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Migraine Headaches are Reduced by Massage Therapy
Abstract
Twenty-six adults with migraine headaches were randomly assigned to a wait-list control group or to a massage therapy group, who received two 30-minute massages per week for five consecutive weeks. The massage therapy subjects reported fewer distress symptoms, less pain, more headache free days, fewer sleep disturbances and they showed an increase in serotonin levels.
... The PEDro score of these studies ranged from 5 to 8. Fifteen studies were categorized as goodquality 20,23,24,28,30,31,[33][34][35][36][37][39][40][41][42] and nine studies as moderate-quality studies. 21,22,[25][26][27]29,32,38,43 ...
... Eleven studies had no follow-up period. 20,21,23,[26][27][28][29][30]33,37,38 In four studies, headache parameters were not assessed during intervention. 27,30,41,43 In 11 studies, pain intensity was evaluated as an outcome measure. ...
... 27,30,41,43 In 11 studies, pain intensity was evaluated as an outcome measure. 20,21,24,26,[30][31][32]38,[41][42][43] Nine studies investigated functional disability by questionnaire. 24,31,33,36,37,[40][41][42][43] In six articles, cervical range of motion was examined before and after treatment. ...
b>Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate published randomized controlled trials conducted on the effectiveness of exercise therapy, manual therapy, manipulation, and dry needling on pain intensity and functional disability in patients with migraine headache. Methods: Six databases were searched from 1994 to January 2022. Primary outcome measures were pain intensity and functional disability, and the secondary outcomes were headache parameters, cervical range of motion, pressure pain threshold, quality of life, and psychological parameters. Results: From a total of 663 relevant articles, 172 duplicate articles were removed. Of the remaining 491 articles, 452 articles were excluded based on the titles and abstracts for eligibility criteria. Finally, 24 studies were included for full review. Nine studies had moderate quality, and 15 studies had good quality. Conclusions: The results verified that patients with migraine headache receiving exercise, manual therapy, manipulation, and dry needling showed better progress than those receiving conventional treatment or placebo.
... QoL and headache intensity outcome assessments were the most heterogenous. Even though statistical significant reduction in pain intensity (Davidson et al., 2018;Garrigós-Pedrón et al., 2018;Hernandez-Reif et al., 1998) could be found, it may be difficult to compare and should rather be measured by homogenous parameters, or clinical relevant outcome of reduction rates (Ostelo et al., 2008) in future studies. QoL assessments with high validity and reliability, like the SF-36 (Bunevicius, 2017) and MIDAS (Zandifar et al., 2014) resulted in significant reduction of symptoms and impact on patients life (Espí-López et al., 2018;Garrigós-Pedrón et al., 2018;Hernandez-Reif et al., 1998). ...
... Even though statistical significant reduction in pain intensity (Davidson et al., 2018;Garrigós-Pedrón et al., 2018;Hernandez-Reif et al., 1998) could be found, it may be difficult to compare and should rather be measured by homogenous parameters, or clinical relevant outcome of reduction rates (Ostelo et al., 2008) in future studies. QoL assessments with high validity and reliability, like the SF-36 (Bunevicius, 2017) and MIDAS (Zandifar et al., 2014) resulted in significant reduction of symptoms and impact on patients life (Espí-López et al., 2018;Garrigós-Pedrón et al., 2018;Hernandez-Reif et al., 1998). Happe et al. (2016) was the only trial to examine accompanying symptoms which could be interpreted as improvement of QoL in individuals suffering by aura symptoms. ...
... Tolerability and effect of PT modalities might be more resourceful as (prophylactic) treatment option regarding medication, its side effects and YLD on global economic burden. At least the combination of medication and PT therapy modalities seemed more beneficial (Ghanbari et al., 2015;Happe et al., 2016;Hernandez-Reif et al., 1998) than medical standalone therapy. ...
Objective
To assess the efficacy of physiotherapy on headache intensity, duration, frequency, and quality
of life of patients with migraine and to present the different physiotherapeutic modalities.
Methods
Systematic search strategy by predefined eligibility criteria was conducted in the databases
Web of Science, Medline via PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), the
Cochrane library and PhysioLink. Additional handsearch of reference lists has been performed
and the cut-off date for all searches was the 20th of April 2020. Risk of bias assessment of the
selected studies was performed using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized
trials (RoB2).
Results
Ten studies have been identified in study selection process. One had high risk of bias, eight
did at least have some concerns and one had low risk of bias in the RoB2 assessment.
Interventions used were multimodal physiotherapy (PT) protocol, different
manipulative/mobilization techniques, trigger point (TrP) therapy, lymphatic drainage (LD),
traditional massage (TM) and stretching techniques. Most frequent outcome (9/10) was
headache frequency (9/10), followed by intensity (8/10), Quality of Life (QoL; 6/10) and
duration (3/10). All interventions had significant effects on outcome parameters compared to
baseline (BL).
Discussion
Meta-analysis and statements on superiority of intervention modalities were not possible,
due to high heterogeneity of collected data. Further research on physical etiology and impact
on individual physiotherapeutic modalities must be pursued to establish evidence-based
treatment strategies.
Conclusion
Physiotherapeutic modalities included in this review seemed to be beneficial for investigated
outcomes for migraineurs. Physiotherapeutic treatment could enhance effects of medical
treatment and may result in lowering economic burden of migraine.
... Several reviews of manual therapy for migraine have suggested that combined modalities of physical therapy-such as massage, myofascial release, trigger point treatment, stretching, mobilization, and manipulation techniques-provide significant improvements in headache intensity and frequency. [18][19][20][21] Therapeutic exercise has also been demonstrated to be beneficial for patients with migraine, given it results in reduction of pain intensity and frequency, drug use, and improvement of HRQoL. 22 Manual therapy and therapeutic exercises in patients with TMD result in decreased pain and increased pain-free maximal mouth opening (MMO). ...
... During the study period, both groups continued their medication regimens in accordance with previous studies. 20 For ethical reasons, the participants could not be withdrawn from pharmacologic treatment during the study. All had a similar intake of routine medication consisting of continuous preventive treatment and abortive pharmacologic treatment at the onset of migraine attacks prescribed by a headache specialist neurologist. ...
... In terms of pharmacologic treatment, both groups continued their medication regimens during the study period in accordance with a previous study. 20 For ethical reasons, participants could not be withdrawn from pharmacologic treatment during the study. All had a similar intake of routine preventive and abortive treatment at the onset of migraine attacks. ...
Aims:
To investigate the effects of adding orofacial treatment to cervical physical therapy in patients with chronic migraine and temporomandibular disorders (TMD).
Methods:
A total of 45 participants with chronic migraine and TMD aged 18 to 65 years were randomized into two groups: a cervical group (CG) and a cervical and orofacial group (COG). Both groups continued their medication regimens for migraine treatment and received physical therapy. The CG received physical therapy only in the cervical region, and the COG received physical therapy in both the cervical and orofacial regions. Both groups received six sessions of treatment that consisted of manual therapy and therapeutic exercise in the cervical region or the cervical and orofacial regions. Scores on the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CF-PDI) and the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) were primary outcome variables, and the secondary outcome variables were scores on the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11), pain intensity measured on a visual analog scale (VAS), pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in the temporal, masseter (2 points, M1 and M2) and extratrigeminal (wrist) regions, and maximal mouth opening (MMO). Data were recorded at baseline, posttreatment, and after 12 weeks of follow-up. The α level was set at .05 for all tests and two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for within- and between-group interactions.
Results:
There were 22 CG participants (13.6% men and 86.4% women) and 23 COG participants (13% men and 87% women). The ANOVA analysis revealed statistically significant differences for group × time interaction in CF-PDI, HIT-6 in the last follow-up, pain intensity, PPTs in the trigeminal region, and MMO (P < .05), with a medium-large magnitude of effect. No statistically significant differences were found in the PPTs of the extratrigeminal region or in the TSK-11 (P > .05).
Conclusion:
Both groups reported a significant improvement in CF-PDI, HIT-6, and pain intensity. Cervical and orofacial treatment was more effective than cervical treatment alone for increasing PPTs in the trigeminal region and producing pain-free MMO. Physical therapy alone was not effective for increasing the PPTs in the extratrigeminal region (wrist) or decreasing the level of TSK-11.
... A massagem é uma das técnicas de tratamento mais antigas do mundo, as descrições mais antigas provêem da China, depois da Índia e do Egipto, sendo esta utilizada pelas civilizações mais ancestrais com grande sucesso (Field, 1998;Moyer, Rounds, & Hannun, 2004;Schneider, 1996). Todos eles acreditavam que uma forma de promover a saúde e prevenir doenças no ser humano era através da utilização do toque, das fricções e movimentos de amassar (Field, 1998;Schneider, 1996). ...
... A massagem é uma das técnicas de tratamento mais antigas do mundo, as descrições mais antigas provêem da China, depois da Índia e do Egipto, sendo esta utilizada pelas civilizações mais ancestrais com grande sucesso (Field, 1998;Moyer, Rounds, & Hannun, 2004;Schneider, 1996). Todos eles acreditavam que uma forma de promover a saúde e prevenir doenças no ser humano era através da utilização do toque, das fricções e movimentos de amassar (Field, 1998;Schneider, 1996). ...
... Até há poucos anos, a procura da alta tecnologia e a evolução da farmacologia era predominante como forma de intervenção, em detrimento do contacto físico. Com o aparecimento de conceitos de saúde holística, auto-responsabilização e bem-estar, tudo isto leva à procura de outras formas de tratamento mais naturais, fazendo com que a massagem volte a ganhar um papel preponderante e se comecem a desenvolver estudos metodologicamente bem desenhados que ajudam a identificar os benefícios da massagem e os mecanismos subjacentes (Field, 1998;Field, 2001a;Field, 2006;Field, Diego, & Hernandez-Reif, 2007;Moyer et al, 2004). ...
