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A “Components” Model of Addiction within a Biopsychosocial Framework
Abstract
There is now a growing movement that views a number of behaviours as potentially addictive including many that do not involve the ingestion of a drug (such as gambling, sex, exercise, videogame playing and Internet use). This paper argues that all addictions consist of a number of distinct common components (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse). The paper argues that addictions are a part of a biopsychosocial process and evidence is growing that excessive behaviours of all types do seem to have many commonalities. It is argued that an eclectic approach to the studying of addictive behaviour appears to be the most pragmatic way forward in the field. Such commonalities may have implications not only for treatment of such behaviours but also for how the general public perceive such behaviours.
... On the other hand, in media and clinical psychology, there is "conceptual confusion surrounding this emotion-laden term" [29]. The dominant definition is the six-component model of behavioral addiction [30]: The author argued that what is similar between addictive behaviors and substance use disorders are the six factors salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. Using seven criteria (the six components [30] and problems), the authors [9] distinguished between addicted users, problem users, and highly engaged users. ...
... The dominant definition is the six-component model of behavioral addiction [30]: The author argued that what is similar between addictive behaviors and substance use disorders are the six factors salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse. Using seven criteria (the six components [30] and problems), the authors [9] distinguished between addicted users, problem users, and highly engaged users. They categorized gamers who endorse all four of the core addiction criteria (relapse, withdrawal, conflict, and problems) as "addicted", those who endorsed two or three of the core criteria as "problem users", and those who endorsed all three peripheral criteria (salience, tolerance, and mood modification), but not more than one of the addiction criteria, as "highly engaged users". ...
... Concerning measurement, the validity of most measures is questionable. In the most frequently used measurement, the criteria conflict and withdrawal [30] entail life problems and emotional reactions [63] and thereby conflate predictor (media use) and outcome. Similarly, use out of ill-being, and use that creates life problems [27,51,73] invalidly includes life problems within the measure of media problem use. ...
Background:
Users often describe mobile dating apps as addictive, and researchers have attempted to formalize compulsive dating app use as a behavioral addiction. However, the concept of online dating addiction remains debated. Researchers use different definitions and have various ideas about the psychological and interpersonal effects problematic media use may have.
Objective:
This systematic literature review synthesized research on problematic online dating behaviors with a specific focus on (1) definitions and measurement of problematic dating app use, (2) the examined adverse correlates, and (3) the employed study designs.
Methods:
We searched 16 databases (e.g., PsychInfo, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect). Twenty-nine papers published between 2009 and 2024 met inclusion criteria. These 29 papers covered 32 studies investigating problematic dating app use, participants aged 13- 80 years and sample sizes ranging from 64 to 4057.
Results:
Researchers conceptualized problematic online dating (in descending order of frequency) as use for certain motives, problematic use in the sense of behavioral addiction, specific activities or experiences, compulsive use, a disbalance between offline and online interactions, mere use or frequency, and excessive use. As adverse correlates of problematic dating app use, scholars examined mood and emotional issues, anxiety, personality traits, undesired behaviors, self-attitudes, media use, interpersonal correlates, partner choice, and sex-related correlates. Methodologically, some scales included harm in their measure of problematic dating app use. Of 32 studies, only three were randomized experiments, the rest were questionnaire studies. All studies measured dating app variables only at a single time point (cross-sectional) and tested between-person effects.
Conclusions:
Many questionnaire scales on problematic media use conflate predictor and outcome measurement by including harmful consequences in their measurement of problematic media use. Future literature reviews that test correlations with problematic online dating should only include studies using scales that validly separate media use from undesired outcomes. Overall, research on internet dating addiction specifically, and internet addiction in general, needs theoretically grounded definitions as well as experimental and longitudinal studies modelling within-person effects.
... Still, this experience is typically described as enjoyable rather than intrusive or obsessive. This perspective differs from the broader viewpoint and contrasts with the definition of addiction, which involves the removal of something positive from life instead of adding something positive to it (Griffiths, 2005). ...
... Withdrawal corresponds to the signals and physical or psychological symptoms (e.g., irritability, anxiety, nausea, insomnia, tachycardia) experienced when an individual is emotionally or physically distant from their romantic partner. Finally, conflict relates to the influence of preoccupation with one's romantic partner in daily activities such as those related to work, study, friendship, and leisure, resulting in a reduction or abandonment of interest and activities that were previously valued (Costa et al., 2021;Griffiths, 2005). ...
... The literature concerning this type of addiction is still scarce, and little is known about its prevention and treatment (Maglia et al., 2023;Reynaud et al., 2010;Sanches & John, 2019). Among the few instruments available to assess LA, the LAI is the only instrument based on a robust model of addiction that can apply to any behavioral addiction (Griffiths, 2005). In addition, the Brazilian version of the LAI facilitates cross-cultural comparisons, tracking LA symptoms, and use in future studies. ...
Background
The Love Addiction Inventory (LAI) is an instrument developed to assess the six dimensions of addiction to a romantic partner: salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict.
Objective
The present study sought to adapt and provide validity evidence for the Brazilian version of the LAI.
Method
An online questionnaire was completed by 1310 Brazilian adults who were in romantic relationships.
Results
The data shows adequate reliability indices, validity evidence regarding the instrument’s internal structure, and validity based on the relationships among the variables. Notably, positive correlations between the LAI and Emotional Dependence Questionnaire and other addiction markers and negative correlations between the LAI and self-esteem were identified.
Conclusion
These findings provide a helpful instrument for symptom tracking and investigating interventions for the treatment of love addiction in future research.
... One of the proposed criteria is the pervasiveness of the love addict's behaviors and feelings (Redcay & Simonetti, 2018). The addiction model proposed by Griffiths (2005) has also been considered a valuable perspective for understanding LA. This author identified six components that characterized addictions (salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, abstinence, and conflict), allowing us to understand better and identify several behavioral addictions, including LA (Costa et al., 2021). ...
... From this perspective, the conceptualization of LA within an addiction framework struggles to account fully for some specific aspects of this condition. Hence, it is important to develop a complementary model to the model proposed by Griffiths (2005) to understand the mechanisms underlying LA comprehensively. The first description of LA (Peele & Brodsky, 1975) emphasized its independence from other addictions. ...
... For example, the diagnosis of "love addicts" could be applied to individuals who quickly fall in love with a different partner as soon as the euphoric/passion phase of the relationship ends, but also to individuals unable to break up maladaptive relationships and individuals depending excessively on their partner (Briggie & Briggie, 2015;Peabody, 2005). Relying on the criterion of "salience" proposed in the addiction model, information about these different subtypes is not captured; instead, focusing on "salience" addresses the degree to which feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are oriented toward the partner (Costa et al., 2021;Griffiths, 2005). Indeed, such a focus fails to discriminate against the object of addiction in LA. ...
Background and aim
The present study stems from the need to deepen knowledge regarding understanding the psychological mechanisms underlying Love Addiction (LA) and investigate the role of attachment style as a theoretical framework. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of the investigated topics to achieve this objective.
Method
Five databases (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) systematically searched for studies that analyzed the relationship between LA and attachment dimensions, published in all years until September 23, 2024.
Results
Overall, we found 27 studies; of these, we included 15 in the meta-analysis, with 3,628 participants. The analyses were conducted using the test of heterogeneity, effect dispersion, and moderator analysis (gender, age, research continent, quality of the studies, and types of attachment instruments). A significant and positive relationship ( r = 0.39, p < 0 .05) was observed between Love Addiction and anxious attachment, while a significant and negative relationship was found with avoidant attachment ( r = −0.09, p < 0.05).
Conclusions
The systematic review and meta-analysis provide an important starting point for understanding and operationalizing the construct. The association with attachment styles allows postulating the relational nature of Love Addiction, differentiating it from other addictions. In addition, the association with anxious and avoidant attachment shows promise in understanding Love Addict subtypes.
... Despite the controversy surrounding its terminology, the terms smartphone addiction and problematic smartphone use are commonly used interchangeably (Busch & McCarthy, 2021;Thomée, 2018), and the term addiction is frequently employed in the names of many scales that assess problematic smartphone use. In the present study, we have adopted the term "smartphone addiction" due to the theoretical foundation of the SABAS, which was developed using Griffiths' (2005) components model of addiction. ...
... Leung, 2008), and the smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS) (Csibi et al., 2016), which is the focus of this study. The SABAS was developed based on the addiction components model of Griffiths (2005), which includes the following components: salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict, providing a solid theoretical foundation for its use in assessing smartphone addiction. The psychometric properties of the original SABAS version have proven to be robust, demonstrating a singlefactor structure, adequate internal consistency (α = 0.82), and convergent validity with the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (Y. ...
... Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS; Csibi et al., 2016): This scale assesses the risk of smartphone addiction based on the components model of addiction proposed by Griffiths (2005). Items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). ...
Smartphone addiction is very prevalent among university students and can negatively impact both their physical and mental health. This study aimed to translate the smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS) into Spanish and evaluate its psychometric properties among Spanish university students. A total of 297 university students (222 women and 75 men) participated in this study (M age = 20.88, SD = 4.58) by completing a sociodemographic questionnaire, the smartphone addiction scale-short version, the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21, the fear of missing out scale, and the SABAS. The SABAS was translated into Spanish using the forward-backward method. The factor structure was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, while reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients. The SABAS showed acceptable reliability (α = 0.72; ω = 0.73), and all of its items were kept. Factor analysis revealed that the Spanish version of the SABAS was unifactorial and demonstrated excellent validity (χ² = 10.285; p = 0.246; RMSEA = 0.034; CFI = 0.991; SRMR = 0.030). Significant associations were also observed between the SABAS score and the number of hours of smartphone use, fear of missing out, and psychological distress. Despite its brevity, the Spanish version of the SABAS provides good validity and reliability. Therefore, it can be used as a tool for screening smartphone addiction in Spanish university students.
... An insightful approach to understanding ONR at abnormal levels would be to draw from research on problematic online behaviors, such as internet addiction and social media addiction (Le & Quang Dao, 2024;Sun & Zhang, 2021;Van Rooij & Prause, 2014). Research on internet addiction has identified several key characteristics, including preoccupation, impaired control, increasing tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, escapism, and negative consequences on daily life (Grant et al., 2010;Griffiths, 2005;Van Rooij & Prause, 2014). These factors reflect a transition from normal usage to excessive use, and ultimately to pathological behavior, where the behavior becomes compulsive and significantly harms mental health and quality of life. ...
... We used the abnormal online novel reading scale to assess the level of online novel reading. Based on six criteria of problem behavior (salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict) (Griffiths, 2005), we developed this scale with six items to measure the level of AONR (for example: 'I spend more time on internet fiction than initially intended'., 'I read internet fiction to forget about personal problems'.). Participants responded on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (none of the time) to 4 (all the time). ...
