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Three-dimensional Surface Anthropometry: Applications to the Human Body
Abstract
Anthropometry is the study of the measurement of the human body. By tradition this has been carried out taking the measurements from body surface landmarks, such as circumferences and breadths, using simple instruments like tape measures and calipers. Three-dimensional (3D) surface anthropometry enables us to extend the study to 3D geometry and morphology of mainly external human body tissues. It includes the acquisition, indexing, transmission, archiving, retrieval, interrogation and analysis of body size, shape, and surface together with their variability throughout growth and development to adulthood. While 3D surface anthropometry surveying is relatively new, anthropometric surveying using traditional tools, such as calipers and tape measures, is not. Recorded studies of the human form date back to ancient times. Since at least the 17th century1 investigators have made attempts to measure the human body for physical properties such as weight, size, and centre of mass. Martin documented ‘standard’ body measurement methods in a handbook in 1928.2 This paper reviews the past and current literature devoted to the applications of 3D anthropometry because true D scanning of the complete human body is fast becoming a reality. We attempt to take readers through different forms of technology which deal with simple forms of projected light to the more complex advanced forms of laser and video technology giving low and/or high resolution 3D data. Information is also given about image capture of size and shape of the whole as well as most component parts of the human body. In particular, the review describes with explanations a multitude of applications, for example, medical, product design, human engineering, anthropometry and ergonomics etc.
... The first is also called the contact method, as it involves both person and the measuring instrument's physical participation. All methods from the second group are called non-contact, and they can be two-or three-dimensional [12][13]. The human skeleton can be divided into axial skeleton and appendix skeleton. ...
... 12 shows that the value of coronal angles in some vertebra is almost the same, like L4, L5, D6. In this case, as inFigure 3.11 is shown the vertebra's edges in these vertebras are sharper, detecting from the model, and especially for an operator to calculate manually, would be more accurate. ...
... 12 shows that overall, the basic bodice correctly follows the morphology if the dimensional parameters of the patient from the EOS scan are applied to it. Since we did not use the angles of deformation of the spine in this first phase, we notice at the end of the shoulders a slight shift caused by the asymmetry of the patient's posture (Figure 5.12(a)(c)). ...
This research aims to design a garment for people with disabilities in terms of ergonomic and thermal comfort. A new design technique for developing a 3D adaptive global garment model from the human skeleton and the anatomical shape of the person is proposed using 3D scanning technologies.
This overall model is made up of a skeleton model, a garment model connected to each other by the person's body shape, and a thermal regulation model. All the parameters of the overall model make it possible to adapt it to the person's skeleton, then to these body shapes in order to produce a comfortable and efficient garment.
The skeleton model has the power to adjust to the morphology and dimensions of the bones of the spine and thorax, to control the relative positions of these bones in the three characteristic planes: sagittal, coronal and transverse. For the person suffering from scoliosis, it was necessary to accurately detect the 3D path of the spine from the images of an EOS medical scanner. A specific landmark detection model for each vertebra is used to automatically obtain the position of the vertebrae calculated according to the height and the 3D polar angle of each vertebra. The bones of the thorax follow the path of the vertebrae.
Once the skeletal model has been adjusted to the person, it then makes it possible to detect the anthropometric points and the morphological contours of the latter. For this, the model was placed in the body shape of the person resulting from a 3D body scanner. The position of the morphological contours is given by reference marks connected to the skeleton. These strong links with the skeleton are essential so that the garment automatically adapts to the evolution of the patient's pathology over time. At this stage, we were able to connect our graphic model of the garment, integrating the 3D ease of the garment, to these anthropometric and morphological data.
The garment's 3D ease control is essential because it manages the air space between the body and the garment in our thermal regulation model. In the context of thermal comfort, a clothing system consists of the human body, a layer of air space under the clothing, a layer of fabric, and a boundary layer adjacent to the fabric. In addition, for a complete system, one must consider the heat transfer from the skin to the environment, influenced by the thermoregulation of the human body, air gap, tissue and environmental conditions. The thermal regulation model we have proposed can predict the rate of heat transfer and temperature in the garment, skin and air space, which by optimizing the air space allows us to maintain the body in a situation of thermal comfort.
... Thus was born the field of "automated anthropometry." 3 The following three decades have seen rapid advances in methods designed to quantify human body shape that include laser and structured light systems, millimeter wave radar, and multi-view camera methods. 3,4 Interest in automated, or digital, anthropometry has intensified with the introduction of relatively inexpensive optical imaging devices that replace the LASS system's television camera. ...