... (5,6) MT is effective in reducing the frequency, intensity, and duration of migraine headaches. (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) Manual therapies, including reflexology and MT techniques of trigger point therapy and manual lymphatic drainage, are used for the relief of migraine attacks. (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) Spinal manipulation techniques have been shown to reduce migraine-associated pain, but are out of the MT scope of practice. ...
... (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) Manual therapies, including reflexology and MT techniques of trigger point therapy and manual lymphatic drainage, are used for the relief of migraine attacks. (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) Spinal manipulation techniques have been shown to reduce migraine-associated pain, but are out of the MT scope of practice. (9) Cervical spondylosis (CS) is characterized by age-related spinal degenerative changes of the spinal intervertebral discs, migraines. ...
Background:
Migraines involve moderate-to-severe neck and face pain that lasts four to 72 hours, and are followed by fatigue and stiffness. Migraines are treated using medications, massage therapy (MT), and non-pharmacological alternatives. Cervical spondylosis (CS) is characterized by degeneration of the intervertebral discs, neck pain, and involvement of soft tissues in the cervical area. CS is treated using medications and manual therapy, including MT.
Objective:
To determine the effects of MT on cervical range of motion and daily function in a patient with migraines and CS.
Case presentation:
The patient was an active 56-year-old female diagnosed with migraines and CS. Initial evaluation included cervical range of motion (ROM), goniometry, reflexes, myotomes, dermatomes, local sensation testing and orthopedic tests. Assessment was followed by five MT treatments. Swedish massage, myofascial trigger point release, and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching were applied to the back, neck, head, and face. The Headache Disability Index (HDI) was administered on the initial and final visits to evaluate patient function. Cervical ROM was measured pre- and posttreatment using a universal goniometer. Treatment was conducted by a second-year MT student at the MacEwan Massage Therapy Teaching Clinic in Edmonton, Alberta.
Results:
All cervical ranges of motion improved. The Headache Disability Index score decreased, but was not considered significant. The patient reported decreased stiffness in the upper back and shoulders, reduced migraines, and better sleeping patterns after the MT intervention.
Conclusion:
MT was effective in increasing cervical ROM, but had no significant effect on daily function. Further research is warranted on effects of MT on CS and migraines.
... (11) Para se obter o melhor nível de evidência disponível, diferentes estudos (12)(13)(14) realizaram revisões sistemáticas, cujos resultados mostram que há uma baixa qualidade metodológica nos ensaios clínicos desenvolvidos até o momento sobre o uso de diferentes modalidades de fisioterapia no tratamento das cefaleias, (12,13) tornando insuficientes as evidências sobre a eficácia destas técnicas no alívio da dor de cabeça. (15)(16)(17) Além disso, apesar da variedade de ensaios clínicos randomizados no tratamento das cefaleias, muitos não especificam se a população do estudo tem dor crônica ou episódica, (12,13,(15)(16)(17) fazendo com que a melhora após o tratamento possa estar associada apenas à evolução e resolução natural das crises de enxaqueca. Também não há evidências sobre o número de dias, horas de aplicação da intervenção e da mínima diferença importante para o paciente sentir os benefícios do tratamento, pois os estudos baseiam-se em significância estatística. ...
... (11) Para se obter o melhor nível de evidência disponível, diferentes estudos (12)(13)(14) realizaram revisões sistemáticas, cujos resultados mostram que há uma baixa qualidade metodológica nos ensaios clínicos desenvolvidos até o momento sobre o uso de diferentes modalidades de fisioterapia no tratamento das cefaleias, (12,13) tornando insuficientes as evidências sobre a eficácia destas técnicas no alívio da dor de cabeça. (15)(16)(17) Além disso, apesar da variedade de ensaios clínicos randomizados no tratamento das cefaleias, muitos não especificam se a população do estudo tem dor crônica ou episódica, (12,13,(15)(16)(17) fazendo com que a melhora após o tratamento possa estar associada apenas à evolução e resolução natural das crises de enxaqueca. Também não há evidências sobre o número de dias, horas de aplicação da intervenção e da mínima diferença importante para o paciente sentir os benefícios do tratamento, pois os estudos baseiam-se em significância estatística. ...
A intolerância aos movimentos, incapacidade do pescoço e alterações nos músculos pericranianos são aspectos que podem interferir durante as crises de migrânea. A presença destes achados tornou a fisioterapia uma modalidade terapêutica alternativa para as cefaleias. Assim, as desordens estruturais e comportamentais musculares podem promover modificações na biomecânica da cabeça e região cervical, bem como limitações na mobilidade cervical no paciente com cefaleia, as quais podem ser tratadas por meio de diferentes modalidades fisioterapêuticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar as publicações mais relevantes sobre o papel da fisioterapia no tratamento das cefaleias, a fim de fundamentar e direcionar o tratamento não farmacológico destes pacientes. Foi feito um levantamento da literatura, entre setembro/2015 e maio/2016, nas bases de dados MEDLINE/ PubMed, LILACS e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials - CENTRAL, buscando ensaios clínicos randomizados e quasi randomizados sobre o tema. Os descritores do MeSH/DeCS utilizados foram: 'cefaleia', 'modalidades de fisioterapia', e seus equivalentes em inglês. Foram identificados 589 artigos, dos quais 19 foram incluídos, segundo os critérios de elegibilidade. De acordo com os resultados dos estudos avaliados, a fisioterapia promove melhora da cefaleia, dos sintomas associados e das disfunções musculoesqueléticas relacionadas. Entre as modalidades utilizadas estão correção postural, mobilização da coluna, alongamento muscular, técnicas de relaxamento, massagem, exercícios ativos ou passivos, entre outras. Devido à baixa qualidade metodológica da maioria dos estudos, são necessários novos ensaios controlados e randomizados, baseados nos critérios diagnósticos da ICHD, utilizando protocolos descritos de maneira mais detalhada e reprodutível, incluindo a avaliação de efeitos adversos.
... It is known that aerobic exercises were as effective in reducing the frequency of migraine attacks as standard pharmacological treatment with topiramate and tricyclics [10]. In addition, manual therapy interventions targeting the craniocervical region have also demonstrated beneficial results, such as improvement in the quality of life, reduction of pain intensity, reduction in related disability, and a reduced frequency of migraine attacks [11][12][13][14]. However, despite evidence showing that different manual techniques and therapeutic exercises in the craniocervical region are effective in migraine management [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], to date, the effects of cervical muscle strengthening exercises on this population are unknown [15]. ...
... In addition, manual therapy interventions targeting the craniocervical region have also demonstrated beneficial results, such as improvement in the quality of life, reduction of pain intensity, reduction in related disability, and a reduced frequency of migraine attacks [11][12][13][14]. However, despite evidence showing that different manual techniques and therapeutic exercises in the craniocervical region are effective in migraine management [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], to date, the effects of cervical muscle strengthening exercises on this population are unknown [15]. ...
Background:
Migraine is a highly disabling condition and pharmacological treatment is the gold standard. However, several patients have also positive responses to the application of different manual techniques and therapeutic exercises in terms of reducing the intensity and frequency of migraine attacks. Nevertheless, the effects of a neck-specific exercise program have not yet been evaluated in these patients.
Objective:
To determine the effectiveness of a neck-specific exercise program in reducing the intensity and frequency of migraine attacks as compared to a sham ultrasound group.
Methods:
A two-armed, parallel-groups randomized controlled trial with 3 months of follow-up will be conducted. 42 individuals, both genders, aged between 18 and 55 years old with a medical diagnosis of migraine will be included. The intervention group will perform a protocol consisting of exercises for strengthening the muscles of the cervical spine. Participants within the sham ultrasound group will receive detuned ultrasound therapy in the upper trapezius muscle. Both groups will receive a weekly session for 8 weeks. The efficacy of each intervention will be measured by the frequency and intensity of migraine at a 3-months follow-up.
Trial registration:
This study was registered under access code RBT-8gfv5j in the Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC) in November 28, 2016.
Conclusion:
This study will aim to determine the efficacy of a neck-specific exercise program in reducing the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks. If the results show that a neck-specific exercise program is effective in reducing the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks, therapists will have a low cost and easily applicable tool to treat migraine.
... Occipital or supraorbital nerve blockade with localanesthetics, sometimes increased by steroids, have also beenconsidered to be effective in the reliefof migraine. Patients with posttraumatic headachemay respond better than other patients.A single trial of orally administered magnesium (asmagnesium dicitrate, 600 mg/d) indicated that it provided useful prophylaxis.For patients getting the massage treatment, the Hernandez et alstudy also showed astatistically significant decrease in somatic symptoms and the pain scale 17 . The Lawler etal study showed an increase in sleep quality. ...
... Occlusal adjustment is one oftheanother techniquewhich includes dental procedures used to improve a patient's bite, thereby relieving muscle tension in the jaw that might induce or exacerbate migraine pain. Finally, hyperbaric oxygen therapy requires that the patient be placed in a hyperbaric chamber to increase pressurization of the blood gases [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . ...
... Cochrane (1990) identified that adults experiencing unsatisfactory levels of social touch either during childhood or at present, had greatly increased vulnerability to depression. In terms of the therapeutic value of positive touch, massage therapy reduces salivary cortisol, increases urinary serotonin metabolite levels, and reduces depression, stress, anxiety, aggression, and pain (Diego et al. 2002;Field et al. 1996Field et al. , 2004Field et al. , 2005Hernandez-Reif et al. 1998, 2001. Eaton et al. (1986) identified elderly care home residents consumed more calories and protein if they were touched on the shoulder before eating. ...
