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Role of ferritin as lipid oxidation catalyst in muscle food
Abstract
Iron was released from ferritin by both cysteine and ascorbate at the pH found in muscle foods (5.5-6.9). The rate of iron release from ferritin was influenced by temperature and ferritin and reducing agent concentrations. Storing beef muscle at 4°C for 11 days resulted in a decrease in the concentration of ferritin antibody precipitatable iron, suggesting that iron is released from ferritin in situ. Physiological concentrations of ferritin catalyzed lipid oxidation in vitro, and heating ferritin increased the rate of lipid oxidation. These data suggest that ferritin could be involved in the development of off-flavors in both cooked and uncooked muscle foods.
... The capability to interact with transition metals such as copper and iron is also an important indicator of antioxidant activity. Transition metal ions, such as Fe 2+ and Cu 2+ , catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species, like the hydroxyl radical, which induce lipid peroxidation [30,[50][51][52]. On the other hand, the chelation of these metals is extremely important to promote their absorption [53]. ...
... For example, the EC 50 value was 2.40 ± 0.04 mg/mL when using NP and AP, while it was nearly ten times higher when BS and P was used. The Protana hydrolysates performed poorly in this analysis, with all the raw materials showing lower effectiveness or producing values that did not allow the calculation of EC 50 . ...
... FPH has been reported to have a weak inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase [46]. Values above 100 mg/mL in IC 50 were expected according to the results reported by Henriques and co-authors for FPH produced with Alcalase from several discarded fish and by-products [40]. Amini Sarteshnizi and collaborators referred a maximum 16.66% inhibition at 20 mg/mL of FPH from Sardinella produced with Alcalase [46]. ...
Co-products from the frozen fish processing industry often lead to financial losses. Therefore, it is essential to transform these co-products into profitable goods. This study explores the production of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) from three co-products: heads and bones of black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo), carcasses of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and trimmings of Nile perch (Lates niloticus). Four enzymatic hydrolysis systems were tested: an endopeptidase (Alcalase, A), an exopeptidase (Protana, P), two-stage hydrolysis with an endopeptidase followed by an exopeptidase (A+P), and a single stage with endo- and exopeptidase (AP). The results show that combined enzymatic treatments, especially single stage Alcalase and Protana (AP), achieved high protein yields (80%) and enhanced degrees of hydrolysis (41 to 61%), producing peptides with lower molecular weights. FPH exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays, with EC50 values below 5 mg/mL. Additionally, AP hydrolysates demonstrated over 60% ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibition at 5 mg/mL, indicating potential antihypertensive applications. The antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer activities were present but at relatively low levels. AP hydrolysates, especially from gilthead seabream, proved to be the most promising. This study highlights the value of fish co-products as sources of functional peptides, contributing to waste reduction and potential applications in food, agriculture, and as nutraceuticals.
... The capability to interact with transition metals such as copper and iron is also an important indicator of antioxidant activity. Transition metal ions, such as Fe 2+ and Cu 2+ , catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species, like the hydroxyl radical, which induce lipid peroxidation [30,[50][51][52]. On the other hand, the chelation of these metals is extremely important to promote their absorption [53]. ...
... For example, the EC 50 value was 2.40 ± 0.04 mg/mL when using NP and AP, while it was nearly ten times higher when BS and P was used. The Protana hydrolysates performed poorly in this analysis, with all the raw materials showing lower effectiveness or producing values that did not allow the calculation of EC 50 . ...
... FPH has been reported to have a weak inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase [46]. Values above 100 mg/mL in IC 50 were expected according to the results reported by Henriques and co-authors for FPH produced with Alcalase from several discarded fish and by-products [40]. Amini Sarteshnizi and collaborators referred a maximum 16.66% inhibition at 20 mg/mL of FPH from Sardinella produced with Alcalase [46]. ...
Co-products from the frozen fish processing industry often lead to financial losses. Therefore, it is essential to transform these co-products into profitable goods. This study explores the production of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) from three co-products: the heads and bones of black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo), the carcasses of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), and the trimmings of Nile perch (Lates niloticus). Four enzymatic hydrolysis systems were tested: an endopeptidase (Alcalase, A), an exopeptidase (Protana, P), two-stage hydrolysis with an endopeptidase followed by an exopeptidase (A + P), and a single stage with endo- and exopeptidase (AP). The results show that combined enzymatic treatments, especially single-stage Alcalase and Protana (AP), achieved high protein yields (80%) and enhanced degrees of hydrolysis (34 to 49%), producing peptides with lower molecular weights. FPH exhibited significant antioxidant activity, in 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, with EC50 values below 5 mg/mL. Additionally, AP hydrolysates demonstrated over 60% angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition at 5 mg/mL, indicating potential antihypertensive applications. Antidiabetic and anti-Alzheimer activities were present, but at relatively low levels. AP hydrolysates, especially from gilthead seabream, proved to be the most promising. This study highlights the value of fish co-products as sources of functional peptides, contributing to waste reduction, and their potential applications in food, agriculture, and nutraceuticals.
... The determination of chelating activity followed the protocol established by Decker and Welch (1990) [26]. Briefly, 1 mL of the sample containing varying concentrations of EPS was mixed with 3.7 mL of deionized water. ...
... The determination of chelating activity followed the protocol established by Decker and Welch (1990) [26]. Briefly, 1 mL of the sample containing varying concentrations of EPS was mixed with 3.7 mL of deionized water. ...
The rationale of the study is to explore the bio functional industrial potential and optimized culture conditions of a Manno glucan heteropolysaccharide MF-1 (purified EPS fraction) produced by a newly discovered mangrove derived fungi Fusarium equiseti ANP2, isolated from the Krishna River delta mangrove sediments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize fungal EPS and Biomass production, achieving a significant 1.4-fold increase to 6.94 g/L in EPS yield and a 2.1-fold increase in biomass production. RSM identified optimal levels of glucose, NH₄NO₃, NaCl, leucine, temperature, and pH, while minimizing the required glucose and nitrogen content compared to conventional methods. Notably, MF-1 exhibited promising emulsification potential (69.5% n-hexadecane emulsification), suggesting its prospective role as a novel emulsifier, particularly for n-hexadecane-based applications. Additionally, MF-1 also displayed a chelating activity for Fe²⁺ ions, suggesting its applicability as a natural chelating agent. The current study optimized the EPS production using RSM design and explored its potential for industrial applications as emulsification and chelating properties of the purified EPS fraction. Future research could explore the structural modifications of the fungal EPS to enhance its functionalities and delve deeper into the mechanisms governing EPS and biomass for large-scale, sustainable industrial production.
... The chelating effect of the extracts was determined according to the method of Decker and Welch et al. (1990) which is based on the inhibition of the formation of Fe 2+ -ferrozine complex after treatment of samples with Fe 2+ ions. Briefly, 250 µL of test material or EDTA at different concentration were added to 50 µL of FeCl2 (0.6 mM in distilled water) and 450 µL of methanol. ...
... The chelating activity of ferrous iron was assessed by measuring the inhibition of the Fe²⁺ferrozine complex formation after incubating G. tunetanum extract with Fe²⁺, following the method of Decker and Welch (1990). Ferrozine quantitatively forms a complex with Fe²⁺, producing a distinctive color. ...
Effect of Extraction Solvent Polarity on Antioxidant Activity of Various
Fractions of Algerian Galium tunetanum Lam
... The Fe 2+ -chelating activity was determined by measuring the formation of the Fe 2+ferrozine complex, as described by Decker and Welch (1990) [22]. The reaction mixture consisted of 0.5 mL of the extract (500 µg/mL), 1.6 mL of deionized water, 0.05 mL of FeCl 2 (2 mM), and 0.1 mL of ferrozine (5 mM). ...
... The Fe 2+ -chelating activity was determined by measuring the formation of the Fe 2+ferrozine complex, as described by Decker and Welch (1990) [22]. The reaction mixture consisted of 0.5 mL of the extract (500 µg/mL), 1.6 mL of deionized water, 0.05 mL of FeCl 2 (2 mM), and 0.1 mL of ferrozine (5 mM). ...
The by-products from three varieties of dates—Mozafati, Sayer, and Kabkab—were subjected to solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger alone or in co-culture with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum or Limosilactobacillus reuteri to enhance their phenolic and flavonoid content, along with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Solid-state fermentation, being environmentally friendly and cost-effective, is particularly suitable for agricultural residues. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant power were observed post-fermentation, especially under co-culture conditions. The highest TPC (12.98 ± 0.29 mg GA/g) and TFC (1.83 ± 0.07 mg QE/g) were recorded in the co-culture fermentation of by-products from the Mozafati and Sayer varieties, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed changes in polyphenol profiles post-fermentation, with reductions in gallic and ferulic acids and increases in caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol. FT-IR analysis confirmed significant alterations in polyphenolic functional groups. Enhanced antimicrobial activity was also observed, with inhibition zones ranging from 8.26 ± 0.06 mm for Kabkab to 17.73 ± 0.09 mm for Mozafati. These results suggest that co-culture solid-state fermentation is a promising strategy for valorizing date by-products, with potential applications in nutraceuticals and/or pharmaceutical products and as valuable additives in the food industry.
... Hydroxyl radical ( • OH) scavenging activity of the formulated snacks were determined using the method earlier described by Halliwell and Gutteridge [29]. Ferrous metal ion (Fe 2+ ) chelating activities of the extruded snacks were evaluated using Decker and Welch [30] method. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was determined using Mau et al. [31] method. ...
... Consumer acceptability of the extruded snacks was carried out following sensory evaluation using thirty (30) semi-trained panelist (both male and female; adults within the age range of 23-45 years old) randomly selected based on their familiarity with extruded products. Panelist were provided with water for rinsing of mouth in between evaluation. ...
... The iron chelating activity of the FPH was estimated using the method described by Decker and Welch (1990), with modifications according to Henriques et al. (2021) [3,34]. All determinations were carried out at least in quadruplicate, and the EC 50 value was determined for each hydrolysate prepared using the conventional methodology. ...
... The iron chelating activity of the FPH was estimated using the method described by Decker and Welch (1990), with modifications according to Henriques et al. (2021) [3,34]. All determinations were carried out at least in quadruplicate, and the EC 50 value was determined for each hydrolysate prepared using the conventional methodology. ...