... Thus was born the field of "automated anthropometry." 3 The following three decades have seen rapid advances in methods designed to quantify human body shape that include laser and structured light systems, millimeter wave radar, and multi-view camera methods. 3,4 Interest in automated, or digital, anthropometry has intensified with the introduction of relatively inexpensive optical imaging devices that replace the LASS system's television camera. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging devices are now or soon will be available that are practical for clinical installation and even individual home use. ...
... 3D body scan measurement solutions were initially developed for custom apparel applications in industry or the military. 3,16 Accordingly, commonly-defined measurements are similar to those a tailor would collect such as the neck, arm and torso circumferences, and seat depth and width. Specific measurements are defined relative to identified landmarks within a body region. ...
Anthropometry, Greek for human measurement, is a tool widely used across many scientific disciplines. Clinical nutrition applications include phenotyping subjects across the lifespan for assessing growth, body composition, response to treatments, and predicting health risks. The simple anthropometric tools such as flexible measuring tapes and calipers are now being supplanted by rapidly developing digital technology devices. These systems take many forms, but excitement today surrounds the introduction of relatively low cost three-dimensional optical imaging methods that can be used in research, clinical, and even home settings. This review examines this transformative technology, providing an overview of device operational details, early validation studies, and potential applications. Digital anthropometry is rapidly transforming dormant and static areas of clinical nutrition science with many new applications and research opportunities.
... Models and 3D visualizations allow measurements to be performed for planning a surgical intervention, assess surgical outcomes, measure changes after surgeries, forecast the result of a facial plastic/cosmetic surgery, document clinical cases, compare pre-treatment and post-treatment models [9], perform more accurate orthodontics diagnoses [10], and achieve better dental reconstruction results [11]. In biomedical engineering, anthropometrical measurements help to design prosthesss [12] and allow for the rapid prototyping of customized prostheses. The manufacturing of medical products has to be based on population anthropometrical studies so that medical equipment perfectly suits the physical characteristics of patients [13]. ...
... feature layer number corresponding to theTable 2; 2 iteration of head detection in image; 3 evaluation results of image similarity without dimensionality reduction of the feature vector; dimensionality-reduction techniques: 4 t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE),5 Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE),6 Classical multidimensional scaling (MDS),7 Principal Component Analysis (PCA),8 Probabilistic PCA,9 Kernel PCA,10 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA),11 Factor Analysis (FA),12 Sammon mapping,13 Diffusion maps,14 Stochastic Proximity Embedding (SPE),15 Gaussian Process Latent Variable Model (GPLVM),16 Neighborhood Components Analysis (NCA),17 Large-Margin Nearest Neighbor (LMNN); 18 score (mean ± SD) of all dimensionality-reduction techniques for different feature layers,19 score (mean ± SD) of all feature layers for different dimensionality-reduction techniques. ...
Creation of head 3D models from videos or pictures of the head by using close-range photogrammetry techniques has many applications in clinical, commercial, industrial, artistic, and entertainment areas. This work aims to create a methodology for improving 3D head reconstruction, with a focus on using selfie videos as the data source. Then, using this methodology, we seek to propose changes for the general-purpose 3D reconstruction algorithm to improve the head reconstruction process. We define the improvement of the 3D head reconstruction as an increase of reconstruction quality (which is lowering reconstruction errors of the head and amount of semantic noise) and reduction of computational load. We proposed algorithm improvements that increase reconstruction quality by removing image backgrounds and by selecting diverse and high-quality frames. Algorithm modifications were evaluated on videos of the mannequin head. Evaluation results show that baseline reconstruction is improved 12 times due to the reduction of semantic noise and reconstruction errors of the head. The reduction of computational demand was achieved by reducing the frame number needed to process, reducing the number of image matches required to perform, reducing an average number of feature points in images, and still being able to provide the highest precision of the head reconstruction.
... As anthropometric studies are based on biological homology, the examination of human morphology has the potential of improving early diagnosis of a large variety of diseases (Jones & Riouxb, 1997). ...
... However, our objective of providing a reliable GM model to assess morphological changes in children under five was successfully achieved. Indeed, to build a database for the interpretation, analysis and classification of normal and abnormal morphological trends will require large-scale studies (Jones & Riouxb, 1997), increasing the nutritional status typologies (from obesity to undernutrition) to include a wider morphological spectrum. Furthermore, the relation between the anthropometric measurements used in this study and shape variables describing the morphology of children under 5 years old will be analyzed in further studies in individuals showing different nutritional status. ...
