissue during the cold season and in the shell during the hot season. Co plays a vital function in most animal species as a constituent of vitamin B12 (Smith, 1962(Smith, , 1965Underwood, 1971) necessary for DNA synthesis and cell division (Leroy, 1994), and as a constituent of metalloproteins (Ptak, 1971). Co uptake depends on the diet (Amiard-Triquet and Amiard, 1976). ...
This study investigates, for the first time, the bioaccumulation of trace metals in the chiton Rhyssoplax olivacea. Fe, Cu, Co, Cr and Cd were measured in the shell and soft tissue of R. olivacea sampled in five sites along the Algerian west coast during the cold and hot seasons. Physiological and contamination indices were calculated. The condition index provides information on habitat quality and on R. olivacea reproductive performance and physiological status. The metal/shell-weight index informs on the bioavailability of trace metals. The trace element pollution index is used to assign a global contamination status to the studied sites. The trace element spatial variation index ranks Cd and Cr as trace metals of primary environmental concern based on the overall variability of their levels. An exhaustive review compiling data on trace element bioaccumulation in chitons is performed. The potential use of R. olivacea as bioindicator species is discussed.
... In grazing cattle, blood Cr concentration was reported to be alleviated in the cases of excessive intake [56]. Underwood [57] stated that blood Cr concentration might reflect to a certain extent the intake of this element, but in cases of excessive Cr intake, it is inappropriate to use the blood Cr concentration as an indicator of Cr status in animals. However, the present findings are contrary to this hypothesis and thus warrant further research. ...
Periparturient Murrah buffaloes were used to determine whether body condition, energy balance and immune status are affected by inorganic Cr supplementation. Twenty-four Murrah buffaloes were blocked into four groups having six animals in each group and fed for 60 days pre-partum to 150 days post-partum. Feeding regimen was same in all the groups except that these were supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 of Cr per kilogram of dry matter (DM) in the four respective groups. Buffaloes were weighed at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at days −60, −30, −15, −7, 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 of experimental feeding for the estimation of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), Cr level, lymphocyte proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic activity, plasma total immunoglobulin (TIg), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cortisol levels. Results revealed that with approaching partu-rition, dry matter intake (DMI), immune response and plasma Cr level decreased (P<0.05) gradually and minimum values were observed on the day of parturition in all groups. In contrast, body condition score (BCS), plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations showed increasing (P<0.05) trends towards calving and level decreased after calving. Dietary Cr supplementation did not have any effect on DMI and BCS, but immune response and plasma Cr concentration showed a positive correlation with dietary Cr supplementation. Buffaloes supplemented with 1.5 mg/kg Cr had significantly (P<0.05) low plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations. The results of present findings indicated that dietary inorganic Cr supplementation reduced lipid mobilization and improved immune response in periparturient buffaloes.
... Toprağın iz element içeriği, ana kayalarının yapısına ve toprağa giren kanalizasyon çamurlarının, endüstriyel atıkların ve gübre miktarına bağlıdır [5]. Bitki ve hayvanların sağlıklı büyümesi için yaklaşık 20 eser element gerekli olmasına rağmen, bunların fazla konsantrasyonlarda olması fitotoksik etki yapabilir ve hayvan sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etkilere sahip olabilir [6,7,8,9]. ...
Soil samples in Moryayla village located 156 km northeast of Erzurum and Cu mineralization area around it were collected randomly. In these samples, 20 samples were taken in order to investigate the metals found and the pollution limits of these metals and the sources that cause this pollution. The geochemical analyzes (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe) of the collected soil samples were made and evaluated with the pollution parameters. In the calculation of these parameters, enrichment factor (EF); geoaccumulation index (Igeo); contamination factor (CF) and pollution load indices (PLI) were used by using average shale values and crust values. Statistically obtained Cu values were calculated as minimum 25.2 ppm, maximum 79.7 ppm and average 45.2. Among the statistically analyzed elements; A high positive correlation was observed between Cd and Pb and Zn, Cr with Ni and Pb and Zn (p
... Vitamin E is crucial to the antioxidant defence system and vital to animal and human development and health [25][26][27]. As an antioxidant, it helps protect the cell membranes of immune system cells and has been linked to disease prevention. ...