Fish by-products can be converted into high-value-added products like fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs), which have high nutritional value and are rich in bioactive peptides with health benefits. This study aims to characterise FPHs derived from salmon heads (HPSs) and Cape hake trimmings (HPHs) using Alcalase for enzymatic hydrolysis and Subcritical Water Hydrolysis (SWH) as an alternative method. All hydrolysates demonstrated high protein content (70.4–88.7%), with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) ranging from 10.7 to 36.4%. The peptide profile of FPHs indicated the breakdown of proteins into small peptides. HPSs showed higher levels of glycine and proline, while HPHs had higher concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Similar elemental profiles were observed in both HPHs and HPSs, and the levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg were well below the legislated limits. Hydrolysates do not have a negative effect on cell metabolism and contribute to cell growth. HPSs and HPHs exhibited high 2,2′–azino-bis(3 ethylbenzthiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺ chelating activities, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, with HPHs generally displaying higher activities. The α-amylase inhibition of both FPHs was relatively low. These results indicate that HPHs are a promising natural source of nutritional compounds and bioactive peptides, making them potential candidates for use as an ingredient in new food products or nutraceuticals. SWH at 250 °C is a viable alternative to enzymatic methods for producing FPHs from salmon heads with high antioxidant and chelating properties.
... The chelating activity of smectite-gelatin and illite-gelatin films toward ferrous ion (Fe 2+ ) was evaluated as described by Decker and Welch (1990). One mL of each dispersed films at different concentrations (1, 2, 5 mg/mL) were mixed with 3.7 mL of distilled water. ...
... Fe II-CA of seaweed extracts (1 mg extract dissolved in 1 mL methanol) was determined according to [10]. Absorbance at 562 nm was recorded for standard curve of ascorbic acid. ...
Seaweed is an important natural resource with wide-ranging applications in the food and health industries, due to its bioactive properties. In this study, 30 types of seaweed collected from the Indian coast were analyzed for their antioxidant potential, focusing on total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC), and their ability to scavenge free radicals, such as DPPH and hydrogen peroxide. The results revealed considerable variation in these properties among the species. Padina tetrastromatica exhibited the highest TPC at 52.39 ± 0.51 mg GAE g⁻¹, while Champia sp. showed the lowest at 8.08 ± 1.85 mg GAE g⁻¹. For flavonoid content, Spatoglossum asperum had the highest value at 49.68 ± 1.4 mg QE g⁻¹, and Padina gymnospora the lowest at 14.84 ± 1.25 mg QE g⁻¹. In ferrous ion chelating ability, Turbinaria sp. exhibited the highest at 48.94 ± 2.31%, while Sciania fasciularis recorded the lowest at 14.77 ± 0.35%. Caulerpa vervelansis demonstrated the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity at 74.86 ± 0.45%, and Sciania hatei showed the lowest at 24.98 ± 2.33%. The highest hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity was found in Ulva reticulata at 34.55 ± 0.56%, while Sciania hatei exhibited the lowest at 10.16 ± 1.81%. The study also examined the mineral composition of these seaweeds, revealing a wide range of mineral content. Potassium content varied from 7.37% in Turbinaria sp. to 1.22% in Hypnea musciformis , sodium content ranged from 4.75% in Gelidiella acerosa to 2.85% in Sargassum linearifolium , and calcium content ranged from 8.41% in Boodlea composita to 1.06% in Rhodymenia dissecta . Magnesium levels were highest in Gelidium micropertum at 1.866% and lowest in Portieria hornemannii at 0.764%. Iron content peaked at 1.42% in Gelidiella acerosa and was lowest at 0.07% in Grateloupia indica . Cobalt content ranged from 0.06‰ in Acrosiphonia orientalis to 0.01‰ in Sciania fasciularis , while zinc content ranged from 1.796‰ in Gelidium micropertum to 1.087‰ in Boodlea composita . Manganese content varied from 0.053‰ in Padina tetrastromatica and Sciania fasciularis to 0.005‰ in species like Spatoglossum asperum . Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed strong positive correlations between TPC, FC, and antioxidant activities, emphasizing the bioactive potential of these seaweed species. These findings highlight the significant nutritional and antioxidant properties of seaweed, confirming its value as a promising resource for industrial applications in various fields.
... Assay. The ability to chelate ferrous ions was evaluated using a method adapted from Decker and Welch (1990). In this test, 1 mL of the sample or source solution (ranking from 25 to 400 μg mL −1 ) was mixed with 1 mL of acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.9) and 0.1 mL of FeCl 2 (2 mM). ...
Elicitors play a crucial role in plant defense systems, often leading to an enhancement in secondary compounds across various species. The aim of this paper was to assess the effect of elicitors of salicylic acid (SA) and chitosan (CTS) applied to the leaves on essential oil (EO) composition of Achillea gypsicola and some terpenoids and biological activity. Treatments with SA at doses of 0, 0.5, 2, and 8 mM, and CTS at 0, 2, 4, and 8 g L⁻¹ were evaluated. Two harvests were conducted between 2021 and 2022. Elicitors SA at 8 mM and CTS at 2 g L⁻¹ led to an increase in EO productivity. The application of elicitors, particularly at doses of 2 mM SA and 4 g L⁻¹ CTS in A. gypsicola, has the potential to stimulate camphor production. Additionally, TPC and TFC were the highest in treatments of SA 2 mM and CTS 8 g L⁻¹. LC–MS/MS analysis indicated that the synthesis of camphor and 1,8‐cineole enhanced significantly compared to the control group, with enhancements of 213.2% at 8 g L⁻¹ CTS and 125.1% at 4 g L⁻¹ CTS, respectively. The EOs are especially effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes.
... The hydrolysis significantly increased (p < 0.05) the phenolics content in the hydrolysate of papain (6.83 ± 1.12 µg GAE/mg) as compared to the unhydrolyzed fraction (5.04 ± 0.6 µg GAE/mg). Similar results were obtained by Pimentel et al. [20] where enzymatic hydrolysis of Porphyra tenera proteins resulted in the release of phenolic compounds [21] showed that depending on the enzyme used, there was a variation in the number of phenolics that are released. It is worthy to note that Fleurence et al. [22] reported that some nitrogenous compounds such as phycobiliproteins and reducing amino acids react strongly with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent leading to the overestimation of the phenolics. ...
The present study examined the functional attributes of whole moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia L.) seed extract upon gastrointestinal digestion (GI), along with other proteases viz. Alcalase and papain. Biochemical analysis revealed presence of highest phenolic and peptide content in papain hydrolysate. Spectrophotometric assays revealed enhanced antioxidant potential after hydrolysis, with < 3 kDa fractions consistently displaying superior antioxidant potential. GI digested hydrolysate demonstrated maximum ABTS⁺ radical scavenging and % iron chelation capacity. Cyclic voltammetric analysis affirmed the redox behavior observed in spectrophotometric assays and corroborated these findings. In both assays, < 3 kDa fraction (GF3) of GI digested hydrolysate showed highest antioxidant capacity with 34.9% ABTS radical scavenging and 72% iron reduction with the correlation coefficient of 0.86. Peptide sequencing of the < 3 kDa fractions revealed a high concentration of bioactive peptides in GF3, predominantly containing aromatic and hydrophobic amino acid residues, confirming its superior antioxidant potential. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate a correlation between antioxidant activity assessed through biochemical assays and cyclic voltammetry. It also elucidated the enhancement of bioactivity of moth bean proteins upon GI digestion, underscoring the potential of the hydrolysate fractions in the development of functional foods with enhanced health benefits.
... The Fe 2+ chelating activity was determined with the method described by Decker and Welch [30]. The absorbance was measured at 562 nm using a BioTek Microplate Reader. ...
Bean spreads enriched with 10, 20, or 30% of spelt grain were analyzed in the study as a novel product with high nutraceutical potential. The spreads were hydrolyzed in vitro in gastrointestinal conditions. The highest peptide content was noted after the last step of hydrolysis in spread enriched with 10% of spelt grain (1.64 mg/mL). The fraction with molecular mass < 3.0 kDa obtained from this hydrolyzate was also characterized by the highest peptide content (1.50 mg/mL) and the highest antioxidant properties. The highest value of IC50 against ABTS•+ was 0.078 mg/mL. The highest value of the Fe²⁺ chelating activity was 0.056 mg/mL. Moreover, the trials show inhibitory activity against enzymes involved in the development of metabolic syndrome (with IC50 values of 0.072 mg/mL for α-amylase inhibition, 0.028 mg/mL for α-glucosidase, and 0.059 mg/mL ACE—angiotensin-converting enzyme). The fraction with the highest properties was separated using Sephadex G10 and three fractions were obtained. The first and third fractions were characterized by the highest properties. These peptide fractions were identified using the LC–MS/MS technique. The following amino acid sequences were obtained from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) protein: LPIESKWY, FALVAPVGSEPKA, NSILPIESKPWY, RLTDDTEDSMGRA, and KKVELEEEVDDWV, and those isolated from spelt protein had sequences FPQPQPFQ, QPQQPQQPFPQP, WPQQPQQPFPQPQQ, QSQQPQQPFPQPQQ, and QFQPQQPQQPFPQP. The study indicates that the bean spread enriched with 10 % of spelt grain may be used as a new product with special nutritional properties.
... Chelating Ability Assay. The chelating activity on Fe 2+ was determined following the method described by Decker and Welch [39]. Briefly, an aliquot of 100 μL of each sample solution (0.5-5 mg/mL) was mixed with 50 μL of 2 mM FeCl 2 and 450 μL of ultrapure water, followed by the addition of 200 μL of 5 mM ferrozine. ...
In this study, we investigate the effect of different enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratios on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of protein hydrolysates from two unexplored red macroalgae, namely, Sphaerococcus coronopifolius (SCPH) and Gelidium spinosum (GSPH). Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability, and total equivalent antioxidant capacity. On the other hand, antibacterial activities were evaluated using agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against six bacterial strains (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Kocuria rhizophila, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella newport). The biopreservative effect of SCPH and GSPH on minced meat quality during 11 days of storage at 4°C was also studied focusing on lipid oxidation status and microbial growth. Both protein hydrolysates have considerable antioxidant activities whatever the E/S ratio used, in terms of scavenging DPPH radical (IC50 ranging from 0.12 to 3.22 mg/mL) and metal chelating activity (IC50 ranging from 0.15 to 2.24 mg/mL). At 5 mg/mL, the reducing power of SCPH and GSPH varied from 1.16 to 2.87. Moreover, SCPH and GSPH exhibited strong antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 1.56 to 25 mg/mL. In addition, the incorporation of SCPH and GSPH into minced beef meat significantly (p<0.05) inhibited lipid peroxidation and microbial growth during 11 days of storage at 4°C. At the end of the storage period, the TBARS values measured in the groups treated with 1% (w/w) SCPH and GSPH were significantly reduced to 1.36±0.003 and 1.34±0.01 mg MDA/kg meat, respectively. Overall, the results showed that the addition of both protein hydrolysates has a positive effect on meat quality and suggest that SCPH and GSPH can serve as effective natural additives, enhancing the biopreservation and shelf life of refrigerated minced beef.