Introduction
Large shape variations take place during the growth process of children, including quantitative mass and size increase plus qualitative changes in their body shape. The aim of the present study is to apply Geometric Morphometric techniques in order to visualize and quantify such body shape differences in healthy children aged 6–59 months with optimal nutritional status.
Materials and methods
Anthropometrical measurements of weight, height, and middle‐upper arm circumference were used to assess nutritional status on a sample of 258 Senegalese (n = 154) and Spanish (n = 104) children. A set of 36 anatomical and/or osteologically‐based landmarks were identified on the body of the children along with 108 semi‐landmarks used to capture curvature attributes on the frontal view of the body image. A specific method was developed to place and photograph children, as well as to locate landmarks, treat images and calculate semi‐landmarks. Shape differences among children were analyzed in terms of age, sex, and population origin, taking into consideration allometry effects.
Results
Our results indicate significant differences in shape and size for all the three factors under study before removing size effect (p < .0001), and in shape after the size correction (p < .01). Only the ontogenetic effect persisted in the size of studied individuals after size‐effects correction (p < .0001). Morphometric significant differences were described regarding age for PC1 and population origin in PC2 before removing size effect. Between‐population morphometric differences were sorted along PC1 after size correction.
Discussion
Geometric Morphometric techniques are useful to study morphometric changes in the anterior whole‐body view of children under 5 years old, allowing a precise description of shape changes observed when age and population origin are considered.
... Traditionally, descriptive measurements such as average and standard deviation have been favoured. While they are still in use in many applications, the rise of 3D scanning devices and more performant image processing algorithms have made it possible to perform much more detailed analyses on the complete shape of the body [47]. ...
... Anthropometric measurements are specified as linear or surface (curve) distances between anatomic reference points. Two of the most commonly used tools are tape measures and outside calipers [47,53], shown in figure 11. Although these tools have been the standard in anthropometry for many years, they have two important drawbacks. ...
In this doctorate, the possibilities of 3D anthropometry for product development were explored by applying a statistical shape model of the human scalp to the design of more ergonomic brain-computer interface (BCI) headsets. First, a statistical shape model of the human scalp was created from a set of 100 MRI scans. This model was parametrized by intuitive anthropometric measurements and evaluated in terms of its ability to predict complete scalp surfaces given a set of anthropometric measurements. Using eight anthropometric measurements resulted in an average prediction error of only 1.60 ± 0.36 mm, indicating the model accurately represents the underlying population. The choice of parametrization measurements should be based on their combined prediction errors, their sensitivity to variation in input measurements and a minimum population percentage that remains below a predetermined prediction error threshold.
Next, the use of the statistical shape model for comparing the morphological differences between subpopulations and the application to the design of BCI headsets were briefly discussed. After this, the shape model of the scalp was used for the design of one- size-fits-all BCI headset with 14 electrode channels. Electrode placement, stability and reliability of the prototype headset were evaluated and compared to current EEG practices, as well as to a commercial BCI headset. The prototype met all design standards and performed well within EEG practices. It also offered 10% improvement in electrode placement according to the international 10-20 system and a 15% increase in reliability. A functional headset of this type would therefore be more consistent in longitudinal BCI studies and between studies of different research groups. The results prove that 3D anthropometry is a feasible design method for a one-size-fits-all BCI headset.
Following this observation, the application of 3D anthropometry for product sizing was considered. Whereas sizing systems are usually based on statistical clustering of one-dimensional head measurements, a new method for 3D head shape clustering was proposed, taking into account the need for intuitive sizing and simple sizing tables. The method was labeled "constrained clustering" and was compared to clustering of traditional anthropometric features as well as unconstrained k-medoids clustering of the 3D shapes. Intra- and inter-cluster scalp shape variability and within-cluster point-to- point distances were used as criteria. The results of constrained clustering were similar to those of unconstrained k-medoids clustering of head shapes and offered a 20.69% improvement in cluster validity index and a decrease of size-weighted variances by 6.6% compared viito traditional feature-based clustering. This research resulted in three journal publications that form the main part of this thesis.
This doctorate proves that head-based products that require accurate shape and size fit would benefit from a design process in which 3D shape models are included, and that 3D anthropometry has a place in the product design process. Compared to traditional anthropometry, the use of 3D anthropometry will result in devices that are better fitting, more comfortable and potentially even more functional.
... A NTHROPOMETRY aims to measure quantitative characteristics of the human body, such as its length and weight. With the globalization of ergonomics, the demand for the race-and gender-aware anthropometric data of the human body to design products and systems optimized for global users has increased [2], [3]. Therefore, anthropometry that can provide statistical information about human bodies have been utilized in various fields such as workspace design [4], clothing design [5], transportation design [6], [7]. ...