Vitamin E (Vit. E) is primarily responsible for the increased antioxidant capacity observed in animal studies. The present research aimed to investigate vitamin E's effect on haematological and serum biochemical parameters in Kail sheep. Eighteen (18) Kail breed ewes older than two years but not yet pregnant were chosen for this experiment. The animals were randomly divided into three groups (Control, T1, and T2). During the entire experiment, the control group had access to pure water. Vitamin E was administered orally to both groups of ewes daily for 30 days, with Group T1 receiving 150mg/kg body weight and Group T2 receiving 200mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 15, and 30. The results revealed a significant increase in blood biochemistry parameters such as RBC, HGB, RDW%, WBC, LYM concentration, and LYM (%) in sheep fed Vitamin E. The serum concentration of albumin, globulin, total protein, and AST was significantly increased (P< 0.05). We conclude that the haematological and serum biochemical parameters in Kail sheep were enhanced after an oral dose of vitamin E.
... Major dietary sources of Ba exposure include legumes and nuts, such as pecans, peanuts, and brazil nuts, which may contain Ba concentrations as high as 4,000 µg/g [76,77,[87][88][89][90]. Other foods such as cabbage, soybeans, dairy products, and some processed foods have high Ba concentrations [77,88,91,92]. ...
Purpose of Review
Biomarkers are commonly used in epidemiological studies to assess metals and metalloid exposure and estimate internal dose, as they integrate multiple sources and routes of exposure. Researchers are increasingly using multi-metal panels and innovative statistical methods to understand how exposure to real-world metal mixtures affects human health. Metals have both common and unique sources and routes of exposure, as well as biotransformation and elimination pathways. The development of multi-element analytical technology allows researchers to examine a broad spectrum of metals in their studies; however, their interpretation is complex as they can reflect different windows of exposure and several biomarkers have critical limitations. This review elaborates on more than 500 scientific publications to discuss major sources of exposure, biotransformation and elimination, and biomarkers of exposure and internal dose for 12 metals/metalloids, including 8 non-essential elements (arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, tin, uranium) and 4 essential elements (manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc) commonly used in multi-element analyses.
Recent Findings
We conclude that not all metal biomarkers are adequate measures of exposure and that understanding the metabolic biotransformation and elimination of metals is key to metal biomarker interpretation. For example, whole blood is a good biomarker of exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and tin, but it is not a good indicator for barium, nickel, and uranium. For some essential metals, the interpretation of whole blood biomarkers is unclear. Urine is the most commonly used biomarker of exposure across metals but it should not be used to assess lead exposure. Essential metals such as zinc and manganese are tightly regulated by homeostatic processes; thus, elevated levels in urine may reflect body loss and metabolic processes rather than excess exposure. Total urinary arsenic may reflect exposure to both organic and inorganic arsenic, thus, arsenic speciation and adjustment for arsebonetaine are needed in populations with dietary seafood consumption. Hair and nails primarily reflect exposure to organic mercury, except in populations exposed to high levels of inorganic mercury such as in occupational and environmental settings. When selecting biomarkers, it is also critical to consider the exposure window of interest. Most populations are chronically exposed to metals in the low-to-moderate range, yet many biomarkers reflect recent exposures. Toenails are emerging biomarkers in this regard. They are reliable biomarkers of long-term exposure for arsenic, mercury, manganese, and selenium. However, more research is needed to understand the role of nails as a biomarker of exposure to other metals. Similarly, teeth are increasingly used to assess lifelong exposures to several essential and non-essential metals such as lead, including during the prenatal window.
Summary
As metals epidemiology moves towards embracing a multi-metal/mixtures approach and expanding metal panels to include less commonly studied metals, it is important for researchers to have a strong knowledge base about the metal biomarkers included in their research. This review aims to aid metals researchers in their analysis planning, facilitate sound analytical decision-making, as well as appropriate understanding and interpretation of results.
... Essential elements play a fundamental role in the physiological processes that determine growth, health, and reproductive capacity [1]. The human body does not synthesize bioelements, which must be supplied through the diet [2]. Any disruption in the supply to several toxic elements would result in a more severe intoxication than if they were administered separately. ...