... Current experiences of positive touch have been identified to promote well-being and be protective against depression (Cochrane 1990;Uvnäs-Moberg et al. 2015). Additionally, positive touch in terms of massage therapy has therapeutic benefits; reducing depression, stress, anxiety, aggression, and pain (Diego et al. 2002;Field et al. 1996Field et al. , 2004Hernandez-Reif et al. 1998, 2001Liljencrantz et al. 2017;Liljencrantz and Olausson 2014). Touch responses have been identified to be context dependent; even when the same touch is delivered, significant differences in central responses have been identified by manipulating the context in which the touch occurs (Gazzola et al. 2012;McCabe et al. 2008). ...
Despite growing interest in the beneficial effects of positive touch experiences throughout our lives, and individual differences in how these experiences are perceived, there is not yet available a contemporary self-report measure of touch experiences and attitudes, for which the factor structure has been validated. This article describes four studies carried out during the construction and validation of the Touch Experiences and Attitudes Questionnaire (TEAQ). The original TEAQ, containing 117 items relating to positive touch experiences was systematically constructed. Principal component analysis reduced this measure to 57 items and identified six components relating to touch experiences during childhood and adult experiences relating to current intimate touch and touch with friends and family. Three attitudinal components were identified relating to attitude to intimate touch, touch with unfamiliar people, and self-care. The structure of this questionnaire was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis carried out on data obtained from a second sample. Good concurrent and predictive validity of the TEAQ compared to other physical touch measures currently available was identified. Known-group validity in terms of gender, marital status and age was determined, with expected group differences identified. This study demonstrates the TEAQ to have good face validity, internal consistency, construct validity in terms of discriminant validity, known-group validity and convergent validity, and criterion-related validity in terms of predictive validity and concurrent validity. We anticipate this questionnaire will be a valuable tool for the field of physical touch research.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1007/s10919-018-0281-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... 9. Rehabilitation after injury. 2,13,15,19,20,21,22,23 Therapeutic massage can help with a wide range of medical conditions, including: 1. Anxiety 2. Arthritis (both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis) 3. Asthma and bronchitis 4. Carpal tunnel syndrome 5. Chronic and acute pain 6. Circulatory problems 7. Depression 8. Digestive disorders, including spastic colon, constipation, diarrhoea and headache, especially when due to muscle tension 9. Gastrointestinal disorders (including spastic colon, colic and constipation) 10. Headache 11. ...
Ilaj bit tadbeer is one of the effective modes of treatment that has been described in Unani system of medicine, in classical text about sixty four different types of regimens like Hammam, Dalk, Riyazat, Fasd, etc. are described. Among them, massage is one of the famous regimens practiced all over the world since antiquity. Massage therapy is increasingly becoming an integral part of a growing number of peoples holistic health regimens. More and more medical doctors are prescribing massage therapy to treat a broad range of medical conditions. Unani scholars have provided a detailed description of the massage under the category of Dalk. It has an effect on both body and mind and is a system of stroking. A manual literature survey obtained from classical Unani texts such as Kulliyat Nafisi, Kulliyat-e-Qanun, Kitabul-Kulliyat, Al Qanoon-Fit-tib, Kamilus Sana, Canon of Medicine and online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science etc. The current review designed to give an overview on massage therapy that can provide several benefits to the body like improved blood flow, reduced muscle pressure, neurological excitability, and increased sense of well-being. Although scientific studies have successfully found many benefits of massage therapy, in recent years massage has gain international attention due to its wide range of effectiveness in management of different types of diseases.
... Hernandez-Reif et al. [16] erzielten in ihrer Studie mit 26 Migränepatient*innen eine signifikante Verbesserung der Schmerzintensität von Prä-zu Posttest innerhalb der Massagegruppe, während die Kontrollgruppe ohne Therapie keine signifikanten Ergebnisse erzielte. Es konnten allerdings keine klinisch relevanten Ergebnisse nachgewiesen werden. ...
Background:
according to the current guidelines preventive treatment of migraine should consist of a combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological forms of treatment. Physiotherapeutic modalities could be an option for nonpharmacological migraine management.
Objective:
the aim was to assess the efficacy of physiotherapeutic interventions on pain intensity, duration and frequency as well as the quality of life of patients with migraine.
Methods:
a systematic literature search was carried out in four databases: the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Web of Science, Medline via PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were published up to the end of July 2021 and examined the effectiveness of physiotherapeutic treatment in migraine patients were eligible for inclusion. Studies that did not examine an adult population, interventions not carried out by a physiotherapist or not reporting an appropriate outcome were excluded. The assessment of the risk of bias was carried out with the revised version of the Cochrane risk of bias tool 2.0. A descriptive and quantitative synthesis using mean difference with a random effects model and 95% confidence intervals were used.
Results:
the present review included 13 RCTs reporting on a total of 595 patients. The risk of bias was high for four studies, low for two studies and the remaining seven studies had some concerns. The interventions examined were multimodal physiotherapy programs, various mobilization techniques, trigger point therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, massage and various stretching techniques. All interventions examined had a significantly positive effect on the selected parameters compared to the baseline values. Especially combinations of various physiotherapeutic modalities showed clinically relevant results.
Conclusion:
the evidence suggests that multimodal physiotherapy treatment is a good supplement to medication and should therefore be considered as a nonpharmacological treatment for patients with migraine; however, further RCTs with a low risk of bias are necessary in order to confirm the effectiveness with high quality evidence.
... In the study conducted by Hernandez et al., on the efficiency of massage therapy in migraine type headaches, a 30-minute massage was applied to 26 patients with migraine pain weekly for 5 weeks. It was reported that patients experienced less pain at the end of the massage therapy and suffered less from trouble sleeping (24). Also, in our study impacted teeth surgical operation was carried out on 100 patients, 10-minute periods of massage three times a day was applied on half of these patients extra orally with menthol containing creams from over the masse-ter muscles in the operation area. ...
Objective: It is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of non-pharmacological pain control methods such as massage application with menthol cream on postoperative pain after third molar surgery.Material and Methods : 100 healthy individuals who were 18-48 years old with impacted third molars were included in this study. Patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n: 50) to which routine treatment group and the group of massage application with menthol cream after the operation. Postoperative pain evaluation was carried out by helping patients mark the degree of pain on the 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) on the postoperative 2nd, 6th, 8th, 12th, 24th and 48th hours and also on 3rd, 5th and 7th days.Results: No statistically significant difference exists between the mean ages and gender distributions of the cases in the groups (p>0.05). There is a statistically significant difference between the groups with regard to VAS levels (p<0.05). In groups, the statistically significant difference was found between mean values of VAS levels (p:0.001; p<0.01). Conclusion: In this study, non-pharmacological pain control methods such as massage application with menthol cream had a significant impact on the postoperative pain after oral surgical procedures. It is considered that these pain control methods can be used safely as postoperative support treatment.
... Finally, pre-game massage seems to significantly improve athlete psychology, with massage being associated with a reduction in pre-game stress in athletes, which contributes to better performance [36] by reducing stress hormones (cortisol and norepinephrine) and increasing serotonin levels [36,37]. ...
Participation in sports, in addition to its positive effects, leads to injuries caused by contact with the opponent or the high loads that develop on the musculoskeletal structures during the sports activities. Sports injuries mainly include (a) acute injuries such as muscle strains and ligament sprains, tendon injuries, dislocations and subluxations, fractures, and skin injuries but also (b) overuse injuries such as tendinopathies and painful myofascial syndromes. Many therapeutic techniques are used to treat these injuries, such as therapeutic exercise, various electrotherapy procedures and soft tissue techniques. Soft tissue techniques aim to promote health and well-being through their mechanical effects on the body’s soft tissues such as friction, compression, tissues sliding and myofascial release. Sports soft-tissue procedures are applied either directly with the hands of therapists such as classical massage or with the use of special equipment such as tools made of stainless steel (ERGON instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization), elastic ischemic bandages (Kinetic flossing technique) and cups (cupping therapy). The following chapter analyzes the therapeutic effects of the above therapeutic interventions by presenting recent scientific evidence that supports their effects on the soft tissue’s dysfunctions of the human body and various pathological conditions.
... [1][2][3] Relief from anxiety and stress are two of the most common reasons people seek out complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments, [4][5][6] with massage as one of the most frequently employed therapies for anxiety. 1,7 In fact, 43 % of participants in the Coordinated Anxiety Learning and Management study endorsed using some form of CAM. 8 As a secondary outcome, anxiety symptoms decreased in multiple studies on the efficacy of massage for medical disorders (see 9 for review) including therapeutic effects in infants who were pre-term, cocaine-exposed, HIV-exposed and full-term [10][11][12] ; decreased pain and anxiety associated with childbirth, labor, severe burns, the post-operative period, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, lower back pain, and migraine headaches [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] ; and decreased anxiety and depression associated with multiple sclerosis 21 and spinal cord injuries. 22 , 23 Previous meta-analyses suggest that massage is a useful intervention for people with problems with anxiety, fatigue, muscle tension, muscle soreness, and headaches. ...
Acute treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder often requires 3 months or more of care in order to optimize response. As part of an exploratory grant we have previously demonstrated that six weeks of twice-weekly Swedish Massage Therapy (SMT) was more effective than an active control in decreasing Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Scores (HAM-A). An additional goal of this project was to determine if an additional six weeks of twice-weekly SMT led to greater clinical and statistical benefit. We found that HAM-A scores did continue to decrease with an additional six weeks of therapy but that the greatest benefit occurred during the first versus the second 12 sessions (−9.91 vs.−3.09, t = 2.21; df = 10; p = 0.052). These preliminary findings suggest that the majority of benefit in symptom reduction occurs in the first six weeks and that six weeks of twice-weekly SMT may be sufficient for the majority of patients.
... Reviewing previous literature, we have found evidence on the benefits of cranial massage in patients with migraine. 25 However, there is no evidence on this type of massage and its beneficial effects on menopausal symptoms. ...
Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of massage in the craniofacial area in menopausal women after the treatment and one month after its completion, and to measure its influence on quality of life in relation to symptoms of menopause, mental health, and body image perception.