... Iron chelation. the assay was done according to Decker and Welch 30 and Wang et al. 31 with modifications. solutions containing Fecl 2 (0.05 ml, 2 mM), ferrozine (0.2 ml, 5 mM), and different concentrations of tti (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/ml) were shaken and incubated for 10 min at room temperature. ...
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind seeds (TTI) on Caenorhabditis elegans as an anti-infective agent. No statistical difference was found in the toxicity test to TTI for locomotion, oviposition, and progeny parameters. Regarding body size, the tested concentrations of TTI showed a statistical difference and resulted in a greater length of C. elegans than the control. For bacterial infection analyses, 0.1 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL of TTI promoted a survival rate of 16.10% and 30.32%, respectively, higher than the control (8.08%). For the oxidative stress test, all concentrations of TTI presented greater survival than the control at 12h and 18h (p < 0.05). Regarding the bacterial growth curve, no inhibitory activity of TTI was observed in E. coli (OP50), nor was antibacterial and antioxidant activity in vitro. Therefore, given all the tests, TTI protected C. elegans under adverse conditions, increasing their survival.
... In this test, a solution containing ferric ions was mixed with an extract, and spectrophotometry was used to measure the extract's ability to reduce the ions. 32 We mixed 250 µL of aqueous extract or 10 mg of solid extract at different concentrations with 0.75 mL of sodium phosphorus buffer (0.2 M at pH 6.6) and 0.75 mL of potassium ferricyanide solution (1%). The mixture was allowed to stand for 20 min at 50°C. ...
Edible fungi are unexploited natural sources of high added value biomolecules, such as phenolic compounds. This study used an innovative and green extraction method based on the quick, easy, new, cheap, reproducible (QUENCHER) process of Morchella esculenta. The QUENCHER extract had a much higher concentration of total polyphenols [(125 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW)], flavonoids [38 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g DW], flavanols [22 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g DW], and proanthocyanidins [44 mg CE/g DW] than the traditional aqueous extraction. In addition, antioxidant activities were evaluated by the in vitro scavenging capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and iron reducing power. In the DPPH test, this phenolic richness clearly improved antioxidant activity, with an IC50 (inhibition concentration at 50%) of 0.097 mg/mL. It has also shown encouraging antibacterial qualities against resistant Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration varied between 6.25 and 25 μg/mL). For the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, QUENCHER extract demonstrated strong AChE inhibition (IC50 = 0.002 mg/mL), a characteristic of significant interest in neurodegenerative disorders. These results open possibilities for using this extract as a natural antimicrobial agent, against resistant bacterial infections. Furthermore, in vitro digestion data indicates that the bioactive compounds in these extracts maintain relative stability during transit through the gastrointestinal tract, allowing for favorable bioavailability and, consequently, potential therapeutic efficacy. After 4 h of simulated digestion, over 66% of the antioxidant and anti-AChE activity was still present, indicating a degree of stability in the bioactive chemicals and an intriguing potential for bioavailability, according to in vitro digestibility experiments.
... The metal iron chelation ability of B. bowkeri crude extracts was evaluated according to the method described by Decker et al. [55]. The reaction mixture contained 5 mM ferrozine, 2 mM FeCl 2 , extract concentrations (0-0.5 mg/mL), and deionized water. ...
Despite the many current cholesterol-lowering drugs on the market, the persistent surge of hypercholesterolemic-related complications ignites a fascinating search for the discovery of novel therapeutics. This study aimed at investigating the anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of Bauhinia bowkeri extracts. The plant material was sequentially extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and 70% ethanol. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were analyzed through GC-MS and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was screened against a wide range of free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide). The extracts were also screened for the metal iron chelating and reducing power potential. The enzyme inhibitory activity of the extracts on pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, and HMG-CoA reductase as well as the bile acid binding capacity were evaluated. Among the total of 122 compounds detected in the three extracts, only 7 compounds (E-15-Heptadecenal, Diethyl Phthalate, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid ethyl ester, (Z,Z) Tetradecane 5-methyl, and Octadecane 5-methyl) were found to be common in all the extracts. The extract displayed a varying degree of efficiency on free radicals with IC50 values ranging from 0.07 mg/mL to 0.41 mg/mL. A concentration-dependent inhibition of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase activities, along with a reduction in the bile-binding capacity exhibited by the extracts, was noted. In silico investigations of some of the phytoconstituent revealed significant inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, cyclooxygenase, and hormone-sensitive lipase with a binding affinity that ranged between −5.1 and −7.0 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that Bauhinia bowkeri extracts possess potential antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic properties.
... Second-order derivatives were carried out in the spectral band range using Peakfit Version 4.12 software, and the relative percentages of each secondary structure component were calculated [18]. The iron-binding capacity of H-OVT was measured according to the method of Decker, with a slight modification [19]. An amount of 1 mL of H-OVT sample solution (1 mg/mL) was added to 3 mL of deionized water. ...
Ovotransferrin (OVT) is very rich in nutritional value and possesses a variety of biological activities. However, there is a lack of suitable OVT extraction methods that are simple and suitable for large-scale production. For this reason, this study explored a new method of ovalbumin OVT extraction based on mesophilic treatment. The effects of different heat treatment conditions on the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of the prepared OVT and their influence mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that OVT could be efficiently extracted from egg white by moderate heat treatment. Based on single factor experiments, response surface methodology was used to determine the effects of heat treatment time, temperature and pH on the extraction rate of OVT. The yield was 93.65 ± 0.53% under the optimal extraction conditions (62.5 °C, 75 min, pH 8). SDS-PAGE and FT-IR showed that changes in the influencing factors during heating had different effects on OVT. In addition, different extraction parameters had different effects on the iron-binding and antioxidant capacities of OVT. This study provides a fast and efficient preparation method for OVT from egg white, which lays the foundation for the wide application of OVT.
... The chelating effect of the extracts was determined according to the method of [14] which is based on the inhibition of the formation of Fe 2+ -ferrozine complex after treatment of samples with Fe 2+ ions. Briefly, 250 µL of test material or EDTA at different concentration were added to 50 µL of FeCl2 (0.6 mM in distilled water) and 450 µL of methanol. ...
Lavandula stoechas L. is an aromatic plant with widespread distribution, traditionally used in local medicine for its expectorant, antispasmodic, carminative, sedative, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties. The aerial parts of the plant, harvested at the flowering stage, were extracted with 85% methanol for three days. The resulting suspension was filtered using a Buchner funnel and concentrated under reduced pressure with a rotary evaporator to yield a crude methanol extract (ME). This extract was then partitioned with hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Each solvent fraction was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure, resulting in hexane (HE), chloroform (CHE), ethyl acetate (EAE), and remaining aqueous (AqE) extracts. Antioxidant activities of these extracts were evaluated through four in vitro assays: DPPH, hydroxyl radical, ferrous ion chelation, and lipid peroxidation. All extracts exhibited strong radical scavenging and iron-chelating abilities. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the highest DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 5.56 µg/mL) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (72.01 µg/mL). The methanol extract (ME) showed the greatest chelating activity (IC50 = 0.44 mg/mL) and the most effective lipid peroxidation inhibition (95.09%). These findings suggest that the plant is a promising source of natural antioxidants. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.
... The chelating activity of the extracts on Fe 2+ was assessed by employing ferine as described by Decker and Welch in 1990, with slight modifications. In this procedure, 40 µL of 0.20 mm FeCl 2 was added to the extract solution, prepared in DMSO and methanol to yield solutions at eight different concentrations: 6. 25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg/mL. ...
Background/aim: Cistus villosus L., a beloved tea herb, contains a treasure trove of potent antioxidants. Our research unveils this
ancient ally’s potential to shield against oxidative stress, a modern health threat.
Materials and methods: Antioxidant assays were conducted to evaluate the potency of ethyl acetate extract. IC50 values were determined for the extract in various antioxidant assays. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed for the examination of the 22 compounds analyzed through LC-HRMS. Additionally, ADMET and PASS investigations were conducted to evaluate their capability as antioxidants
and inhibitors of oxidant formation.
Results: Each identified compound boasts a history of antioxidant prowess, building the natural defense arsenal of C. villous. Antioxidant
assays showed the potency of the ethyl acetate fraction with an IC50 value of 5.30 mg/L in the DPPH• test, which is better than that
of the studied standard, α-tocopherol (36.35 mg/L). The pharmacokinetic profiles demonstrated good properties for the identified
compounds. The PASS study unveiled their potential as antioxidants, and molecular docking showed their effectiveness as inhibitors of
oxidant formation in the human body by blocking the studied targets.
Conclusion: This herb, a timeless testament to nature’s bounty, stands poised to become a powerful weapon in our fight against oxidative stress, promising a future of natural well-being
... In Vitro Antioxidant Activity Assays. The ABTS ·+ , 66 DPPH · , 67 metal chelating, 68 CUPRAC, 69 and βcarotene linoleic acid 70 bleaching assays of the hexane (PSH), ethyl acetate (PSE), chloroform (PSK) and methanol (PSM) extracts as well as water infusion (PSS) and cooked (PSC) plant samples were tested according to the methods previously described. 71 The cell lines were maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at a temperature of 37°C. ...
Polygonum sivasicum Kit Tan and Yildiz, one of the eight endemic Polygonum species in Türkiye, belongs to the Polygonaceae family. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of methanol and hexane extracts of P. sivasicum resulted in four compounds, namely, annphenone (1), hyperoside (2), daucosterol (3), and β-sitosterol (4). Their structures were elucidated by 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS analyses. This study signifies the first isolation of annphenone from the Polygonum genus. Antioxidant capabilities of different extracts of P. sivasicum were carried out using DPPH·, ABTS·+, CUPRAC, metal chelating, and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching assays, and their effectiveness was quantified through IC50 values. Furthermore, 27 phenolic compounds were identified using LC-HRESIMS from methanol extract, which has the highest antioxidant activity among the P. sivasicum extracts. The major phenolic constituents identified were hyperoside (4535.0 μg/g extract), rutin (4387.4 μg/g extract), and chlorogenic acid (3306.6 μg/g extract). GC–MS analysis determined palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, and 8,11-octadecadieonic acid as major fatty acids in the hexane extract. The cell viability profile of P. sivasicum methanol extract and its isolates hyperoside, annphenone, and daucosterol was evaluated on fibroblast (CCD-1079Sk), breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and lung carcinoma (A549) cell lines. Annphenone exhibited IC50 values of 0.25 ± 0.01 mg/mL against the A549 cell line and 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/mL against the MCF-7 cell line. The selective cytotoxicity observed for daucosterol against the A549 cell line, with a high selectivity index of 1.44, underscores its potential as a promising candidate for drug development. The study establishes a framework integrating phytochemical profiling with biological assays to identify therapeutic agents from endemic plants.