The anthropogenic environment and diet introduce many metals into the human body, both essential and toxic. Absorption leads to systemic exposure and accumulation in body fluids and tissues. Both excess and deficiency of trace elements are health hazards. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the concentration of 51 elements in liver samples and 11 selected brain regions obtained at post-mortem examination from a population of adults living in south-eastern Poland (n = 15). A total of 180 analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in two independent replicates. The collected data show very high individual variability in the content of the investigated elements. Macroelements such as sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, and zinc occurred in the highest concentrations and with the greatest statistically significant variations. Although the elemental content of the brain and liver differed significantly, the strongest positive correlation between liver and polus frontalis was observed for the essential element selenium (0.9338) and the strongest negative one for manganese (−0.4316) and lanthanum (−0.5110). The brain areas studied have different requirements for phosphorus, manganese, iron, and molybdenum. In addition, males had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher brain content of lanthanides and actinides than females. The results of this study show that the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland are exposed to a fairly uniform accumulation of aluminum and vanadium in the brain, which have the highest affinity to the thalamus dorsalis. This result proves that there is environmental exposure to these elements.
... Some elements are found in few medicinal plants but these elements are not required for human body, in fact, these elements create toxicity to the body. Therefore, it has been an established fact that over use/dose or prolonged ingestion of herbals medicines may cause chronic accumulation of trace elements leading to various health issues [14][15][16][17][18]. ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT The ethnomedicinal plants are attracting significant attention from researchers in the field of life sciences and pharmacology as pharmaceutical industries mostly depend on raw materials of ethnomedicinal plant origin. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemicals, elemental compositions, and antioxidant activities of three Indian ethnomedicinal plants viz. Plectranthus rubicundus D.Don., Aristolochia indica L. and Cryptocoryne retrospiralis (Roxb.) Kunth. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these ethnomedicinal plants was carried out in various solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol and methanol. We confirmed the presence of alkaloids, carotenoids, phenol, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins in the selected ethnomedicinal taxa. The free radical scavenging activity of these plant extracts was determined by using the DPPH assay. It is observed that the selected plant extracts showed reasonable antioxidant activity, thereby finding bioprospecting and further scope for drug discovery. The plant organs of selected plants analyzed in this study were found to contain the essential elements but in varying concentrations due to the topographical distribution, soil type absorption, and growth requirement. There was a significant variation in microelements level. The highest concentration was reported for K, Cl, Ca, Si, Mg, and S in selected plant organs. In this study, K 2 O is found in higher quantity while the oxides of Na, Ti, Mn, Ni, Cu, Ru. Zn, Rb, Zr, and Ba were analyzed with lower quantities in the selected plant species. The geographical distribution might be attributed to the variable uptake of minerals by the plant species. This study compared and demonstrated that the selected plants organs extracts are valuable sources of bioactive compounds and inorganic elements that might be explored as a good supplement and source of dietary minerals in animal and human food, which is already utilized by local tribes of the study region (except the fruit of Aristolochia indica) and can be used for preparing the functional herbal medicines.
The aim of this study is to determine the total iodine content in Korean abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) and to investigate the bioavailability of iodine using an in vitro method. This research paper focuses on total iodine quantification in abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) and its components (viscera and muscle) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Additionally, an in vitro bioavailability study explored iodine absorption potential. Abalone pretreatment involved both the European standard method (ES) and microwave-assisted extraction method (MAE). The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.11 ng/g for both ES and MAE, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 5.4 ng/g for MAE. Accuracy, assessed using a reference material (fish muscle, ERM—BB422), showed values of 1.5 ± 0.010 mg/kg for ES and 1.6 ± 0.066 mg/kg for MAE, within an acceptable range of 1.4 ± 0.42 mg/kg. Precision, evaluated using the Horwitz ratio (HorRat) with a reference material, was determined to be 0.45 for ES and 0.27 for MAE. Therefore, total iodine contents were estimated as 74 ± 2.2 µg/g for abalone viscera and 17 ± 0.77 µg/g for abalone muscle with ES, and 76 ± 1.0 µg/g for abalone viscera and 17 ± 0.51 µg/g for abalone muscle with MAE. Recovery tests demonstrated an acceptable range of 90–110%. In the in vitro bioavailability assessment, digestion efficiency yielded ranges of 42–50.2% for viscera and 67–115% for muscle. Absorption efficiency variations were determined as 37–43% for viscera and 48–75% for muscle.
Pearl millet is one of Asia and Africa's most important chief staple grains. Due to its heat and drought-tolerant
properties, it has wide adaptability to the
local environment. Nutritionally, pearl
millet is a good source of protein and
energy. Today, many people ranging from
children, youth and adults suffer from
anaemia. Anaemia has become common
among all people. Turning regular millets
into “sprouted millets” have pretty
intriguing nutritional benefits. Once, you
soak the pearl millet, they germinate.
