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Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate Juice and Its Relationship with Phenolic Composition and Processing
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate juices was evaluated by four different methods (ABTS, DPPH, DMPD, and FRAP) and compared to those of red wine and a green tea infusion. Commercial pomegranate juices showed an antioxidant activity (18−20 TEAC) three times higher than those of red wine and green tea (6−8 TEAC). The activity was higher in commercial juices extracted from whole pomegranates than in experimental juices obtained from the arils only (12−14 TEAC). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analyses of the juices revealed that commercial juices contained the pomegranate tannin punicalagin (1500−1900 mg/L) while only traces of this compound were detected in the experimental juice obtained from arils in the laboratory. This shows that pomegranate industrial processing extracts some of the hydrolyzable tannins present in the fruit rind. This could account for the higher antioxidant activity of commercial juices compared to the experimental ones. In addition, anthocyanins, ellagic acid derivatives, and hydrolyzable tannins were detected and quantified in the pomegranate juices. Keywords: Pomegranate; Punica granatum; Punicaceae; juice; phenolics; anthocyanins; ellagic acid; punicalagin; tannins; antioxidant activity; ABTS; DPPH; DMPD; FRAP
... Punicalagin, punicalin and gallagic acid are the most important ellagitannins found in the peel and juice of pomegranate [149]. All these ellagitannins have in common the ability to be hydrolyzed to ellagic acid, resulting in a prolonged release of ellagic acid into the blood following the ingestion of the fruit [150]. Classes of pomegranate flavonoids include anthocyanins, flavan3-ols and flavonols. ...
... Anthocyanins cause the red color of the juice, which is not found in the peel. Pomegranate juice also contains other polyphenols, such as anthocyanins (cyanidin, delphinidin and pelargonidin glycosides) and flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin glycosides) [150]. In all the phases of the fruit's life cycle, for example, during agricultural production, industrial manufacturing, and processing, wastes of pomegranate fruit are produced. ...
... [ [143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162] Hazelnut Shells, skins Antioxidant, anticancer and antifungal effects. [163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181] Tomato Skins, seeds, pomace Antiplatelet, antioxidant, anticancer, antimutagenic, antimicrobial and neuroprotective effects. ...
Bioactive compounds, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing constituents, exert various beneficial effects arising from their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds can be found in vegetables, fruits, grains, spices and their derived foods and beverages such as tea, olive oil, fruit juices, wine, chocolate and beer. Agricultural production and the food supply chain are major sources of food wastes, which can become resources, as they are rich in bioactive compounds. The aim of this review is to highlight recent articles demonstrating the numerous potential uses of products and by-products of the agro-food supply chain, which can have various applications.
... Tannins (ellagic acid and gallic acid) found in pomegranate pericarp are strong antioxidants (Ashoori et al., 1994). They are at higher levels in pomegranate juice, made by pressing the whole fruit and pomegranate peels (Gil et al., 2000). It has been demonstrated that pomegranate juice extract decreases amyloid load and enhances cognitive behavioral deficiencies in AD mouse models (Braidy et al., 2013). ...
... The arils include water (85%), sugars (10%), mainly glucose and fructose, and pectin (1.5%). Also, arils and pomegranate juice are wealthy sources of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics, and especially anthocyanins (Gil et al., 2000;Viladomiu et al., 2013). ...
... However, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis, the effect of pomegranate on TAC level and GSH-Pxis was not found to be significant (Morvaridzadeh et al., 2020). The elevated paraoxonase after ingestion of pomegranate confirms the antioxidant properties of pomegranate polyphenols, including potent ROS scavengers such as ellagic acid, anthocyanins, and tannins (Gil et al., 2000;Rock et al., 2008). The effect of pomegranate intake on urinary TBARSs was also assessed in former studies (Gouda et al., 2015). ...
... Tannins (ellagic acid and gallic acid) found in pomegranate pericarp are strong antioxidants (Ashoori et al., 1994). They are at higher levels in pomegranate juice, made by pressing the whole fruit and pomegranate peels (Gil et al., 2000). It has been demonstrated that pomegranate juice extract decreases amyloid load and enhances cognitive behavioral deficiencies in AD mouse models (Braidy et al., 2013). ...
... The arils include water (85%), sugars (10%), mainly glucose and fructose, and pectin (1.5%). Also, arils and pomegranate juice are wealthy sources of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics, and especially anthocyanins (Gil et al., 2000;Viladomiu et al., 2013). ...
... However, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis, the effect of pomegranate on TAC level and GSH-Pxis was not found to be significant (Morvaridzadeh et al., 2020). The elevated paraoxonase after ingestion of pomegranate confirms the antioxidant properties of pomegranate polyphenols, including potent ROS scavengers such as ellagic acid, anthocyanins, and tannins (Gil et al., 2000;Rock et al., 2008). The effect of pomegranate intake on urinary TBARSs was also assessed in former studies (Gouda et al., 2015). ...
Age-related neurological disorders [AND] include neurodegenerative diseases [NDDs] such as Alzheimer's disease [AD] and Parkinson's disease [PD], which are the most prevalent types of dementia in the elderly. It also includes other illnesses such as migraine and epilepsy. ANDs are multifactorial, but aging is their major risk factor. The most frequent and vital pathological features of AND are oxidative stress, inflammation, and accumulation of misfolded proteins. As AND brain damage is a significant public health burden and its incidence is increasing, much has been done to overcome it. Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L .) is one of the polyphenol-rich fruits that is widely mentioned in medical folklore. Pomegranate is commonly used to treat common disorders such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, wound healing, bleeding, dysentery, acidosis, microbial infections, infectious and noninfectious respiratory diseases, and neurological disorders. In the current review article, we aimed to summarize the data on the pharmacotherapeutic potentials of pomegranate in ANDs.
... Pomegranate has been used in folk medicine from ancient times owing to its potential health benefits [4]. The various phytochemicals present in this fruit are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, thereby counteracting oxidative damage and inflammation which is responsible for the pathogenesis of various diseases [5] [6] [7]. The antioxidant property of pomegranate juice was shown to be three times higher than that of red wine and green tea based on the evaluation of the free radical scavenging and iron reducing capability of the juices [5]. ...
... The various phytochemicals present in this fruit are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, thereby counteracting oxidative damage and inflammation which is responsible for the pathogenesis of various diseases [5] [6] [7]. The antioxidant property of pomegranate juice was shown to be three times higher than that of red wine and green tea based on the evaluation of the free radical scavenging and iron reducing capability of the juices [5]. It possesses significantly higher levels of antioxidants in comparison with the commonly consumed fruit juices [8] [9]. ...
... [95] Some authors used 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), N,N-dimethyl-ρ-phenylenediamine (DMPD), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and quantified the phenolic substances of pomegranate juice. [52] The results showed that ellagitannin accounted for 92% of antioxidant activity, which is mainly concentrated in the peel, fruit membrane, and pith. Among all the by-products, punicalagin showed the strongest antioxidant activity, suggesting that the fruit juice extracted from the whole pomegranate has the strongest antioxidant activity. ...
... The findings suggest that it can be used as a standard marker compound for the potential anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate. On the other hand, through a mouse model of In vitro Scavenge/break free radical chains (Limit/stop the peroxidation chain reactions) [52,53] -P, F, L, S Polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins [54] Anti-pathogenic Antibacterial P Punicalin, punicalagin, gallic acid, ellagic acid ...
Papaya is one of the most important fruit trees cultivated throughout the tropical and subtropical regions and its production is rising worldwide. Its edible part has a high nutritional and sensory value and a great commercial potential. Mature papaya is consumed fresh and has been used in food processing and cosmetic industries. Along with some other parts such as leaves, seeds or skin, papaya has been used in traditional medicine in various countries. In fact, numerous studies have reported the presence of bioactive compounds with diverse biological properties in the papaya by-products, which has motivated the expansion of their applications. Papaya by-products have been demonstrated to exert a wide range of activities (e.g.; antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-dengue, anti-malarial, anti-fertility, diabetes prevention, insecticidal, anti-AIDS) that could be useful in pharmaceutical industry. They could be used in food industry, as a source of functional compounds and in innovative active packaging strategies, and in different cosmetic products, among other applications. Although this scenario indicates that the papaya industry could diversify and increase its economic value, there are two problems that significantly affect it: the spread of pathogens and the highly perishable nature of this fruit. On the one hand, genetic tools have been used to obtain transgenic varieties resistant to pathogens, while new preservation technologies have been explored. This review focuses on the main bioactive compounds, important physiological functions and applications of different papaya parts and also in the current development of genetically modified papaya in the industry and the research progress on storage and preservation.
... In agreement with the present study, changed kidney function was described by Paul [41]. It exerted strong antioxidant action against lipid peroxidation [42,43]. ...
Background: Sodium mono glutamate (MSG), the sodium salt of glutamic acid, is a food flavoring agent that is widely used in many countries. Pomegranate is used as a traditional medication in numerous countries, it is planted in Asian countries, Mediterranean countries and the U.S.A. Aim of the work: The present study aimed to detect structural and functional changes in adult rat kidney tissue treated with sodium mono glutamate, and the possible protective effect of pomegranate on the kidney treated with MSG. Materials and Methods: This study was done by using 60 adult Wistar Albino rats of both sexes were divided into three equal groups: Group I (control group), Group II (sodium mono glutamate treated group), and Group III (combined MSG and pomegranate treated group) Doses were given once daily for 8 weeks every day. At the end of the treatment period, blood samples collected from each rat were used for measuring the values of urea and creatinine. Also animals of the different groups were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, quickly dissected and the kidneys were removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for the histological examination by light microscopy, other tissue sections were evaluated using a transmission electron microscope. Both were used to examine the effect of sodium mono glutamate on cortex of the kidneys of albino rats ,compared with control group and the combined MSG and pomegranate group. Results: There was a major rise in blood urea level and blood creatinine level in sodium mono glutamate treated group in contrast to the control group. There was a significant reduction in blood urea level and blood creatinine level in combined sodium mono glutamate and pomegranate treated group in comparison to MSG treated group. Examination of kidney tissue of rats treated with sodium mono glutamate (Group. II) showed damaging changes of its structure. The glomerulus had markedly widened blood capillaries with thickened filtration membrane. The epithelial tubular cells had marked degenerative changes. Examination of rats kidney tissue treated with sodium mono glutamate and pomegranate (Group III) revealed improvement of the lesions in the glomeruli and renal tubules. Conclusion: Pomegranate protected the kidneys and restricted the histological and functional alterations caused by sodium mono glutamate, and thus, there is an advantage of usage of pomegranate with sodium mono glutamate. KEY WORDS: Pomegranate, Sodium mono glutamate (MSG), Kidney, Blood Urea.