... Additionally, many describe difficulty in giving up AONR due to the sense of comfort, security, and emotional engagement it provides. These symptoms closely align with core criteria of behavioral addiction identified in prior research (Grant et al., 2010;Griffiths, 2005;Van Rooij & Prause, 2014), including preoccupation, withdrawal, tolerance, loss of control, and continued engagement despite negative consequences. ...
In today's world, where digital consumption is prevalent, it's crucial to reflect on the psychological effects of online behaviors. This research focuses on exploring how abnormal online novel reading (AONR) mediates the connection between feelings of loneliness and maladaptive daydreaming (MD). A survey was conducted on 388 subjects who engage in online novel reading. The results revealed that AONR serves as a partial mediator between loneliness and MD. The findings suggest that loneliness may compel individuals to seek solace in the virtual narratives of online novels, which in turn may catalyze MD by offering fertile ground for elaborate fantasy worlds. These findings suggest that addressing the underlying issue of loneliness and reducing AONR could help alleviate MD. Interventions could focus on promoting social connections and fostering healthier coping mechanisms. Moreover, AONR should be considered a potential behavioral addiction, like other forms of digital addiction, as it involves preoccupation with online novels, withdrawal symptoms, increased tolerance, loss of control, continued engagement despite negative consequences, and escapism as a coping mechanism. They also highlight the importance for online novel readers who should be aware of the potential negative effects of this behavior on their mental health and strive to maintain a balance between reading habits and other activities to promote both personal fulfillment and psychological health. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Research examining work environments indicates that work-related stress can trigger smoking behaviour and nicotine dependence (Son et al., 2016). Individuals who are addicted to work often exhibit tendencies towards high stress and anxiety due to their strong desire for performance excellence (Andreassen et al., 2012;Clark et al., 2014;Griffiths, 2005). These individuals are prone to using stimulants to maintain emotional balance and improve performance during work processes (Kun et al., 2023). ...
... A significant positive relationship was found between work addiction and caffeine addiction based on scale scores (Table 4), supporting H 4 , but not among the groups of overlapping high-risk individuals (Table 3). Fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety disorders, and stress, which often result from long working hours and the effort to achieve better performance, are among the most well-known consequences of work addiction (Andreassen et al., 2012;Griffiths, 2005). Individuals addicted to work may consume more caffeine both to cope with these issues and to benefit from the effects of caffeine, such as reducing fatigue, promoting wakefulness, and providing energy (Dong et al., 2020;Franke et al., 2015;Isa et al., 2021;Roehrs & Roth, 2008). ...
... One explanation could be the restrictive regulations regarding smoking policies within workplaces. Another explanation is that work addiction, which is often associated with psychosocial factors such as achievement orientation, perfectionism, and the need for social approval (Andreassen et al., 2012;Clark et al., 2014;Griffiths, 2005;Kun et al., 2023), differs from nicotine addiction, which, despite its psychological implications, is also rooted in biological and chemical mechanisms (Benowitz, 2010;Heishman, 1999;Kutlu et al., 2015). Smoking in work environments could lead to negative reactions from supervisors or colleagues, potentially discouraging individuals from smoking. ...
... Another instrument included in this review is the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) (Csibi et al., 2018), which consists of six items rated on a six-point Likert scale from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 6 ("strongly agree"). SABAS is based on the six components of the addiction model-salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse (Griffiths, 2005)-and has been validated in Thailand (Kamolthip et al., 2024), China (Chen et al., 2020;Leung et al., 2020), Hungary (Csibi et al., 2016), and Iran (Lin et al., 2019). ...
... Of these, 13 involved psychometric analyses, and 2 employed machine learning approaches. The most commonly used instrument in this area is the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), which contains six items reflecting the core components of addiction (i.e., salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse; Griffiths, 2005). Each item assesses experiences over the past year using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (very rarely) to 5 (very often). ...
Introduction
The use of information and communication technologies such as the Internet, smartphones, social media, and gaming has gained significant popularity in recent years. While the benefits are immense and ICTs have become essential in people's daily lives, the inappropriate use of these technologies has led to addiction, causing negative consequences in family, academic, and work environments.
Methods
This study analyzes existing research related to ICT addiction (Internet, smartphone, social media, and gaming), reviewing relevant contributions. Historical trends, regions, relevance, factors, and instruments were analyzed to map out the existing research on ICT addiction.
Results and discussion
The findings revealed that although the number of relevant studies has grown in recent years, there is still a lack of attention on ICT addiction and its relationship with psychological factors, social factors, physical factors, phenomenological experiences, and treatment/prevention approaches. In this regard, psychology scholars should consider appropriate methods to raise awareness about ICT addiction and emphasize the need for an in-depth understanding of the meaning, context, and practices associated with Internet, smartphone, social media, and gaming addiction.
... Concurrently with this tendency, more and more people are shopping online. According to (Griffiths, 2005) hypothesis, there are several shared characteristics among various types of addictions. According to the conception developed by (Marks, 1990), online shopping can be categorized as a form of addictive conduct. ...
... There are many similarities between the mechanisms of addiction to substances and addictions to other things. Certain individuals are observed to be investing an inordinate amount of time in the pursuit of a particular activity while also exhibiting repeated efforts to curtail or discontinue said activity without achieving the desired outcome, having less control over the behavior, becoming tolerant of the behavior, withdrawing from the behavior, and experiencing negative psychosocial consequences (Grant et al., 2010;Griffiths, 2005). ...
This research investigates the effect of financial risk, quality risk, and delivery
risk on the online purchasing intention of Turkish consumers. Using a self-administered survey and convenience sampling, empirical data was collected from 300
Turkish online customers in this study. The research proposes that financial, quality,
and delivery risks have a significant effect on online shopping intention. It is
discovered that those risks have a negative effect on shoppers' intentions. The results
provide a significant framework for assessing and handling the perceived risk
associated with online shopping, potentially resulting in heightened participation by
Turkish consumers and a decrease in their perceptual shortcomings in the realm of e-commerce.
... Tüm bu bileşenler bir araya geldiğinde, oyun bağımlılığı bireyin sosyal, duygusal ve psikolojik sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkileyen karmaşık bir tablo oluşturur. Griffiths (2005) dijital oyun bağımlılığını yedi temel madde ile tanımlayarak, bağımlılığın değerlendirilmesinde önemli bir rehber sunmuştur. Bu maddeler; bireyin zihninin sürekli oyunla meşgul olması (düşünsel meşguliyet), oyun süresini giderek artırma ihtiyacı (tolerans), oyun oynama azaldığında huzursuzluk ve kaygı yaşama (çekilme belirtileri), günlük streslerden kaçmak için oyunlara sığınma (kaçış), oyun süresini kontrol edememe (kontrol kaybı), olumsuz sonuçlara rağmen oyuna devam etme (devam etme) ve oyun oynama alışkanlığını başkalarından gizleme veya yalan söyleme (yalan söyleme ve gizleme) durumlarını içerir. ...
... Bu maddeler; bireyin zihninin sürekli oyunla meşgul olması (düşünsel meşguliyet), oyun süresini giderek artırma ihtiyacı (tolerans), oyun oynama azaldığında huzursuzluk ve kaygı yaşama (çekilme belirtileri), günlük streslerden kaçmak için oyunlara sığınma (kaçış), oyun süresini kontrol edememe (kontrol kaybı), olumsuz sonuçlara rağmen oyuna devam etme (devam etme) ve oyun oynama alışkanlığını başkalarından gizleme veya yalan söyleme (yalan söyleme ve gizleme) durumlarını içerir. Bu maddeler, dijital oyun bağımlılığını anlamada ve bireyin hangi alanlarda sorunlar yaşadığını belirlemede temel oluşturur (Griffiths, 2005). etkilenerek rastgele birkaç kişiyi kesici aletlerle yaralamış ve bu anları sosyal medya üzerinden canlı yayınlamıştır. ...
This study aims to examine how pre-service teachers’ levels of digital game addiction vary across different variables and to identify the relationships among the sub-dimensions of digital game addiction (Excessive Focus and Procrastination, Withdrawal and Seeking, Mood Change and Immersion). The research was conducted with 190 pre-service teachers who actively play digital games. The data collection tool used in the study was the Digital Game Addiction Scale for University Students (DGASUS). Since the data showed a normal distribution, parametric tests such as the Independent Samples t-Test, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that digital game addiction levels among pre-service teachers differ according to various variables and that there are significant relationships among the sub-dimensions of this addiction. It was found that male pre-service teachers had higher levels of digital game addiction compared to their female counterparts. Furthermore, the "Withdrawal and Seeking" and "Mood Change and Immersion" factors were found to have a significant effect on "Excessive Focus and Procrastination." Based on the findings, it is recommended to encourage social and physical activities, integrate game-based learning approaches into the curriculum, and provide guidance to pre-service teachers on how to utilize the educational potential of digital games.
... Menurut Al-Ghiffari, dkk (2022), keinginan belanja yang berlebihan dapat dikatakan sebagai bagian dari kecenderungan adiksi belanja daring. Griffiths (2005) mendefinisikan kecenderungan adiksi belanja daring sebagai keinginan untuk berperilaku belanja berlebih, kompulsif, dan bermasalah melalui internet yang mengakibatkan konsekuensi terkait dengan masalah ekonomi, sosial, dan emosional. Fenomena ini mengacu pada dorongan yang tidak dapat ditolak untuk membeli barang, bahkan ketika tidak ada kebutuhan ataupun keinginan untuk itu (Sathya dkk., 2023). ...
... Artinya, peningkatan durasi penggunaan media sosial tidak selalu disertai peningkatan yang linier pada kecenderungan adiksi belanja daring. Ini membuka ruang interpretasi bahwa adanya faktor mediasi atau moderasi yang belum terungkap dalam penelitian ini, seperti kontrol diri, stress coping, atau bahkan variabel konteks seperti jenis media sosial yang digunakan(Yusra & Primanita, 2023).Selanjutnya, temuan ini juga mendukung konsep kecenderungan adiksi perilaku yang dijelaskan olehGriffiths (2005) dalam model komponen adiksi. Salah satu aspek penting dalam model tersebut adalah adanya hubungan antara stimulus eksternal (seperti iklan di media sosial) dan respons kompulsif (berbelanja daring) yang diperkuat melalui pengulangan dan reinforcement positif. ...