In recent years, with the commercialization of three-dimensional (3D) scanners, there is an increasing demand for automated techniques that can extract anthropometric data accurately and swiftly from 3D human body scans. With advancement in computer vision and machine learning, researchers have increasingly focused on developing automated anthropometric data extraction technique. In this paper, we propose a deep learning method for automatic anthropometric landmark extraction from 3D human scans. We adopt a coarse-to-fine approach consists of a global detection stage and a local refinement stage to fully utilize the original geometric information of input scan. Moreover, we introduce a novel geodesic heatmap that effectively captures the point distribution of 3D shapes, even in the presence of variations in scanning pose. As a result, our method provides the lowest average detection error on the SHREC’14 dataset over the six anthropometric landmarks, demonstrating a maximum error reduction of 76.14%. Additionally, we created a dataset consisting of human scans with various poses to demonstrate robustness of our method. Thanks to our new datasets, our end-to-end strategy showed its effectiveness to various human postures without any predefined features and templates.
... The quantitative methods employed to study human variation in 3D virtual body features can be considered accurate and meaningful only on the condition that data are collected cautiously, reliably and without bias. Therefore, to ensure an optimal level of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility of collected landmarks is paramount (Jones and Rioux 1997). There are four approaches to quantifying acquisition error when discrete points are collected -1) superimposition-based method, 2) simplified residual method, 3) inter-landmark distance method, and 4) point-to-centroid method. ...
Modern physical anthropology increasingly employs non-invasive methods that use 3D models representing the human body. Frequently, these are 3D models of a person’s physical appearance, i.e., face or body. A traditional approach to analyse these records is to process discrete points (landmarks, feature points) collected manually on the model surface. The digitization of landmarks and associated errors have been sufficiently studied in the context of the human face, due to its functional and aesthetic importance. However, other parts of the human body have not received the same level of attention. The aim of the present study was to quantify the error of body landmarks when collected in 3D fullbody models and to explore how it relates to other model properties, such as a demographic and somatic indicators. The study tested two datasets of 10 body landmarks acquired in 60 models (32 males and 28 females). The data acquisition was carried out during the time span of 14 days. The magnitude of the digitization error for each point was acquired and tested between groups defined according to their anatomical location (shoulders, arms, legs; torso and limbs or body side), sex, age, height and body type. The results of this study showed that the error of digitising landmarks in a 3D model was greater compared to the error reported in the literature when acquiring landmarks on the human body. The digitization error was independent of participants’ age, sex, height, and body type but was correlated with the anatomical location, where the upper chest, neck, and back on the knee yielded the highest digitization errors. In addition, this study showed that landmarks located on the shoulders and arms exhibited an error which was correlated negatively with the volume of the lower and upper half of the body and positively with the body depth.
... www.nature.com/scientificreports/ physical features 16 . Currently, anthropometric atlases 17 are commonly used at the stage of design. ...
When designing wheelchair propulsion systems operated with the upper limb, there is a noticeable lack of ergonomic analyses informing about the areas on the wheelchair frame where hand-operated controls can be installed. With that in mind, a research goal was set to measure the areas of human hand reach within the area defined by the structural elements of a manual wheelchair. An ergonomic analysis was performed on a group of ten patients representing 50% of anthropometric dimensions. Motion capture and image analysis software based on the openCV library were used for the measurement. The conducted research resulted in the development of a map of the hands range in the lateral plane of the wheelchair, parallel to the sagittal plane. In addition, the map was divided into three zones of hand reach, taking into account various levels of comfort of hand manipulation. The total hand reach area was 1269 mm long and 731 mm high, while the most comfortable manipulation area was 352 mm long and 649 mm high. The plotted hands reach areas act as a map informing the designer where on the sagittal plane additional accessories operated by the user can be installed.
... O uso de tecnologia de escaneamento 3D vem crescendo a cada ano (FAN et al, 2004 p.135-168;TYLER et al, 2012;p.131-170) e é considerada uma ferramenta de grande valia nos campos da medicina, esporte, realidade virtual e também no design (JONES e RIOUX, 1997;P. 89-117;WERGHI, 2007WERGHI, p. 1122WERGHI, -1136). ...