Sprouts have high starch content, thereby
altering the food’s nutritional content.
Sprouted grains are natural, nutritious, and
healthy.
Description
Includes listing of modifications and innovations used in risk assessments accepted by the EPA. While beginners can benefit greatly from the papers presented here, this collection finds its best use in the hands of the experienced risk assessor. The papers present modifications of the basic EPA methodology which have been acceptable to regulators at specific sites. 22 peer-reviewed papers cover:
• Site Characterization
• Fate and Transport
• Toxicity, Exposures, and Receptors
• Risk Characterization/Case Studies
• Establishing Cleanup Levels.
A dieta regional de Manaus foi elaborada utilizando-se os dados de Shrimpton & Giugliano23, para famílias com rendimentos até 2 salários mínimos mensais. Os teores de zinco, cálcio, ferro, magnésio e manganês da dieta regional de Manaus foram determinados pelo método de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e emissão atômica com plasma de argônio induzido, por leitura direta da solução da amostra oxidada por via úmida com ácido nítrico e perclórico13. Quanto aos teores de selênio, cobre e potássio, foram determinados por análise de ativação com nêutrons. A adequação de minerais da dieta regional de Manaus foi avaliada por meio da análise química e percentual de adequação, tomando-se como referencial os padrões da National Academy of Scíences17. Dos resultados obtidos, observou-se que o selênio apresentou um alto teor de adequação, o cálcio estava deficiente com um percentual de adequação da ordem de 50%, seguido pelo cobre e pelo zinco. O ferro mostrou-se deficiente para a mulher adulta e o magnésio para o homem adulto, quando comparado com as necessidades recomendadas. Conclui -se que a dieta regional de Manaus apresenta teores elevados de selênio, porém não atende as recomendações preconizadas para a maioria dos minerais estudados.
Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2 = NA) is mainly released into the environment from anthropogenic sources such as mining and pesticides. This study examined the effects of NA on the development of Bufotes viridis by exposing eggs and larvae to NA at 11 different concentrations including absence of NA (control) and comparing their developmental patterns. the seven lowest concentrations are often found in the environment (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 6000, 12,000, 24,000, 25,000, 32,000, 36,000 µg/l). Our results suggest that low concentrations of NA positively affect growing larvae of B. viridis by increasing their length and maximum swimming speed compared to the control group. However, high concentrations of NA significantly reduced the larval growth and swimming speed compared to the control group. LC50 values were found for B. viridis eggs at NA concentration of 260,000 µg/l after nine days of exposure. A high mortality rate and both internal and external abnormalities (e.g. hepatocytes and intestinal epithelium reduction, abdominal oedema and tail flexures) were observed at high concentrations, suggesting that NA can have important effects to those environmentally relevant NA levels.
Considerando a escassez de informações em relação às condições de saúde e nutrição dos pré-escolares da Calha do Rio Negro, avaliou-se 109 dietas de pré-escolares de Barcelos e 06 da área indígena de Ajuricaba-AM, por meio da análise química e percentual de adequação em relação aos valores recomendados pelo National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC). Verificou-se que os alimentos freqüentemente consumidos foram: farinha de mandioca, pão, peixe, arroz, bolacha doce, feijão, café, banana e outros, com uma freqüência inferior a 10%. As dietas analisadas apresentaram uma adequação energética média de 21,5% e 10%, proteína de 57,9% e 76% para as dietas dos pré-escolares de Barcelos e Ajuricaba respectivamente. Os elementos minerais Ca, Zn e K apresentaram uma adequação inferior a 40%; ferro próximo a 40% e valores superiores a 100% para Na e Mo na dieta de Barcelos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o consumo de frutas e verduras não faz parte do hábito alimentar dos pré-escolares ribeirinhos, o aporte energético é limitante, seguido do cálcio, zinco e ferro e a dieta não atende às recomendações preconizadas para a maioria dos nutrientes estudados.