... The ability of ferrous ions to chelate was measured using ferrozine, a compound that forms a pink-red colored complex with a maximum absorbance at 562 nm [25]. AgNPs at different concentrations (0.156 to 40 mg/mL) were added to 1 mL of PBS. ...
This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the postbiotic of the Ligilactobacillus salivarius KC27L strain and evaluate their multifunctional biological properties. The use of L. salivarius, a probiotic bacterium known for its ability to produce a wide range of metabolites, plays a crucial role in this process by acting as a natural, eco-friendly reducing, and stabilizing agent during AgNP synthesis. This approach not only eliminates the need for hazardous chemicals typically used in nanoparticle synthesis but also enhances the biocompatibility and biological efficacy of the resulting nanoparticles. Synthesized AgNPs were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR (metabolites of postbiotic); UV–vis (peak of 435 nm); scanning electron microscope, SEM; transmission electron microscopy, TEM (spherical shapes, sizes < 50 nm), energy-dispersive spectrometry, EDS (peak at 3 keV); and zeta potential (− 18.6 mV). These nanoparticles (0.156–40 mg/mL) were evaluated for the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, and antioxidant activities using four different methods (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, metal ion chelating, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and superoxide anion scavenging activities). Also, the cytotoxic activity was investigated against a normal cell line (L929) for 24, 48, and 72 h. At a concentration of 40 mg/mL, the AgNPs demonstrated the highest antimicrobial efficacy, with inhibition zones measured as 14.9 mm for P. aeruginosa, 9.5 mm for E. coli, 15.7 mm for S. epidermidis, and 12.9 mm for S. mutans. The AgNPs exhibited anti-biofilm activities against all Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains studied. According to the DPPH method, the highest antioxidant activity was determined at 40 mg/mL AgNP concentration (80.93%). AgNPs were found to have no toxic effect at low concentrations (0.39–25 µg/mL). Biogenic synthesized AgNPs could be used in biotechnological applications (biomaterials, health, environmental, etc.) with antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, and nontoxic properties. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of action of the particles fully.
... The superoxide radical scavenging activity was assayed in the present study at 560 nm, reorienting the conversion of yellow NBT 2 ⁺ to formazan blue due to its reaction with the superoxide radical generated by the PMS-NADH system. The ferrous ion chelating activity was finally ascertained at 562 nm due to the Fe 2 ⁺-ferrozine complex formation [38]. Antioxidant activity in vivo is precisely measured using the LPIC assay; a robust association between LPIC (Inco) and LPIC (Mixed) values is seen, indicating the interplay between lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants [39]. ...
... The Fe 2+ chelating ability of the extracts was measured by the ferrous iron-ferrozine complex method [89]. Briefly, the reaction mixture containing 2 mM FeCl 2 (10 µL), 5 mM ferrozine (10 µL), and 100 µL of serial concentrations of extracts or fractions (ranging between 0.244 µg/mL and 250 µg/mL in methanol) were mixed in a 96-well plate and incubated for 10 min at 27 • C. The absorbance was at 550 nm. ...
The cosmeceutical industry has increasingly turned its attention to marine macroalgae, recognizing their significant bioactive potential as sources of natural compounds for skincare applications. A growing number of products now incorporate extracts or isolated compounds from various macroalgae species. However, many species remain underexplored, highlighting a valuable opportunity for further research. Among these, Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V. Lamouroux has emerged as a promising candidate for cosmeceutical applications. This study provides the most comprehensive phytochemical assessment of C. prolifera to date, revealing its potential as a source of bioactive extracts and compounds. The analysis identified key components of its lipophilic profile, predominantly saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, alongside di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate—an endocrine disruptor potentially biosynthesized or bioaccumulated by the algae. While the crude extract exhibited moderate tyrosinase inhibitory activity, its overall antioxidant capacity was limited. Fractionation of the extract, however, yielded subfractions with distinct bioactivities linked to changes in chemical composition. Notably, enhanced inhibitory activities against elastase and collagenase were observed in subfractions enriched with 1-octadecanol and only traces of phthalate. Conversely, antioxidant activity diminished with the loss of specific compounds such as β-sitosterol, erucic acid, nervonic acid, and lignoceric acid. This work advances the understanding of the relationship between the chemical composition of C. prolifera and its bioactivities, emphasizing its potential as a source of cosmeceutical ingredients, leading to a more comprehensive valorization of this macroalga.
... The ability of the samples to chelate ferrous ions was investigated according to the previously described method [21] and with subsequent modifications [22]. The reaction solution containing FeCl2 (0.05 mL, 2 mM), ferrozine (0.2 mL, 5 mM), and the samples (0.1-2.0 mg/mL) was stirred and incubated for 10 min at room temperature, with a final solution volume of 1 mL. ...
Xylans, polysaccharides abundantly derived from agricultural byproducts, have shown potential pharmacological properties, making them a subject of increasing research interest. This study aimed to expand the understanding of xylans’ pharmacological properties and relate them to their composition. A method combining ultrasound and alkaline media for xylan extraction from corn cobs (ERX) was used, resulting in a significant increase in final yield compared to other methodologies. The physicochemical characterization of ERX was carried out, and its antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticoagulant, and immunomodulatory properties were evaluated. ERX demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with metal-chelating properties and induced apoptosis in HeLa tumor cells (p < 0.0001). It also reduced nitric oxide (NO) production by activated macrophages and extended the blood coagulation time, as assessed by the APTT assay (p < 0.0001). Further fractionation of ERX using various organic solvents resulted in multiple xylan subfractions. Among them, the ethanol-derived subfraction E1.4 exhibited remarkable pharmacological activities, including metal-chelation, cytotoxicity against HeLa cells via apoptosis, reduced NO production (p < 0.0001), and prolonged coagulation times (p < 0.0001). E1.4 is heteroxylan with a molecular weight of approximately 100 kDa. These findings suggest that corn cobs could be a promising source of pharmacologically significant molecules, particularly the heteroxylan E1.4. Future studies should focus on the structural characterization of this xylan to understand the relationship between structure and biological activity and explore the therapeutic potential of E1.4 in vivo models.
... The ferrous ion-chelating ability was determined according to the method of Decker and Welch [65]. Sample solutions (100 µL) were mixed with 2 mM FeCl 2 (50 µL) and distilled water (450 µL). ...
Urtica dioica L. has been used as a natural remedy due to its healing properties for over 2000 years. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties in vitro of the aqueous extract of Urtica dioica leaves (AEUD). The chemical composition was assessed by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a benchtop QExactive high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry operating in a data-dependent acquisition mode as a non-target approach. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion were used to assess the antibacterial efficacy against nine bacterial strains. The antioxidant impact was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ferrous ion-chelating ability assays. By using the MTT method, the cytotoxicity effect of AEUD on colon cancer cell HCT-116 was evaluated. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle. Finally, the anti-migration and anti-invasion properties of AEUD on HCT-116 cells were estimated using the wound healing test and Transwell assays. AEUD is a rich source of phenolic compounds. The results of disc diffusion and MIC showed that the AEUD is more active against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria. MTT assay confirmed that the AEUD inhibited HCT-116 colon cancer cell proliferation. Findings of flow cytometry confirmed that cell cycle arrest occurred at the G2 phase. Additionally, AEUD had anti-migration and anti-invasion effects. This study shows that Urtica dioica aqueous leaf extract exhibits potential antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumoral activities on HCT-116 colon cancer cells.
... Ferrous ion chelating activity was measured following the method of Decker and Welch (1990). ...
The aim of this study is to estimate the antioxidant, anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of the ethanolic extract of Centaurea diluta subsp. Algeriensis (Coss. & Durieu) Maire, an endemic Algerian plant belonging to Asteraceae family. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging activity and metal chelating test. The plasma of healthy volunteers was used to evaluate the clotting time, prothrombin time, and thrombolysis activity. C. diluta ethanolic extract (CEE) showed a good ability to scavenge DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 0.115 ±0.005 mg/ml. In addition, this extract exhibited a high iron chalating capacity with IC50 of 0.36 ± 0.07 mg / ml. Also, the results showed that CEE exhibited anticoagulant activity by prolonging the clotting time at the concentration of 50 mg/ml. For prothrombin time, the concentration of 50 mg/ml has a strong effect with value of 13.14±1.91 sec. In the thrombolysis test, the CEE extract showed a moderate thrombolytic activity with the best effect at a concentration of 50 mg/ml (20.86±0.31%).These findings could pave the way for the development of natural antioxidant and anticoagulant agents that can be used in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic disorders.
... α-Tocopherol and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were used as antioxidant standards to compare the β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH, ABTS + , and CUPRAC assays. The metal chelating assay of extracts for Fe +2 was carried out using a spectrophotometer according to the method described previous (Decker and Welch 1990). Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used as a standard. ...