This study aims to determine the relationship between the duration of social media use and the tendency toward online shopping addiction among students at Universitas Syiah Kuala. This research is based on two main data which show that students aged 18–24 are the largest group of social media users and online shopping is the most dominant internet activity. Changes in consumption patterns due to social media have the potential to trigger addictive behavior in online shopping. This research uses a quantitative approach with purposive sampling technique and the sample criteria include students at Universitas Syiah Kuala who use social media for more than three hours per day and shop online at least twice per month. The instruments used were the Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS) and the Online Shopping Addiction Scale (OSAS). The analysis using the Spearman Rho test showed a significant positive relationship between the duration of social media use and the tendency toward online shopping addiction (p = 0.001; r = 0.190). Although significant, the strength of the relationship is very weak. This indicates that the longer students use social media, the more likely they are to exhibit signs of online shopping addiction, although the influence is not dominant. Other factors such as economic conditions, purposes of social media use, and individual characteristics also play a role. This study suggests that students should develop awareness in managing their time on social media to prevent excessive consumer behaviors.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara durasi penggunaan media sosial dengan kecenderungan adiksi belanja daring pada mahasiswa Universitas Syiah Kuala. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada dua data penting bahwa mahasiswa usia 18-24 tahun merupakan pengguna media sosial terbesar dan belanja daring menjadi aktivitas dominan di internet. Perubahan pola konsumsi akibat media sosial menimbulkan potensi perlilaku adiktif dalam berbelanja secara daring. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik pemilihan sampel purposive dengan kriteria sampel adalah mahasiswa Universitas Syiah Kuala yang menggunakan media sosial lebih dari tiga jam per hari dan berbelanja daring minimal dua kali per bulan. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS) dan Online Shopping Addiction Scale (OSAS). Hasil analisis menggunakan uji Spearman Rho menunjukkan adanya hubungan positif yang signifikan antara durasi penggunaan media sosial dengan kecenderungan adiksi belanja daring (p = 0,001; r = 0,190). Meskipun hubungan tersebut signifikan, kekuatannya tergolong sangat lemah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama mahasiswa menggunakan media sosial, maka kecenderungan untuk mengalami adiksi belanja daring meningkat tetapi pengaruhnya tidak dominan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama mahasiswa menggunakan media sosial, maka semakin besar kemungkinan mereka memiliki kecenderungan untuk mengalami adiksi belanja daring. Namun demikian, durasi penggunaan media sosial bukanlah satu-satunya faktor yang memengaruhi kecenderungan tersebut. Faktor-faktor lain seperti kondisi ekonomi, tujuan penggunaan media sosial, dan karakteristik individu turut berperan. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar mahasiswa memiliki kesadaran dalam mengelola waktu di media sosial guna mencegah perilaku konsumtif berlebihan.
... Today, the consensus is to view substance use from a holistic perspective acknowledging that a person's body, mind, and social environment intersect and contribute to substance involvement (Borrell-Carrió et al., 2004). The Biopsychosocial Model of Drug Use (Griffiths, 2005) suggests that drug dependence is a product of the interplay of various psychological, physiological, social, and cultural factors. Biological factors (age, gender, co-morbidities), psychological factors (e.g. ...
... Biological factors (age, gender, co-morbidities), psychological factors (e.g. personality, attitudes, coping), and social environmental factors (availability of substances, policies, education, access to health and social services, poverty) may predispose or mitigate substance use (Griffiths, 2005). ...
... Kecanduan didefinisikan sebagai perilaku kompulsif yang berulang kali dilakukan, yang pada konteks lootbox dan gacha dipicu oleh hadiah acak yang dihasilkan. Lootbox memanfaatkan sistem hadiah acak yang dapat meningkatkan pelepasan dopamin dan menciptakan perasaan senang, memicu siklus kecanduan (Griffiths, 2005). Terkait hal ini, B.F. Skinner mengembangkan Operant Conditioning, di mana perilaku individu diperkuat dengan pemberian reward secara acak. ...
... Terkait hal ini, Lootbox menggunakan pendekatan ini dengan memberikan hadiah yang tidak dapat diprediksi kepada pemain, seperti yang ditemukan pada mesin slot (Ardiansyah & Wahyu, 2024). Mark Griffiths menyatakan dalam penelitiannya tentang siklus kecanduan bahwa perjudian tradisional dalam hal menciptakan siklus kecanduan, di mana pemain mengalami ketergantungan psikologis pada pengalaman menang yang acak (Griffiths, 2005). ...
The evolution of technology in the gaming industry has introduced monetization mechanisms such as lootboxes and gacha, which leverage elements of chance. Although popular, these practices raise concerns about potential gambling and their impact on consumers, particularly children. This study aims to analyze the relevance of Indonesian regulations in governing lootboxes and gacha and identify existing regulatory gaps. A normative juridical method was applied by reviewing primary laws such as the ITE Law, the Criminal Code, and consumer and child protection laws. The findings reveal that while existing laws prohibit gambling, they do not explicitly regulate lootboxes. It concludes that more specific regulations and the establishment of a supervisory authority are necessary to protect consumers from digital exploitation.
... The PODAUS (Gori et al., 2024a) is a self-report scale that assesses problematic dating app use. It includes six items, each reflecting a specific aspect described by the components model of addiction (Griffiths, 2005). Participants rate each item (e.g., "Over time I have increased the amount of time I spend using or thinking about dating apps") on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). ...
... Finally, PODAU was significantly and positively associated with time spent daily using dating apps (supporting H 5 ). This is in line with the theories that identify salience and tolerance as core symptoms of addiction, which imply an increasing allocation of resources to the problematic behavior (Gori et al., 2024a;Griffiths, 2005). While these constructs do not directly assess objective time spent on dating apps, nor does prolonged use necessarily imply addiction, it is reasonable to expect that individuals experiencing salience and tolerance related to their engagement in problematic dating app use may spend more time on these platforms compared to other people. ...
Dating apps have become increasingly popular for seeking romantic partners. However, for a minority of individuals, their use can become problematic, making the study of risk factors increasingly relevant. Moreover, attachment-related vulnerabilities and sensitivity to rejection have been consistently associated with maladaptive relational behaviors and emotional dysregulation, which may increase susceptibility to problematic app use as a compensatory strategy. The present study explored the risk factors for problematic online dating app use among adults who use dating apps to find romantic partners, by specifically focusing on the role of adult anxious attachment and adult rejection sensitivity. A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was used to collect the data. The sample comprised 450 participants (54.9% female; M age = 27.57 years; SD = 6.044) who had used dating apps daily to find a romantic partner. The data were analysed using path analysis to test the hypothesized model. Significant total effects were found in the relationships between the anxious adult attachment patterns and problematic online dating apps use (preoccupied attachment: β = .11, p < .01; fearful attachment: β = .18, p < .001). This association was mediated by adult rejection sensitivity (rejection expectancy and rejection anxiety). Problematic online dating apps use was also significantly and positively related to daily time spent on dating apps (β = .41, p < .05). These findings demonstrate the critical role of attachment-related vulnerabilities and rejection sensitivity in favouring problematic dating app use. Such data may provide useful insight to inform targeted clinical interventions.
... Internet Addiction (IA) is a behavioral addiction with various similarities to other types of addiction such as substance abuse and gambling addiction. Griffiths (2005) has proposed a "components model" of addiction, and introduced six important components of addiction that include salience mood modifications, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflict, and relapse. As for application in internet addiction (IA), this means that the internet has become the center of a person's life, is used to alter their feelings, and needs a certain amount of time to achieve satisfaction. ...
... This study supports Griffiths' (2005) "components" model of addiction, notably with salience, withdrawal, and tolerance in Internet Addiction. The modest impact of withdrawal symptoms shows adolescents psychological dependency on internet use, reflecting other behavioral addictions and underlining the necessity for emotional regulation therapies. ...
This study examines the impact of Internet Addiction (IA) among adolescents in Malaysia using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS). Data from 376 respondents reveal moderate impacts in Withdrawal (Mean = 2.05, SD = 0.61), Tolerance (Mean = 2.34, SD = 0.59), Compulsive Behavior (Mean = 2.14, SD = 0.61), and Health and Interpersonal Problems (Mean = 2.27, SD = 0.55). At the same time, Time Management issues revealed a low impact (Mean = 1.96, SD = 0.66). These findings highlight adolescents' increasing internet dependency and its potential behavioral and health challenges.
... It is seen that this finding agrees with the literature. When the studies are reviewed, it has been reported that the individuals who developed behavioral addiction or addiction to a certain substance use this substance or exhibit this behavior to regulate feelings or feel better (Griffiths, 1993;Griffiths, 2005), and that the adolescents with higher grades have lower behavioral addictions (Young,1996;Young, 1998). Therefore, it is thought that it will be influential for future research to conduct psycho-educational studies related to increasing the academic and emotional self-efficacies of these children. ...
The internet and computers are an important part of the education of gifted children. However, it is emphasized that excessive use for gaming purposes can affect the academic competence of children. This research aimed to identify the impact of online gaming on the development of academic, social, and emotional competences in gifted children. This research consisted of 252 gifted children who studied in special centers for training children with gifted children. The regression analysis was conducted and as a result, it was found that academic competence and emotional competence accounted for 30.30% of online gaming disorder in gifted children; however, social competence was not identified as a significant predictor of online gaming disorder in these children. Additionally, it was also discovered that levels of gaming disorder and academic competence varied by gender whereas social and emotional competences did not. Similarly, it was also demonstrated that the number of siblings and/or the educational background of parents did not have a significant impact on online gaming disorder as well as academic, social, and emotional competence levels in highly gifted children. It is considered important to conduct counseling interventions in schools to improve the self-efficacy of gifted children.
... According to Gri ths (modi ed from Brown) [4], EA has the following six signi cant components. Salience involves the particular physical activity becoming the most important activity in the person's life and dominating their thinking, feelings and behaviour. ...
Background This pilot study aimed to examine the scale of obligatory exercise between two groups of adolescents—the first had members who were diagnosed with eating disorders, and the second included youth engaged in professional sports. Methods This study was carried out with a sample of 45 adolescent psychiatric patients diagnosed with eating disorders and 45 teenagers training in sports departments (track and field, judo and gymnastics). The research group was aged from 14 to 20 years. The sample consisted of n = 50 women, n = 28 men, n = 10 nonbinary, and n = 2 refused to identify their sex. The authors used the following questionnaires: the Eating Attitudes Test – 26 items (EAT-26), the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire (EDQ), the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ) and the Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO). Acceptable measurement accuracy (α > .70) was observed for almost all variables. Results The results revealed that the group of psychiatric patients who were diagnosed with eating disorders presented higher levels of problematic eating behaviours (P < .001), exercise fixation (P < .001), exercise commitment (P = .007), withdrawal symptoms (P < .001), exercise for weight control (P < .001), interference with social life (P = .035), insight into problems (P < .001), and obligatory exercise (P = .038) and lower levels of exercise for social reasons (P = .001), exercise for health reasons (P = .001), and exercise frequency (P = .016). The effect sizes of the differences between groups ranged from medium to strong (measured by Glass's biserial correlation coefficient). The findings of this pilot study indicate that the group of respondents diagnosed with eating disorders exhibited different attitudes towards physical activity compared with the group of adolescent athletes who represented judo, gymnastics, and track and field. Conclusions The obtained results can be used to assess the needs of adolescents seeking psychological and psychiatric support and can contribute to the development of appropriate treatment methods.