The aim of this study was to evaluate different feed types collected from two districts (Ada'a and Adama zuria) of two production systems (urban and peri-urban) based on season's (dry and wet) in East Shoa Zone, for their macro and micro mineral concentrations. Feeds in the selected districts comprised of roughages, concentrates, and non-conventional feeds. All feed samples were taken directly from the field supplied by the farmers. The feed samples were analyzed for the macro and micro minerals namely Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Co, using atomic absorption flame emission spectrometer and P concentration was measured by the spectrophotometer. The critical level (CL) used in this article is defined as the concentration of minerals below the level considering the requirements for dairy cows. The mean calcium concentrations in roughage varied from (0.13 to 0.55%); concentrate (0.14 to 0.64%) and non-conventional feed (0.34 to 0.69%) DM respectively. Out of the total feeds analyzed only, 26.92%, 66.15% for roughage (natural grass hay, sugar cane tops, and silage) and concentrates (noug seed cake, ground maize, cotton seed cake, and lean seed cake), respectively were found to be deficient in Ca. The mean phosphorus and magnesium values were not deficient in analyzed feeds. The mean Copper concentrations varied in roughages (6.99 to 10.65 ppm); concentrate (6.67 to 8.78 ppm) and non-conventional (6.31 to 9.72 ppm) DM respectively. When those values are compared to the critical value (< 8ppm) of feeds analyzed only 19.23%, 79.92% and 65.22% for roughage (Triticum aestivum, Medicago sativa, Pennisetum purpureum), concentrates (wheat bran, wheat middlings, noug seed cake, cotton seed cake and concentrate mix) and non-conventional feeds (brewery by-products industrial, poultry liters) respectively were found to be deficient in Cu. The mean Iron concentrations varied in roughages (68.5 to 176.80 ppm); concentrate (73.94 to 174.81 ppm) and non-conventional (65.92 to 157.93 ppm) DM respectively. When those values are compared to the critical value of (50 ppm) of feeds analyzed only 48.1% and 34.8% for roughage (natural pasture, Pennisetum purpureum), sugar cane top) and non-conventional feeds (brewery by-products industrial), respectively were found to be deficient in Zn. The interaction effect of dairy feeds for most analyzed feed samples were significantly different (P < 0.05) for all Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn within the study districts. Similarly, the interaction effect between feed types and production systems were significantly different (P < 0.05) for Ca, P, Mg, Cu, and Zn but non-significant (P > 0.05) for Fe. Moreover, the interaction effect of feed based on sampling season was significantly different (P < 0.05) for Ca, P, Mg, and Zn but non-significant (P > 0.05) for Cu and Fe. Minerals such as Ca, Cu Zn and Co were present in inadequate amounts. Therefore, supplementation of these mineral elements is very likely to produce beneficial results in the ration of dairy. Hence, there is an urgent need for appropriate research to formulate area specific mineral mixture, and to devise supplementation packages for bio-available mineral salts.
The aim of this study was to evaluate different feed types collected from two districts (Ada'a and Adama zuria) of two production systems (urban and peri-urban) based on season's (dry and wet) in East Shoa Zone, for their macro and micro mineral concentrations. Feeds in the selected districts comprised of roughages, concentrates, and non-conventional feeds. All feed samples were taken directly from the field supplied by the farmers. The feed samples were analyzed for the macro and micro minerals namely Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Co, using atomic absorption flame emission spectrometer and P concentration was measured by the spectrophotometer. The critical level (CL) used in this article is defined as the concentration of minerals below the level considering the requirements for dairy cows. The mean calcium concentrations in roughage varied from (0.13 to 0.55%); concentrate (0.14 to 0.64%) and non-conventional feed (0.34 to 0.69%) DM respectively. Out of the total feeds analyzed only, 26.92%, 66.15% for roughage (natural grass hay, sugar cane tops, and silage) and concentrates (noug seed cake, ground maize, cotton seed cake, and lean seed cake), respectively were found to be deficient in Ca. The mean phosphorus and magnesium values were not deficient in analyzed feeds. The mean Copper concentrations varied in roughages (6.99 to 10.65 ppm); concentrate (6.67 to 8.78 ppm) and non-conventional (6.31 to 9.72 ppm) DM respectively. When those values are compared to the critical value (< 8ppm) of feeds analyzed only 19.23%, 79.92% and 65.22% for roughage (Triticum aestivum, Medicago sativa, Pennisetum purpureum), concentrates (wheat bran, wheat middlings, noug seed cake, cotton seed cake and concentrate mix) and non-conventional feeds (brewery by-products industrial, poultry liters) respectively were found to be deficient in Cu. The mean Iron concentrations varied in roughages (68.5 to 176.80 ppm); concentrate (73.94 to 174.81 ppm) and non-conventional (65.92 to 157.93 ppm) DM respectively. When those values are compared to the critical value of (50 ppm) of feeds analyzed only 48.1% and 34.8% for roughage (natural pasture, Pennisetum purpureum), sugar cane top) and non-conventional feeds (brewery by-products industrial), respectively were found to be deficient in Zn. The interaction effect of dairy feeds for most analyzed feed samples were significantly different (P < 0.05) for all Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn within the study districts. Similarly, the interaction effect between feed types and production systems were significantly different (P < 0.05) for Ca, P, Mg, Cu, and Zn but non-significant (P > 0.05) for Fe. Moreover, the interaction effect of feed based on sampling season was significantly different (P < 0.05) for Ca, P, Mg, and Zn but non-significant (P > 0.05) for Cu and Fe. Minerals such as Ca, Cu Zn and Co were present in inadequate amounts. Therefore, supplementation of these mineral elements is very likely to produce beneficial results in the ration of dairy. Hence, there is an urgent need for appropriate research to formulate area specific mineral mixture, and to devise supplementation packages for bio-available mineral salts.