... These beetles groups lived in swamps have developed their defence systems. The redox properties of phenolics and polyphenolic compounds are primarily responsible for their antioxidant activities (Gil et al., 2000). It is thought that proteins in insects may be responsible for the antioxidant activity of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds. ...
In this study, protein extraction was performed from the aquatic insect Helophorus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Helophorus syriacus (Kuwert, 1885) species belonging to the genus Helophorus (Coleoptera: Helophoridae). Then, these protein extracts were studied in vitro. These species were collected from the shallow parts of various streams, springs, creeks, ponds and hot springs from Bingöl city centre and its districts between May to June 2017. The protein amount was determined 34.78 mg/mL in the H. aquaticus and 35.14 mg/mL in the H. syriacus, after that he antioxidant capacity of protein extracts was examined. Metal chelating activity was determined as 90-88.5% and DPPH removal activity 53.19-61.7% for H. aquaticus and H. syriacus respectively. Protein samples belonging to both species were tested for cell vitality with WST-1 in PC-3 (prostate cancer) cells with in vitro cell culture. Upon examination of the test results, it has been found out that protein extracts from both of the studied species caused a decrease in cell inhibition. The highest cell inhibition was observed in samples with 1000 μg/mL insect protein extract added. In this study, protein expression providing apoptosis was examined with the Western blot technique after the effective dose was established. By looking at the proteins of Cyt-C and Caspase 3 with the Western blot technique, the efficacy of the protein extracts from both species was demonstrated effectively for the in vitro PC-3 line in non-apoptosis cell death. As a result of the study, insect proteins were shown to support the production of proteins that ensure cell death with the western blot technique.
... Pomegranate has also significant antioxidant properties. The group of phenolic substances with the highest antioxidant effect in pomegranate is anthocyanins, hydrolysable tannins and ellagic acid derivatives are also effective [6]. On the other hand, pomegranate is also important in terms of the amount and variety of sugar, mineral substance, protein and amino acid it contains. ...
This work aimed to determine the effect of freeze-dried pomegranate water extract (FDPWE) on the quality and technological properties of cemen paste and pastırma. Firstly, FDPWE was produced and its antioxidant, physical and physicochemical properties were determined. Secondly, cemen paste was produced with different levels of FDPWE (Control, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 5.0%) and its quality characteristics were determined. Afterwards, pastırma production was carried out with cemen paste produced by adding FDPWE (Control, 3.0%, 4.0% and 5.0%) and its effects on quality properties and storage stability (at 4 °C for 150 days) of pastırma were investigated. FDPWE had high total anthocyanin content and a* values. The use of FDPWE in cemen paste production caused a decrease in pH value, thereby increasing the effectiveness of anthocyanins. It also caused an increase in a* value (P < 0.01), FRAP-reducing activity, metal chelating activity, color and overall acceptability of cemen. Increasing FDPWE content in cemen paste reduced salt, pH and lipid oxidation (P < 0.01) of pastırma, while both external and internal surface a* color (P < 0.01) and sensory scores (P < 0.01) increased according to the control sample. In addition, the storage stability of the pastırma with FDPWE was maintained better than control samples. The results indicated the potential of FDPWE, as a new clean label additive, containing natural functional components to enhance the quality and stability of pastırma.
... TAA-total antioxidant activity; TP-total phenols; ANT-total anthocyanins; AA-ascorbic acid. It is long known that pomegranate fruits and juices can contain a high level of anthocyanins [33], whose presence is influenced by several factors [34]. The parameter least variable in our population was the total antioxidant activity. ...
Pomegranate (Punica granatum, L.) is a fruit tree that is increasingly popular worldwide due to the health-related properties of the fruit juice. While several studies highlighted the rich phytochemical diversity, few efforts have been devoted to an integrative understanding of the level of diversity of this species. This study investigated the diversity of 40 pomegranate accessions in an Indian ex situ collection by using twenty-nine morphological traits, six biochemical parameters, and twenty-nine Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers. Among the evaluated traits, fruit volume (23.34% CV), fruit weight (21.12% CV), and fruit color (*a) (22.69 % CV) largely contributed to the morphological classification. Based on Mahalanobis D2 distance and Tocher’s clustering, the 40 pomegranate accessions were grouped into eight clusters, partly consistent with their origin. Specifically, cultivars introduced from foreign countries were present in distinct clusters. The SSR marker analysis generated 66 alleles. The observed heterozygosity values ranged from 0.05 to 0.63, with a mean value of 0.30. Maximum molecular genetic dissimilarity was observed between ‘IC-318720′ and ‘Gul-e-Shah Red’ (0.30). The neighbor-joining dendrogram separated wild accessions from cultivated varieties. The combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization allowed for comprehensively characterizing the pomegranate diversity and provided information on the relationships between the different aspects of the diversity. This work also suggests that the origin of the accessions is an important factor of discrimination and that the level of admixture between local and foreign material is currently limited.
... In the present work, a qualitative LCMS/MS analysis of the phenolic composition from the hydroethanolic extract of P. granatum molasses has been carried out using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS innegative and positive ionization modes . Based on the data collected through PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science ,in addition-ESI-MS/MS experiments along with their retention times (t R ) and the comparison with the results found in the literature, 252 components have so far been tentatively identi ed from pomegranate white & red peel as presented in Tables (1)(2)(3)(4) representing wide array of classes of compounds and most of them belong to avonoids. 7 of these compounds were tentatively characterized for the rst time in nature (compounds 22, 53, 54, 71, 167, 194 and 208) . ...
Pomegranates, Punica granatum L., are said to provide various health advantages, according to accumulating research. The haematological effects of pomegranate white and red peel extracts on male rats with phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced anaemia are highlighted in this article. The phytoconstituents of the ethanolic extract of pomegranate white and red peels were identified using LCMS/MS analysis.We employed 48 male albino,. Six experimental groups of eight animals each were created at random from the total number of animals. Rats in group 1(C) served as the control, group, Group 2 (C-WPP), rats received WPP, Group 3 (C-RPP): rats received RPP extract, Group 4 (PHZ): rats received an i.p. injection of PHZ in saline in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day, Group 5 (PHZ-WPP) and, Group 6 (PHZ-RPP). Peripheral blood smears were measurements of iron level, G6PD, LDH, MDA, GPX, SOD, ALT, ALP, and AST were analyzed. By using LCMS/MS studies, 252 compounds were discovered; 163 of these compounds were tentatively recognized for the first time in the white and/or red peels of pomegranates, and 7 of these compounds were tentatively characterized for the first time in nature. Pretreatment with the white and/or red peels of pomegranates, however, greatly reduced this toxicity by modifying the organ's biomarkers, enhancing the tissue's redox status, and bringing serum biochemical parameters virtually back to normal levels. The ethanolic extract of red and white pomegranate peels displays a potent defense against free radicals and oxidative stress.
... The procedure must recover the anthocyanins while avoiding their modification. Thus, acylated anthocyanins, which degrade in solvents containing mineral acids, such as sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrochloric acid (HCl), must be extracted with acidified solvents with organic acids, such as acetic acid or formic acid (FA) [30]. Further, anthocyanins are sensitive to heat and avoiding high temperatures during extraction and concentration is recommended. ...
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments characterized by various intense colors found in fruits and vegetables. Scientific studies have shown growing evidence to support their health benefits. Therefore, estimating the anthocyanin content in food is essential to identify the ideal analytical method. Moreover, due to the instability of plant anthocyanins, it is important to select and optimize their extraction, separation and qualitative and quantitative analysis, steps that are indispensable and important in their study. The present article reviews the latest procedures for extracting anthocyanins from various food matrices and analytical methods for their quantification. Therefore, various forms of preliminary treatments of samples for anthocyanin extraction, extraction procedures for various fruits, vegetables and cereals, purification of samples and quantification of anthocyanins are highlighted and evaluated. Using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) might be effective for anthocyanin extraction and the Amberlite XAD-7HP method is the most effective for purifying anthocyanins. Combining the liquid chromatography (LC) method with electrospray ionization (ESI) and mass spectrometry (MS) or quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) with mass spectrometry (MS) better quantifies the anthocyanins in the food complex samples. Therefore, the extraction and separation of anthocyanins and their qualitative and quantitative analyses are essential steps in their research. As a result, the study concentrates on a detailed characterization of various qualitative and quantitative analytical methodologies, while briefly describing the main anthocyanin extraction processes.
... The results of the antioxidant activity assessed by the ABTS test are depicted in Figure 3. The antioxidant activity of the raw juice was comparable to that found in the pomegranate juice of Sicilian origin (Punica granatum L. cv Selinunte) [18] and from pomegranate arils of the Wonderful variety grown in California (12-14 TEAC) [36]. Slightly lower values (of the order of 8.65 mm Trolox) were measured in the Tarocco variety blood orange juices grown in Sicily [27]. ...