... The BSMAS [22] is an adaptation of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale [23] and it contains 6 items reflecting the core addiction elements of salience, conflict, mood modification, withdrawal, tolerance, and relapse [24]. Each question is answered based on experiences during the past year using a 5-point Likert-type scale, with responses ranging from 'very rarely' (1 point) to 'very often' (5 points), thus yielding total scores in the range of 6 to 30. ...
Background
This study examined the relationships among female’s nutrition knowledge levels, diet practices, healthy eating obsessions, body perceptions, and social media usage.
Subjects and methods
The study included 613 voluntarily participating females aged 18–60 years. Data including demographic information, anthropometric measurements, whether they follow a diet or not, and ORTO-R, Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-34), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge (GeSNK) Scale scores were collected.
Results
The participants’ mean age was 28.47 ± 9.38 years. Mean scores were 17.5 ± 5.1 for the ORTO-R scale, 89.2 ± 40.2 for the BSQ-34, 38.6 ± 12.5 for the GeSNK, and 17.3 ± 6.1 for the BSMAS. Statistically significant differences were found among the participants’ total ORTO-R, BSQ-34, and GeSNK scores according to body mass index (BMI) and education level. Statistically significant relationships were also found among total ORTO-R, BSMAS, BSQ-34, and GeSNK scores. ORTO-R scores were positively correlated with BSMAS (r = 0.475, p < 0.05) and BSQ-34 (r = 0.685, p < 0.05) scores, while they were negatively correlated with GeSNK scores (r = -0.117, p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between BMI and BSQ-34 scores (r = 0.380, p < 0.001) and between BMI and ORTO-R scores (r = 0.130, p < 0.001), while there was a negative correlation (r = -0.176, p < 0.001) between BMI and GeSNK scores.
Conclusions
Social media is a fast, important, and effective tool for the sharing of information. Thus, social media may be effective in strengthening individuals’ nutrition knowledge, nutrition obsessions, body perceptions. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide training for individuals to use social media consciously and providing nutritional literacy will be effective.
... This criticism is also aimed at distinctive features of the DSM-5-TR 209 approach that differentiate it from the ICD-11. The basic idea of the DSM criteria is to adapt 210 behavioral addiction criteria from the DSM substance use disorder (SUD) criteria (Brown, 1993; M. 211 Griffiths, 1996Griffiths, , 2005Marlatt et al., 1988). This yields a logically appealing approach that consists 212 of simply confirming that analogs of SUD criteria are satisfied by the target behavior (Billieux et al., degree of a confirmatory approach to unify the study of addictions, suggesting that "addictions should 228 be conceptualized based on similarities rather than differences […] otherwise there is little point in 229 calling such behaviours 'addictions.'" ...
Objective: The study's principal aim was to explore the usefulness of the Harmful Dysfunction Analysis (HDA) in identifying individuals with pathological social media use (PSMU) and potentially other behavioral addictions as an alternative to using DSM-5-TR-based diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders (SUD) or research criteria for internet gaming disorder (GD).Method: Using Swiss data (N = 7,510) from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study 2018, we tested weaker (HDA1) and stronger (HDA2) HDA versions. We examined differences between HDA cases and non-cases, convergence between different scoring methods, and between groups differences distinct to each scoring method (i.e., non-overlapping cases) on measures of physical health (physical activity and body mass index) and mental health (psychosomatic health, life satisfaction, school well-being), with models adjusted for age, gender, migration status, and family affluence. Data from Hungary (N = 3,789) was selected to repeat the analysis as a sensitivity investigation. Results: SUD-based scoring yielded the highest PSMU prevalence of 33.2% while GD-based prevalence was 9%. HDA1 and HDA2 scorings yielded PSMU prevalence of 22.2% and 4.2%, respectively. HDA1-based PSMU cases showed poorer physical and mental health than non-cases with differences of small-to-medium effect size, whereas HDA2 differences were of large effect size. SUD-based cases that overlapped with HDA scoring showed worse physical and mental health than non-overlapping SUD-based cases. Non-overlapping GD and HDA cases showed no significant differences on validators that survived the sensitivity evaluation. Conclusions: HDA may reduce PSMU prevalence while preserving conceptual and clinical validity. The more demanding HDA2 approach exhibited more convincing validator results than HDA1. From the HDA perspective, substantial SUD-based cases were false positives whereas GD-based scoring produced both false positives and negatives. Our findings suggest that further examination of HDA for advancing the conceptualization of addictive disorders is warranted.
... The structure of Griffiths' behavioral addiction model is similar to that of substance dependence and GD in DSM-5 in that it includes craving, loss of control, tolerance, withdrawal, and social disturbance as criteria FIGURE 1 | Flowchart of this study. [14]. As with the other psychiatric disorders mentioned above, our research team also made a reassessment of these behavioral addictions based on the information from the self-reports and patients' doctors under the supervision of the senior researcher (H.M.). ...
Background
Gambling disorder (GD) is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Previous studies have reported that psychiatric comorbidity increases both treatment dropout and relapse among patients with GD. However, little is known about the effects of comorbidity among outpatients with GD either during or after treatment. This study examined this issue in a clinical setting.
Method
60 outpatients with GD (men/women, 58/2; average age, 37.9 years) participated in assessments of the course of multidimensional treatment outcomes (i.e., gambling‐related variables, social impairment, and depressive symptoms) at three time points (baseline, 3 months, and 12 months). We examined treatment outcomes in GD patients with and without comorbidity.
Results
A total of 58.3% of the patients had comorbidities (major depressive disorder, 26.7%; behavioral addiction, 21.7%; anxiety disorder, 15.0%, etc.), while the dropout rates across the study period were 13.3% at 3 months and 35.0% at 12 months. Statistical analyses indicated that the South Oaks Gambling Screen score and the Sheehan Disability Scale score were significantly reduced at follow‐up compared to baseline in both comorbid and non‐comorbid outpatients. There was a significant difference for being still in treatment, where the proportion of individuals with comorbid disorders was significantly higher than those without comorbidities at the 12‐month compared to the 3‐month follow‐up. The proportion of all outpatients who remained abstinent from gambling at 12 months was significantly lower compared to baseline and at 3 months.
Conclusions
Being still in treatment for comorbid psychiatric problems may affect the course and outcome of GD treatment.
... Ergenlik dönemi özellikle değerlerin ve karakterin, hayat tarzının, olumlu davranışların geliştirildiği, tüm hayatı etkileyecek sosyal ve akademik tercihlerin yapıldığı insan gelişiminde kritik bir dönemdir (Bodden et al., 2018;Erikson, 1968). Bu hızlı kişilik gelişimi döneminde ergenler bağımlılık yapan nesnelere karşı erişkinlerden daha duyarlıdırlar (Griffiths, 2005;Kilford et al., 2016;Lemmens et al., 2009;Paus et al., 2008;Yılmaz, 2010). Gelecekteki nüfus değişimine bağlı olarak genç nüfusun nitelikli yetişmesi gerektiği dikkate alındığında bu süreçte gençlerin tüm yönleri ile geliştirilmesi ve ruh sağlıklarının desteklenmesi gerekmektedir (Ektiricioğlu vd., 2020;Kabakçı, 2013;Kawabe et al., 2016;Leung et al., 2018). ...
Bu araştırmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinin problemli internet kullanımının karakter güçleri ve akademik başarı arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Araştırmada nicel desende korelasyonel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2018-2019 Eğitim- Öğretim yılında 10, 11 ve 12. sınıfta öğrenim görmekte olan 1660 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak; Problemli İnternet Kullanım Ölçeği- (PİKÖ-E) ve Karakter Güçleri ve Erdemli Oluş Gençlik Envanteri (KGEGE), katılımcıların demografik bilgilerine ulaşmak için Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularında lise öğrencilerinin tedbirlilik ve öz-kontrol/öz denetim karakter güçlerinin problemli internet kullanımını anlamlı bir düzeyde yordadığı bulgulanmıştır. Ayrıca cinsiyet, okul türü, anne eğitim düzeyi değişkenleri ele alındığında, problemli internet kullanımı bakımından anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu bulgulanmıştır. Tedbirlilik ve öz-kontrol/öz-denetim karakter güçlerinin lise öğrencilerinin problemli internet kullanımını yordamada önemli bir özellik olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Cinsiyet değişkenine göre problemli internet kullanımı açısından erkek öğrencilerin envanterden almış oldukları puanların kız öğrencilere göre daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Okul türü değişkeninde fen lisesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin diğer okul türlerindeki öğrencilere göre problemli internet kullanımı anlamlı şekilde daha az gösterdikleri, anne eğitim düzeyi değişkeninde ise annesi okur-yazar olmayan ve lise mezunu olan öğrencilerin problemli internet kullanımı puanları arasında anlamlı fark olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları sonucunda elde edilen bilgiler literatür doğrultusunda tartışılarak, gelecekte yapılabilecek çalışmalara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
... Studies suggest that excessive use of smartphones may also lead to health risk behaviors such as sleep disorders and insufficient physical activity [6]. The behavior of excessive smartphone use is classified as addictive behavior due to its core addictive characteristics, such as lack of self-control, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and recurrence [7,8]. smartphone addiction has become a social public health issue hindering the healthy growth of young people [9]. ...
Purpose
With the advancement of technology and widespread smartphone use, addiction to these devices has escalated, particularly among college students. This issue transcends mere habit, impacting physical, psychological, and social well-being. Prolonged screen exposure and excessive app engagement contribute to vision and hearing deterioration, alongside heightened psychological stress and diminished social skills. The dual-process theory offers a unique lens to explore the intricate dynamics of smartphone addiction. Incorporating physical activity as a healthy lifestyle choice can bolster self-control and mitigate the allure of smartphones by enhancing physical engagement.
Methods
A total of 559 college students from two universities, Wuhan University of Science and Technology and Central China Normal University, were surveyed using the Physical Activity Scale, Stress Perception Scale, self-control Scale, and smartphone Addiction Burnout Scale. The questionnaire was statistically analyzed using SPSS 27.0 statistical analysis software. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediation model were used to evaluate the relationships among physical activity, self-control, stress perception, and smartphone addiction among college students.
Results
Physical activity was a significant negative predictor of smartphone addiction among college students(β = -0.038, p < 0.001), and with the addition of the intermediate variables (self-control and stress perception), physical activity remained a significant negative predictor of smartphone addiction among college students (β = -0.017,p < 0.01).