Adult female rats were given a zinc deficient diet for six weeks. During this period their ovaries were compared with those of» normally fed rats. The histochemical activities of two zinc metalloenzymes, namely alkaline phosphatase (APase) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) were markedly lowered three and two weeks after starting feeding, respectively. lg vitro, reactivation to the control level of activity of both enzymes by exogenous zinc added to the incubation medium suggests absence of zinc from the apoenzymes-is the cause of decreased activity rather than decreased synthesis of the apoenzymes.
Mentha arvenis (Mint), Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Indian bay leaf), and Cinnamomum tamala (fenugreek) were studied for trace elements using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Highest concentrations of Mn, Na and were quantified in Mint, Ca and Cl in bay leaves while fenugreek was found to be rich in Al, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Rb, Sc and Sr. K/Na ratios of greater than 1 predict the suitability of use of these herbs by hypertensive subjects. When compared with the recommended dietary allowance for an adult it was seen that most of the measured elements are essential in our daily diet and therefore these herbs have nutrient value. The results obtained were also compared with the literature values. Toxic elements (As, Hg, Sb and Se) were found to be below the very low detection limits, for INAA.
The boundary structure (shape and size) and numbers of Red Blood Cells (RBCs) play a significant role in controlling human physiology. Several blood related diseases including sickle hemoglobin, polycythemia, thalassemia, anemia, and leukemia that occur due to the alteration of RBCs structures need precise detection, analysis, and subsequent inhibition. Diverse boundary analyses that have already been developed to detect the frames edge of blood samples remained ineffective. Thus, an automated system needs to be designed for exact detection of the RBCs edges. The edges being the main features of image often provide vital information to separate regions within an object or to detect changes in illumination. Accordingly, edge detection is regarded as an important step in the analysis of images and extraction of valuable information. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of video frames edge detectors and compared it with different gradient based techniques including Robert, Sobel, Prewitt and Canny, Zero-crossing (Laplacian, Gaussian and fuzzy logic) by applying them on video of RBCs. Two criteria such as mean square error (MSE) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR)were exploited to achieve good quality of video frames edge detectors for RBCs. Canny edge and fuzzy logic based techniques revealed the optimum performance towards the detection of video frames edge of RBCs.
Continuous groundwater quality monitoring is crucial for ensuring safe drinking and irrigation by mitigating risks from geochemical contaminants through appropriate treatment methods. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to assess the suitability of groundwater collected from Lucknow, India, for both drinking and irrigation. Forty samples were collected from different sites within the study area to evaluate groundwater quality. Various parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides (Cl−), total alkalinity, total hardness, sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), fluorides (F−), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), magnesium (Mg2+), and calcium (Ca2+) were analyzed. The weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI), a vital rating system representing overall water quality, was employed to classify the water into different categories, such as very good, good, moderate, poor, and unfit for drinking. This classification is invaluable for public awareness and decision-making to make informed decisions regarding effective management, treatment, and sustainable societal development on a broader scale. A correlation matrix was generated and analyzed to observe correlations between the various parameters. Additionally, spatial distribution maps for the analyzed parameters and WQI were prepared using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. The study found that WQI values in the area ranged from 2.64 to 168.68, indicating good water quality in most places except for the Kukrail region, where the water quality is unfit for drinking purposes. The water quality map shows that 86% of the area falls under the very good category, 14.63% under good to moderate quality, and 0.37% is categorized as unfit for drinking. Consequently, the findings suggest that the groundwater in the studied area is safe and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes.