Membrane-based processes are increasingly used to clarify and concentrate thermo-sensitive fruit juices and plant extracts as alternatives to conventional processes. This work aimed to evaluate the quality of red fruit juices clarified and concentrated by an integrated membrane process with special regard to the preservation of valuable compounds. A red fruit juice obtained from a blend of pomegranate, cactus pear, and red orange juices of Sicilian origin was clarified by microfiltration (MF) and then pre-concentrated up to 33 °Brix by nanofiltration (NF). The pre-concentrated juice was finally concentrated by osmotic distillation (OD) up to 50 and 60 °Brix. Samples of clarified, pre-concentrated, and concentrated juice were analyzed for their physico-chemical composition and in terms of the antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity against α-amylase and lipase. The results clearly confirmed the assumption of a mild fruit juice processing method, allowing us to preserve the original nutritional and functional properties of the fresh juice. In particular, the OD retentate at 60 °Brix resulted the most active sample against pancreatic lipase and α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 44.36 and 214.65 μg/mL, respectively.
... This suggested that total phenolics exertion can significantly contribute to most of the antioxidant capacity of the urine. This was consistent with previous investigations that found the antioxidant activity of PE juice was largely accountable to ellagic acid derivatives, anthocyanins, and hydrolysable tannins [56]. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of polyphenols are thought to be multifactorial. ...
Pomegranates are known to possess anti-hypertensive, anti-atherogenic and cardioprotective effects mainly due to their pleiotropic effects on various cellular pathways, especially those triggered by oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of natural standardized pomegranate (PE) extract on cardiovascular risk factors in 24 healthy volunteers who participated in a randomized, single-blind placebo-controlled study. There were 12 subjects in the PE group and 12 in the placebo group. Variables were measured at baseline and after 14 and 28 days of supplementation are anthropometry, BP, pulse wave velocity, fat and lean body mass, salivary and urinary cortisol, and cortisone, total phenolics, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation. Urinary total phenolics excretion and antioxidant capacity were significantly increased after 14 and 28 days of PE intake. At day 28, there were also statistically significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), pulse wave velocity, body fat and fat mass, as well as an increase in lean body mass. Significant changes in the placebo group were not found. Glucocorticoid levels showed a significant decrease in saliva cortisol at day 28 (morning) in the PE group, and cortisol/cortisone ratio was significantly decreased following 28 days of PE intake at morning, noon, and evening. Urine free cortisol was significantly reduced at day 14. These findings suggest that pomegranate extract intake may improve antioxidant and oxidative stress status and play a beneficial role in the attenuation of some cardiovascular risk factors. Future studies should concentrate on overweight and older people.
... Further, Pp contains potential reactive oxygen species (ROS) owing to being enriched with bioactive compounds, namely polyphenols with gallic acid and tannins, which amount toaround ~25-28% of the total portion [22]. Moreover, polyphenolsare one of the major components of pomegranates which exhibit an antimicrobial biofilm degradation efficiency against many bacterial diseases [23]. ...
The ability and potency of bacterial species to form biofilms, which show antibiotic resistance thereby avoiding antibiotic surfaces, is a major cause of prolonged infections. Various advanced approaches have been employed to prevent or damage bacterial biofilms, formed by a variety of bacterial strains, to help prevent the associated infectious disease. In this context, zinc-based nanostructures have been recognized as a potential antibiotic agent against a broad spectrum of bacterial communities. As a result, a sustainable and green synthesis method was adapted in the present study to synthesize a Zn(OH)2/ZnO-based bionanocomposite, in which aqueous extracts of waste pomegranate peels (Punica granatum) were employed as a natural bioreducing agent to prepare the bionanocomposite at room temperature. Furthermore, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, UV-Visible, PL spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the green route synthesized a Zn(OH)2/ZnO bionanocomposite. The average crystallite size was determined using the Scherrer relation to be 38 nm, and the DLS results indicated that the Zn(OH)2/ZnO bionanocomposite had a hydrodynamic size of 170 nm. On the other hand, optical properties investigated through UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy explored the energy bandgap between 2.80 and 4.46 eV, corresponding to the three absorption edges, and it covered the blue spectrum when the sample was excited at 370 nm. Furthermore, the impact of this green route synthesized a Zn(OH)2/ZnO bionanocomposite on the biofilm degradation efficiency of the pathogenic bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis PF_1 using the Congored method was investigated. The Congored assay clearly explored the biofilm degradation efficiency in the presence of a 50 mg/mL and 75 mg/mL concentration of the Zn(OH)2/ZnO bionanocomposite against the bacterial strain Bacillus subtilis PF_1 grown for 24 h. This study can be further applied to the preparation of bionanocomposites following a low-cost green synthesis approach, and thus prepared nanostructures can be exploited as advanced antimicrobial agents, which could be of great interest to prevent various infectious diseases.
... 31 Punicalagin is a phenolic compound present abundantly in pomegranate peel with high molecular weight. 32 Punicalagin is found naturally in two anomeric forms α and β differing from the chiral carbon position (Figure 1). Recent studies including α/β anomers [33][34][35] revels that there are differences in the non-covalent interactions profile between these anomers and proteins. ...
The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus has resulted in a global health emergency and has prompted an urgent need for new treatment strategies. No target-specific drugs are currently available for SARS-CoV-2, but new drug candidates targeting the viral replication cycle are being explored. A prime target of drug-discovery efforts is the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). In this work, we identified a potential inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 main protease using in silico methodologies. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies were carried out to ascertain the inhibitory action of α and β anomers of Punicalagin from fruit peel of Punica granatum against the Mpro protease. The molecular dynamics results revealed that the β-anomeric configuration of punicalagin allowed access to more hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction leading to higher selectivity and specificity of β-anomer than α-anomer. Therefore, the β-anomer of Punicalagin could act as potential inhibitor against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 and may act as a potential drug candidate
... The consumption of pomegranate juice has grown tremendously due to its reported health benefits, which are presumably due to its high content of antioxidant polyphenols especially tannins, anthocyanins and ellagic acid derivatives [19,20]. Animal and in vitro studies have shown that pomegranate may reduce inflammation [21], lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, blood pressure [22][23][24] and insulin resistance [25]. ...
... The consumption of pomegranate juice has grown tremendously due to its reported health benefits, which are presumably due to its high content of antioxidant polyphenols especially tannins, anthocyanins and ellagic acid derivatives [19,20]. Animal and in vitro studies have shown that pomegranate may reduce inflammation [21], lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, blood pressure [22][23][24] and insulin resistance [25]. ...
There has been an increasing interest in nutraceuticals and functional foods in reducing appetite and to lose weight. We assessed the effect of oral pomegranate extract (PE) and PE juice (PJ) intake vs. placebo on satiety parameters in healthy volunteers. Twenty-eight subjects (mean age 34.5 ± 13.7 years, body mass index [BMI] 25.05 ± 3.91 kg/m2) were randomized to 3-week priming supplementation with PE (Pomanox®) or placebo. On week 3, satiety parameters were determined on 1 testing day after participants ingested a breakfast and a lunch meal with PJ juice, using 100-mm visual acuity scales (VAS) for hunger, desire to eat, fullness and satisfaction. Meal quality and palatability were also tested. The desire to eat was less at all time points in the PJ juice with PE priming group and participants were also less hungry (p = 0.044) than those who consumed placebo. There was an overall significant difference between the groups (p < 0.001). Participants in the PJ juice with PE priming group experienced significantly greater satisfaction (p = 0.036) and feeling of fullness (p = 0.02) than those in the placebo group. These findings suggest that consumption of PE could have the potential to modulate satiety indicators.
... Other studies reported higher TEAC values for mesocarp methanol extracts in comparison to the peel methanol extracts and the lowest TEAC values for pomegranate juices [19]. In another assay system, Gil et al. [42] also showed different TEAC values for different groups of phenolic compounds in pomegranate juice. The TEAC value decreased in the order from punicalagins > anthocyanins > hydrolyzable tannins > ellagic acids. ...
Pomegranate fruit is an ancient fruit that is used not only because of its deep-red color and tasty arils but also due to the health benefits of its extracts. Pomegranate is a valuable source of bioactive compounds, including colorful anthocyanins and other polyphenols. The main objective of the present study was to gain comprehensive knowledge of the phenolic composition and antioxidative activity of a new pomegranate cultivar, grown in Northwest Istria, a part of the North Adriatic coastal area. Various parts of the pomegranate fruit parts were extracted in 70% ethanol or water. Total phenolic content and antioxidative capacity were respectively determined with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and ABTS radical. Phenolics were examined and analyzed with TLC, LC-MS, and HPLC. Pomegranate juice was prepared from red arils and after thermal treatment, the stability of anthocyanins was monitored for several months to understand the effect of storage. The highest total phenolics were determined in ethanol pomegranate peel extracts (30.5 ± 0.6 mg GAE/g DM), and water peel extracts exhibited the highest antioxidative activity (128 ± 2 µg TE/g DM). After five months of storage of thermally treated pomegranate juice, 50–60 percentage points increase in anthocyanin degradation was observed. Pomegranate peel was further tested as a sustainable inedible food source for papermaking. Due to the low content of cellulose and the high percentage of extractives, as well as a distinguished texture and appearance, the paper made from pomegranate peel is best suited for the production of specialty papers, making it particularly interesting for bioactives recovery, followed by material restructuring.
... One of the first fruit trees that have been planted is the pomegranate ( Punica granatum Linn.) and it is high in polyphenolic chemicals and tannins. Thus, three to six glasses of commercially accessible pomegranate juice per day could be sufficient to provide antioxidant benefits [52]. ...
Vitiligo is an acquired skin pigmentation disease with a global burden of 0.5 to 2 percent of the population. Vitiligo therapy frequently poses a difficulty, which has sparked interest in alternative treatment modalities, including multivitamins and herbal supplementation. It has previously been established that nutrition plays a crucial role in developing, amplifying, or rehabilitating an array of human disorders. However, the correlation between diet diversity and immune-mediated skin diseases is still up to interpretation. Several supplements have been studied, including vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements. Most studies agree that combining vitamin B12, folic acid, and sun exposure is good for inducing repigmentation. Supplementation of zinc and phenylalanine when used in conjunction with topical steroids or UV-B (ultraviolet B) treatment shows therapeutic effects on vitiligo due to their role in the melanin synthesis pathway. Investigations conducted on herbal supplements have revealed that most of them contain antioxidants, which aid in repigmentation. This narrative review's purpose is to discuss nutrition's function in immune-mediated inflammatory skin diseases from the perspective of the most recent and reliable information available.