Conclusion
Physical activity and self-control negatively predicted smartphone addiction, and stress perception was a negative predictor of smartphone addiction;self-control mediates in physical activity and smartphone addiction;stress perception mediates physical activity and smartphone addiction;self-control and stress perception play a chain mediating role in physical activity and smartphone addiction.
... Drug use has been explained in several ways: as a disease, as a social problem, and as deviant behavior. However, Griffiths (2005) contended that health behaviors have multifaceted components and are strongly influenced by contextual factors, and thus, cannot be sufficiently explained by any single factor. The biopsychosocial framework takes a systems approach to understanding the complexity of health problems, including substance use disorders. ...
Aim/Purpose: This study aimed to identify multifaceted factors contributing to drug use and dependence. It sought to delineate characteristics of two distinct groups of drug users: those incarcerated with pending drug-related court cases, and those who have voluntarily surrendered to participate in community-based interventions. By examining the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors, this research provides a wide-ranging understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving substance use behaviors. Furthermore, the study explored how these biopsychosocial dimensions influence the progression and persistence of substance use disorders. Through rigorous analysis, it aimed to uncover specific patterns and correlations that can inform targeted intervention strategies. Ultimately, this research aspires to enhance the effectiveness of community-based interventions and contribute valuable insights to the broader substance use disorder treatment field. Introduction/Background: The global crisis of illegal drug use remains a significant threat to public safety and health, affecting millions of adults worldwide. In the Philippines, the government’s "Oplan Tokhang" initiative, launched in 2016, led to more than 1.26 million people surrendering to authorities. Although some research exists on the nature of drug use in the Philippines, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding the characteristics of individuals impacted by the Philippine government's anti-illegal drug campaign. Drug use can be explained in various ways, but health behaviors are complex and influenced by multiple contextual factors, making a single explanation insufficient. This study employed a biopsychosocial framework to analyze a multifactorial profile of drug users. By examining biological, psychological, and social dimensions, the research sought to elucidate the intricate interactions contributing to substance use disorders. Research supports that these interconnected factors contribute to the development of substance use disorders. Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional design, involving 564 respondents from Metro Manila, Philippines divided into two groups: 340 voluntary surrenderers and 224 incarcerated plea bargainers. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants, ensuring the inclusion of individuals actively engaged in intervention programs. The study meticulously followed ethical research standards to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the collected data. This approach provided a relevant and focused sample for examining the factors influencing drug use and dependence. Anchored in a biopsychosocial framework, the survey assessed factors related to drug use across three domains: Biological (Substance use disorder, Age of first drug use, Number of drugs used), Psychological (Coping skills, Life skills, Psychological well-being), and Social (Family support, Quality of family life, Perceived community safety). Data analysis was conducted using hierarchical multiple regression and independent-samples t-tests to examine the interaction of research variables and differences between the groups. Findings: The results revealed that the majority of recovering users were predominantly male, had low educational attainment, and primarily used “shabu” (a methamphetamine). Incarcerated plea bargainers reported higher scores on substance use disorder symptoms and were more likely to be poly-drug users compared to voluntary surrenderers. In contrast, voluntary surrenderers exhibited greater life skills and psychological well-being than incarcerated individuals. Life skills emerged as a significant predictor of substance use disorder symptoms for both groups, suggesting that the inability to cope with life demands increases the risk of substance use. Additionally, perceived community safety was a significant predictor of substance use disorder symptoms among voluntary surrenderers, underscoring the importance of supply reduction efforts. These results highlight the necessity to differentiate drug treatment approaches based on the profile of users. Contribution/Impact on Society: The findings of this study underscored the critical importance of adopting a biopsychosocial approach to address the complex issue of drug use. By considering the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors, a more comprehensive understanding of drug use and dependence can be achieved. These results may be used to advocate for the design and implementation of comprehensive community intervention programs tailored to facilitate the recovery of drug users, thereby promoting public health and safety. Recommendations: To further elucidate the relationships among the various factors influencing drug use and dependence, advanced multivariate analytical techniques should be employed. These techniques would enable a more nuanced examination of the interactions between different variables. Additionally, the proposed model should be tested using more rigorous research designs, such as randomized controlled trials, to establish causality and enhance the robustness of the findings. Research Limitations: The study was limited by its reliance on self-report scales, which may be subject to social desirability bias. Furthermore, the differing circumstances under which each group of respondents completed the scales could have influenced their responses. These limitations should be considered when interpreting the results and designing future research studies. Future Research: Given that a significant portion of the participants were unemployed, further research should be conducted to examine the relationship between unemployment and drug use. Additionally, it is crucial to investigate the biopsychosocial traits of populations residing in more rural areas compared to individuals in Metro Manila, as these groups may exhibit distinct characteristics. Moreover, additional variables within the biopsychosocial framework that were not addressed in the current research need to be examined. For instance, factors such as childhood aggression and life stress warrant further investigation, as they may significantly contribute to the development of substance use disorders. Understanding the interplay of these additional variables may provide a more comprehensive understanding of drug use and inform more effective intervention programs.
... We should notice that in our study, the definition of problematic TikTok use was based on its measurement with valid tools such as the "Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale" (BSMAS) [42,43], which measures the level of TikTok addiction among users, and, thus, problematic TikTok use. Developers of the BSMAS identify six components of addiction such as salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict [44][45][46]. In brief, "salience" refers to excessive preoccupation with TikTok, "tolerance" refers to users' need to use social media more and more to be satisfied, "mood modification" refers to the fact that social media may improve users' mood, "relapse" refers to users' failure to cut down the social media use, "withdrawal" refers to the existence of negative emotions when social media usage is stopped, and "conflict" refers to the fact that social media usage may have a negative impact in everyday activities. ...
... Work addiction, or workaholism, refers to a compulsive and uncontrollable need to work incessantly (Andersen et al., 2023). It is often categorized as a behavioral addiction, sharing similarities with addiction to substances like alcohol or drug (Griffiths, 2005;Griffiths et al., 2018). Symptoms of work addiction include being excessively preoccupied with work (salience), using work to reduce emotional stress (mood modification), progressively working longer hours to the same emotional relief (tolerance), experiencing emotional and physical distress when unable to work (withdrawal), prioritizing work over personal, family, and social/or obligations (conflict); attempting unsuccessfully to control work hours (relapse), and facing harm or negative consequences due to excessive work (problems). ...
Background and aims
This study explored the psychological mechanisms linking work addiction to poor physical health among full-time employees. The proposed serial multiple mediation model suggests that work addiction depletes employees’ ability to regulate emotions, leading to addictive eating as a coping mechanism, which creates a vicious cycle that severely impairs physical health.
Methods
The sample consisted of 1,233 full-time employees (aged 25–65 years) in the United States, who completed an online survey assessing work addiction, emotion regulation deficits, addictive eating, and physical functioning.
Results
Among all participants, the rates were 13.1% for food addiction, 9.7% for work addiction, and 3.5% for co-occurrence of food and work addiction. Compared to men, women reported a higher rate of food addiction, but the rates of work addiction were similar for both genders. The proposed model was tested using bootstrapping analysis, and the findings supported the serial multiple mediation model. The indirect effect of work addiction on poor physical health, mediated first by emotional dysregulation and then by addictive eating, was significant. Although the direct effect of work addiction on physical health was reduced when accounting for the mediators, it remained significant. The results also indicated that gender did not significantly moderate these relationships, showing consistent findings across men and women.
Discussion
Work and eating addictions are common among full-time employees. Findings underscore the complex pathway through which work addiction exacerbates physical health problems via emotional and behavioral mechanisms.
Conclusion
Work addiction impacts physical health both directly and indirectly, and is associated with emotional dysregulation and addictive eating. Implementing wellness programs that address emotional reactivity and provide nutrition education is essential to mitigate the negative health impacts of work addiction.
... Esta adicción, descrita como una dependencia compulsiva a los dispositivos electrónicos, interfiere significativamente en la vida cotidiana de las personas. Griffiths (2005) propuso un modelo biopsicosocial de la adicción, en el cual se destacan factores individuales, sociales y biológicos que influyen en la dependencia a la tecnología. En este contexto, Kuss y Griffiths (2011) analizaron la adicción a las redes sociales y sus efectos psicológicos, concluyendo que el uso excesivo de estas plataformas puede generar dependencia, ansiedad y una disminución en la productividad académica. ...
El uso excesivo del teléfono celular es un problema global que afecta el rendimiento académico, especialmente en estudiantes universitarios. Esta investigación analiza sus consecuencias en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la UTEQ, quienes presentan menor concentración y tendencia a procrastinar debido a la distracción constante del móvil. Mediante un enfoque cuantitativo basado en encuestas a 316 estudiantes, se revela que más del 60% sufre distracciones frecuentes durante clases y estudios, lo que impacta negativamente su rendimiento, el tiempo dedicado al aprendizaje y su bienestar emocional. Además, el uso excesivo del celular afecta la calidad del sueño, la organización del tiempo y genera dependencia tecnológica, agravando problemas de salud mental y aumentando la sensación de agotamiento. También se reporta una disminución en la calidad de los trabajos académicos, afectando el desempeño general. El estudio sugiere implementar estrategias para regular el uso del celular en entornos académicos y mejorar la gestión del tiempo para reducir distracciones y estrés. Se recomienda que las instituciones educativas adopten políticas más estrictas sobre el uso de dispositivos móviles para optimizar el aprendizaje y el bienestar estudiantil.
... Ambos manuales coinciden en la necesidad de reorganizar las categorías de adicciones en respuesta a los cambios sociales impulsados por la globalización y la modernización tecnológica, introduciendo una categoría específica para las adicciones no relacionadas con sustancias. Este enfoque abarca las adicciones comportamentales, que Griffiths (2005) define como trastornos generados por comportamientos repetitivos con consecuencias negativas, que el individuo reproduce a pesar de conocer su impacto adverso en su desarrollo social. ...
El estudio analiza cómo el uso intensivo de redes sociales está desplazando las
relaciones familiares tradicionales, favoreciendo la socialización secundaria entre
adolescentes. La dependencia emocional hacia las plataformas digitales y la búsqueda de validación social en estos entornos digitales afectan negativamente la calidad y frecuencia de las interacciones familiares. Además, se observa una mayor vulnerabilidad en las mujeres y en adolescentes con bajo apoyo familiar. La supervisión parental y el apoyo social en el entorno educativo son factores clave para mitigar el uso problemático de redes sociales y sus efectos negativos en el bienestar psicosocial de los jóvenes.