The current study aims to prepare a green extract using a new method in addition to conventional extraction methods including; methanolic and ultrasonic extraction of Salvia triloba, to compare their phenolic composition utilizing high‐performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD), anti‐bacterial, anti‐oxidant, and enzyme inhibition activities. The results of HPLC‐DAD analysis showed that Rosmarinic acid was found the highest amount in the methanolic extract followed by ultrasonic and green extracts as 169.7 ± 0.51, 135.1 ± 0.40, and 28.58 ± 0.46 μg/g respectively. The Trans‐cinnamic acid (4.40 ± 0.09 μg/g) was found exclusively in ultrasonic extract. For bioactivities, the green extract exhibited the highest biofilm inhibition against Enterococcus faecalis compared to other extracts, while the methanolic extract outperformed both ultrasonic‐assisted and green extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains at minimum inhibitory concentration. The methanolic and green extract exhibited considerable quorum sensing inhibition against Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, while no activity was recorded from ultrasonic‐assisted extract. The methanolic and ultrasonic‐assisted extracts of S. triloba recorded moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibition; each extract demonstrated limited inhibitory effects on the urease enzyme. Similarly, each extract of S. triloba demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with the highest activity exhibited by methanolic extract as β‐carotene‐linoleic acid assay (IC50 = 10.29 ± 0.36 μg/mL), DPPH• assay (IC50 = 27.77 ± 0.55 μg/mL), ABTS•+ assay (IC50 = 15.49 ± 0.95 μg/mL), metal chelating assay (IC50 = 57.80 ± 0.95 μg/mL), and CUPRAC (assay A0.50 = 32.54 ± 0.84 μg/mL). Furthermore, the methanolic extract exhibited antioxidant activity better than α‐tocopherol (Standard used). The current study demonstrated the potential of green solvent(s) as eco‐friendly alternative for extractin phenolic compounds from S. triloba and evaluated their biological activities for the first time.
... The ability of hydrolysates to chelate iron (II) was assessed according to the method of Decker and Welch (1990) (23). An aliquot of 1 mL of each CP containing 2, reaction mixture was kept at room temperature for 20 min. ...
In this study unicorn leatherjacket (Aluterus monoceros) fish skin collagen was hydrolyzed with the crude collagenase extracted from the fish fins discarded as by-product at three different temperature viz. 50C (CP-5), 250C (CP-25) and 500C (CP-50) to obtain collagen peptide of three molecular mass fraction viz., <30kDa, <10kDa and <3kDa by ultra-filtration using TFF system. The collagenase extracted from fins had a MW of 29kDa and hydrolyzed skin collagen to molecular masses <24kDa efficiently with a DH ranging from 6.6-7.6%. CP-5 peptides with <3kDa showed the maximum antioxidant activity. DPPH and hydroxy radical scavenging activities were good with 70% and 68%, while metal chelating ability was 33% and reducing power was 0.3315. In vitro gastro-intestinal digestion study indicated that after pepsin digestion protein was more in CP-5 than CP-25 and CP-50. The rate of peptide absorption of the CP was significantly high in <3kDa CP-5 (32.56%), followed by CP-25 (32.43%) and CP-50 (32.35%) after gastric and pancreatin digestion. CP-5 of <3kDa having better antioxidative activities of collagen peptides in in vitro gastro-intestinal digests than CP-50 of <3kDa. The study thus indicated that CP with good antioxidant activity shall be produced by hydrolysis the skin at 50C, rather than at 500C.
... The Fe 2+ chelating ability of the extracts was measured by the ferrous iron-ferrozine complex method [28]. Briefly, the reaction mixture containing 2 mM FeCl 2 (10 µL), 5 mM ferrozine (10 µL), and 100 µL of serial concentrations of extracts or fractions (ranging between 0.10 µM and 100 µM in methanol) were mixed in a 96-well plate and incubated for 10 min at 27 • C. The absorbance was at 550 nm. ...
Natural compounds are widely incorporated into cosmetic products for many purposes. Diterpenes often function as fragrances, enhancing the sensory experience of these formulations. However, current trends in cosmetic science aim to develop multifunctional products, where compounds traditionally used for texture or fragrance also possess biological activities that contribute to the product’s efficacy. In this context, this study focuses on synthesizing derivatives of phytol—a compound already presents in cosmetic formulations—to enhance its anti-aging properties. The derivatives were synthesized through esterification with substituted benzoic and cinnamic acids, known for their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. Reaction yields ranged from 91.0% to 5.2%, depending on the substituents in acid derivatives. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed through NMR and MS techniques. Both the natural and newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their cosmeceutical potential using antioxidant assays and inhibition assays for tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. This work presents the first report of the synthesis and cosmetic evaluation of several of these derivatives. Comparing with phytol (1), which presented an IC50 of 77.47 µM, four of the derivatives presented improved tyrosinase inhibitory activity, with phytyl 4-methoxybenzoate being the most active (IC50 = 27.9 µM), followed by phytyl benzoate with an IC50 of 34.73 µM. Substitutions at other positions on the aromatic ring were less effective. Molecular docking studies confirmed that the modifications potentiated a stronger interaction between the synthesized compounds and tyrosinase.
... Metal-chelating ability was determined according to Decker and Welch (1990). The mixture sample was prepared by adding 5 mL extract to a solution of 0.1 mL of 2 mM FeCl 2 . ...
The west coast of Jeju Island Island is affected by different water mass such as
Yellow Sea Warm Current, Yellow Sea Cold Water, and Tsushima Warm Current according
to season and especially by overflows from Changjiang River in summer. So the hydrograph
seem to be very complicated throughout the year. The changeable and strong wind may also
change a hydrographic situation in this area. Thus microalgal occurrence in the area shows
seasonal characteristics. Among them benthic diatoms which inhabit on the surface of rocky
shore are floated periodically and found in phytoplankton community as dominant species.
The benthic diatoms are very important as a live feed for larval and juvenile abalone in
gastropod aquaculture.
This thesis involve ecological and eco-physiological study, and potentiality of
industrial application of microalgae occurred in the west coast of Jeju Island, where has been
recently designated as a marine ranching area and being developed at the moment. First of all,
seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community are investigated in the area in terms of
species composition and dynamics of standing crops with relation to environmental factors.
For the purpose of application study of the benthic diatoms, several species were isolated
from natural seawater and wavy plates (called ‘papan’) used in aquaculture farm and
characterized to find out an optimal culture condition, so that a mass culture of the species
was carried out to get sufficient samples for the further study of functional activity. A
comparison study of efficiency for early settlement and specific growth rate of larval abalone
was done using mono-strain wavy plates and wild mixed-strain wavy plates of the benthic
diatoms in tanks of aquaculture farm. Finally antioxidant activities of the benthic diatoms
were also analyzed by various extracts from freeze-dried sample to estimate the potentiality
as useful bio-resources.
For ecological study, sampling was done at 10 stations in the marine ranching area
from September 2004 to November 2005. Water temperature was 12.1-28.9° C (average of
18.8° C), and salinity was 28.9-34.9 psu (average of 33.7 psu). Chlorophyll a concentration
was 0.02-2.05 mg L-1 (average of 0.70 mg L-1). A total of 294 phytoplankton species were
identified, among them 182 belong to diatom (Bacillariophyceae), 52 to dinoflagellate
(Dinophyceae), and 60 to phytoflagellates. Standing crops was 2.21-48.69´104 cells L-1
(average of 9.23´10 4 cells L-1), and the maximum was in April. Spring and autumn
phytoplankton blooms occurred with a peak in April and with a peak in November,
respectively. The spring bloom was represented by 3 Chaetoceros spp., Skeletonema
costatum and Hillea sp., while autumn bloom was in association of dinoflagellates, diatoms
and phytoflagellates. Among them dinoflagellates were predominant by the assemblage of
Gymnodinium conicum, Prorocentrum micans and P. triestinum. Spring bloom might be
related to increasing water temperature and sufficient nutrient in April, whereas autumn
bloom seems to be related to low salinity water from Changjiang River in fall season.
For eco-physiological study, several benthic diatoms were investigated from
isolation in nature and in aquaculture farm with respect to axenic culture after treatment of
antibiotics for making a bacteria free sample. Among them 2 species, Navicula incerta and
Cylindrotheca closterium, were selected for mass culture and investigated to find out an
optimum culture condition in 3 different temperatures, 3 salinities, and 3 different nutrient
concentrations. The highest cell density of Navicula incerta occurred in 20˚ C water with
the maximum specific growth rate of 0.88 d–1, 30 psu salinity, and F/2 (100%) nutrient
concentration. The highest cell density (7.20 ´ 104 cells mL-1) of Cylindrotheca closterium
occurred with the maximum specific growth rate of 0.82 d-1 in a condition of 20˚ C water
with salinity of 30 psu and nutrients concentration of F (200%) nutrient concentration. Using
the optimal culture condition the mass culture of Navicula and Cylindrotheca was done and
biomass was harvested as much as needed for further functional analyses.
To compare efficiency of live feed for larval and juvenile abalone between mono
strain wavy plates and wild mixed-strain wavy plates, Navicula incerta and Grammatophora
marina mono-strain on wavy plates produced in the laboratory and wild mixed-stains from
natural seawater were applied with larval abalone in aquaculture tanks. The average number
of settled juvenile abalone was 1000, 1080 and 640 in the tank of N. incerta, G. marina
mono-strain and wild mixed-strain, respectively, and the survival rate was 2.00, 2.16 and
1.28% in each kind of tank, respectively. The specific growth rate of juvenile abalone was
3.28, 3.07, and 2.92% on the plates of N. incerta, G. marina mono-strain and wild mixed
strain, respectively. In conclusion the plates of mono-strain showed better settlement and
growth of abalone larvae than that of wild mixed-strain. Thus further application of mono
strain wavy plates of benthic diatoms for abalone aquaculture will be available to enhance
the efficiency of settlement and growth at the early stage of abalone aquaculture.
To estimate the functional activity of benthic diatoms, antioxidant activities were
determined from N. incerta and C. closterium with the extract of methanol, enzymes and
water. The rates of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging for
Neutrase and methanol extracts were 81.6% and 62.8% from the extract of N. incerta,
respectively. The C. closterium showed 72.5% and 69.4% DPPH scavenging activity from
the extract of Viscozyme and methanol. Flavourzyme extract of N. incerta had a superoxide
scavenging rate of 57.7%. Kojizyme and Ultraflo extracts had nitric oxide scavenging rates
of 42.2% and 40.6%, respectively, significantly higher than a-tocopherol and BHT. The
metal-chelating activities of the methanol, Neutrase, and Termamyl extracts of N. incerta
were 68.5%, 45.2%, and 41%, respectively. The Kojizyme, Alcalase, methanol, Viscozyme
and Neutrase extracts from C. closterium were 67.1%, 53.9%, 53.2% and 50.2% for metal
chelating, respectively. The Termamyl extract of N. incerta and AGM, Viscozyme and
Neutrase extracts of C. closterium showed the highest linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition,
exceeding a-tocopherol and on par with BHT. Thus if massive cultivation and harvest of the
useful benthic diatoms could be industrialized with appropriate economic benefit, those
species would be of importance as one of candidates for the potential antioxidants.
... The ferrous ion-chelating ability was determined according to the method of Decker and Welch [5] with minor modifications. One hundred microliters of each sample stock solution (5 mg/mL) were mixed with 135 µL of distilled water and 5 µL of 2 mM FeCl 2 in a microplate. ...