Scientific research in the field of food provides a lot of evidence that supports the view that diet is the main variable determinant of chronic diseases. Although the concept of the positive impact of diet on human health dates back to the fifth-century BC when Hippocrates said, ‘Let food be your medicine and medicine your food’, modern consumers demand it due to the fact that food has changed significantly over the last decades. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 71% of deaths are caused by new-age diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases annually. It is estimated that 80% of these diseases can be avoided by changing the diet, which has led to an increase in consumer health awareness in the direction of interest in food that contributes to a healthier lifestyle. However, the modern way of life imposes food that is quick and easy to prepare and which most often, in addition to meeting basic nutritional and energy needs, does not improve health and physical fitness. For these reasons, the production of functional food, as food with health-improving effects, has extraordinary potential and is the foundation of the development of the modern food industry around the world. On the other hand, the expansion of the food industry leads to the creation of a large amount of biowaste material or a specific by-product with a high content of bioactive compounds. Generating these types of by-products represents a significant environmental problem and economic deficit. Consequently, their valorization into economically viable food products is supported by the concept of a circular bioeconomy, and one of the ways is the production of functional ingredients intended for the food industry. Therefore, this chapter offers a review of the scientific-relevant literature that deals with obtaining bioactive compounds from plant-based agriculture waste and their addition to the food in order to create different types of functional food products.
The concern regarding the increasing world population and climate change in recent years has caused water shortage to be an important limiting factor in the agriculture industry. The application of Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) strategies is becoming a common practice to mitigate the effects of climate change and global lack of water resources. Fruit quality loss and tissue softening of apple fruits due to mechanical damage during transporting and marketing reduces the shelf life of early ripening fruits. In the present study, the effects of deficit irrigation and hand thinning on quality of the apple fruit cultivar ‘Golab’ were investigated during the post-harvest period. The treatments included control (100% crop evapotranspiration [ETc]) 100% of water requirement and RDI (50% ETc) and 50% of water requirement at the beginning of the growing season and full irrigation in the next season. The results showed that fruit growth under RDI and hand thinning significantly decreased and increased, respectively, compared to control. Some characteristics such as fruit weight, fruit firmness and total phenolic compound maintained or improved under RDI and hand thinning in comparison to control during storage. At the end of 6 weeks of cold storage, the highest values for both firmness (5.13 kg/cm³) and maturity index (30.20) were associated with RDI along with hand thinning treatment. Generally, it seems that RDI increased the quality of apple fruits but decreased the fruits’ growth.
This work aimed to investigate a possible mechanism that may mediate the hepatoprotective effects of pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) against thioacetamide (THIO)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 8 each): control; PFE (150 mg/kg/day, orally); THIO (200 mg/kg, i.p, 3 times a week); and THIO and PFE-treated groups. Oral PFE treatment decreased liver/body weight ratio by 12.4%, diminished serum function levels of ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, and total bilirubin, increased serum albumin, boosted hepatic GSH (by 35.6%) and SOD (by 17.5%), and significantly reduced hepatic levels of ROS, MDA, 4-HNE, AGEs, and RAGE in THIO-fibrotic rats relative to untreated THIO group. Moreover, PFE administration downregulated the hepatic levels of profibrotic TGF-β1 (by 23.0%, P
Phenolic acids are one of the major classes of phenolic compounds occurring as secondary metabolites in plants; among them, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids are outstanding. These compounds are widespread in the human diet through plant-based foods, where they contribute to sensory and functional properties. Their consumption has also been associated with positive effects in human health, owing to their recognized biological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, or anticarcinogenic). Technological and functional properties of phenolic acids have made them interesting compounds for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic companies, so that suitable preparation processes are required to meet their increasing research and industrial demand. To fulfill these needs, an efficient production of pure compounds is required that cannot be fully satisfied by their isolation from natural sources or chemical synthesis, which suffer limitations such as low yield, time-consuming, or non-environmentally friendly processes. Biotechnological approaches including the construction of heterologous plant or microbial systems can be an alternative for enhancing phenolic acid production or addressing pathways toward the biosynthesis of particular target compounds. This chapter offers an overview on phenolic acids occurrence in food and natural sources, biosynthesis and advances in their biotechnological production.
Wound care is a global health issue with a financial burden of up to US $96.8 billion annually in the USA alone. Chronic non-healing wounds which show delayed and incomplete healing are especially problematic. Although there are more than 3000 dressing types in the wound management market, new developments in more efficient wound dressings will require innovative approaches such as embedding antibacterial additives into wound-dressing materials. The lack of novel antibacterial agents and the misuse of current antibiotics have caused an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which is estimated to cause 10 million deaths by 2050 worldwide. These ongoing challenges clearly indicate an urgent need for developing new antibacterial additives in wound dressings targeting microbial pathogens. Natural products and their derivatives have long been a significant source of pharmaceuticals against AMR. Scrutinising the data of newly approved drugs has identified plants as one of the biggest and most important sources in the development of novel antibacterial drugs. Some of the plant-based antibacterial additives, such as essential oils and plant extracts, have been previously used in wound dressings; however, there is another source of plant-derived antibacterial additives, i.e., those produced by symbiotic endophytic fungi, that show great potential in wound dressing applications. Endophytes represent a novel, natural, and sustainable source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic applications, including as efficient antibacterial additives for chronic wound dressings. This review examines and appraises recent developments in bioactive wound dressings that incorporate natural products as antibacterial agents as well as advances in endophyte research that show great potential in treating chronic wounds.
The dependence of humans on oxygen for their metabolism, together with their uninterrupted exposure to a wide variety of hazardous environmental chemicals, leads to the continuous formation of reactive oxygen-derived species (ROS) in the body, such as superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyl radicals, and hydroxyl radical. When in excess, ROS can damage cellular constituents such as DNA and membrane lipids causing oxidative stress, cellular injury, and, eventually, inflammatory, neoplastic, diabetic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and age-related diseases. Fortunately, the body has a multitude of naturally occurring antioxidants in dietary fruits and vegetables to its disposal, including polyphenolic compounds, vitamins, and essential minerals. These antioxidants eliminate ROS by acting as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, quenchers of singlet oxygen, or chelators of metal ions that catalyze oxidation reactions, thus decreasing the risk of the abovementioned diseases. This first part of the current chapter comprehensively addresses three representative examples of fruits from the Republic of Suriname (South America) that are rich in anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and coumarins and highlights their antioxidant activity and beneficial and health-promoting effects. In part 2, four Surinamese fruits with an abundance of (pro)vitamins A, C, and E and selenium are equally extensively dealt with in light of their antioxidant activities.
Pomegranate seed and peel powders are suitable for the production of pectin, oil, proteins and as biologically active additives for food enrichment. Knowledge of the chemical composition and thermal changes of powders allows to control the technological regimes, yield and quality of the final product. As a result of the studies, the chemical composition and thermal properties of a finely dispersed pomegranate peel and seed powder subjected to heat treatment by X-ray diffractometry, IR-, EPR spectroscopy and thermal analysis (TG/DTG/DSC) have been carried out. X-ray diffractometry showed that the crystal structures present in the original samples, when heated in air at 110 °C for 30 min. are destroyed and in all cases the samples pass into the amorphous state, a noticeable difference is found in the position and intensity of the observed bands in the spectra in the initial and heat-treated samples. IR spectroscopy data show that drying the samples at 105 °C in air for 30 min leads to a significant change in the chemical composition of the powders. EPR spectroscopy showed the presence of paramagnetism in the samples and identified organic radicals and paramagnetic centers from Fe3+ ions. The features of the change in the chemical composition during drying of samples, which are characteristic of drying processes, namely, are the result by dehydration, dehydroxylation and denaturation of protein compounds that make up this process, have been established. Temperature intervals (54.2–147.9 and 71.7–95.4 °C, 147.9–343.7 and 343.7–466 °C) associated with changes in the composition of organic compounds, contained in the powders were determined.
Polyphenols are a broad group of bioactive phytochemicals with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activities. Numerous studies have demonstrated that polyphenol extracts obtained from natural sources can be used for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Pomegranate peel extract is an excellent source of polyphenols, such as punicalagin, punicalin, ellagic acid, and caffeic acid, among others. These phenolic compounds have antineoplastic activity in in vitro models of cervical cancer through the regulation of cellular redox balance, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and modulation of different signaling pathways. The current review summarizes recent data from scientific reports that address the anticancer activity of the predominant polyphenol compounds present in PPE and their different mechanisms of action in cervical cancer models.
Background
Platelet aggregation and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidative stress are known as key factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetic complications. In this context, fruit and vegetable consumption, good sources of antioxidant compounds have been largely reported as an effective way of preventing human against these diseases. The current study focuses on the evaluation of antioxidant, antiplatelet and anti-glycation activities of pomegranate ( Punica granatum L. ) flowers (PF), leaves (PL), peel (PP) juice (PJ) and seeds oil (PSO).
Methods
Antioxidant activities was measured against ABTS radical and lipid peroxidation. Antiglycation activity was determined using the formation of AGE fluorescence intensity in the BSA/ribose system. Antiplatelet activity was measured in platelet rich plasma (PRP) against adenosine diphosphate (ADP), Collagen and arachidonic acid (AA).
Results
PF extract displayed the highest antioxidant activity against ABTS and lipid peroxidation with IC 50 values of 0.7 mg/mL and 0.63 mg/mL respectively. For anti-glycation activity, PP, PF and PL inhibited moderately the pentosidine-like AGEs formation compared to positive controls with AGE-IC 50 value of 0.4 mg/mL. PJ and PSO haven’t any anti-AGE effect. All the extracts selectively inhibited platelet aggregation caused by one, two or three inducers in dose dependent manner. PF was the most potent inhibitor caused by all three inducers, with inhibitory effects ranging from 35.6 to 66.6%. PP and PJ exhibited antiplatelet effect against both ADP and collagen and PL and PSO only against AA.