This study aimed to see the effect of oral supplementation of specific trace minerals mixture on the growth, immunity, and reproductive development of indigenous growing bull calves. Eighteen Sahiwal bull calves, with an average age of 6 months were chosen and divided into three groups. Group 1 was fed with a basal diet, Group 2 was provided with an additional specific trace mineral supplement to achieve a diet containing 70 ppm of Zn, 17.50 ppm of Cu, 65 ppm of Mn, and 1.75 ppm of Cr. Group 3 received a 25% extra supplement to achieve a diet containing 87.50 ppm of Zn, 21.87 ppm of Cu, 81.25 ppm of Mn, and 2.18 ppm of Cr. The experiment was carried out for a total of 180 days. According to the findings, there was no significant impact of specific trace minerals supplementation on the animals’ body weight, morphometric parameters, dry matter intake, average daily gain, nutritional value, digestibility and nitrogen retention. However, higher levels of Zn, Cu, and Mn led to increased (p < 0.05) total retention, while Cr retention remained the same. Serum mineral concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn increased significantly (p < 0.05) in G2 and G3 compared to the G1 group while Ca, P, and Cr had no significant change. Blood plasma glucose, albumin, globulin, and total protein showed no significant differences. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity improved significantly (p < 0.05) in G2 and G3 but alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and IGF-1 remained unchanged. Superoxide dismutase activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and total immunoglobulin concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) in G2 and G3 groups, however, catalase activity and IgG count did not change among the groups. Mineral-supplemented groups (G2 and G3) showed a significant change (p < 0.05) in testosterone production during the 120th and the 180th day of the trial. Scrotal circumference and temperature gradient of the scrotal surface did not show any significant change. Supplementing growing bull calves with specific trace minerals above the basal level (70, 17.50, 65 and 1.75 ppm of Zn, Cu, Mn and Cr) has no direct beneficial effect on the growth parameters but can have positive effects on their antioxidant status, immunity and reproductive development as the related blood parameters were positively affected.
Mechanical properties and bioactivity are two important characteristics of glass-ionomer cements (GICs) for application as
dental restorative materials. The current study prepared GIC economically by using bamboo leaf as a silica source instead
of expensive analytical grade silica precursors. Dopant ions consisting of Mg2+, Zn2+ and Ba2+ were added to study their
influence on mechanical properties and bioactivity. The undoped GIC exhibited compressive strength, flexural strength
and microhardness of 110.31 (± 2.42) MPa, 25.53 (± 3.11) MPa and 66.48 (± 4.22) KHN, respectively, while those for the
doped GIC were 122.85 (± 6.37) MPa, 29.17 (± 5.62) MPa and 72.39 (± 6.04) KHN, respectively. The obtained GICs, when
immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days, showed a good degree of stability and capacity to induce the nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HA) on their surface but the doped sample exhibited a superior outcome. Trimetallic doping with
Mg2+, Zn2+ and Ba2+ may be a crucial strategy for improving the mechanical and bioactive properties of GIC designed for
application in restorative dentistry.
Keywords: Restorative dentistry · Glass-ionomer cement · Silica · Bamboo leaf · Mechanical properties
The present study has been summarized as per chapter wise distribution such as an introduction, historical account, material methods and experimental design, observations, discussion, summary and in the last conclusion followed by certain recommendation for the prevention of diabetes problem in man. India has more diabetics than any other country in the world, according to the international diabetes foundation, although more recent data suggest that china has even more. The disease affects more than 50 million Indians-7.1% of the nation's adults and kills about 1 million Indians a year. The high incidence is attributed to a combination of genetic susceptibility plus adoption of a high-calorie, low-activity lifestyle by India's growing middle class. It was only recently that zinc has started learning recognition as a useful component for diabetes treatment. First of all zinc has the antioxidant qualities, which protect the important body cells from damage caused by free radicals. Hence, the possibility of heart attacks in diabetes patients is reduced. One of the remarkable in vivo features of zinc is its insulin like actions and potential link with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Zinc plays an important role in insulin action and carbohydrate and metabolism. Zinc is an essential mineral that is required for various cellular functions. Oxidative stress has been considered as the major causative factor for diabetic cardiomopathy. Its deficiency was found to be a risk factor for cardiac oxidative damage and supplementation within provides signification prevention damage to the heart. Chromium is effective in reversing the diabetes caused by therapeutic use of glucocorticoids. The effects on chromium on blood glucose homeostasis are accomplished by increased activation of insulin receptors. Chromium has been established to be an essential trace element in mammals in regard to maintenance of normal carbohydrate metabolism. Studies in documented deficiency states noted improved glucose levels. Selenium is a universal essential trace element for mammals which is important for many cellular processes. Regarding selenium, a potential antioxidant element, its supplementation in the form of selenate resulted in decreased integrated glucose response by 40-50% and decreased plasma glucose levels. The serum was collected from all the group of albino rats on the 30 th days of post treatment and was subjected to the following biochemical studies. In the present experiment diabetes induced albino rats treated with doses of micronutrients (zinc, chromium and selenium). The observations revealed significant (P< 0.005) fall in glucose, glycogen, urea, creatinine and cholesterol level in blood serum in comparison to diabetic induced rats. (2022) Biochemical modulations in hypoglycemic albino rat along with micronutrients.