... The iron chelating activity was performed according to the basic teachings of the method proposed by Decker, Welch [26]. The essence of this method is a measure of the binding affinity between a metal ion such as Fe 2+ and a reagent. ...
Plants are important food sources and natural therapeutics, and they are preferred as an alternative instead of synthetic medicines with harmful side effects in the treatment of routine diseases. Their unique effects are mostly attributed to specific herbal metabolites based on soil, climatic, and biogeography. Chenopodium species growing on barren and alkaline soils with nitrogen content are important candidates for unique biological effects. Due to their acceptance as food and wild, searching the biological activities and knowing the metabolite content are important. A series of in vitro biological activity tests were performed to determine the effects of Chenopodium spp (Cspp). First, leaf and flower samples were prepared using a Soxhlet device. Antioxidant tests including radical scavenging and heavy metal reduction were performed. Their phenolic contents were determined by LC-MS/MS to better interpreting the antioxidant results. Their inhibitory effects on AChE and BChE were tested and were shown to have quite significant total inhibition effect compared to Galantamine used as standard. Finally, their DNA protective effects were evaluated. In conclusion, it has been understood that phenolic content and the other biological effects are mostly parallel, and the samples may have antioxidant effects at acceptable levels depending on dose.
... The chelating activity of the solutions from ethanolic plant extracts on the ferrous ions (Fe 2+ ) was interpreted by the method of Decker and Welch (1990) using BHT, and EDTA as standards. The capability of the ethanolic fruit extracts to chelate ferrous ions racing with ferrozine was examined. ...
This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some fresh fruits and vegetables and their rotten forms. Among the fresh and rotten materials examined, there were Citrus paradise, Citrus sinensis, Punica granatum, Cydonia oblonga, Malus domestica, Citrus limon, Pyrus anatolica, Persea americana, Capsicum annuum var., Actinidia deliciosa, Beta vulgaris L. It was already known that fresh fruits, vegetables have potential microbicidal activities. But how the rottens would behave is unknown. Antimicrobial activities of fresh and rotten samples were examined on selected bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungal strains (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by diffusion test, which was confirmed by the inhibition zone and advanced numerical tools. While rotten and fresh pomegranate (24.25±0.09 and 12.87±0.11 mm) showed tremendous activity against S. aureus by standards (Ampicillin: 11.76±0.54 and Cephazolin: 6.00±0.00 mm); against C. albicans, rotten avocado (24.12±0.42 mm) showed satisfactory potency compared to Nystatin (17.89±0.54 mm). Antioxidant activity was screened by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelation, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content determination methods. While rotten beetroot has the richest total phenolic content with 316.21 ± 9.89 mg GAE/g extract; rotten grapefruit showed the highest total flavonoid content with 118.57±2.58 mg QE/g extract. Research on vegetables and fruits; reveals that not only as food but also as decay forms can be recommended for future therapeutic purposes as pharmacologically active antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
... For this test, samples, 4 mM pirocatechol violet, and 50 µg/mL copper sulfate pentahydrate (in acetate buffer) were added to each well of the microplate. The copper ion chelation capacity was measured by reading the absorbance at 632 nm [40,41]. The percentage of copper chelation was calculated using the following equation: ...
Geoffroea decorticans, commonly known as Chañar, is a native Chilean plant widely used in folk medicine for its expectorant, pain relief, and antinociceptive properties. This study explored the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and protective effects of its ethanolic (EE) and aqueous (EA) seed extracts against oxidative stress induced by copper sulfate, using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the extracts. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) identified significant components such as phytol, alpha-tocopherol, vitexin, and rutin, with the EE being particularly rich in phytol and vitexin. Antioxidant assays—measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, and copper and iron chelation—confirmed their potent antioxidant capabilities. Both extracts were non-cytotoxic and provided protection against CuSO4-induced oxidative stress in the 3T3 cell line. Additionally, the use of Tenebrio molitor as an invertebrate model underscored the extracts’ antioxidant and protective potentials, especially that of the EE. In conclusion, this study highlights the significant antioxidant and protective properties of Chañar seed extracts, particularly the ethanolic extract, in both in vitro and in vivo models.
... Antioxidant capabilities of the extracts and compounds from M. broomenaus were determined using by five complementary assays: β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, DPPH * and ABTS * + radical scavenging, CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) and iron-chelating assays. [48][49][50][51] The findings of antioxidant activity were represented by IC 50 , A 0.50 values and also percentage inhibition (%) values at 200 μg/mL concentration. ...
Melanogaster broomeanus Berk. is a type of truffle common in pine, oak, and hazelnut forests and which naturally spreads in the Black Sea, Mediterranean, South‐West Anatolia in Turkey, is consumed as food and traded. Chemical investigation of M. broomenaus led to isolate of ten known compounds namely, brassicasterol (1), ergosterol (2), ergosterol peroxide (3), 5α, 6α‐epoxy ergosta‐7,22‐diene‐3β‐ol (4), trametenolic acid (5), maleic acid (6), fumaric acid (7), mannitol (8), kojibiose (9) and trehalose (10). Assessments of the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, anti‐urease, and cytotoxic properties of extracts and isolated compounds were carried out. Compound 5 showed the highest cytotoxic activity against H‐1299 with IC50: 23.78±0.98 μg/mL, while compound 2 demonstrated most potent cytotoxicity against MCF‐7 with IC50: 30.91±0.15 μg/ml. Also, compound 5 showed the highest antioxidant activity in all methods, particularly in DPPH and ABTS assays with IC50 values of 90.24±0.87, 75.41±0.10 μg/mL, respectively. Similarly, compound 5 exhibited highest activity with 38.84±1.22 % and 44.58±0.96 % inhibitions against AChE and BChE, respectively, while compound 7 were found to be most potent inhibitory against urease with value of 55.20±0.45 % at 100 μg/mL concentration. These findings suggest that M. broomenaus, like numerous other edible mushrooms, is a steroid‐rich truffle and a potential source of steroids.
... The iron chelating activity of EPM was evaluated by the ferrozine test according to the method cited by Decker and Welch [17]. Briefly, 0.5 mL of EPM was mixed with 0.1 mL FeCl 2 (0.6 mM in water) and 0.9 mL of methanol. ...
The aim of this study was the evaluation of sugar and protein contents, phenolic compounds profile, and bioactivity of Cucumis melo var. inodorus fruits. Initially, estimations revealed sugar and protein contents of 111.31 ± 17.38 mg glucose equivalent per gram of melon pulp ethanolic extract (EPM) and 0.22 ± 0.06 mg bovine serum albumin per gram of EPM, respectively. RP-HPLC analysis of the EPM identified 7-hydroxy flavone as the major compound, followed by naringenin, vanillic acid, morine, flavone, ellagic acid, methyl gallate, and p-coumaric acid. EPM exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, superoxide radicals scavenging tests and ferrous ions chelating assay, with ABTS scavenging test recording the best antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 0.64 ± 0.008 mg/mL). Furthermore, EPM demonstrated a strong prevention against protein denaturation at 1 mg/mL concentration (75.46 ± 0.54%) and potent protection of red blood cells against AAPH-induced oxidative damage at 4 mg/mL concentration with antihemolytic activity of 70.17 ± 2.54%. Oral administration of EPM at a dose of 600 mg/kg in rats and mice resulted in reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema thickness and acetic acid-induced writhing number, respectively. This study brings attention to the beneficial substances found in melon pulp fruit, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities. These compounds make melons a potential candidate for inclusion in functional food.
This study explores the potential of Thymus ciliatus as a natural source of bioactive compounds by investigating its chemical composition and in vitro biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-Alzheimer properties. The analysis of the essential oil was performed using GC-MS revealing α-terpinenyl acetate (18.74%) and camphor (10.62%) as the major components. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using six methods. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion and well diffusion techniques. Antidiabetic activity was measured through a colorimetric assay, while anti-Alzheimer activity was evaluated against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The results demonstrated that extracts from polar and medium-polar solvents exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, followed by low-polar solvent extracts. The essential oil of T. ciliatus displayed significant antimicrobial activity particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans. Crude extracts also showed antimicrobial activity across all tested strains. The aqueous extract exhibited the strongest antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 2.56 ± 0.06 µg/mL), followed by the essential oil (IC50 = 57.11 ± 4.39 µg/mL). Furthermore, the dichloromethane extract demonstrated the highest anti-Alzheimer activity with an IC50 of 0.26 ± 0.20 µg/mL. Based on these results, T. ciliatus represents a promising source of bioactive substances with potential therapeutic applications.
Salicylic acid (SA) and chitosan (CH) play an important role in plant defense by increasing secondary metabolite production in plants. In this study, their effects on volatile oil composition, phenolics and antioxidant activity of Achillea gypsicola were investigated. Treatments included control, 0.5‐, 2‐ and 8‐mM SA and control 2, 4 and 8 g L‐1 CH. It was set up completely randomized with four replications, with two harvests between 2021 and 2022. Especially 4 g L‐1 CH significantly increased 1,8‐cineole and borneol production. The highest total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) were obtained from the 8 g L‐1 CH treatment. LC‐MS/MS analysis revealed a 2‐fold increase in chlorogenic acid, 1.01‐fold increase in gallic acid and 0.56‐fold increase in protocatechuic acid from 4 and 8 g L‐1 CH treatments. Strong positive correlations were found between DPPH radical scavenging assay and Iron ions chelating assay (.803**), TFC (.556**) and TPC (.562**).
Drought can affect all growth stages and has a significant effect on seed germination, which affects all physiological and metabolic germination processes. It also leads to dehydration, which increases the oxidation of lipids and membranes and disrupts the functioning of biomolecules in plants. Zinc is an essential element for several enzymes involved in metabolism, cell elongation, preservation of the strength and integrity of cell membranes, seed development, and resistance to environmental stress. A pot experiment was conducted to determine how ZnO seed priming, either in the form of ZnO NPs (nanopriming) or ZnO bulk priming (60 mg L− 1), counteracts the negative impacts of drought at different levels (80% and 60% FC) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings at the seedling stage. A recent experiment revealed that seed priming agents significantly mitigate the negative effects of drought stress, especially at 60% FC, by positively influencing various parameters of wheat seedlings. Notably, the POD activity increased by 91.8% and 289.9% for the shoots, 218.6% and 261.6% for the roots, the phenolic content increased by 194.4% for the shoots and 1139.6% for the roots, the H2O2 scavenging percentage increased by 124.9% and 135.4% for the shoots and 147.6% for the roots, and the lipid peroxidation inhibition percentage increased by 320.6% and 433% for the shoots. Moreover, the utilization of seed priming agents had a profound effect on free amino acids (393.8%, 502.8% for roots) and soluble carbohydrates (183.4% for roots) compared with those in stressed seedlings without priming. Experimental and computational methods (time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT)) were employed to perform IR and XRD analyses of the isolated molecules of the ZnO NPs/Iso. In conclusion, the application of ZnO NPs or bulk ZnO was found to create effective mechanical and physiological barriers, as confirmed by the analysis of antioxidant enzyme activities, nonenzymatic components, free radical scavenging, and osmoprotectant constituents.