Conclusions
These results suggest that some pomegranate extracts exert potential in vitro anti-glycative and antiplatelet activities.
Black pearl Grapes are highly nutritious and one of the richest sources of polyphenols, but due to being delicate with very high loss at harvest and during distribution, is not consumed adequately. This study intended to develop functional lactic acid starter culture based fermented grapes beverage, in order to improve the quality and stability of this low pH fruit and to develop a fermented non-dairy beverage. Results showed that grapes blend was an excellent matrix for LAB growth with more than 9.38 log10 CFUml-1 of viability at the end of fermentation. LAB fermentation affectedly enhanced the total polyphenols and flavonoids content. Likewise, antioxidants capacities based on DPPH and FRAP activity were considerably increased correlating with each other, impacting the color and sensory properties of the grapes beverage. This way, the lactic acid fermentation can be considered as an appropriate tool for developing black pearl grapes based novel bio-intervention with enhanced antioxidants, polyphenols and flavonoids with anti-proliferative activity and antagonistic efficacy against recurring food borne pathogen in this post-antibiotic era.
Introduction: Pomegranate peel is one of the most beneficial parts due to contains bioactive ingredients such as flavonoids, ellagitannins, phenolics and proanthocyanidin compounds that with high antioxidant activity. A high amount of punicalagin in the pomegranate peel allows the pomegranate to produce antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic effects. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective effects of PPE in LPS-induced uveitis model in rats. Material and Methods: 60 male rats were divided into;healthy,uveitis,LPS+DEX, LPS+PPE(100mg/kg),LPS+PPE(300mg/kg),LPS+PPE (500mg/kg). Analyzed PPE was given to rats by oral gavage for 7 days before LPS administration. One hour after the last extract, LPS was applied to rats in all groups except the healthy group. DEX was applicated intraperitoneally 1 mg/kg x three times, half an hour before, at the same time and half an hour after the LPS application. After LPS application, half of the rats in each group at the 3rd and the other half at the 24th hour was taken eye tissues of rats and were stored for histopathological, molecular and biochemical analysis. Results: PPE administration significantly decrease MDA levels and a significant increase in GSH levels and SOD activities depending on the dose, compared with the uveitis group. When molecular analyzes were examined, the levels of TNF-α,VEGF and Caspase-3 mRNA expression up regulated by LPS-induced uveitis groups and PPE administration significantly down regulated in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion:PPE can be a promising agent by contributing to alternative preventive treatment methods for uveitis with its antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antiapoptotic and angiogenic effects.
In this review, we outline the new expertise and research progress with luteolin as an antitumor agent, and clarify the related results from the aspects of tumor proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, angiogenesis, and immunotherapy. In recent years, with the development of medical technology, the early detection rate of tumors has increased significantly. However, the number of cancer patients remains high. Therefore, a new and reasonably effective tumor therapeutic drug is urgently demanded. Luteolin, a flavonoid and widespread in nature, attracts more and more attention due to its universal biological utility, especially in the study of antitumor activity. This article reviews the work published in the past 20 years on the role and mechanism of luteolin as an antitumor agent, showing that this compound has a variety of effects for antitumor treatment by acting on different cytokines. Although clinical studies have not yet been widely carried out, a series of basic studies have confirmed that luteolin is a reasonably effective antineoplastic agent or anticancer adjuvant. Besides, derivatives of luteolin have good application prospects.
A comparative study of the physicochemical attributes of dried pomegranate arils from three pomegranate cultivars ('Acco', 'Herskawitz' and 'Wonderful') was conducted. The hot-air drying experiment was carried out at 60°C, with 19.6% relative humidity and an air velocity of 1.0 m s-1. Dried pomegranate arils of each cultivar were assessed for colour, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH. The results showed that desirable quality attributes of the investigated dried pomegranate arils were cultivar dependent. The TSS, TA and pH were in the ranges of 16.3-21.0 °Brix, 1.23-1.50 (% citric acid) and 3.36-3.85, respectively. 'Wonderful' had the highest a* value while 'Acco' had the least. Furthermore, the values of aril colour intensity (C*) varied markedly among the cultivars; the highest and the least colour intensity were found in 'Wonderful' and 'Acco', respectively.
The present study deals with the comparative extraction techniques of ellagitannins from pomegranate rind to get higher extraction efficiency for the purpose of waste valorization. Extraction techniques followed the trend high-speed homogenization (2.08%) > ultrasonic-assisted extraction (1.71%) > microwave-assisted extraction (1.40%) > Soxhlet (1.31%) > enzyme-assisted extraction (0.95%) in terms of punicalin equivalent yield. Being green technique, ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was further optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Yield of ellagitanins was maximized to 3.04% in terms of punicalin equivalent yield for UAE using RSM, which is significantly higher than conventional Soxhlet extraction method (1.71%) using optimized conditions. The LC-HRMS analysis found that Punicalin A and B were the major ellagitannins present in the purified extract apart from the hexose sugar of ellagic acid. Ellagitannin-rich extract was evaluated for their antioxidant activity by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, and the IC50 values ranged between 4.9–29.2 and 25.4–32.9 for the crude and purified ellagitannin, respectively. In silico analysis revealed good binding capacity of ellagic acid with catalase. Polyphenols from pomegranate rind have strong potential for industrial utilization.
The oral cavity is crucial from diagnosis to adherence to HAART therapy in the HIV/AIDS population; consequently, drugs that can maintain healthy conditions in the oral cavity are necessary for patients with HIV/AIDS. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is a tree that has been employed extensively for centuries in the traditional medicine of ancient cultures for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including oral and dental diseases. In recent decades, its potent anticandidal properties have been shown, especially on Candida albicans, the cause of the most common clinical manifestation in HIV patients. The present work contributes to the review of the anti-HIV and anticandidal properties of the plant species P. granatum as involved with the oral cavity. The literature reviewed revealed that crude extracts of pomegranate and its main isolated compounds possess inhibitory activity on different HIV targets, including binding viral proteins and the three replicative HIV enzymes. In addition, in the literature reviewed, pomegranate exhibited anticandidal effects on 10 different species. Thus, pomegranate appears to be an excellent candidate to explore and incorporate into the treatment of the oral cavity of HIV/AIDS patients, in that, in addition to its pharmacological effects such as antiviral and anticandidal, pomegranate represents an easily available, inexpensive, and safe natural source.
It is believed that black mulberry (Morus nigra) is a healthier fruit among mulberry species due to its high bioactive content. In the present study, the morphological and chemical variabilities of this species were investigated. There were statistical differences in terms of the morphological and chemical traits between the genotypes. Out of 37 morphological and seven chemical characters, 20 morphological and five chemical traits showed a coefficient of variation (CV) greater than 20.00%, indicating a high variability between the genotypes for these traits. The fruit weight varied between 1.79 and 5.69 g with an average of 3.85 g. The highest TSS content was 24.80%, while the lowest TSS was 11.20%, with an average of 18.42. The content of total anthocyanins was found between 57.62 and 475.65 mg CGE 100 g⁻¹ FrWe. Total phenols ranged from 232.27 to 1777.73 mg GAE 100 g⁻¹ FrWe. The fruit weight showed positive correlations with tree growth vigor, leaf length and leaf width. In addition, fruit weight was positively correlated with fruit length and fruit width. Furthermore, TSS was positively correlated with phenolic content and flavonoid content. The results obtained from the hierarchical grouping analysis separated genotypes into three and two main groups based on morphological and chemical characters, respectively. The present study increased knowledge about the phenotypic variation and phytochemical properties of black mulberry fruits and can be useful for producers, breeders, and processors.
Bioactive natural products are essential components for drug development. Protein glycation in diabetic subjects leads to diabetic complications as nephropathy and neuropathy. We investigated the impact of pomegranate hexane extract (PHE) as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiglycation in diabetic rats. Gas chromatography/mass spectrum (GC/MS) analysis of PHE revealed presence of resorcinol, catechol, tau-cadinol, metacetamol, scopoletin, phytol, and phenol, 3-pentadecyl as the most active ingredients that related to biological activity. Results obtained showed that, PHE increased serum aldose reductase and total antioxidant activity compared with untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.001). In addition, PHE exert antioxidant by enhancing, catalase and SOD (p < 0.001) and decreased MDA (p < 0.001), anti-inflammatory by inhibition production of 1 β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (p < 0.001), and AGEs (p < 0.001) against nephropathy in diabetic rats compared with untreated group. It was concluded that, pomegranate is promising in development a functional biomolecule in treatment and protection against diabetic complications as nephropathy. More study required to investigate the molecular action of these molecules.
Background:
The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an ancient perennial plant species of the Punicaceae family. Its seeds are consumed as food or as juice. Previous studies have noted that pomegranate juice encompasses many active compounds with beneficial effects. The main goals of this work were to study the phenolic component of freeze-dried and reconstituted pomegranate juices obtained from 13 pomegranate genotypes growing in Morocco.
Results:
We analyzed several pomegranate juices by means of high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution-mass-spectrometry to determine phenolic compounds. 27 bio-phenols, belonging to four different classes (phenolic acids, hydrolyzable tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids), have been identified based on their accurate mass measurements and quantified. Some encouraging results were obtained. Even though the freeze-drying process introduced a marked degradation of bio-phenols, substantially lowering their levels in the reconstituted fruit juices, these latter are still rich enough in bio-phenols to compete with some fresh fruit juices. The reconstituted juices obtained by rehydration of the lyophilized material still differ one from another enough to enable a statistical classification based on their polyphenols content. A correlation analysis was applied to the polyphenol data to explore correlations and similarities between genotypes.