Design:
50 participants with menopause, aged 45-65 years, participated in a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: craniofacial massage group (CMG), who received massage treatment (n = 25), and control group (CG), without treatment (n = 25). Prior to randomization, all participants provided demographic and clinical information. Quality of life, mental health and body image perception were evaluated at three time points: at the beginning of the study, at the end, and one month after finishing the treatment.
Results:
A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (RM-MANOVA) was used to determine if mean scores in the criteria differed significantly between time points within subjects. The results obtained indicate that the cranial massage techniques had a large, positive between-subjects effect on our three criteria (Wilks Λ = .83, F(3, 44) = 3.04, p. <.05; Partial η = .17; ƒ = .45) as well as a large, positive between-within subjects effect (Wilks Λ = .64, F(6, 41) = 3.91, p. <.01; Partial η = .36; ƒ = .76). In short, our treatment improved participants' mental health, partially ameliorated the decrease in scores on the Menopause Rating Scale and stopped the decrease in Body Image perception's scores.
Conclusions:
The craniofacial massage protocol, applied to the craniofacial sphere, constitutes a complementary and valid therapy-based therapeutic option for clinicians in the treatment of different symptoms that occur in the climacteric period.
... One of the two studies on massage therapy involved 26 patients with CM, the other was performed with 48 patients with EM. Both studies showed that massage reduced migraine attacks, but a reduction in the severity of attacks was observed only in the CM group (35,36). Another recent study was conducted on 64 patients with migraine, 21 of whom received lymphatic drainage, 21 received traditional massages, and the remaining 22 patients were placed on a waiting list and were not given any treatment. ...
Chronic migraine (CM) is a common disorder that compromises the quality of life of patients, decreases functionality, is frequently misdiagnosed, and has poor response to treatment even when diagnosed. Rare and randomized controlled studies on chronic migraine have revealed limitations within current therapeutic options. While pharmacologic treatment includes acute and preventive treatment options, it may lead to some adverse effects, which challenge the tolerance of patients. An increased number of studies in recent years have shown that behavioral interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), biofeedback (BFD), relaxation techniques and neurostimulation procedures lead to a significant improvement in the treatment of chronic migraine. For this reason, such treatment options are recommended, especially in persistent cases with poor response to treatment. The treatment of chronic migraine is more challenging compared with episodic migraine (EM), and recent studies suggest that non-pharmacologic approaches and neurostimulation techniques will increase the chance of success in the treatment of chronic migraine.
... The healing conducted must not involve direct touching, so as to be able to exclude the beneficial effects of contact/massage therapy. [33][34][35] Articles that did not provide enough information concerning their methodology to allow for quality assessment were excluded as were studies that did not include a comparison condition (typically those involving only pre-post comparisons) and those that did not provide sufficient data to allow for an effect size calculation. To avoid systematic bias, where studies were reported as nonsignificant with no further statistical information, they were coded as having an effect size of zero. ...
Poster, Winner Best Poster Presentation
... Bu yöntemlerin birey tarafından kolaylıkla uygulanabilir olması, analjezikler gibi yan etkilerinin olmaması ve bireye ekonomik yük getirmemesi gibi avantajları vardır 1,2,[11][12][13][14][15][16] . Yapılan birçok çalışma farmakolojik olmayan yöntemlerin gerek yalnız başlarına gerekse farmakolojik yöntemlerle birlikte uygulanmasının ağrının giderilmesinde ya da şiddetinin azaltılmasında etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] . Farmakolojik olmayan yöntemler, Periferal Teknikler, Kognitif (Bilişsel)-Davranışsal Teknikler ve bu iki yöntemin dışında kalan diğer teknikler (akapunktur, plasebo uygulaması, cerrahi tedavi gibi) olarak sınıflanabilir 1,[11][12][13]26 . ...
... Bu yöntemlerin birey tarafından kolaylıkla uygulanabilir olması, analjezikler gibi yan etkilerinin olmaması ve bireye ekonomik yük getirmemesi gibi avantajları vardır 1,2,[11][12][13][14][15][16] . Yapılan birçok çalışma farmakolojik olmayan yöntemlerin gerek yalnız başlarına gerekse farmakolojik yöntemlerle birlikte uygulanmasının ağrının giderilmesinde ya da şiddetinin azaltılmasında etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] . Farmakolojik olmayan yöntemler, Periferal Teknikler, Kognitif (Bilişsel)-Davranışsal Teknikler ve bu iki yöntemin dışında kalan diğer teknikler (akapunktur, plasebo uygulaması, cerrahi tedavi gibi) olarak sınıflanabilir 1,[11][12][13]26 . ...
... Massage has also been tested as a treatment modality for pain (Goslin, Gray et al. 1999;Furlan, Brosseau et al. 2002;Ezzo, Haraldsson et al. 2007;SBU 2010). With regard to headache disorders, decreased headache frequency and improved sleep quality in response to massage have been shown (Hernandez-Reif, Dieter et al. 1998;Lawler and Cameron 2006), presumably through increased muscular relaxation and decreased bodily symptoms of stress (Hanley, Stirling et al. 2003). However, the benefits of massage are controversial, and in a meta-analysis from The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) evidence for a beneficial analgesic effect of massage in pain disorders was rated as "insufficient" (SBU 2010) . ...
... The healing conducted must not involve direct touching, so as to be able to exclude the beneficial effects of contact/massage therapy. [33][34][35] Articles that did not provide enough information concerning their methodology to allow for quality assessment were excluded as were studies that did not include a comparison condition (typically those involving only pre-post comparisons) and those that did not provide sufficient data to allow for an effect size calculation. To avoid systematic bias, where studies were reported as nonsignificant with no further statistical information, they were coded as having an effect size of zero. ...
Objective:
Reviews of empirical work on the efficacy of noncontact healing have found that adopting various practices that incorporate an intention to heal can have some positive effect upon the recipient's wellbeing. However, such reviews focus on 'whole' human participants who might be susceptible to expectancy effects or benefit from the healing intentions of friends, family or their own religious groups. We proposed to address this by reviewing healing studies that involved biological systems other than 'whole' humans (e.g., studies of plants or cell cultures) that were less susceptible to placebo-like effects. Secondly, doubts have been cast concerning the legitimacy of some of the work included in previous reviews so we planned to conduct an updated review that excluded that work.
Data sources:
The following databases were searched: Swetswise, ASSIA, Psych-NET, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, British Nursing Index, Cinahl Full Text, and Informaworld.
Study selection:
Only studies in English were eligible for inclusion. All studies must have examined the effects upon a biological system of the explicit intention to improve the wellbeing of that target; 49 non-whole human studies from 34 papers and 57 whole human studies across 56 papers were included.
Data synthesis:
The combined weighted effect size for non-whole human studies yielded a highly significant r of .258, but outcomes were heterogeneous and correlated with blind ratings of study quality; 22 studies that met minimum quality thresholds gave a reduced but still significant weighted r of .115. Whole human studies yielded a small but significant effect size of r = .203. Outcomes were again heterogeneous, and correlated with methodological quality ratings; 27 studies that met threshold quality levels gave an increased r = .224.
Conclusions:
Results suggest that subjects in the active condition exhibit a significant improvement in wellbeing relative to control subjects under circumstances that do not seem to be susceptible to placebo and expectancy effects. Findings with the whole human database suggests that the effect is not dependent upon the previous inclusion of suspect studies and is robust enough to accommodate some high profile failures to replicate. Both databases show problems with heterogeneity and with study quality and recommendations are made for necessary standards for future replication attempts.
... The healing conducted must not involve direct touching, so as to be able to exclude the beneficial effects of contact/massage therapy. [33][34][35] Articles that did not provide enough information concerning their methodology to allow for quality assessment were excluded as were studies that did not include a comparison condition (typically those involving only pre-post comparisons) and those that did not provide sufficient data to allow for an effect size calculation. To avoid systematic bias, where studies were reported as nonsignificant with no further statistical information, they were coded as having an effect size of zero. ...
... Several studies found that massage (Hernandez-Reif et al., 1998;Lawler and Cameron, 2006;Noudeh et al., 2012) is effective in reduction of pain intensity and stress level in migraine patients, supporting the circumferential support for connection between cervical parameters and migraine. ...
Objectives
to evaluate the association between episodic migraines and the prevalence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius, forward head posture (FHP), neck range of motion (ROM) and cervical facet joint stiffness.
Methods
20 physiotherapy students with episodic migraines and 20 age- and sex matched healthy controls were included in this observational case-control study. Demographics and headache status were evaluated through questionnaires. Active neck ROM, presence of MTrPs, and cervical facet joint mobility were assessed by physical examination. FHP was measured using a lateral digital photograph taken in a sitting position.
Results
No significant differences were found in neck ROM measurements and FHP between the migraine and control groups. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of cervical facet joints stiffness in Occiput-C1 (χ2=4.444, p=0.035) and C1-C2 (χ2=10.157, p=0.001), but not in other segments. Significant differences were found in the prevalence of active and latent MTrPs between the migraine and control subjects in the right trapezius (χ2=11.649, p=0.003) and right sternocleidomastoid (χ2=8.485, p=0.014).
Conclusions
Our findings support the hypothesis that the prevalence of MTrPs in neck muscles and hypomobility in the upper cervical facet joints are associated with migraines.
... 11 It has been shown that general massage therapy (not necessarily deep touch pressure) can increase levels of serotonin in the brain. 12 Thus, it is possible that the hyperactivity observed in individuals with sensory modulating difficulties may be associated with low levels of serotonin. It has been reported that patients with bipolar disorder have reduced levels of serotonin (as measured by levels of 5-hydroxyindoleatic acid , a metabolite of serotonin, in samples of cerebrospinal fluid), although it is important to note that disturbances in the dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic systems have also been observed. ...