... Although not yet officially recognized as a formal psychiatric disorder, its relationship with impulse control disorders and behavioral addictions led to a large amount of scientific debate [4][5][6]. The five studies reviewed in this editorial offer complementary perspectives with respect to different facets of IA, its relationship with personality, resilience, compulsive use of pornography, potentially problematic gaming behaviors, and the difficulties of diagnosis. ...
Internet addiction (IA) is one of the global concerns of our time, and research continues on understanding its psychological, neurobiological, and behavioral bases [...]
... The fear of abandonment leads love addicts to attempt greater control over others; they feel the need to stay with their partner at all times and may sacrifice themselves to maintain the relationship. Griffiths' (2005) [49] "component" model of addiction identifies key components that constitute love addiction. One such component is the state of withdrawal, referring to the typical psychological and physical symptoms that occur in the absence of a loved one. ...
The present study employed a network analysis approach to explore interrelationships among love addiction, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and interpersonal dependence. The sample included 80 couples (N = 160) in romantic relationships, assessed longitudinally through online self-reports at the study's initiation and three months later. The findings revealed that attachment anxiety correlated strongly with low self-confidence, attachment avoidance related to autonomy, and love addiction showed a positive association with emotional dependence but a negative association with attachment avoidance. These findings underscore the associations among love addiction, insecure attachment patterns, and dimensions of interpersonal dependence. Addressing the core link between love addiction and insecure attachment patterns may enhance the psychological well-being of both partners in a couple.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-025-02605-3.
Over the last two decades, there has been a steady increase in research on problematic social media use (PSMU) in several countries worldwide. However, Jordan lacks validated tools to assess PSMU. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) is the most extensively utilized assessment tool for Social Media Addiction (SMA). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the psychometric validation of a Jordanian version of BSMAS. In a cross-sectional study with 605 users (mean age = 21.7 years, SD = 8.5 years, 55.2% female), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and network analysis were employed. CFA validated the unidimensionality of the Jordanian version of the BSMAS. The reliability was good (Cronbach’s alpha α = 0.79, Omega Macdonald ω = 0.79, and test-retest reliability r = 0.78). The associations between PSMU, depression, anxiety, and stress suggest concurrent validity. The partial scalar invariance of the BSMAS across genders has been established. The t-test results indicated no significant differences in PSMU between men and women, nor between adolescents and adults. Network analysis findings indicated that mood modification and salience are the primary symptoms of PSMU among Jordanians. This study provides evidence that the Jordanian version of BSMAS is a psychometrically reliable tool that can be used in future research on the PSMU in Jordan.
The aim of the study is to examine the leisure consciousness and technology addiction of students studying in different departments of universities on a relational basis. Causal comparison and relational survey methods, which are quantitative research methods, were used in the study. The population of the study is the students who are studying in universities in Turkey in the academic year 2023-2024. The sample consisted of a total of 347 students studying at the Faculty of Education and Faculty of Tourism who were voluntarily selected from the above population through purposive sampling. Data were collected using the Technology Addiction Scale and the Recreation Awareness Scale. Unpaired t-test and ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. According to the results of the research; it was seen that the mean scores obtained from the Recreation Awareness Scale were generally high, and the overall risk of technology addiction was at a moderate level. In terms of leisure awareness, female students had higher mean scores especially in the dimensions of "pleasure-entertainment" and "self-improvement", and third and fourth grade students had higher leisure awareness scores compared to first grade students. In terms of technology addiction, male students had higher addiction scores than female students on the "instant messaging" and "online gaming" sub-dimensions, and first-year students had higher technology addiction scores than third- and fourth-year students. It was found that 5% of the total variance in technology addiction was explained by leisure consciousness. In this framework, it is recommended that researchers should include longitudinal or experimental design studies, and university administrators and student affairs units should systematically encourage students by diversifying recreational activities on campus.
Social media addiction has become a global public health challenge, and understanding its mechanism’s complexity requires the integration of the transitional characteristics of addiction development stages and breaking through the traditional single-reinforcement-path explanatory framework. This study is based on the dual pathway of positive and negative emotional reinforcement, integrating multidisciplinary evidence from neuroscience, psychology, and computational behavioral science to propose an independent and dynamic interaction mechanism of positive reinforcement (driven by social rewards) and negative reinforcement (driven by emotional avoidance) in social media addiction. Through a review, it was found that early addiction is mediated by the midbrain limbic dopamine system due to immediate pleasurable experiences (such as liking), while late addiction is maintained by negative emotional cycles due to the dysfunction of the prefrontal limbic circuit. The transition from early addiction to late addiction is characterized by independence and interactivity. Based on this, a phased intervention strategy is proposed, which uses reward competition strategies (such as cognitive behavioral therapy and alternative rewards) to weaken dopamine sensitization in the positive reinforcement stage, enhances self-control by blocking emotional escape (such as through mindfulness training and algorithm innovation) in the negative reinforcement stage, and uses cross-pathway joint intervention in the interaction stage. This study provides a theoretical integration framework for interdisciplinary research on social media addiction from a dynamic perspective for the first time. It is recommended that emotional reinforcement variables are included in addiction diagnosis, opening up new paths for precise intervention in different stages of social media addiction development.
Young people's addiction to social media is an increasing global phenomenon, fuelled by digital platforms' enormous reach. This review looks at risk factors such age, gender, low self-esteem, emotional distress, loneliness, and sleep quality. Technological elements such as limitless scrolling, algorithm-driven content, and gamification exacerbate addiction. This review examines risk variables linked with social media addiction using research from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and other national and international journals. The review focuses on the mental health consequences, such as anxiety, sadness, poor sleep, academic challenges, and strained relationships, which all have an influence on well-being. To combat this, the study advocates for digital literacy, ethical social media design, emotional resilience, and offline activities, as well as collaboration among researchers, educators, healthcare experts, and social media businesses to safeguard young people. This review provides a critical understanding of the intricate connections between social media addiction, mental health, and well-being, underscoring the need for collective action in a digitally connected world.
Binge-watching has become a dominant mode of media consumption, yet its psychological underpinnings remain insufficiently explored. This study investigates the influence of dark triad personality traits, sociodemographic factors, and TV series preferences on binge-watching behavior. A Portuguese version of the Binge-Watching Engagement and Symptoms Questionnaire (BWESQ) was validated using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), demonstrating strong psychometric properties. Measurement invariance was confirmed across genders through a multigroup CFA, testing configural, metric, scalar, and error variance levels. Model reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, and the average variance extracted (AVE). Multiple linear regression analyses identified significant predictors of binge-watching, including gender, age, professional status, TV series preferences, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. These findings underscore the role of personality traits and demographic factors in shaping binge-watching behavior, offering insights that may inform psychological interventions to prevent excessive or problematic viewing patterns.
Este estudio desarrolló y validó una escala psicométrica para evaluar la adicción a los videojuegos en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes colombianos, basada en el modelo teórico de Griffiths (2005). A partir de una muestra de 385 participantes, se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio. Inicialmente se identificó una estructura de siete factores que explicaron el 62% de la varianza total. El modelo confirmatorio final conservó cinco factores, con un ajuste marginal aceptable y una alta consistencia interna (α = 0.945). La escala permite identificar patrones clave de comportamiento adictivo, como impulsividad y placer en el juego, desplazamiento de responsabilidades, ansiedad e irritabilidad por abstinencia, agresividad y pensamientos intrusivos. Los hallazgos enriquecen la comprensión del trastorno y contribuyen al diagnóstico temprano y al diseño de intervenciones culturalmente adaptadas. La escala demuestra ser válida, confiable y útil para contextos clínicos, educativos e investigativos en población juvenil colombiana.
The rise of short video platforms such as TikTok and Instagram Reels has led to increasing concerns about addiction, particularly among adolescents. This study introduces the Short Video Addiction Scale (SVAS), a concise, reliable tool designed to assess addictive behaviors specific to short video use. The SVAS, adapted from the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), was validated with a sample of 2,959 Chinese adolescents. Results show strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.884) and good structural validity, with a single-factor model explaining 63.9% of the variance. The scale correlates highly with the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (r = 0.768) and depressive symptoms (r = 0.497). The SVAS demonstrates excellent diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.875), making it a promising tool for early identification and intervention of short video addiction.
The current study aimed to improve the understanding of cognitive and metacognitive processes underlying problematic social media use ( PSMU ) by comparing active and passive user engagement and contrasting Facebook and Instagram users. The metacognitive model of desire thinking ( MCMDT ) was utilized to explore these distinctions within a community sample of 337 participants (64% female, M age = 36.10). Participants completed self‐report measures to assess their metacognitive processes, desire thinking patterns, and social media engagement. The MCMDT demonstrated robust fit across all scenarios, with the most optimal fit for Instagram ( χ ² (3) = 0.850, p = 0.838, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000, SRMR = 0.0062, variance explained 59.4%), and the least optimal fit for passive users ( χ ² (3) = 1.151, p = 0.765, CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = 0.000, SRMR = 0.0206, variance explained 45.9%). The initiation and elaboration stages of the MCMDT were supported, but the pathological amplification stage was not. As expected, active users showed better model fit than passive users, and Facebook users had more pronounced verbal perseveration ( VP ) activation during the elaboration stage. Contrary to expectations, Instagram did not display more pronounced imaginal prefiguration ( IP ) activation than Facebook. These results enhance understanding of the cognitive and metacognitive processes driving PSMU , which may contribute to developing targeted interventions. Future research should investigate how VP and IP interact with and influence the later stages of the MCMDT of desire thinking across various populations and contexts.
Bakalárska práca predkladá teoretické a empirické poznatky týkajúce sa fenoménu pornografie, pričom hlavnú pozornosť venuje jej problematickej konzumácií a súvislostiam s psychickými stavmi človeka. Cieľom práce je zistiť súvislosť medzi problematickou konzumáciou pornografie a osamelosťou, sexuálnej nespokojnosťou, depresiou, úzkosťou a stresom. Práca si kladie za cieľ zistiť rozdiely v miere problematickej konzumácie pornografie medzi pohlaviami ako aj na základe frekvencie jej sledovania. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 1876 respondentov, z toho 1084 ženy a 792 mužov. Miera problematickej konzumácie pornografie bola meraná škálou PPCS-18 (Bőthe et al., 2017), osamelosť pomocou dotazníka UCLA Loneliness Scale v3 (Russell, 1996), sexuálnu nespokojnosť škálou Sexuality (The Sexuality Scale) (Snell, Papini, 1989). Depresia, úzkosť a stres boli merané dotazníkom DASS-21 (Lovibond, Lovibond, 1995). Výsledky výskumu poukazujú na významný pozitívny slabý vzťah medzi problematickou konzumáciou pornografie a osamelosťou. Ďalej bol preukázaný pozitívny slabý vzťah medzi problematickou konzumáciou pornografie a depresiou, úzkosťou a stresom. Okrem toho bol zistený aj pozitívny stredne silný vzťah medzi sexuálnou nespokojnosťou a problematickou konzumáciou pornografie. Zistenia výskumu poukazujú na významné rozdiely medzi pohlavím v problematickej konzumácii pornografie, pričom muži dosahujú vyššie priemerné skóre ako ženy. Posledným zistením bol významný rozdiel medzi frekvenciou sledovania pornografie v miere jej problematickej konzumácie, pričom so zvýšenou frekvenciou sledovania pornografie sa zvyšovala aj jej problematická miera.
Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU), an experience associated with symptoms replicable to those of addiction, has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Previous literature suggested that social media subgroups convey varying risks with PSMU behaviours. Theoretically prompted by the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study aimed to (i) identify homogenous profiles of users based on their amotivation, external regulation, identified regulation and intrinsic motivation; (ii) examine the differences in levels of PSMU amongst motivational profiles and (iii) investigate potential differences in PSMU levels for different motivation styles. 276 social media users (18–62 years, Mage = 31.90, SD = 9.94) were assessed using the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) at three-time points, one year apart. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified two motivational profiles: the ‘Low-Risk Motivation’ (LRM; 77.2%) and the ‘High-Risk Motivation’ profile (HRM; 22.8%). As hypothesised, the HRM profile exhibited higher levels of PSMU across waves. However, PSMU levels did not increase across waves. Findings suggest that users endorsing higher levels of amotivation and external regulation (i.e., HRM) convey a greater prevalence of developing PSMU behaviours. Findings indicate that PSMU may pertain as a maladaptive coping mechanism to manage psychosocial deficiencies. As such, these findings provide significant implications for the intervention, prevention and treatment of PSMU.
W niniejszej publikacji starano się przedstawić szeroką panoramę działań
prowadzonych na wielu, często zupełnie innowacyjnych gruntach. Przedstawione
rozwiązania implementowane były w różnych rejonach świata, jednakże
wyprowadzono dla nich rekomendacje oraz wskazówki możliwej aplikacji
w warunkach polskich. Oznacza to jednocześnie, że publikacja może być odczytana
jako zbiór gotowych pomysłów do wdrożenia w warunkach lokalnych.
Dzięki przyjęciu tej perspektywy możliwe było udzielenie odpowiedzi
na zestaw następujących pytań przeglądowych: (1) Jakie są wprowadzane
systemowe rozwiązania ograniczające zaburzenia uprawiania hazardu oraz
minimalizujące straty wynikające z hazardu wśród osób dorosłych? (2) Jakie
działania ograniczające zaburzenia uprawiania hazardu oraz minimalizujące
straty wynikające z hazardu są realizowane wśród osób dorosłych? (3) W jakim
zakresie wyodrębnione rozwiązania mogą być zaadaptowane do warunków
polskich?
This article examines monetization in video games, with a focus on battle and season passes, their risks and their presence, in videogames aimed at minors. Through the analysis of 105 PlayStation 5 titles, this study explored the prevalence of these monetization systems in free-to-play and paid games, along with their impact on game dynamics and player behavior. The findings revealed a significant uptake of battle passes in free-to-play games and a preference for season passes in paid games. These results of this research suggest a worrying connection between aggressive monetization and problematic gaming practices, particularly in titles aimed at young audiences. This study contributes to an understanding of contemporary monetization strategies and their potential impact on young gamers.
This research aimed to understand the experience of being a mother of a baby born after gestational/neonatal losses. The study is qualitative, phenomenological and descriptive. Semi-structured online interviews were conducted with seven women-mothers about the experience of motherhood after experiencing losses, the meanings attributed to mothering and the occupational organization of these mothers. The results were analyzed using Bardin’s content analysis method. The research demonstrated that maternal grief is remembered even after the arrival of the rainbow child, that pregnancy after gestational/neonatal losses was marked by the duality of the happiness of gestation and the fear of experiencing a new loss, that the meanings of being a mother of a rainbow baby/child were subjective, and that the occupations performed by the participants are not only mothering.
This chapter explores the growing issue of smartphone addiction, examining a range of interventions aimed at mitigating its effects. Through a comprehensive review of literature, the chapter investigates behavioral, technological, and societal approaches, such as self-monitoring, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and digital detox programs. Case studies and real-world examples provide insight into the practical applications of these strategies in various settings, including educational institutions and workplaces. Additionally, the chapter identifies gaps in existing research and offers recommendations for future studies and policy initiatives. By synthesizing current knowledge on smartphone addiction, the chapter offers valuable guidance for individuals, educators, and policymakers seeking to address this pervasive global issue.
The chapter explores the rising phenomenon of smartphone and social media addiction, emphasizing its psychological, social, and cultural impacts. As smartphones and social media become integral to daily life, excessive use has raised concerns about mental health, including anxiety, depression, and social isolation. The chapter examines key concepts such as “phubbing,” the neuroscientific basis of addiction, and diagnostic criteria, highlighting the roles of brain regions like the prefrontal cortex and reward mechanisms involving dopamine. Interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness practices, and digital detox programs are discussed, alongside the need for policy measures to promote digital well-being. Integrating these perspectives, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of smartphone and social media addiction and its implications for individual and societal well-being. The chapter attempts to give a thorough grasp of smartphone and social media addiction and its effects on both individual and societal well-being by incorporating these viewpoints.
Background/Objectives: Recently, interest in studying food addiction (FA) in the context of behavioral addictions (BAs) has increased. However, research remains limited to determine the FA prevalence among various BAs. The current study aimed to investigate FA in a clinical sample of patients seeking treatment for gaming disorder, compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD), compulsive sexual behavior disorder, and the comorbid presence of multiple BAs, as well as to determine the sociodemographic characteristics, personality traits, and general psychopathology of this clinical population. In addition, we analyzed whether FA is linked to a higher mean body mass index (BMI). Methods: The sample included 209 patients (135 men and 74 women) attending a specialized behavioral addiction unit. The assessment included a semi-structured clinical interview for the diagnosis of the abovementioned BAs, in addition to self-reported psychometric assessments for FA (using the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2. 0, YFAS-2), CBSD (using the Pathological Buying Screener, PBS), general psychopathology (using the Symptom Checklist-Revised, SCL-90-R), personality traits (using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, TCI-R), emotional regulation (using Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Strategies, DERS), and impulsivity (using Impulsive Behavior Scale, UPPS-P). The comparison between the groups for the clinical profile was performed using logistic regression (categorical variables) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted based on the patients’ gender. The sociodemographic profile was based on chi-square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quantitative measures. Results: The prevalence of FA in the total sample was 22.49%. The highest prevalence of FA was observed in CBSD (31.3%), followed by gaming disorder (24.7%), and the comorbid presence of multiple BAs (14.3%). No group differences (FA+/−) were found in relation to sociodemographic variables, but the comorbidity between FA and any BA was associated more with females as well as having greater general psychopathology, greater emotional dysregulation, higher levels of impulsivity, and a higher mean BMI. Conclusions: The comorbidity between FA and BA is high compared to previous studies (22.49%), and it is also associated with greater severity and dysfunctionality. Emotional distress levels were high, which suggests that the group with this comorbidity may be employing FA behaviors to cope with psychological distress. However, a better understanding of the latent mechanisms that contribute to the progression of this multifaceted comorbid clinical disorder is needed. One aspect that future studies could consider is to explore the existence of FA symptoms early and routinely in patients with BAs.
In the U.K., the major commercial gambling activity in adolescents is the playing of slot machines (commonly known as “fruit machines”). Over the past few years, the negative effects of “fruit machine addiction” have been reported by various helping organizations (e.g. Gamblers Anonymous) and the national press, including allegations of attempted murder, suicide and prostitution as well as a wider incidence of petty crime.
Fifty adolescent fruit machine players from a ‘user population’ participated in a face-to-face interview and questionnaire study examining factors in the acquisition, development and maintenance of gambling behaviour. Nine adolescent males were deemed to be pathological gamblers as measured by the American Psychiatric Association DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria, and a number of serious consequences were reported including gambling debts, truancy and stealing.
The editorial discusses the different concepts of addictive behaviors. The editorial argues the case for a complex systems model of addiction. "Complex" for obvious reasons, and "systems" after Davies (1992), who argues that alternative explanations for excessive behaviour require "the development of a "system" within which drug use is conceived of as an activity carried out for positive reasons, by people who make individual decisions about their substance use, and who may take drugs competently as well as incompetently". Gambino and Shaffer (1979) have emphasized the difficulties of re-integrating research and practice in the area of addiction. The complex systems model corresponds well to the biopsychosocial approach to addiction. From the perspective of the complex systems model, it is possible to consider the interaction of both the common and the unique elements of any specific individual's situation. This includes psychological, physiological, social and cultural factors that may be particular to any individual. The biological effects of any particular behaviour or drug may have a strong relationship with other biological factors, and with the psychological factors and the social factors which interact together during the addictive process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A broad spectrum of pathological gamblers (N = 222) were queried with regard to physical symptoms when attempting to slow down or stop gambling. Results were compared with a control group of substance-dependent patients who gambled at least casually. Sixty-five percent of the pathological gamblers (vs. only 2% of controls) experienced at least one of the following: insomnia (50%), headaches (36%), upset stomach or diarrhea (34%), loss of appetite (29%), physical weakness (27%), heart racing or palpitations (26%), shaking (19%), muscle aches or cramps (17%), difficulty breathing (13%), sweating (12%), and chills or fever (6.5%). In addition, 91% experienced “cravings'and 87% felt “restless and irritable'when attempting to cut down or stop gambling. Contrary to expectations, none of the symptoms correlated with gender, type of gambling, extent of alcohol or drug use while gambling, or self-described alcoholism or drug addiction. Symptoms did correlate with number of hours spent gambling, severity of the problem as measured by proposed DSM-IV criteria, and presence of dissociation.
This paper responds to some of the issues raised by Shaffer's (1996) paper, "Understanding the Means and Objects of Addiction." The authors agree with, and in many respects support, the assertions made by Shaffer with respect to the conceptualisation of the problem of addiction. In particular, that it is the relationship of the addicted person with the object of their behaviour that defines addiction. However, it is argued that in addition to providing an operational definition for addiction, it is important to provide an explicit framework for the development of insight into the 'synergistic nature' of the multiple factors affecting the addiction process. That is, it is necessary to account for both the commonalities and the differences found across the spectrum of addictive behaviours. It is proposed that this might be provided by a 'complex systems' approach to the field of addiction.