Conclusions:
The results showed that freeze-drying and reconstitution of juices introduce some degradation to the polyphenol content, the overall polyphenolic pattern within the same cultivar, in two different harvesting years, is however maintained, suggesting composition stability of the freeze-dried juices produced in this time span. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Pomegranate due to its high nutritive and therapeutic value, high antioxidant capacity, and bioactive compounds is known as superfruit. However, its consumption is scarce due to difficulties in peeling and extraction of arils, hand staining and irritation during extraction due to phenolic metabolites in fruits. Improved varieties have excellent flavour with crisp-juicy-dark red, gem-like arils, indicating potentiality for export and value-added products with the extended shelf life. Advances in post-harvest technology had played a vital role in product diversification by keeping original nutritional value. Extensive research has been carried out in the development of various pomegranate-derived products such as minimally processed arils, frozen seeds, RTS juice, concentrates. These processed products are highly acceptable because of their dessert qualities and palatability. Consumers readily pick well-matured big size fruits with attractive colour but low-grade pomegranate is kept out of market. Additional innovative tools like modified atmosphere packaging offer for the optimal use of such lower-grade fruits. Consumers prefer minimally processed pomegranate arils and frozen arils packed in punnets over whole fruit. Juices can be used in beverages and for various treatment purposes. This new sector of pomegranate processing will allow the use of non-commercial pomegranate fruits and improve pomegranate utilization for human health.
A practical synthesis of ellagic acid has been achieved from methyl gallate ester by a proposed synthetic route of five steps, ketal protection, regioselective bromination, bis-lactonization, C-C bond formation between the aromatic rings of galloyl groups, and ketal-deprotection in 38% overall yield. Ellagic acid showed a slight inhibitory activity on the SARS-CoV-2 eCLpro protease.
In this chapter, a literature survey was performed to identify the best African plants and their derived phytochemicals with anti-Helicobacter pylori activity. Based on the established cut-off points for the classification of antibacterial activity of natural products, the most active African botanicals against Helicobacter pylori were identified as Lippia javanica, Eucalyptus grandis, Eryngium foetidum, Scleria striatinux, Lycopodium cernua, Ageratum conyzoides, Terminalia spinose, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalytus torelliana, Erythrina speciosa, Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga ciliata, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Spathodea campanulata, Peltophorum africanum, Eucalyptus globulus, and Harrisonia abyssinica. The phytochemicals exhibiting outstanding and excellent activities were identified as terpinen-4-ol (1), vokensiflavone (2), gingerol (3), fraxetin (4), 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5), 2-methoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone (6), 2-ethoxy-6-acetyl-7-methyljuglone (7), 2-methoxy-7-acetonyljuglone (8), 3-acetyl-7-methoxy-2-methyljuglone (9), juglone (10), polydatin (11), fuscaxanthones A (13), G (17) and I (12), cowanin (14), cowaxanthone (15), cowanol (16), fukugiside (18), berberine (19), pyrrolidine heterocyclic (20), 1-methyl-2- [(Z)-8-tridecenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone (21), 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-7- tridecenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone (22), ent-kaurenoic acid, emodin, α and β-mangostins, isojacareubin aned 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone. The identified plants and phytochemicals are potential sources of drugs and should be further explored to develop herbal medicine and pharmaceuticals to combat Helicobacter pylori infections involving both sensitive and resistant phenotypes.
Pomegranate genotypes called 'Zivzik' are widely grown in Siirt, Turkey, and these genotypes have sweet, tart, and sour fruits. This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical traits of fruits belonging to 'Zivzik' pomegranate genotypes, as well as changes in fruit characteristics after storage. Sweet, tart, and sour 'Zivzik' pomegranate genotypes were harvested inŞirvan and Pervari districts of Siirt. The fruits were placed in modified atmosphere packages and kept at 6°C and 90% relative humidity for 3 months. Some physicochemical traits were determined in both harvested and stored pomegranate fruits. Fruit weight (280.8 g), berry weight (0.41 g), fruit width (84.5 mm), and fruit length (8.57 mm) of the fruits of the sweet pomegranate genotype were found to be higher than in the other genotype fruits. However, the total soluble solids content (17.57%), titratable acid content (3.02 g/100 ml), total phenol content (163.43 mg GAE/100 ml), and antioxidant activity (49.95 µmol TE/ml) of the fruits of the sour pomegranate genotype were higher than in fruits of other genotypes. There were differences between pomegranate genotypes in fruit peel color and berry size. After storage, there was a significant decrease in the titratable acid content of fruits in all genotypes, while their total soluble solids, total phenol content, and antioxidant activities increased. However, no significant change was found in fruit peel color in any genotype. Consequently, there were differences between the physicochemical traits of the fruits belonging to the sweet, tart, and sour 'Zivzik' pomegranate genotypes, but there were no significant changes in these traits after storage.
The dietary effects of ensiled pomegranate by-products (EPB) with different levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, haematological parameters, carcase traits, and meat quality of fat-tail lambs were investigated in vivo. Thirty-two lambs were allocated to four experimental diets: containing: (1) diet without EPB as control, (2) diet containing EPB (EPB), (3) diet containing EPB with 5% PEG (EPB5%PEG) and (4) diet containing EPB with 10% PEG (EPB10%PEG). The nutrient digestibility, growth performance, internal organs, carcase traits, and chemical composition of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) were unchanged between treatments (p > .05). However, a significant increase in fatty-acid profile of LTL (vaccenic acid, p = .04; C18:2 cis-9 cis12, p = .05; rumenic acid, p = .03; C18:2 trans-10 cis12, p = .02; alpha-linolenic acid, p = .01; punicic acid, p = .03 and total PUFA, p < .0001) was found in EPB-fed animals. The highest total antioxidant capacity (p = .001) and the lowest serum malondialdehyde concentration (p = .05) were observed in lambs fed EPB. The results indicated that dietary incorporation of EPB without PEG and its partial replacement with grains can improve animal health and meat fatty-acid profile without deleterious effects on growth performance.
• HIGHLIGHTS
• The fat-tail lambs were fed with ensiled pomegranate by-products (EPB).
• EPB improved the fatty-acid profile of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum and total antioxidant capacity of serum.
• EPB can be partially replaced with cereals without deleterious effect on performance.
An experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Shimla to evaluate the performance of pomegranate genotypes in rainfed temperate region during 2014–17. For this purpose performance of 13 pomegranate genotypes, viz. Kandhari Yellow, Anar Sherin Mohmad Ali, G-137, Chawla, P-75-K-5, Ichakdana, Ganesh, Kandhari Hansi, Jodhpur Red, Kandhari Kabuli, P-23, P-26, Nabha were assessed for plant growth, yield and quality parameters. The study reveals that plant height varied from 1.85-2.83 m, canopy spread (east-west side) was highest in Nabha (2.10 m) and canopy spread in north-south side varied from 1.05-1.85 m with maximum in P-26 (1.85 m). Plant girth was maximum in Kandhari Yellow (68.65 mm) and minimum in Ichakdana (34.71mm). Fruit set in different genotypes of pomegranate varied from 29.87-78.25% with maximum in Ichakdana (78.25%). The maximum fruit weight was recorded in Ichakdana (320.4 g) and lowest in P-23 (118.6 g). Maximum fruit length and fruit width was recorded in Ichakdana (87.8 mm and 88.25 mm). Aril weight was highest in Ichakdana (171.32 g) and minimum in P-75-K-5 (48.0 g). Fruit yield varied from 12.18-30.11 (t/ha) with maximum in Kandhari Kabuli (30.11 t/ha) and minimum in P-75K-5 (12.18 t/ha). TSS content varied from 9.18-14.02% with maximum in Kandhari Kabuli (14.02%) and minimum in Ichakdana (9.18%). Acidity content was found maximum in Ichakdana (2.38%) and minimum in Ganesh (0.98%). Vitamin C content varied from 8.44-14.13 mg/100 g with maximum in Ichakdana (14.13 mg/100 g) and minimum in Kandhari Yellow (8.44 mg/100 g). Total sugar content varied from 5.21-11.33% with maximum in Kandhari Yellow (11.33%) and minimum in Ichakdana (5.12%).
This paper describes the isolation and structure elucidation of two toxic tannins, named, α- and β-punicalagin, from Terminalia oblongata, an Australian tree. Techniques used in the structure determination included Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry, and one- and two-dimensional NMR, UV, and IR spectroscopy. A number of microscale derivatisations were performed, followed by FAB analysis.
Six anthocyanin pigments were found to be responsible for the red colour of pomegranate juice (cv ‘Mollar’). These were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively by HPLC and identified as delphinidin 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside. The fruit skin contained only the cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives. Generally, there is an increase in juice pigmentation with fruit ripening. During early maturation stages the 3,5-diglucosides were the main pigments and the delphinidin-based derivatives were the predominant compounds. In late maturation stages the proportion of monoglucosides increased to reach values similar to or higher than those of the diglucosides, and the cyanidin-based derivatives were the predominant substances. The concentration of pigments in juice obtained from mature pomegranates ranged between 50 and 100 μg of anthocyanin per gram fresh weight of arils. The development of anthocyanins was also tested in fruits produced in two different orchards, and in fruits from different locations in the tree. Red coloured fruits, located in the outer parts of the tree, and yellow fruits, on the inner branches, were analysed. The juices obtained with the seed coats of both fruit types, and from the two orchards selected, showed the same anthocyanin profile. However, the total amount of pigments in the juice was generally smaller in those fruits with reddish skins (outer fruits), than in those with yellow skins (inner fruits). As juice pigmentation is one important quality factor in pomegranate, these results could be used in on-line determinations of the pomegranate quality by non-destructive physical methods.
The 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic-acid) (ABTS) radical can be generated by the enzymatic system formed by hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase. This ABTS radical (ABTṠ+), a chromogen, is stable at room temperature but is unstable above 35°C and/or at pH values of above 7.5. Nevertheless, the most important factor in its stability is the ABTS/ABTṠ+ concentration ratio in the medium. The radical reacts with the antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid, with a high rate constant, the stoichiometry of the reaction being 1 mol of L-ascorbic acid per 2 mol of ABTṠ+ reduced. Based on these considerations, a spectrophotometric end-point method has been developed to evaluate L-ascorbic acid in aqueous media, and this represents an improvement over the lap-method previously reported. Under optimal conditions of temperature, pH and reagent concentration, the end-point method was capable of determining L-ascorbic acid with a limit of quantification of 0.38 nmol. In the assay described here, this ability is used to evaluate the total antioxidant activity of commercial citrus juices, in which ascorbic acid is a principal component. In our opinion this procedure can quickly provide useful information on the antioxidant content of foods and plant extracts.