Previous studies have shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorders and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience sensory over-responsivity (SOR) in which a heightened response is evoked by stimuli in the environment. These individuals also display symptoms of anxiety such as irritability, avoidance, and sweating. Deep touch pressure, a technique in which firm touch is applied to the body either by the self or by a machine, has been shown to improve functioning and reduce symptoms of anxiety in these populations. A patient presenting with bipolar I disorder and comorbid anxiety, ADHD, and dyslexia was taught deep touch pressure strategies to alleviate severe symptoms of sensory over-responsivity and anxiety. The patient reported that the techniques were helpful as they allowed her to cope with potentially overwhelming situations in her environment. Clinician-rated functioning also improved over the course of treatment. This case study suggests that deep touch pressure may be useful in patients with bipolar disorder who have SOR and anxiety as comorbid conditions. (Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2014; 20:71-77).
... Both groups reported more effective sleep for the last day of the study and the massage therapy group reported less sleep disturbance as well. Improved sleep following massage therapy has been reported in other studies for individuals with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Field et al. 1997), Fibromyalgia Syndrome (Sunshine et al. 1996) and Migraine headaches (Hernandez-Reif et al. 1998a). The report of less sleep disturbance by the massage therapy group might have reflected their more relaxed state as evidenced by their decreased urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine (stress hormone) levels at the end of the study. ...
Sixteen adults diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (M age=58) received 30-min massage therapy or progressive muscle relaxation exercise sessions twice a week for 5 weeks (10 sessions total). Physicians rated participants in the massage therapy group as improved in daily living activities by the end of the study. The massaged group also rated themselves as improved in daily functioning, and having more effective and less disturbed sleep. Urine samples revealed that at the end of the 10 sessions, the massage therapy group had lower norepinephrine and epinephrine (stress hormone) levels, suggesting they were less stressed. The progressive muscle relaxation group had higher dopamine levels, which is interesting in that Parkinson's is associated with a decrease in dopamine. The relaxation group also showed higher epinephrine levels, suggesting that although the relaxation exercises might have been beneficial, some Parkinson's participants might have found the relaxation technique stressful.
... A large number of studies have evaluated the effectiveness of massage in a variety of conditions including depression, attention disorders, pain syndromes, cf. 28 menstrual discomfort, 29 hypertension and blood glucose regulation in Diabetes Mellitus, 30 migraine headaches, 31 Bulimia, 32 and among preterm infants, where they are shown to sleep better, show greater weight gain and develop optimal cognitive and motor development. [33][34][35][36][37][38] Other studies have shown that the massage effects are likely mediated by improving immunity and increasing the activity levels of the bodies natural "killer" cells, [39][40][41] promoting general stress relief, 39 improving circulation, decreasing blood pressure, promoting lymph drainage 29 and a number of favorable psychological changes (e.g., fosters peace of mind, promotes relaxed state of mental alertness, fosters feeling of well-being, reduces social aggressiveness, anxiety and increases awareness of mind-body connection). ...
Purpose: To provide a preliminary evaluation of health out- comes for a type of thermomechanical massage device used in Asia, Middle East, and Europe and now in the United States. The device under study is manufactured by Migun Medical In- struments International (Taejeon, Korea) and has an estimated usage of 24-35 million client-sessions per year worldwide. Methods: findings were obtained from unpublished clinical evaluations of 76 patients (47 female, 29 male; age 16-78 years) across four hospitals in China, and a survey of 238 clients from a Migun demonstration center in Seoul, Korea. Findings: Health professionals in the four Chinese hospitals rated thermomechanical massage as effective among 75-95% of their patients with a variety of musculoskeletal, gastrointes- tinal, neurological and other disorders. Similarly, 91% of cli- ents from the Migun demonstration center in Seoul reported an improvement of 91% overall. The most common health prob- lems of the clients were musculoskeletal (40%), gastrointesti- nal (20%), and nervous system (14%). There were also side effects reported; the most common involved the gastrointesti- nal (15/41), integumentary (12/41), musculoskeletal (5/41), nervous system symptoms (5/41), urogenital and endocrine systems (2/41), cardiovascular system (1/41), and respiratory (1/41) systems. Side effects were generally mild in severity and short term in duration. Conclusions: Although these findings are preliminary, and based upon limited clinical evaluations and self-reported client data, they suggest that thermomechanical devices may offer major health benefits with moderate numbers of relatively mi- nor side-effects. The next phase of the research will be to con- firm these findings in a large, representative sample of thermomechanical massage clients using a new standardized self-reported health and wellness survey before initiating fur- ther studies to assess effectiveness of the device under con- trolled clinical conditions.
... All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2006.03.001 chronic fatigue syndrome (Field et al., 1997b) and migraine headaches (Hernandez-Reif et al., 1998). Moreover, massage therapy has also been shown to reduce anxiety and depression (Field et al., 1992). ...
A randomized between-groups design was used to evaluate massage therapy versus relaxation therapy effects on chronic low back pain. Treatment effects were evaluated for reducing pain, depression, anxiety and sleep distur-bances, for improving trunk range of motion (ROM) and for reducing job absenteeism and increasing job productivity. Thirty adults (M age ¼ 41 years) with low back pain with a duration of at least 6 months participated in the study. The groups did not differ on age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity or gender. Sessions were 30 min long twice a week for 5 weeks. On the first and last day of the 5-week study participants completed questionnaires and were assessed for ROM. By the end of the study, the massage therapy group, as compared to the relaxation group, reported experiencing less pain, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance. They also showed improved trunk and pain flexion performance.
zet Bu çalıĢma, masajın judocularda güdülenmeye etkisinin olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıĢtır. AraĢtırmaya, Türkiye Olimpiyat Hazırlık Merkezlerinde (TOHM), bulunan yaĢ aralıkları, %24'ü 13-15 yıl, %62'si 16-18 yıl ve %14'ü 19-21 yıl olan 50 erkek sporcu ve 50 kadın sporcu olmak üzere toplam 100 judo sporcusu katılmıĢtır. ÇalıĢmada veri toplama aracı olarak 28 maddeden oluĢan Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği kullanılmıĢtır. AraĢtırmaya katılan bütün sporculara masaj öncesi Sporda Güdülenme Anketi uygulanmıĢtır. Daha sonra ise erkek sporculara erkek masör, kadın sporculara ise kadın masöz tarafından 30 dakikalık spor masajı uygulaması yapılmıĢtır. Masaj uygulaması sonrası bütün sporculara Sporda Güdülenme Anketi tekrar uygulanmıĢtır. Bu çalıĢma da masaj öncesi ve masaj sonrası uygulanan Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği anketinin masaj uygulaması sonrası judocular üzerinde, masaj öncesi değerleri ile masaj sonrası değerleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuĢtur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak, masajın güdülenmeye olumlu etkisi olduğu düĢünüldüğünde, performans açısından müsabaka öncesi yapılan masajın sporcuların daha iyi motive olmalarını sağlayacağı düĢünülmektedir. Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether massage has an effect on motivation in judoists. Research, in Turkey Olympic Preparation Center (Toluene), age range are located, 24% 13-15 years, 62% of 16-18 years and 19-21 years, 14% of which 50 men and 50 women athletes in total, including sporcuv 100 judo athletes participated. In the study, Motivation in Sports Scale consisting of 28 items was used as data collection tool. Sports Motivation Questionnaire was applied to all athletes participating in the study before the massage. Then, male masseurs were given to male athletes and 30-minute sports massage was given to female athletes by female masseuse. After the massage application, the Motivation Questionnaire in Sports was administered to all athletes again. In this study, a significant difference was found between pre-massage and post-massage values of judoists after massage application of the Sports Motivation Scale questionnaire applied before and after massage (p <0.05). As a result, considering that massage has a positive effect on motivation, it is thought that pre-competition massage will provide better motivation for athletes in terms of performance.
Background:
Nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced headache is the most common side effect of nitrate therapy and negatively affects the quality of life.
Aims:
To assess the preventive and severity-reducing effect of cold compresses applied to the bilateral frontotemporal and occipital regions, where pain is most frequently experienced, for headache among individuals receiving intravenous NTG treatment.
Study design:
This research used an observational, two-group, pretest-posttest design and was completed from October 2020 to May 2021 in the coronary intensive care unit of a state hospital located in the north of Turkey. The first group in the research had cold compresses applied for 20 min with the aid of an applicator at the start of NTG infusion, while the second group had the same implementation when headache developed during infusion.
Results:
Both groups were similar in terms of the demographic and clinical features of participants. In our study, more headache was observed in the group without local cold compresses at the start of infusion (53.3%) compared with the group with local cold compresses at the start of infusion (25.8%) (χ2 = 4.841, p = .028). In both groups, the heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure values of patients significantly approached normal values after cold compresses. Patients with local cold compresses applied when headache developed had significantly different visual analog scale scores before (5.75) and after (2.00) the cold compresses application (z = 3.558, p = .000).
Conclusion:
At the beginning of the infusion, local cold compresses application may prevent NTG-induced headache in patients without headache, and local cold compresses applied when headache develops may reduce the severity of NTG-induced headache.
Relevance to clinical practice:
Application of cold compresses immediately when treatment begins is recommended as a simple and effective practice with no side effects for patients receiving NTG treatment.
Objective: Weakness in the sensory-deep receptors of the sole is one of the essential factors in lower limb movement disorders and balance in blindness. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect and durability of foot massage techniques on the balance of the blindness
Methods: The present study was a one-way blind with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical sample consisted of 30 blind boys aged 20-30 years randomly divided into three groups of 10 people. The protocol of massage methods was performed on the samples for 21 days. Biodex balance system was used to evaluate the balance. The normality of the data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the differences within the group. The ANOVA test was used to examine the differences between the groups at the significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results of the intra-group test showed that all three methods of foot massage improved static and dynamic balance in the blind (P0.05) only on the general surface index. There is a significant difference in the dynamics of hand massage compared to the other two massages (P
Many patients turn to mind-body therapies for headache because standard pharmacological treatments have many shortcomings, while others incorporate these therapies into their treatment plan as adjuncts. This chapter aims to define commonly used mind-body therapies, to discuss the evidence that supports their use in headache treatment, and to explore how to counsel patients regarding the best way to incorporate these therapies into a comprehensive treatment plan. Within the class of mind-body therapies that will be discussed in this chapter, biofeedback has the highest level of evidence for treatment of headache, followed by acupuncture. There is growing evidence that mindfulness meditation and progressive muscle relaxation are beneficial modalities for headache. Massage, tai chi, and yoga are becoming more widely used therapies for the prevention and treatment of headaches, but their effectiveness remains in question, especially when compared to pharmacological treatments.