In this study, an efficient, green, and rapid sample preparation method based on mandelic acid dimer was proposed for the extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from soil samples followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In this research, for the first time, the liquid dimer was prepared by heating solid mandelic acid. Then the mixture of soil and a complexing agent was added into it. The mixture was transferred into a microwave oven. Diluted nitric acid solution as a dilution solvent was added. After centrifugation, two aliquots of the collected phase were removed and injected into the instrument. The relevant optimization parameters such as dimer volume, microwave exposure time, amount of complexing agent, and the type and volume of dilution solvent were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, detection limits were obtained 0.17 and 0.16 mg Kg−1 for Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively. The linear ranges were 0.50–50 mg Kg−1 with coefficient of determination ≥ 0.9981. The developed method along with a reference method was applied for the analysis of the selected heavy metal ions in different soil samples and comparable results were obtained. Also, the method was performed on a certified reference material and the obtained concentrations compared with the certificated concentrations to assess accuracy of the proposed method.Graphical abstract
اجري هذا البحث في حقل الطيور الداجنة التابع لقسم تقنيات الانتاج الحيواني في الكلية التقنية / المسيب بهدف دراسة تاثير المستويات المختلفة من السلينيوم غير العضوي في بعض الصفات الانتاجيه والفسلجية لفروج اللحم واستخدم في البحث 400 فرخه بعمر يوم واحد من سلالة روز 308. وزعت الافراخ بصورة عشوائية على اربعة معاملات متساوية وكل معاملة أحتوت على 100 فرخ وعلى مكررين متساويين بالعدد . غذيت الافراخ في المعاملة الاولى على عليقة اعتيادية بدون اي اضافه وعدت كمعاملة سيطرة وغذيت في المعاملة الثانية على نفس عليقة السيطره مضاف اليها السلينيوم بنسبة 20 ملغم / 100 كغم علف , وغذيت الافراخ في المعاملة الثالثة على نفس عليقة السيطره مضاف اليها السلينيوم بنسبة 30 ملغم / 100كغم علف والمعاملة الرابعة غذيت على نفس عليقة السيطرة مضاف اليها السلينيوم بنسبة 40 ملغم / 100 كغم علف واستمرت التجربة لمدة 42 يوما. اشارت نتائج التجربة الى ارتفاع معنوي (P<0.05) في معدلات وزن الجسم الحي لجميع الاسابيع في معاملات اضافة السلينيوم وهي الثانية والثالثة والرابعة على معاملة السيطرة (الاولى) مع تسجيل تفوق معنوي (P<0.05) للمعاملة الرابعة على جميع المعاملات عند الاسبوع السادس من العمر . ونفس النتيجة حصلنا عليها في الاسبوع السادس عندما تفوقت المعاملة الرابعة معنويا (P<0.05) على جميع المعاملات قيد الدراسة وسجلت معاملة السيطرة (الاولى) اقل زيادة معنوية (P<0.05) مقارنة مع بقية المعاملات. اما في استهلاك العلف فنلاحظ ان جميع معاملات اضافة السلينيوم قد تفوقت معنويا (P<0.05) على معاملة السيطرة (الاولى) ولكن لم يلاحظ فروقا معنويه بين معاملات اضافة السلينيوم ومعاملة السيطرة في صفة معامل التحويل الغذائي عند العمر التراكمي (1-6 اسبوع ) مع التفوق المعنوي للمعاملة الرابعة على المعاملة الثانية فقط . وكذلك بينت النتائج عدم وجود تأثير لإضافة السلينيوم على مستوى انزيمي G.O.T و G.P. T عند عمر 6 اسابيع .
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.