A chemical examination of the bark of Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) has led to the isolation of five new ellagitannins, punicacorteins A, B, C and D, and punigluconin, together with the known ellagitannins, casuariin (6) and casuarinin (7). Based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence, the structures of punicacorteins A, B, C and D were established as novel C-glycosideic ellagitannins, the former two possessing a unique tetraphenyl (gallagyl) ester group (1 and 2), and the latter two containing a galloyl group in place of the gallagyl group (3 and 4), while punigluconin was characterized as 2, 3-di-O-galloyl-4, 6-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoylgluconic acid (5).
From the leaves of Punica granatum, the unique phenolic, N-(2′,5′-dihydroxyphenyl)pyridinium chloride, as well as the known flavone glycosides, apigenin 4′-O-β-glucopyranoside, luteolin 4′-O-P-glucopyranoside, luteolin 3′-O-β-glucopyranoside and luteolin 3′-O-β-xylopyranoside, were isolated and identified. Structures were established by conventional methods of analysis and confirmed by FAB-mass spectrometry and NMR analysis.
Six hydrolysable tannins, casuarinin (1), casuariin (2), punicacortein A (3), degalloyl-punicacortein A (4), 2,3-[(S)-4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-d-glucopyranoside (5), and 4,6-[(S)-4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-hexahydroxydiphenoyl]-d-glucopyranoside (6), and related compounds, gallic acid, methyl gallate and ellagic acid, were isolated from the methanol extract of Osbeckia chinensis. In order to confirm the structure-activity relationship, the antioxidant activities of these compounds were examined both in the food model and in vitro systems. The antioxidative efficiency, using the thiocyanate and TBA methods, increased in the order of gallic acid <α-tocopherol<methyl gallate<(4)<(3)<(5)=(6)<(2)<(1)=BHA<ellagic acid. The in vitro antioxidant order is α-tocopherol<gallic acid<methyl gallate<(4)<(3)=(5)=(6)=ellagic acid<(2)<(1) in the rabbit erythrocyte membrane ghost system, and ellagic acid <(4)<gallic acid<(3)=(5)=(6)<methyl gallate<(2)<(1) = α-tocopherol in the rat liver microsome system.
Brevifolin carboxylic acid, brevifolin, corilagin, 3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(α/β)-1C4-glucopyranose, 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-4C1-glucopyranose, 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-4C1-glucopyranose, ellagic acid, 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxydibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, granatin-B and punicafolin were isolated from the leaves of Punica granatum. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of brevifolin carboxylic acid and brevifolin have been recorded and assigned for the first time. A new interpretation of the NMR data or related compounds is discussed. The structure of the new natural polyphenol-1,2,3- tri-O-galloyl-β-4C1-glucopyranose has been established.
A novel method for measuring the antioxidant activity using N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) was developed. The radical cation of this compound gives a stable colored solution and a linear inhibition of color formation can be observed in the presence of 0.2−11 μg of TROLOX. The experimental protocol, which is rapid and inexpensive, ensures sensitivity and reproducibility in the measure of antioxidant activity of hydrophilic compounds. The effectiveness of the DMPD method on real foods was verified by evaluating the antioxidant ability of wine samples coming from different areas of Campania, Italy. Antioxidant capacity of wines is strictly related to the amount of phenolic compounds. The results obtained by the DMPD method are very similar to those obtained on the same samples when the radical cation of 2,2‘-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (Miller et al., 1996) was used. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; DMPD; radical cation; ABTS; wine
The effects of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) of three types on excessive free radicals were examined utilizing spin trapping, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, lipid peroxidation, and lactate dehydrogenase leakage from cultured cells. Green tea extract presented significant antiradical effects in these four assay systems, whereas oolong tea and black tea extracts showed a rather weak protective effect against free radicals. A more potent scavenger effect using cultured cells was found with a green tea tannin mixture. Similarly to the effects of the green tea tannin mixture, (−)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate, its main ingredient, had an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. The activities of the antioxidation enzymes in rats after subtotal nephrectomy were increased, suggesting a protective action against oxidative stress. The increased levels of uremic toxins in the blood were also reduced in rats given (−)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate. These findings indicate that (−)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate helps to inhibit the progression of renal failure by scavenging radicals. Keywords: Tea; (−)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate; free radical; hydroxyl radical; apoptosis; DNA fragmentation; renal epithelial cell; nephrectomy
Representative condensed and hydrolyzable tannins and related simple phenolics were evaluated as biological antioxidants using cyclic voltammetry, the metmyoglobin assay, and the deoxyribose assay. The redox potentials of the tannins were similar to those of structurally related simple phenolics. However, the tannins were 15−30 times more effective at quenching peroxyl radicals than simple phenolics or Trolox. One of the tannins, polygalloyl glucose, reacted an order of magnitude more quickly with hydroxyl radical than mannitol. These results suggest that tannins, which are found in many plant-based foods and beverages, are potentially very important biological antioxidants. Keywords: Tannins; plant phenolics; antioxidant; total antioxidant activity; oxidative damage; dietary antioxidant
Using liquid/liquid extraction, three fractions were obtained from an Italian red wine containing single polyphenolic subfractions: (1) phenolic acids and quercetin-3-glucuronide, (2) catechins and quercetin-3-glucoside, and (3) anthocyanins. Beside the scavenging capacity of the different fractions against hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals, the in vitro inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation and platelet aggregation (two main events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis) were tested. The antioxidant activity of the fractions has been compared with that of the original red wine before and after dealcoholization. The anthocyanin fraction was the most effective both in scavenging reactive oxygen species and in inhibiting lipoprotein oxidation and platelet aggregation. This higher activity can be explained by both its high concentration in red wine and its antioxidant efficiency, which, at least for peroxyl radical scavenging, was three times as high as that of the other two fractions. Our results suggest that anthocyanins could be the key component in red wine in light of the protection against cardiovascular diseases, although this hypothesis needs in vivo evidence. Keywords: Red wine; antioxidants; phenols; oxidation; low density lipoprotein; platelet aggregation
Durch Chromatographie an Cellulose und Sephadex gelang es, aus dem Gesamtgerbstoff der Schalen von Granatäpfeln (Punica granatum L.) zwei Hauptkomponenten als chemisch einheitliche, kristalline Gerbstoffe zu isolieren, die wir als Punicalagin (5) und Punicalin (6) bezeichnen. 5 ergibt durch partielle Hydrolyse Ellagsäure und 6. Die weitere Hydrolyse und die von 6 liefern Glucose und das Tetralacton 1 oder 2 der Dodecahydroxyquaterphenyl-tetracarbonsäure 3. Letzteres ergibt mit Diazomethan das kristalline Octamethylderivat 1a oder 2a, das durch Methylierung mit Dimethylsulfat sowie Diazomethan in den Dodecamethoxyquaterphenyltetracarbonsäure-tetramethylester 3a übergeführt wird. Alkalische Verseifung von 3a liefert die Dicarbonsäure 3b. Die Verbindungen 3a und 3b wurden durch Analyse, ¹H-NMR- und Massenspektrum sowie durch Synthese identifiziert. Mit Diazomethan bildet Punicalagin (5) ein kristallines Heptadecamethylderivat 5a, das durch Natrium-methylat in β-Methyl-D-glucopyranosid, (−)-4,4′,5,5′,6,6′-Hexamethoxydiphensäure-di-methylester und die von uns (−)-Deca-O-methylgallagsäure-dimethylester genannte Verbindung 4a gespalten wird. Alkalische Verseifung von 4a führt zur Dicarbonsäure 4b. Die Struktur von 4a und 4b ergibt sich aus der Identität ihrer ¹H-NMR- und Massenspektren mit denen von synthetiertem meso- und rac-4a bzw. -4b. Die Gallagsäure 4 ist in 6 mit dem C-2 der Glucose verestert, da 6 trotz freier Hydroxygruppe an C-1 nicht mit Anilinphthalat reagiert. Am Dreiding-Modell läßt sich zeigen, daß 4 weiterhin nur mit C-6 verknüpft sein kann. Wir schlagen daher für Punicalin Struktur 6 und für Punicalagin Struktur 5 vor.
A new ellagitannin, punicafolin has been isolated from the leaves of Punica granatum and characterized by physicochemical data and spectral evidence as 1,2,4-tri-O-galloyl-3,6-(R)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-D-glucose. The occurrence in the leaves of the known tannins, granatins A and B, corilagin, strictinin, 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose has also been demonstrated.
The Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay was used to determine the total antioxidant capacity of tea. Green and black teas (n = 18) had a mean antioxidant capacity of 761.1 ± 85.3 μmol Trolox Equivalents (TE) per g dry matter. However, their antioxidant capacity varied from 235 μmol to over 1526 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g dry matter, and total phenolics ranged from 32 to 147 mg/g in different commercial teas. One tea phenolics extract had an antioxidant capacity of 4796 μmol TE/g dry matter and 625 mg total phenolics/g. On a dry matter basis, an antioxidant capacity of 761 μmol TE/g is considerably higher than any of the other fruits and vegetables measured in our laboratory. However, since dry tea is not consumed directly, brewing conditions may influence the final antioxidant capacity in the tea as consumed. We tested both green and black teas by placing one tea bag (1.95 g) in 150 ml (5 oz.) of boiling water. In the first brewed cup, approximately 84% of the total antioxidant activity was solubilized within the first 5 min of brewing. An additional 13% of the antioxidant activity was extracted into the second glass of 150 ml with an additional 5 min of brewing. At the dilutions obtained after the first brewing, the tea as consumed would contain approximately 8.31 μmol TE per ml. This total antioxidant capacity compares to other drinks from fruits and vegetables that had antioxidant capacity values ranging from 1.6 to 15 μmol TE/ml. At these antioxidant levels, consumption of 150 ml of tea could make a significant contribution to the total daily antioxidant capacity intake. (−)-Epicatechin and (+)-catechin, two components from tea, had an antioxidant capacity of 2.36 and 2.49 μmol/μmol or 8.13 and 8.58 μmol/mg, respectively. In 16 tea samples we observed a mean of 10.0 ± 0.6 μmol TE/mg total phenolics. Tea can be an important source of what has been referred to as “non-nutrient” antioxidant phytochemicals. However, with the variation that exists in antioxidant capacity with various tea preparations, measures of antioxidant capacity intake are critical to the study of intake and health outcomes and/or biomarkers of health outcomes.