The manipulation-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies assessed for headache include acupuncture, acupressure, dry needling, chiropractic manipulation (spinal manipulative and mobilization therapy), massage, craniosacral therapy, and reflexology. Several other complementary therapies discussed include aromatherapy, hydrotherapy, daith piercing, and hyperbaric oxygen administration. The strongest evidence for acupuncture is for chronic migraine, and cost analyses suggest it may have overall cost benefit, but methodologic concerns of the research limit interpretation and generalizability of results. There is some evidence for spinal manipulative therapy for chronic cervicogenic headache or chronic tension-type headache, but most chiropractic studies also have major methodologic limitations. The potential for major adverse events, such as cervical dissection or stroke, limits more widespread recommendation for use. The limited data supporting the use of massage, craniosacral therapy, reflexology, aromatherapy, hydrotherapy, daith piercing, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment for chronic headache conditions precludes any recommendations.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of foot massages on physiological and psychological indicators, which reflect stress condition in healthy women volunteers. The subjects were 12 healthy adult women (23-44 years of age) who received both 20 minute foot massages and 20 minutes of quiet bed rest. Plasma catecholamines, plasma serotonin, blood pressure, pulse, VAS, and POMS were measured. The results showed that plasma noradrenaline, blood pressure, and pulse decreased with foot massages, and plasma serotonin increased. In simultaneously measured VAS and POMS, sensations of comfort, relaxation, and energy increased, and tension-anxiety, depression-mood dips, fatigue, and confusion decreased. This demonstrated that foot massages affect physiological and psychological indicators of stress, and suggests that they are an effective means to improve physiological and psychological stress responses of the level that are held by healthy adult women.
Patients have long combined complementary practices with more conventional Western medicine. Contrary to popular belief by many in the medical community, there is substantial evidence that certain types of complementary therapies are effective for migraine. Studies have shown that Petasites, acupuncture, relaxation training, biofeedback, and cognitive behavior therapy have been established with Class A evidence of effectiveness for treating migraine headache. Magnesium, feverfew, riboflavin, and exercise have been shown to probably be effective, while Co-Q10, phytoestrogens, chiropractic therapies, massage, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and hypnotherapy have been shown to be possibly effective. Use of these therapies alone, or combined with conventional therapies has yielded good results for many patients. This chapter will review integrative medicine and the evidence to support its use in migraine headache.
As migraine transforms from episodic to chronic, there is a commensurate need for the incorporation of behavioral interventions. Behavioral intervention reduces reliance on passive interventions. Better outcomes are achieved when behavioral therapies are included with medications. Behavioral therapies include relaxation (biofeedback, guided imagery, meditation), exercise (yoga, aerobic), and schedule management (sleep, diet). Migraine patients should set aside time in their schedule for their daily behavioral treatment.
One in six American adults received massage therapy in 2006, with nearly 40% of the population having received at least one massage in their lifetime. The age group with the highest usage is between the ages of 21 and 34 years; suggesting that the popularity of massage therapy will only continue to grow. In 2007, there were over 240,000 trained massage therapists in the United States, which represents a 27% increase in 2 years. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported that nearly one-half of all people take at least one prescription medication and one in six take three or more medications. Unlike those that receive massages, the largest consumer of prescription medications are those over the age of 65. A recent systematic review of ambulatory patients found the median incidence of adverse drug events (ADEs) to be 14.9 (range 4.0-91.3) per 1,000 person-months. One mechanism to reduce to the likelihood for ADEs is for health care professionals to perform an adequate medication given orally, and massage does not affect the absorption of the drug. However, if the drug is given by injection, the are should not be massaged for at least 2 hours. Copyright © 2000-2009 Jobson Medical Information LLC unless otherwise noted. All rights reserved.
Background: Premenstrual syndrome is characterized by the cyclic occurrence physical, psychological and behavioral symptoms during the luteal phase of the menstruation cycle and will be disappear within a few days of the onset of menstruation. The aim of this research was to assess the effect of massage therapy on premenstrual syndrome. Materials and Method: A randomized clinical trial was carried out on 30 volunteer students of Tehran University with PMS diagnosis. After surveying two menstruation cycles and confirming PMS existence, subjects were randomly assigned into massage and control group. Massage protocol was performed for eight weeks. Volunteers completed Daily Symptom Rating (DSR) during 2 cycles before and 2 cycles after intervention. Data collected via data gathering form, criteria for PMS (DSM- IV), DSR and Beck test. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics (χ2, Fischer's exact test, paired and independent t tests).Results: In comparison between before and after intervention, massage group showed significant decrease averagely in mean of somatic (56.7%), psychological (64.8%) (p
This pilot study was designed to examine the effects of mixed Light Touch Manual Therapies (LTMT) on headache, anxiety and other symptoms suffered by active duty United States service members experiencing chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Ten service members diagnosed with PTSD and having a self-reported injury to the head acquired at least two years prior, were provided with two hour-long sessions of mixed LTMT given a week apart. Data to assess the immediate and durable effects were gathered before and after the LTMT sessions. Results indicate that headache, anxiety, and pain interference were significantly reduced during the course of the pilot study. This suggests that mixed LTMT may be helpful in reducing some of the symptoms of PTSD and injury to the head. Further studies will be needed to determine if LTMT is an effective non-pharmacological treatment for headache, anxiety or other problems associated with PTSD or injury to the head.
Although many patients with migraine get positive benefits from conventional pharmacological treatments, many others do not benefit sufficiently or experience adverse effects from these treatments. For that reason, these patients usually seek complementary and/or alternative medical (CAM) treatments all over the world. In general, although CAM therapies are not recommended by neurologist in Turkey, most of migraine patients, who do not respond conventional medicine treatments, seek alternative therapy. Acupuncture, botulinum toxin, mind-body interventions, and nutraceutical options are the most popular treatments. In this review, the available evidence for all these treatments will be discussed.
Moderate pressure massage has contributed to many positive effects including increased weight gain in preterm infants, reduced pain in different syndromes including fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis, enhanced attentiveness, reduced depression and enhanced immune function (increased natural killer cells and natural killer cell activity).Surprisingly, these recent studies have not been reviewed, highlighting the need for the current review. When moderate and light pressure massage have been compared in laboratory studies, moderate pressure massage reduced depression, anxiety and heart rate, and it altered EEG patterns, as in a relaxation response. Moderate pressure massage has also led to increased vagal activity and decreased cortisol levels. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data have suggested that moderate pressure massage was represented in several brain regions including the amygdala, the hypothalamus and the anterior cingulate cortex, all areas involved in stress and emotion regulation. Further research is needed to identify underlying neurophysiological and biochemical mechanisms associated with moderate pressure massage.
Increasing numbers of patients use complementary and alternative medical therapies. Use is particularly common in those with chronic diseases such as asthma and cystic fibrosis. Patients and families typically seek such therapies to relieve symptoms and to know they have explored all reasonable, safe options. Abandoning conventional therapies is rare when physicians support families' values and goals. At the Children's Hospital in Boston, massage and acupuncture have become standard treatments for patients admitted to hospital with cystic fibrosis. Our experience and clinical studies support the use of both massage and acupuncture to help decrease pain, anxiety, and dyspnea and to improve sleep in patients with chronic lung disease. Awareness of existing data may enhance availability and provision of acupuncture and massage services for appropriate patients. Additional research is needed to determine the optimal type, timing, duration, and frequency of these services in combination with standard therapies for patients with chronic pul-monary conditions. A sthma is the most common chronic pulmonary disease affecting both adults and children, causing considerable morbidity. The prevalence of asthma appears to be increasing worldwide at a rate of approximately 50% per decade. Nearly 80% of patients report disease onset prior to 6 years of age. 1 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the major cause of severe chronic lung disease in children, occurring in 1 of 400 births in Brittany to 1 of 90,000 Asian infants in Hawaii. 1–3 The focus of this review is the use of massage and acupuncture to treat patients with chronic pulmonary disease, especially pediatric asthma and CF. It does not cover other therapies such as herbs, dietary supplements, biofeedback and relaxation therapies, breathing exercises, chiropractic, or homeopathy which have been reviewed elsewhere. 4 –10
The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of electrical massager on stress-related parameters including heart rate variability (HRV), heart rate (HR) using the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal with motion artifact correction. Twenty healthy subjects were randomly allocated to receive a 15-min section of three types ((1) resting mode (control group), (2) light massage mode, (3) strong massage mode). Results indicated that self-report, VAS (Visual Analog Scale) significantly decreased for two massage modes after massage except control group. In strong massage mode, it was associated with significant increases in HF, but significant decreases in LF and LH/HF ratio compared with the light massage mode. For all outcomes, similar changes were not observed in the control group. Also, the result founded that mean HR of all groups decrease. We conclude that electrical massager reduces perceived stress and improves adaptive autonomic response to stress in healthy adults.