Doxorubicin (DOXO) is a chemotherapeutic agent that exerts cytotoxic effects through oxidative stress. Given the need to neutralize the cellular damage caused by chemotherapy drugs in healthy cells, this study aims to investigate the activity of Althernantera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze against DNA damage induced by DOXO in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). For this purpose, a hydroethanolic extract from flowers and leaves of Althernantera brasiliana (HEAB) containing phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and condensed tannins was prepared. The phytochemicals of EHAB showed a lower IC50 value than ascorbic acid, which was associated with its ability to chelate iron ions. Despite its antioxidant properties, EHAB did not show a protective effect on DOXO-induced DNA damage in PBMCs. In addition, the treatment with DOXO and varying concentrations of EHAB (50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL) decreased cell viability and increased late apoptosis PBMCs, suggesting a synergistic cytotoxic effect of EHAB when used in combination with DOXO. Therefore, even though EHAB shows antioxidant properties in vitro, it does not appear to be an alternative to protect blood cells from genotoxic effects induced by DOXO.
Background
Chronic constipation is a gastrointestinal functional disorder which affects patient quality of life. Therefore, many studies were oriented to search herbal laxative agents. In this study, we investigated the phytochemical composition of beetroot juice (BJ) and its laxative potential in an experimental model of constipation and colonic dysmotility induced by loperamide (LOP) in Wistar rats.
Methods
Animals were concurrently pretreated with LOP (3 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.) and BJ (5 and 10 mL/kg, b.w., p.o.), or yohimbine (2 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.), during 1 week. The laxative activity was determined based on the weight, frequency, and water content of the feces matter. The gastric‐emptying test and intestinal transit were determined. Colon histology was examined, and oxidative status was evaluated using biochemical‐colorimetric methods.
Key results
The in vivo study revealed that LOP induced a significant inhibition of gastrointestinal motility, negative consequences on defecation parameters, oxidative stress, and colonic mucosa lesions. Conversely, administration of BJ reestablished these parameters and restored colonic oxidative balance. Importantly, BJ treatment protected against LOP‐induced inflammatory markers (pro‐inflammatory cytokines and WBC) and the increase in intracellular mediators such as hydrogen peroxide, free iron, and calcium levels.
Conclusions & inferences
This study demonstrated that the bioactive compounds in BJ provided an anti‐constipation effect by modulating intestinal motility and regulating oxidative stress and inflammation induced by LOP intoxication.
Microorganisms produce a wide variety of polysaccharides. Due to biosafety considerations, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are popular producers of exopolysaccharides (EPS) for various applications. In this study, we analyzed the composition and properties of EPS produced by L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and LAB from clover silage (L. fermentum AG8, L. plantarum AG9) after growth on Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe broth (MRS) and with the addition of flaxseed mucilage (FSM) using chromatography, microscopy, and biochemical methods. We found that adding 0.4 % FSM does not drastically alter the medium's rheology but substantially increases EPS yield (by 3.1 to 3.8 times) and modifies the composition and macrostructure of EPS, as well as changes the spatial organization of LAB cells. The presence of FSM led to the production of xylose- and glucose-enriched EPS, which also contained varying proportions of fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glycosamines, and uronic acids, depending on the strain. Most EPS had a low molecular weight (up to 32 kDa), except for EPS produced by L. fermentum AG8 in FSM-containing medium, which had molecular weight of 163 kDa. All EPS exhibited a porous microstructure and demonstrated scavenging capacity for OH- and DPPH-radicals, as well as high levels of α-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activities, even at low concentrations (<1 g·L−1 of EPS). These characteristics make them promising for use in functional food production and medicine.
•• Highlights:
• Clover silage LAB produce xylose and glucose-enriched EPS with low molecular weight.
• The addition of 0.4 % FSM affects the organization and metabolism of LAB cells.
• The FSM addition leads to an increased yield and changes in the composition of EPS.
• With FSM, new type of monomers appear in the LAB EPS composition.
• All EPS show charge, antioxidant, α-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory properties.
Objective
Prosopis juliflora , commonly known as algaroba or mesquite, was introduced and has since proliferated throughout the semi‐arid region of the Caatinga biome. Various studies have documented its properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activities, attributed to the presence of diverse secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of P. juliflora fruit extract as a multifunctional active ingredient, and to develop cosmetic formulations containing this vegetal extract for potential applications in skincare products targeting pro‐ageing and skin colour homogenization properties.
Methods
The extraction process followed established protocols. Chemical characterization of the extract involved quantification of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds, along with Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis. In vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using different methods. Antityrosinase activity was determined by employing enzymatic assays. Cosmetic formulations containing Disodium EDTA, Phenoxyethanol (and) Ethylhexyl Glycerin, Distilled Water, Sodium Acrylates Copolymer Lecithin, Polyacrylamide (and) C13–14 Isoparaffin (and) Laureth‐7, and 3.0% of the investigated plant extract were subjected to preliminary and accelerated stability tests.
Results
The extract demonstrated a concentration of total flavonoids (1.71 ± 0.26 μg EQ/mg) and exhibited concentrations of phenolic compounds at 0.21 ± 0.01 mg EAG/g. Metabolites such as flavonoids and saponins were annotated, as well as some of their respective glycosidic derivatives. The extract showed antioxidant potential and the ability to inhibit the oxidation cascade in both the initiation and propagation phases. Moreover, the extract exhibited noteworthy inhibition of antityrosinase activity, presenting 62.48 ± 2.09 at a concentration of 30.00 mg/mL. The formulations were stable in accelerated stability tests over a 60‐day period.
Conclusion
This research not only demonstrates scientifically by demonstrating the potential of a plant from the Caatinga biome with antioxidant and antityrosinase properties in the development of cosmetic products aimed at pro‐ageing effects and skin colour harmonization, but also adds value to the P. juliflor a production chain. This valorization encompasses various aspects which include environmental, social, and biodiversity responsibilities.
Removal of meat pigments and addition of 156 mg/kg of nitrite significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited lipid oxidation in cooked meat, which suggested that heme pigments may catalyze autoxidation. Taste panel evaluation confirmed the beneficial effects of removal of heme pigments and addition of nitrite as a means of controlling the development of WOF. The percentage of bound heme iron in fresh meat pigment extract was slightly over 90% while the level of free non-heme iron was less than 10%. Cooking, however, released a significant amount of non-heme iron from bound heme pigments, which accelerated lipid oxidation in cooked meat. Thus, the increased rate of lipid oxidation in cooked meat is due to the release of non-heme iron during cooking, which catalyzes lipid oxidation. Addition of 2% ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid was shown to effectively chelate the non-heme iron and, thus, significantly reduced lipid oxidation.
In the presence of a catalytic amount of copper(II) ion, ascorbate stimulated the oxidative damage to the peptides via selective loss of histidine residues. The modified peptides yielded considerable amounts of ammonia and trace amounts of aspartate, glutamate, and serine with the acid treatment of the modified peptides. Such specific action of ascorbate toward the histidine residues gave rise to the depolymerization of polyhistidine accompanied by a significant loss of histidine residues. A 13C NMR study clearly revealed the preferential binding of Cu(II) ion to the histidine residue in a peptide. It is therefore estimated that the selective reaction of ascorbate to the histidine residue should be attributed to the specific reaction of the histidine residue with copper ion.
Catalytic "free" iron was determined in muscle foods by the bleomycin method. The results demonstrated that turkey and chicken muscle contain significant amounts of free catalytic iron. Base propenal derived from DNA during the incubation of bleomycin with muscle water extracts was inhibited by the iron chelator desferrioxamine. The amounts of free iron in turkey and chicken dark muscles were found to be 2.5 and 0.5 μg/g, and those of light muscles, 0.9 and 0.2 μg/g, respectively. The amount of free iron in turkey and chicken dark muscle correlates well with the tendency of this muscle tissue to undergo lipid peroxidation. Turkey and chicken dark and white muscle stored at 4°C for 1 week releases free iron ions, the concentration of which increases by 2-3-fold over fresh samples. The implication of free iron in the quality of muscle foods is discussed.
Treatment of ground beef samples with heat (conventional and microwave), ascorbic acid, or H2O2 increased nonheme iron concentrations. The increases ranged from less than 10% to more than 100% depending on the type, length, and severity of the treatment. Cooking of fresh beef round using common household methods (braising, roasting, microwave cooking) resulted in nonheme iron increases that were generally less than 10%. Treatment of hemin and meat extract solutions with heat and H2O2 resulted in destruction of the iron-porphyrin complex. Oxidative cleavage of the porphyrin ring followed by release of the iron is probably the mechanism for the observed increases in nonheme iron.
This chapter discusses “warmed–over” flavor (WOF) in meat, poultry, and fish. In the first section, the classification and significance of lipids is described. It explains the structure of lipids and the composition of animal fats. The role of lipids in meat flavor, both the desirable and undesirable, are presented. Next section discusses the mechanisms of lipid oxidation. It delves into the topics of autoxidation, catalysts of lipid oxidation, comparison of heme and nonheme iron as pro–oxdidants in muscle tissue, and phospholipid oxidations. In the subsequent section, development of WOF, the species differences in WOF, influence of deboned meat, influence of heating, influence of chopping and emulsifying and effects of curing are explained. A discussion on the prevention of WOF in meat, poultry, and fish is also presented in the last section.
Analysis of a soluble fraction (press juice) from mackerel muscle indicated 8% of the iron and 7 to 38% of the copper was associated with fractions with molecular weights of < 10 kilodaltons (KD). Storage of mackerel muscle resulted in an increase in < 10 KD iron but not copper. Storing frozen-thawed muscle resulted in increases in both the < 10 KD iron and copper. Storing mackerel resulted in decreased ascorbate and increased hemin in the press juice. Separation of the press juice into <5 KD and >5 KD fractions indicated both low and high molecular weight components are required for maximal lipid oxidation in mackerel muscle.