The antiradical activities of various antioxidants were determined using the free radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). In its radical form. DPPH* has an absorption band at 515 nm which dissappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. Twenty compounds were reacted with the DPPH* and shown to follow one of three possible reaction kinetic types. Ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and isoeugenol reacted quickly with the DPPH* reaching a steady state immediately. Rosmarinic acid and δ-tocopherol reacted a little slower and reached a steady state within 30 min. The remaining compounds reacted more progressively with the DPPH* reaching a steady state from 1 to 6 h. Caffeic acid, gentisic acid and gallic acid showed the highest antiradical activities with a stoichiometry of 4 to 6 reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Vanillin, phenol, γ-resorcylic acid and vanillic acid were found to be poor antiradical compounds. The stoichiometry for the other 13 phenolic compounds varied from one to three reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the experimental results.
The total antioxidant activity of 12 fruits and 5 commercial fruit juices was measured in this study using automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. On the basis of the wet weight of the fruits (edible portion), strawberry had the highest ORAC activity (micromoles of Trolox equivalents per gram) followed by plum, orange, red grape, kiwi fruit, pink grapefruit, white grape, banana, apple, tomato, pear, and honeydew melon. On the basis of the dry weight of the fruits, strawberry again had the highest ORAC activity followed by plum, orange, pink grapefruit, tomato, kiwi fruit, red grape, white grape, apple, honeydew melon, pear, and banana. Most of the antioxidant capacity of these fruits was from the juice fractions. The contribution of the fruit pulp fraction (extracted with acetone) to the total ORAC activity of a fruit was usually less than 10%. Among the commercial fruit juices, grape juice had the highest ORAC activity followed by grapefruit juice, tomato juice, orange juice, and apple juice.
Previously, some fruits were shown to contain high antioxidant activities. In this paper, we report the antioxidant activities of 22 common vegetables, one green tea, and one black tea measured using the automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay with three different reactive species: a peroxyl radical generator, a hydroxyl radical generator, and Cu2+, a transition metal. Based on the fresh weight of the vegetable, garlic had the highest antioxidant activity (micromol of Trolox equiv/g) against peroxyl radicals (19.4) followed by kale (17.7), spinach (12.6), Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli flowers, beets, red bell pepper, onion, corn, eggplant (9.8-3.9), cauliflower, potato, sweet potato, cabbage, leaf lettuce, string bean, carrot, yellow squash, iceberg lettuce, celery, and cucumber (3.8-0.5); kale had the highest antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals followed by Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, beets, spinach, broccoli flowers, and the others. The green and black teas had much higher antioxidant activities against peroxyl radicals than all these vegetables. However, the tea also showed a prooxidant activity in the presence of Cu2+, which was not found with any of the vegetables studied.
Fifty-seven tannins and related compounds, including gallotannins, ellagitannins, and condensed and complex tannins, were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against human tumor cell lines, including malignant melanoma, lung carcinoma, ileocecal adenocarcinoma, epidermoid carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and medulloblastoma cell lines. Among them, chebulagic acid [1], geraniin [2], sanguiin H-11 [3], 4,5-di-O-galloylquinic acid [12], 1,3,4,5-tetra-O-galloylquinic acid [15], 1(beta)-O-galloylpedunculagin [24], furosin [29], castalagin [38], sanguiin H-2 [34], vescalagin [39], grandinin [40], phyllyraeoidin A [42], (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate [50], cinnamtannin B2 [55], and acutissimin A [56] exhibited moderate selective cytotoxicity against PRMI-7951 melanoma cells with ED50 values in the range of 0.1-0.8 microgram/ml. Selective cytotoxicities against the melanoma cells were also observed for strictinin [22], pedunculagin [23], eugeniin [25], elaeocarpusin [28], punicacortein C [37], casuarinin [41], sanguiin H-6 [43], procyanidin B-2 3,3'-di-O-gallate [51], procyanidin C-1 3,3',3"-tri-O-gallate [52], and cinnamtannin B1 [54] with ED50 values of 1-4 micrograms/ml. All of the tannins were found to be inactive (greater than 10 micrograms/ml) against lung carcinoma (A-549), ileocecal adenocarcinoma (HCT-8), epidermoid carcinoma of nasopharnyx (KB), and medulloblastoma (TE-671) tumor cells.
A study was conducted to identify and characterise the toxic principle in Terminalia oblongata, commonly known as yellow-wood. Crude aqueous extracts of yellow-wood leaf were found to produce the same liver lesion in mice as has been reported in ruminants. The hepatotoxic fraction was isolated and identified as a hydrolysable vegetable tannin called punicalagin. When given orally, the dose required to produce toxicity was at least 20 times greater than when given intraperitoneally. Following a given dose of punicalagin, the onset and severity of liver necrosis was found to be related to the time interval after dosing. In addition to punicalagin, an unidentified nephrotoxic substance was found which was capable of producing avascular renal necrosis without liver necrosis.
A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as a novel method for assessing "antioxidant power." Ferric to ferrous ion reduction at low pH causes a colored ferrous-tripyridyltriazine complex to form. FRAP values are obtained by comparing the absorbance change at 593 nm in test reaction mixtures with those containing ferrous ions in known concentration. Absorbance changes are linear over a wide concentration range with antioxidant mixtures, including plasma, and with solutions containing one antioxidant in purified form. There is no apparent interaction between antioxidants. Measured stoichiometric factors of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid are all 2.0; that of bilirubin is 4.0. Activity of albumin is very low. Within- and between-run CVs are <1.0 and <3.0%, respectively, at 100-1000 micromol/liter. FRAP values of fresh plasma of healthy Chinese adults: 612-1634 micromol/liter (mean, 1017; SD, 206; n = 141). The FRAP assay is inexpensive, reagents are simple to prepare, results are highly reproducible, and the procedure is straightforward and speedy. The FRAP assay offers a putative index of antioxidant, or reducing, potential of biological fluids within the technological reach of every laboratory and researcher interested in oxidative stress and its effects.
Three assays were compared for the determination of total antioxidant capacity in human serum: the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the Randox Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (Randox-TEAC) assay, and the ferric reducing ability (FRAP) assay. There was a weak but significant linear correlation between serum ORAC and serum FRAP. There was no correlation either between serum ORAC and serum TEAC or between serum FRAP and serum TEAC. The effect of dilution on the serum TEAC value and the use of inhibition percentage at a fixed time, without considering the length of inhibition time in the quantitation of results, adversely affected the Randox-TEAC assay. The FRAP assay is simple and inexpensive but does not measure the SH-group-containing antioxidants. The ORAC assay has high specificity and responds to numerous antioxidants. By utilizing different extraction techniques in the ORAC assay, one can remove serum proteins and also make some gross differentiation between aqueous and lipid-soluble antioxidants. However, the ORAC assay requires approximately 60 min more than the FRAP or Randox-TEAC assay to quantitate results.
It is often assumed that antioxidant nutrients contribute to the protection afforded by fruits, vegetables, and red wine against diseases of aging. However, the effect of fruit, vegetable and red wine consumption on the overall antioxidant status in human is unclear. In this study we investigated the responses in serum total antioxidant capacity following comsumption of strawberries (240 g), spinach (294 g), red wine (300 ml) or vitamin C (1250 mg) in eight elderly women. Total antioxidant capacity was determined using different methods: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and ferric reducing ability (FRAP) assay. The results showed that the total antioxidant capacity of serum determined as ORAC, TEAC and FRAP, using the area under the curve, increased significantly by 7-25% during the 4-h period following consumption of red wine, strawberries, vitamin C or spinach. The total antioxidant capacity of urine determined as ORAC increased (P < 0.05) by 9.6, 27.5, and 44.9% for strawberries, spinach, and vitamin C, respectively, during the 24-h period following these treatments. The plasma vitamin C level after the strawberry drink, and the serum urate level after the strawberry and spinach treatments, also increased significantly. However, the increased vitamin C and urate levels could not fully account for the increased total antioxidant capacity in serum following the consumption of strawberries, spinach or red wine. We conclude that the consumption of strawberries, spinach or red wine, which are rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds, can increase the serum antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Nutr. 2383-2390, 1998
The antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fermented juice and seed oil flavonoids were studied. The pomegranate fermented juice (pfj) and cold pressed seed oil (pcpso) showed strong antioxidant activity close to that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and green tea (Thea sinensis), and significantly greater than that of red wine (Vitis vitifera). Flavonoids extracted from pcpso showed 31-44% inhibition of sheep cyclooxygenase and 69-81% inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase. Flavonoids extracted from pfj showed 21-30% inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase though no significant inhibition of sheep cyclooxygenase. The pcpso was analyzed for its polyphenol content and fatty acid composition. Total polyphenols in pcpso showed a concentration by weight of approximately 0.015%. Pcpso fatty acid composition showed punicic acid (65.3%) along with palmitic acid (4.8%), stearic acid (2.3%), oleic acid (6.3%), linoleic acid (6.6%) and three unidentified peaks from which two (14.2%) are probably isomers of punicic acid (El-Shaarawy, M.I., Nahpetian, A., 1983). Studies on pomegranate seed oil. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 83(3), 123-126).
- A Castonguay
- M Boukharta
- G Jalbert