Massage, an ancient Chinese healing art, is widely practiced for symptom relief in hypertensive patients with anxiety, depression, headache, vertigo, chronic pain in neck, shoulder and back. A large number of case series and clinical trials have been published. However, it is still unclear whether massage can be recommended as an effective therapy for essential hypertension (EH). We estimated the current clinical evidence of massage for EH. Articles published before 10 December 2013 were searched using Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, Wanfang data and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. Randomized controlled trials comparing massage with any type of control intervention were included. Trials testing massage combined with antihypertensive drugs versus antihypertensive drugs were included as well. Meta-analysis was performed on the effects on blood pressure (BP). Twenty-four articles involving 1962 patients with EH were selected. Methodological quality of most trials was evaluated as generally low. Meta-analyses demonstrated that massage combined with antihypertensive drugs may be more effective than antihypertensive drugs alone in lowering both systolic BP (SBP; mean difference (MD): -6.92 (-10.05, -3.80); P<0.0001) and diastolic BP (MD: -3.63 (-6.18, -1.09); P=0.005); massage appears beneficial for reducing SBP (MD: -3.47 (-5.39, -1.56); P=0.0004) for hypertensive patients as compared with antihypertensive drugs. Safety of massage is still unclear. There is some encouraging evidence of massage for EH. However, because of poor methodological quality, the evidence remains weak. Rigorously designed trials are needed to validate the use of massage in future.Journal of Human Hypertension advance online publication, 3 July 2014; doi:10.1038/jhh.2014.52.
The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of EEG patterns induced by three types ((1) resting mode(control group), (2) light massage mode, (3) strong massage mode in the electrical chair-massager for 15 minutes) in a sample of 16 healthy adults. Changes in anxiety and stress were assessed, and electroencephalogram was recorded. Anxiety scores(STAI: State Anxiety Inventory, VAS: Visual Analog Scale) decreased in all groups. For anxiety scores, the strong massage group showed the greatest decrease in stress. All groups also showed an increase in delta and theta activity, but only strong massage group showed a signigicant difference. All groups showed a decrease in alpha activity. Also, EEG changes in two groups except a control group showed a decrease in beta activity.
Significance: Complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) are widely used however the efficacy of many CAM therapies for specific diseases has yet to be verified. Massage therapy, specifically back massage, used to assist in the management of elevated blood pressure is one such unverified therapy. A pilot study completed in 2002 resulted in significant changes in blood pressure using a repeated application of the 10 minute back massage. Research Aims: This study, evolving from a psychophysiology framework, aimed to determine the long term efficacy of a back massage treatment and possible dosage needed to effectively assist in the management of elevated blood pressure. Primary Research Hypotheses: After adjusting for covariates: A. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) would decrease significantly over time using a back massage treatment in subjects with pre-hypertension or controlled hypertension.B.
There would be a significant difference in the SBP (and or DBP) changes over time using 10 applications of back massage versus five applications of back massage in the subjects with pre-hypertension and controlled hypertension.Methods: A priori power analysis determined the three groups by four time points (repeated measures) design required a sample of 45 participants. The sample of men and women, 18-75 years of age, were recruited from a university setting. Outcome Variables: Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure Potential Covariates: Age, BMI, Medications, Years of Hypertension, Salivary cortisol, and State and Trait Personality Indicators (anger, anxiety, depression). Intervention: Group 1: Ten 10-minute back massages given three times a week for 3.5 weeks. Group 2: Five 10-minute back massages given three times a week for 1.5 weeks. Control (group 3): Ten 10-minute relaxation sessions using learned techniques for 3.5 weeks.
Findings: For participants with elevated body mass index (>̲27.85) in the 10-massage group, systolic and diastolic blood pressure changed significantly over time. The dosage analysis did not clearly reveal the direction of the trends, therefore further exploration is warranted.
Studied children with mild to moderate juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who were massaged by their parents 15 minutes a day for 30 days (and a control group engaged in relaxation therapy). The children's anxiety and stress hormone (cortisol) levels were immediately decreased by the massage, and over the 30-day period their pain decreased on self-reports, parent reports, and their physician's assessment of pain (both the incidence and severity) and pain-limiting activities.
A comprehensive review of empirical findings from controlled studies of nonpharmacological treatments used either alone or in combination with pharmacological therapies for recurrent headache disorders is presented. Overall, the evidence support the value of approaches based on relaxation, biofeedback, and coping skills training. Their effects appear to be long-lasting and comparable to those obtained through the use of medications. The relative benefits, costs, and limitations of combining nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments remain largely unknown. Efforts are being made to enhance the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions by focusing on subgroups of patients that have been identified as nonresponsive and learning how to tailor and combine treatment approaches. Progress in the understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of nonpharmacological treatments remain rudimentary. Basic research is needed to shed light on the ways psychological and biological variables interact in producing migraines and tension-type headaches and to stimulate the development of more effective treatments. Clinical trials focusing on formats for treatment delivery have yielded encouraging results, but cost-benefit analyses are needed to address policy considerations for implementation of nonpharmacological treatments into mainstream health practice.
Infants and toddlers (M age = 1.5 years) with sleep onset problems were given daily massages by their parents for 15 minutes prior to bedtime for one month. Based on parent diaries the massaged versus the control children (who were read bedtime stories) showed fewer sleep delay behaviors and had a shorter latency to sleep onset by the end of the study. Forty‐five minute behavior observations by an independent observer also revealed more time awake, alert and active and more positive affect in the massaged children by the end of the study.
After a 4-wk baseline period during which daily ratings of headache activity were made and all participants took several psychological tests, 91 18–68 yr old patients with chronic headache (tension, migraine, and combined tension and migraine) were given a 10-session relaxation-training regimen. Ss who did not show substantial reductions in headache activity from the relaxation therapy were given a 12-session regimen of biofeedback (thermal biofeedback for vascular headaches and frontal EMG biofeedback for tension headaches). Relaxation therapy alone led to significant improvement for all groups, with a trend for the tension headache group to respond the most favorably. Biofeedback therapy led to further significant reduction in headache activity for all who received it, with a trend for combined migraine and tension headache patients to respond the most favorably. Multiple regression analyses revealed that approximately 32% of the variance in end-of-treatment headache diary scores could be predicted after relaxation and that 44% of the variance after biofeedback could be predicted using standard psychological tests. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Thirty adult fibromyalgia syndrome subjects were randomly assigned to a massage therapy, a transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS), or a transcutaneous electrical stimulation no-current group (Sham TENS) for 30-minute treatment sessions two times per week for 5 weeks. The massage therapy subjects reported lower anxiety and depression, and their cortisol levels were lower immediately after the therapy sessions on the first and last days of the study. The TENS group showed similar changes, but only after therapy on the last day of the study. The massage therapy group improved on the dolorimeter measure of pain. They also reported less pain the last week, less stiffness and fatigue, and fewer nights of difficult sleeping. Thus, massage therapy was the most effective therapy with these fibromyalgia patients.
(C) Williams & Wilkins 1996. All Rights Reserved.
SYNOPSIS
This study investigates the use of biofeedback, relaxation and psychotherapy on five patients with severe, vascular headaches that occurred during the course of pregnancy. The subjects received between four and twelve sessions of treatment overall. The subjects all showed a marked reduction or complete cessation of headaches during treatment, the term of pregnancy, and during a follow-up evaluation months after the birth of the child. Possible alternate explanations for improvement are discussed along with the study's limitations. This preliminary investigation strongly suggests that psychological treatment may be a particularly useful intervention for management of headaches that occur in pregnant women.
SYNOPSIS
A six-week cardiovascular exercise program was provided to 11 subjects classified as experiencing classical migraines, while 9 similarly-classified subjects served as waiting-list controls. Measures included the Canadian Aerobic Fitness test, a headache diary to record the Frequency, Intensity, and Duration of migraine episodes and the Pain-Severity, Affective-Distress, and Support scales of the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI). Measures were taken on both treatment and control subjects before, mid-way through, and upon termination of the first aerobic program, as well as after a two week follow-up. The aerobic classes were effective in significantly improving cardiovascular fitness. Pain Severity decreased significantly for those receiving aerobic training, who also showed (nonsignificant) trends, over the measurement periods, toward reductions in Affective Distress as well as the Frequency, Intensity and Duration of migraines, but these trends failed to reach statistical significance. Control subjects demonstrated no systematic changes in any of the dependent measures. These results suggest possible long-term benefits of aerobic fitness in the management of classical migraines.
SYNOPSIS
Exercise, as a method of migraine management has been discussed theoretically and tested empirically.The consensus is that exercise can help to reduce the frequency, intensity and/or duration of migraineattacks. Conversely, there are case studies which, with few exceptions, suggest that periods of exercisecan precipitate a migraine headache. The literature concurs, however, that one should not attempt exercisewhen in the midst of an attack. The present article presents a case study of a woman who found promptrelief from her migraines with strenuous exercise.
Thirty-four patients having chronic idiopathic headaches participated in a long-term study comparing autogenic relaxation training alone (REL) with combinations of relaxation and electromyographic biofeedback (REL + EMG) or relaxation and temperature biofeedback (REL + TEMP). Assignment to treatment conditions was balanced on demographics and clinical characteristics, as well as headache classification according to muscle contraction or vascular headache symptomatology. The results indicate that REL + TEMP produced no additional improvements over REL following the 8-week treatment program, or at 6-month, or 12-month follow-up. However, REL + EMG produced significantly greater reductions in headache activity measures than the REL and REL + TEMP conditions at all post-treatment time points. Headache activity continued to improve over the follow-up period independent of treatment condition. These data indicate that EMG biofeedback augments long-term clinical improvements in headache patients who undergo autogenic relaxation training.
A 30-minute back massage was given daily for a 5-day period to 52 hospitalized depressed and adjustment disorder children and adolescents. Compared with a control group who viewed relaxing videotapes, the massaged subjects were less depressed and anxious and had lower saliva cortisol levels after the massage. In addition, nurses rated the subjects as being less anxious and more cooperative on the last day of the study, and nighttime sleep increased over this period. Finally, urinary cortisol and norepinephrine levels decreased, but only for the depressed subjects.