If a repeated gamble is subjectively structured into units each consisting of a string of consecutive losses followed by a single win, longer strings will necessarily be less valuable. Longer, less valuable strings will be discounted by delay more than will shorter, more valuable strings. This implies that the whole gamble's expected, delay-discounted value will increase as delay discounting increases. With this restructuring, even games of (objectively) negative expected value, such as those at casinos, may be subjectively positive. The steeper the delay discounting, the greater the subjective value of the gamble (over normal ranges of discounting steepness). Frequent gamblers, who value gambles highly, would thus be expected to discount delayed rewards more steeply than would nongamblers.
The distinction between occasional heroin use and addictive use is fundamental. Occasional use does not necessitate an urgent quest for contacts and money to procure the drug. Nor does it necessarily precipitate the changes in interests, mood, and leisure activities that characterize the addict's life.Norman Zinberg, MD, is an internationally respected authority on the use of psychoactive substances. He is the director of psychiatric training at The Cambridge Hospital and a professor of psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School.Zinberg contends that the use of any drug involves values and rules of conduct, which he calls social sanctions, as well as patterns of behavior, which he calls social rituals. Zinberg argues that American culture minimizes the importance of social mores that can enhance our capacity to control use. He is convinced that the term "drug abuse" must be dropped from our vocabulary if we are to understand why and
Many attempts have been made to define and measure problem exercising but there has not been any successful attempt to produce a psychometrically sound assessment instrument. The aim of the present study was to develop a psychometric instrument (the Exercise Addiction Inventory, EAI) capable of identifying people at risk from exercise addiction. The intention was to develop a short form inventory that would be quick and simple to administer. The EAI was operationalised using the components of behavioural addiction proposed by Griffiths (Griffiths, M.D. (1996). Behavioural addiction: an issue for everybody? Journal of Workplace Learning, 8(3), 19-25). The study presents the psychometric properties of the EAI, which are manifested in very good internal reliability, content validity, concurrent validity, and construct validity. It is concluded that the EAI could be a valid and reliable instrument capable of quickly and easily identifying individuals at risk from exercise addiction.
depicts academic psychology as a subplot within the history of modernism and argues that the psychology of practice, unlike academic psychology, is configured as a postmodern science
points to studies that show that psychotherapists rarely find psychological research relevant for practice, and that they have to build up a second body of knowledge / the practitioners' expert knowledge is dynamic and context dependent / argue that this largely oral knowledge of practice is in tune with postmodern ideas of knowledge as without foundations, fragmentary and constructed, as well as with the current neopragmatic shift from metaphors of correctness to those of utility (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Suggests that some forms of love are actually forms of addiction, and that these may be potentially more destructive and prevalent than widely recognized opiates. The psychological nature of addiction is outlined, emphasizing how a seemingly idyllic love affair can actually mask a retreat from the world. Case histories are presented, and the effects of social forces (e.g., the nuclear family, schools, jobs, and the medical and psychiatric establishments) on the individual's sense of adequacy are examined. (6 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Summarizes existing psychological data on TV addiction and TV addicts and presents 4 theoretical models of TV addiction. These models suggest that TV addiction is (1) based on TV's effects on imagination and fantasy life, (2) a function of TV's effects on arousal level, (3) a manifestation of oral, dependent, or addictive personality, and (4) a distinct pattern of uses and gratifications associated with the TV medium. Research indicates that the TV medium can effectively relax and distract viewers and decrease negative affect. Viewers may come to depend on this effect and use the medium to excess. It remains to be determined whether or not such a use of TV for affect modulation constitutes a significant impediment to adaptive functioning for a significant number of persons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Provides an account of core knowledge in the field of addictions for students, academics, professionals and trainees in psychology, psychiatry, social work and related health disciplines. Topics include the origins and processes of addiction to the ways in which people overcome addictions, the implications for interventions, accounts of the different forms of addiction, including alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, gambling, eating and sex, and a psychological model of addictions which challenges former models. A comprehensive review of the research literature with a large reference base is also included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A theoretical model of persistent gambling is described together with the results of two preliminary investigations focusing on poker machine play under ecologically valid conditions. The subjects (N=80), the majority of whom already had experience of playing, gambled with their own money (either with or without a small priming fee), 1) in a laboratory setting on a commercially available machine (Golden Goose) with a genuine opportunity to win and lose (heart rate and subjective measures of arousal were recorded) and 2) in a second study, played under direct observation in a real club setting (subjective arousal, illusion of control and persistence were recorded). The results provided some support for the components of the model, particularly the hypothesized relationship between arousal and persistence.
The phenomena of drug addictions are examined to determine whether the notion of addiction can be extended to the repeated ingestion of nonessential substances which are not drugs or to activities which are engaged in excessively. It is concluded that in neither case can the category of drug addiction be extended to include these other activities without losing the essential meaning ofdrug addiction. A new category of psychological addictions is defined as a persistent behavioral pattern characterized by: a desire or need to continue the activity which places it outside voluntary control; a tendency to increase the frequency or amount of the activity over time; psychological dependence on the pleasurable effects of the activity; and, a detrimental effect on the individual and society. While the heavy gambling of some gamblers may under certain circumstances meet these criteria, it is not clear whether the group selected by the criteria is the same or similar to the group diagnosed as pathological or compulsive gamblers. Furthermore, it is not clear that the activity of gambling involves psychological dependency — one of the listed criteria. Finally, if other prospective criteria, such as a withdrawal syndrome on cessation of gambling, are added, the numbers of problem gamblers who can be described as psychologically addicted will decrease further. Given that excessive gambling can be included as an example of a psychological addiction, it is concluded that not one of the general theories of addiction examined accurately describes excessive gambling as it is portrayed by empirical research.
“Excitement” has often been referred to as the gambler's drug although until recently there was little evidence to substantiate such claims. This study involved the systematic monitoring of the psychophysiology of fruit machine gambling using heart rate measures in 30 adolescent male gamblers. The study was designed to test heart rate differences between regular and nonregular fruit machine gamblers (i.e., between subjects) and differences against the players' own baseline rates (i.e., within subjects). Results showed that there were no heart rate differences between regular and nonregular gamblers although during gambling, both groups' heart rates increased by approximately 22 beats per minute. It was also found that nonregular gamblers' heart rates did not decrease significantly after gambling whereas regular gamblers did. This finding could be argued as the first study to demonstrate an objective measure of gambling tolerance.
This is a description of a young man who is addicted to playing pinball machines. The subject's playing history and playing pathology are outlined using an adapted version of the DSM-III-R criteria for pathological gambling. Such an adaptation of these criteria is proposed as beneficial in monitoring and recording objective measures of all gaming-machine addictions.
The introduction of video games has met with mixed reviews. In the US, an ongoing debate focusing on the potential problems of video game playing has been taken up by parents, politicians and social scientists. A number of the concerns that have been raised about the playing of video games in the US are very similar to the concerns raised about the playing of fruit machines (slot machines) in the UK. This paper attempts to put the on-going US and UK amusement machine debates into an empirical perspective and attempts a comparative analysis of video games and fruit machines by examining: incidence of play, sex differences and psychological characteristics of machine players, observational findings in arcade setting, the alleged negative consequences of amusement machine playing (i.e. increased aggression and addiction), and an appraisal of amusement machines' positive aspects. Future directions and an expanded version of Brown's (1989) developmental model of a pathology of man-machine relationships are also discussed.
High-(N = 22) and low-(N = 22) frequency gamblers were subjected to provocation with gambling or neutral stimuli prior to playing a poker machine. All Ss used a minimum of AS100. HR and subjective measures of arousal were taken throughout. Neither provocation condition resulted in changes from baseline arousal in either group. Playing was associated with increases in arousal in both groups, but significantly greater arousal was shown by high-frequency players.
Reviews the results of selected studies by the authors (1969, 1970, and 1973) on 5,000 patients undergoing treatment for alcoholism. Findings support a multidimensional perspective of alcoholism. Data on the covariations among self-reported symptoms and other drinking-related variables indicate 15 psychometrically independent 1st-order factors and 5 broad 2nd-order dimensions. These factors provide reliable operational definitions of alcoholism that correspond to different constructs and have different relations to variables reflecting etiology, personality, treatment outcome, and life-span development. These factors provide a basis for the diagnosis of a variety of alcohol-related problems and for the design of effective programs of therapy. It is concluded that future research on alcohol abuse should be based on multivariate measurement. (71 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A crisis of categories exists in the body of knowledge associated with the phenomenon of the addictions. This crisis is characterized by (a) the absence of an accepted paradigm for integrating the knowledge in the field; (b) the consequent paucity of facts; and (c) the lack of integration between research, theory and practice. The problem of diagnosis has been brought into focus by (a) the growth of empirical and theoretical knowledge in the field; (b) the emergence of new patterns of substance use; and (c) changes in socio-cultural values and attitudes. Specifically, the categorical concept of dependence has become confusing and unworkable. A recent attempt at reformulation of diagnostic terminology of the field by the World Health Organization is reviewed and two conceptual schemes for identifying, gathering, and ordering the clinical data necessary to support a multidimensional diagnosis of drug dependence and the specification of drug-related disabilities are examined.
I examined the role of society and psychology as its agent in the growing problem of addiction in America. The social institutions of a given society establish and maintain a character structure unique to a particular era. The quality of that character is reflected in its inhabitants' individual psychological natures as either health or pathology. I examined the philosophical roots of psychology, its theories and their effect on perpetuating current erroneous beliefs about addiction, and psychology's role in finding real solutions.
Technology his always played a role in the development of gambling practices and will continue to play a critical role in the development of increased gambling opportunities (e.g., internet gambling). Although technological advance his long been associated with improved gambling opportunities, there is little written in the literature explicitly pointing out this link and its implications for problem gamblers. This paper therefore reviews this situation and examines the technological implications of situational and structural characteristics paying particular attention to slot machine gambling as there has been more empirical work on this type of gambling than any other technological form. The impact of technology on the sociability of gambling is also examined followed by a more speculative evolution of internet gambling as an area of potential concern.
Problem gambling has clear health related consequences
T he United Kingdom is about to undergo one of the most radical changes of gambling legislation in its history. The new gambling bill will provide the British public with increased opportunities and access to gambling like they have never seen before. Gambling legislation will be revolutionised, and many of the tight restrictions on gambling dating back to the 1968 Gaming Act will be relaxed. As a result the number of casinos will increase, and Las Vegas type casinos will be introduced in resorts such as Blackpool. The deregulation of gambling is also coupled with the many new media in which people can gamble. As a consequence of technological innovation, people in the United Kingdom now have access to internet, interactive television, and mobile phone gambling. Given the expected explosion in gambling opportunities, is this something that the medical profession should be concerned about?
Gambling has not been traditionally viewed as a public health matter, and research into the health, social, and economic impacts of gambling is still in its infancy.1–3 Just under 1% of the British population have a severe gambling problem, although the rate is about twice as high in …
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