The microsomal lipid peroxidation system of flounder muscle was characterized as to response to temperature, cofactor requirements, inhibitors, and activators. The enzyme-catalyzed reaction had a ratelimiting step prior to the formation of lipid hydroperoxides. The KM for NADH of the enzymic system in the presence of 0.1 mM ADP was approximately 1 μM. In the presence of Fe+3 both cysteine and ascorbate also catalyzed lipid peroxidation. While neither NADH nor ADP had an effect in the presence of ascorbate-Fe+3, NADH stimulated the cysteine-Fe+3 oxidation and ADP completely inhibited it. Inhibitor studies indicated that it was a free radical reaction, an -SH group was involved and O2 reduction products and singlet oxygen participated.
An exhaustive review is presented of the structure, isolation, biosynthesis, role in metabolism, occurrence in individual tissues, and changes of ferritin during development. 280 References. (Heyrovsky - Prague)
The mechanism of ascorbate-promoted ferritin iron reduction under aerobic conditions was studied. The initial rate of ferritin iron release was determined by spectrophotometric measurement of the Fe(ferrozine)3(2+) complex which absorbs at 562 nm. Variation of the initial ferrozine concentration had no influence on the rate of iron release suggesting that ferrozine does not participate in the rate-determining step. Experimental measurements of the initial rate of iron release as a function of ascorbate concentration resulted in saturation kinetics with Vmax = 2.0 X 10(-7) M.min-1 and KM = 1.3 X 10(-3) M. The effect of pH was quite pronounced with a maximal rate of iron release at pH 7.0. Stoichiometric measurements on the reaction mixture, with added catalase, resulted in a ratio of 2 Fe(II) released per ascorbate. Ascorbate-mediated iron release was inhibited 85% by superoxide dismutase, but 0% inhibition was noted with aposuperoxide dismutase. It is proposed that superoxide ion, generated during the iron-promoted oxidation of ascorbate, acts as a reductant of ferritin iron. A mechanism of ferritin iron release consistent with these experimental observations is discussed.
A new method for the assay of tissue ferritin iron and protein concentrations is described. It combines partial chemical purification procedures with quantitative immunochemistry and depends on the titration of ferritin with calibrated, specific antiserum under controlled conditions. It is applicable, in principle, to any tissue and avoids some of the pitfalls of methods that have preceded it.
Using an improved method of gel electrophoresis, many hitherto unknown
proteins have been found in bacteriophage T4 and some of these have been
identified with specific gene products. Four major components of the
head are cleaved during the process of assembly, apparently after the
precursor proteins have assembled into some large intermediate
structure.
Beef, lamb, pork and chicken leg muscles were extracted with distilled water and the soluble iron and zinc compounds separated by gel filtration and dialysis. Iron was distributed between five main components: an insoluble fraction, ferritin, haemoglobin, myoglobin and a low molecular weight fraction. In beef and lamb, myoglobin was the predominant iron compound but in pork and chicken, most of the iron was associated with the insoluble fraction. Whereas more than 70% of beef iron was associated with the haemoproteins, haemoglobin and myoglobin, less than 30% of chicken iron was in this form. Even so, in all meats most of the soluble iron was associated with the haemoproteins. Zinc was present mainly in the insoluble fraction. The soluble zinc was distributed between five main components. Over 70% of soluble zinc was associated with two components having molecular weights of 65 000 and 35 000. The nature and availability of zinc and iron in the various meat fractions is discussed.
Two major species of ferritin are found in heart and other muscles of the rat, which may be separated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after preliminary purification. We have examined the time-course of incorporation of [3H]leucine and 59Fe into these slow- and fast-migrating ferritins in heart and diaphragm, in vivo, following intraperitoneal or intravenous injection. The results show: 1. Both species of ferritin are synthesized from amino acids in parallel with total tissue protein and receive iron in concert; consequently, there is no structural precursor/product or iron-donor/receiver relationship between them. 2. Under iron stimulation, both ferritins are synthesized at different rates within the same tissue and between tissues, and there is a correlation between tissue concentration and its rate of synthesis. In the diaphragm, the concentration and rate of synthesis of the slow-migrating species predominate, and in the heart the opposite pertains. 3. In both tissues iron is preferentially absorbed by the first species upon entry into the tissue, and this is independent of the relative concentration of the two ferritins or their iron saturation. 4. From the data on 59Fe uptake it appears that myoglobin synthesis and metabolism are considerably more active in the heart than in the diaphragm. However, neither ferritin species is a direct iron donor for myoglobin synthesis. Instead, the ferritins and myoglobin all draw their iron from a common pool, which may be of the small molecular weight type reported for intestinal epithelium and some other cells.
Convenient syntheses were developed to obtain on a multigram scale the novel taste enhancer N-(1-carboxyethyl)-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyridinium-3-ol 1, called alapyridaine, as a racemic mixture and as pure (+)-(S) and (-)-(R) enantiomers, respectively. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde was used as key intermediate and was reacted with l-alanine under alkaline conditions to obtain racemic 1. Alternatively, reductive amination of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde with Raney-Ni/hydrogen and l- or d-alanine followed by mild oxidation led to (+)-(S)-1 and (-)-(R)-1, respectively. Racemization was promoted under alkaline and boiling conditions via a carbanion, the formation of which was facilitated by the electron-withdrawing effect of the iminium cation and the resonance-stabilizing capacity of the pyridinium moiety. Under these conditions, 1 was obtained in a 1:1 mixture of the phenol (1) and phenolate (1-H) forms as shown by X-ray diffraction. Racemic 1 formed monoclinic crystals of high molecular organization in which the phenol-type (RS)-1, the phenolate-type (RS)-1-H, sodium cations, and ethanol molecules are present. The crystal structure of [Na(1)(1-H).(C(2)H(6)O)] shows one-dimensional mu(2)-bridging-oxygen polymers stabilized by a three-dimensional network of ionic, hydrogen bond, and pi-stacking interactions with channels occupied by solvent molecules.
1. A new procedure is described for the isolation of pure ferritin from small amounts of tissue. After the removal of most of the tissue proteins by heat coagulation, the ferritin fraction was chromatographed successively on CM-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. 2. The isolated ferritin appeared to be free from other proteins, as judged by its sedimentation pattern in the ultracentrifuge, by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and by immunoelectrophoresis. 3. After the injection of [(14)C]leucine into a series of rats, the specific activity of liver ferritin isolated by the new procedure bore a constant relationship to that of liver ferritin separated by antigen-antibody precipitation. The procedure can thus be used to obtain ferritin of suitable purity for studies of amino acid incorporation. 4. The new procedure can be used to measure the total ferritin protein content of a tissue. It is not possible to use ultraviolet absorption for the measurement of ferritin protein because of considerable interference from the iron that it contains.
Adulteration of vegetable oil is of concern for both commercial and health reasons. Compositional based fingerprints can potentially reveal both the oil source and its possible adulteration. Here, electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) resolves and identifies literally thousands of distinct chemical components of commercial canola, olive, and soybean oils, without extraction or other wet chemical separation pretreatment. In negative-ion ESI FT-ICR MS, the acidic components of soybean oil are easily distinguished from those of canola and olive oil based on relative abundances of C(18) fatty acids, whereas olive oil differs from canola and soybean oil based on relative abundances of tocopherols. In positive-ion ESI FT-ICR MS, the three oils are readily distinguished according to the relative abundances of di- and triacylglycerols with various numbers of double bonds in the fatty acid chains. We demonstrate the detection of soybean oil as an adulterant of olive oil, based on relative abundances of members of each of several chemical families. We suggest that the detailed chemical compositions of vegetable oils can be used to characterize them and to detect and identify adulterants.
for use of the atomic absorption spectropho-tometer Superoxide ion as a primary reduc-tant in ascorbate-mediated ferritin iron release
- Literature Boyer
- R F Mccleary
We thank Gilbert Boissonneault and Geza Bruckner of the Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, for use of the atomic absorption spectropho-tometer. LITERATURE CITED Boyer, R. F.; McCleary, C. J. Superoxide ion as a primary reduc-tant in ascorbate-mediated ferritin iron release. Free Radi-cal Biol. Med. 1987, 3, 389-395.
Effect of ferritin-containing fractions with differ-ent iron loading on lipid peroxidation Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine. Some problems and con-cepts
- D Blake
- B Halliwell
- J M C Gutteridge
Blake, D. Effect of ferritin-containing fractions with differ-ent iron loading on lipid peroxidation. Biochem. J. 1983, Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J. M. C. Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine. Some problems and con-cepts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1986,246, 501-514.
Ferritin and super-oxide-dependent lipid peroxidation Ascorbate-mediated specific modifi-cation of histidine-containing peptides
- C E Thomas
- L A Morehouse
- S D Aust
- K Uchida
- S Kawakishi
Thomas, C. E.; Morehouse, L. A.; Aust, S. D. Ferritin and super-oxide-dependent lipid peroxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, Uchida, K.; Kawakishi, S. Ascorbate-mediated specific modifi-cation of histidine-containing peptides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1989,37,897-901. 1989,13, 179-186. 209,557-560.
Analysis of Polyphenolic Antioxidants from the Fruits of Three Pouteria Species by Selected Ion Monitoring Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
- Hplc / Ms Reporting Liquid Chromatography ( Hplc )
- Ma
Reporting liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC/MS: " Analysis of Polyphenolic
Antioxidants from the Fruits of Three Pouteria Species by Selected Ion Monitoring
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry ", by Jun Ma et al. J. Agric. Food Chem.
2004, 52, 5873–5878.
DOI: 10.1021/jf070242j) It is essential that novel compounds, either synthetic or isolated from natural sources, be characterized rigorously and unequivocally. Supporting data normally include physical form, melting point (if solid
- Agric
- Chem
Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 4625–4629 (DOI: 10.1021/jf070242j). It is essential that novel
compounds, either synthetic or isolated from natural sources, be characterized rigorously and
unequivocally. Supporting data normally include physical form, melting point (if solid), UV/IR
spectra if appropriate,
1 H and
13 C NMR, mass spectrometric data, and optical rotation (when
compounds have chiral centers).
For a discussion of the Journal's expectations for compound characterization, please read Compound Identification: A Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Perspective
- Novel Compound Characterization
Novel Compound Characterization. For a discussion of the Journal's expectations for
compound characterization, please read " Compound Identification: A Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry Perspective " by R. J. Molyneux and P. Schieberle. J.