21 female patients suffering from chronic tension headache received 10 sessions of upper body massage consisting of deep tissue techniques in addition to softer techniques in the beginning. When found, trigger points were carefully and forcefully massaged. The range of cervical movements, surface ENMG on mm. frontalis and trapezius, visual analogue scale (VAS) and Finnish Pain Questionnaire (FPQ), and the incidence of neck pain during a two week period before and after the treatment, and at 3 and 6 months during the follow-up period together with Beck depression inventory were taken for evaluation and follow-up. The range of movement in all directions increased, and FPQ, VAS and the number of days with neck pain decreased significantly. There was a significant change in ENMG on the frontalis muscle whereas changes in trapezius remained insignificant. Beck inventory showed an improvement after the treatment. This study confirmed clinical and physiological effects of massage.
One year after head trauma, 23 patients with post-traumatic headache entered a prospective clinical controlled trial to find out if specific manual therapy on the neck could reduce the headache. The study was completed by 19 patients (83%). Ten patients were treated twice with manual therapy and nine patients were treated twice with cold packs on the neck. The pain index was calculated blindly. Two weeks after the last treatment the mean pain index was significantly reduced to 43% in the group treated with manual therapy compared with the pretreatment level. At follow-up five weeks later, the pain index was still lower in this group compared with the group treated with cold packs, but this difference was not statistically significant. The pain index for all 19 patients was significantly correlated to the use of analgesics as well as to the frequency of associated symptoms (number of days per week with dizziness, visual disturbances and ear symptoms). It is concluded that the type of manual therapy used in this study seems to have a specific effect in reducing post-traumatic headache. The result supports the hypothesis of a cervical mechanism causing post-traumatic headache and suggests that post-traumatic dizziness, visual disturbances and ear symptoms could be part of a cervical syndrome.
Our previous research has determined that the vascular "cold patch" is a valid diagnostic "marker" and is a persistent constituent of the thermal geography of the external carotid region. It has been suggested by Dalla Volta and Anzola (1988) that the cold patch may be a prognostic index of vascular headache physiology; that is, as headaches improve through the use of vasoactive prophylactic medication, the cold patch would decrease in size or disappear. The purpose of this study is an attempt to replicate these findings. Forty migraine patients were randomly selected, and a thermographic re-examination of the external carotid region (forehead) was conducted. The post-treatment thermogram was then compared to the initial pre-treatment thermogram. Thirty subjects demonstrated an improved condition (IC) and ten subjects a worsened condition (WC). The IC Group exhibited a 73.2% reduction in headache frequency following a mean treatment period of 6.3 months. The WC Group demonstrated a 48.1% increase in headache occurrence at a mean treatment interval of fifteen months. Results demonstrated little thermographic difference between the two conditions. Within the IC Group, 46.7% of subjects exhibited and increase in cold patch size with an improved condition, 40% of cold patches remained stable, 6.7% of cold patches reduced in size, and zero cold patches disappeared with successful treatment. Within the WC Group, 20% of cold patches decreased in size with a worsened condition, 40% increased in size, and 40% remained stable. Chi square analysis determined there was no significant difference in cold patch changes between patients whose headache condition improved or worsened (p less than .70).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SYNOPSISThis study attempts to replicate and synthesize previous headache/MMPI research by investigating scale differences amongst diagnoses and between a control group; re-examining the occurrence of the conversion “V” pattern; evaluating the Kudrow-Sutkus (1979) classification system; measuring score changes which occur with prognosis; and observing the effect that “headache items” have on scale score elevations. Several mean scale scores differed from previous studies. A number of these differences were clinically significant. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) (sex [370 males and females] and headache diagnosis) for each scale determined that males had higher L scores; the control group had higher K scores than post trauma, mixed, or vascular patients; each headache diagnosis had higher 1, 2, 3, and 7 scores than the control group (scales 1, 2, and 3 were clinically elevated in only the post trauma and mixed conditions); scale 9 scores varied between conditions; and scale 10 scores were higher for migraine, mixed, cluster, and post trauma patients. Chi-square analysis determined that the conversion “;V” pattern occurred in a significantly greater degree in headache patients. However, the percentage of occurrence ranged from only 12.50 to 31.03 percent. The Kudrow-Sutkus system correctly diagnosed only 40.08 percent of 90 randomly selected subjects. One-way ANOVA determined that no significant change occurred in group scale scores in 20 headache sufferers who received treatment ranging from a multi-disciplinary hospital program to none at all and whose prognosis ranged from excellent to poor. One-way ANOVA determined that the removal of items which inquire about “headache symptoms” produced significant reductions on scales 1 and 3.The inability of this study to replicate previous empirical investigations raises questions of the MMPI's reliability as a diagnostic classifier in chronic headache. Certain elevations on the MMPI may be the result of symptom measurement and not psychopathology.
Twenty-five patients with diagnosed migraine headaches were randomly assigned to a biofeedback-assisted relaxation therapy group or to a group who relaxed on their own. This study confirmed that the biofeedback trained group significantly decreased pain and medication more than the self-relax group. The best responders were those with the more elevated initial cerebral blood flow values and the changes in cerebral blood flow were specific for the middle cerebral artery.
SYNOPSIS
Twenty-three patients with diagnosed migraine headaches were randomly assigned to a biofeedback-assisted relaxation therapy group or to a group who relaxed on their own. The biofeedback trained group decreased pain and medication more than the self relax group. Cerebral blood flow velocity was measured in the middle cerebral artery with transcranial doppler (TCD). The trained group significantly reduced systolic and mean cerebral blood flow velocity on the side with the highest velocity.
The debilitating effects of migraine might be reduced in patients using an effective migraine medication. The serotonin (5HT1) receptor agonist sumatriptan has been shown in clinical trials to alleviate headache and associated symptoms in the majority of patients treated.
Three hundred forty-four (344) patients with migraine were allowed to treat an unlimited number of migraine attacks for up to 24 months with subcutaneous sumatriptan (6 mg). Open-label oral sumatriptan (100 mg) could be used between 1 hour and 24 hours after the initial injection for treatment of recurrent or persistent headache. On four occasions during the treatment period, patients completed the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey, a general health status instrument; the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, a disease-specific instrument; and a series of questions designed to measure the impact of migraine on productivity and disability.
Treatment with sumatriptan was associated with significant (P < .05) improvements relative to baseline in three of the Short Form-36 Health Survey quality-of-life dimensions (Bodily Pain, General Health Perceptions, and Social Functioning) and three of the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire dimensions (Role Function-Restrictive, Role Function-Preventive, and Emotional Function). Significant (P < .05) improvements in patient-rated productivity and reductions in patient-rated disability also occurred during the trial.
Patients using sumatriptan to treat migraines for up to 24 months experienced improvements in disability and productivity as well as in health-related quality of life as measured either by a general health status instrument or a disease-specific instrument.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the active cognitive ingredients of change in psychological treatments for long-term chronic headache complaints. The primary questions this study addressed were: (1) Is a cognitive self-hypnosis training which explicitly attempts to change appraisal and cognitive coping processes more effective in producing these changes than a relaxation procedure, and (2) are changes in pain appraisal and cognitive coping related to changes in pain and adjustment in the short and long term? A total of 144 patients were assigned at random to a cognitive self-hypnosis (CSH) treatment or autogenic training (AT) with a duration of 7 weeks. Measures used were: Headache Index (HI), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), Coping Strategy Questionnaire (CSQ), Multidimensional Locus of Pain Control Questionnaire (MLPC) and treatment expectations. The results indicated that patients successfully changed their use of coping strategies and pain appraisals. Cognitive therapy was more effective than relaxation training in changing the use of cognitive coping strategies which were the direct targets of treatment. However, treatment effects were only related with changes in the use of coping strategies and appraisal processes to a limited extent and the mediational role of cognitive processes in pain reduction and better adjustment was inconclusive.
Thirty-two depressed adolescent mothers received ten 30-minute sessions of massage therapy or relaxation therapy over a five-week period. Subjects were randomly assigned to each group. Although both groups reported lower anxiety following their first and last therapy sessions, only the massage therapy group showed behavioral and stress hormone changes including a decrease in anxious behavior, pulse, and salivary cortisol levels. A decrease in urine cortisol levels suggested lower stress following the five-week period for the massage therapy group.
Twenty patients with diagnosis of muscle contraction headache were treated for pain relief in a physical therapy clinic once a week for six visits. The previous 3-week period of no treatment served as a control period during which patients recorded by diary their headache frequency, duration, and intensity using a numeric pain scale. Activity level, as measured by the Sickness Impact Profile, and verbal reports of headache frequency, duration, and intensity were recorded at four points during a 1-year period. Measurements were recorded at precontrol, pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up. Treatment included education for posture at home and work place, isotonic home exercise, massage, and stretching to the cervical spine muscles. Results indicated frequency of headaches and Sickness Impact Profile scores were significantly improved (P < 0.001) over the course of treatment. These benefits were maintained after 12 months.
Little is known about how bacteria degrade structural polysaccharides or the regulatory systems that control this degradation. Bacteroides xylanolyticus X5-1 is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium that can grow on structural polysaccharides such as xylan and pectin. In order to determine the response of this organism to specific substrates,B. xylanolyticus was grown on a variety of mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. Electrophoretic analysis revealed no distinct differences in the polypeptide profile of the inner membrane enrichments of cells grown on different carbohydrates. However, distinct differences in protein composition of outer membrane enrichments were clearly observed. The profiles from cells grown on starch, xylan, and pectin were distinct from each other and their respective monosaccharide. In addition, cells initially grown on xylan did not alter their total membrane protein composition after three generations of growth in medium containing xylan and glucose. Thus,B. xylanolyticus X5-1 altered its outer membrane protein composition in response to specific polysaccharide substrates, but analysis of this specific response revealed no evidence that glucose was preferred over xylan as a substrate.
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- V Attanasio
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- E Burke
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- E Rosenblum
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