Compressive stockings are mainly produced in order to improve the lives of people
with venous diseases and circulatory problems, contributing to the prevention of
motor deficiencies. The present study refers to the way in which the design, as an
interdisciplinary research field, with assistive technologies, can contribute to improve the quality of products and, consequently, their usability. Through an exploratory research this work aim to conceptualize and characterize compressive stockings. The investigation highlights the need for investment in research that contributes to more inclusive and adaptive products, and also the use of new technologies
... Several common applications of head 3D reconstruction for home users could be getting head measurements in order to choose the appropriate size of headwear products or trying out head apparel. In general, 3D head modeling can be used in medicine [12,[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57], psychological research [58][59][60], forensics [61], anthropology [62][63][64][65][66][67], industry [68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75], art and entertainment, virtual/augmented reality, fashion, education, biometrics, marketing, and social media. ...
Taking smartphone-made videos for photogrammetry is a convenient approach because of the easy image collection process for the object being reconstructed. However, the video may contain a lot of relatively similar frames. Additionally, frames may be of different quality. The primary source of quality variation in the same video is varying motion blur. Splitting the sequence of the frames into chunks and choosing the least motion-blurred frame in every chunk would reduce data redundancy and improve image data quality. Such reduction will lead to faster and more accurate reconstruction of the 3D objects. In this research, we investigated image quality evaluation in the case of human 3D head modeling. Suppose a head modeling workflow already uses a convolutional neural network for the head detection task in order to remove non-static background. In that case, features from the neural network may be reused for the quality evaluation of the same image. We proposed a motion blur evaluation method based on the LightGBM ranker model. The method was evaluated and compared with other blind image quality evaluation methods using videos of a mannequin head and real faces. Evaluation results show that the developed method in both cases outperformed sharpness-based, BRISQUE, NIQUE, and PIQUE methods in finding the least motion-blurred image.
... In addition, it provides detailed information about the human body, such as the eyes, lungs, neck, spine, brain, vessels, and other internal organs with a high-resolution image. A powerful magnetic field and radiofrequency pulses are used in the MRI technique to achieve a detailed image of the internal structure as well as help in differentiating between the abnormal and normal tissues of the body [57]. 3D scanning can detect even the minute details of the whole body by providing the flexibility to scan different shapes and sizes by changing the field of view. ...
Owing to the success of three-dimensional (3D) printing in biomedical applications, the latest addition to the technology is four-dimensional (4D) printing, which has gained tremendous interest since 2012. 4D printing is being considered as an upgradation and extension of 3D that includes time as a fourth dimension with the utilization of smart biomaterials, and upon the application of any external stimulus, the shape and size of the printed structure change with time. In this review, we highlight the basic techniques involved in 4D printing, the shape memory effect, and various stimuli like light, temperature, pH, etc., that cause the shape change, leading to the transformation of the structures fabricated. 4D printing using smart materials demonstrates shape memory property and their possible applications in the field of biomedicine and regenerative medicine are discussed in detail. The authors have focused on 4D printing of various tissues, with a special highlight on bone and dental tissue.
Graphical abstract
... The early scanner design was bulky, slow, expensive, and very low in resolution (Jones & Rioux, 1997). With passing time, however, scanners improved in megapixel CCD chips, which contributed to higher resolution and improved accuracy of 3D scan images (Heymsfield et al., 2018). ...
Technology and digitalization are increasingly influencing developments in sizing and fit for clothing. From the classification of the customer to retail interfaces and the intermediary design and development steps, technology is changing how product development and retail happen. This includes how populations and individuals are considered and catered for and have the potential to enable more sustainable approaches to clothings production to be implemented. This chapter will deal with some instances of how digitalization is influencing the journey from product development to the consumer being habilitated the product. We demonstrate the journey through examples within online sizing and fit technology, highlighting the value of anthropometric information from 3D body scanning. We consider the initial development of tools to classify the consumer and proceed through to the development of tools to engage the consumer in product selection and its appraisal in an online environment. We discuss the theories applicable to sizing and use examples to address the conflict between the consumer and ready-to-wear. We offer a discussion of key developments using case studies and address how each development serves the consumer or the industry. The important distinction between the industry/commercial tools for clothing size and fitting and the tools avaible to the consumer will be addressed. Proposals are made for future synergies, which will align product development approaches and consumer size and shape variation to better address size and fit are discussed. Consideration will also be given to new approaches to understanding the consumer and the methods to ensure different stakeholders can suitably identify issues and areas of difficulty.
... Landmarks on human body models not only play an essential role in many graphics applications, such as shape matching [2], object recognition [3], and surface remeshing [4], but also play a role in human body measurement, clothing design, and healthcare-related applications [5,6]. However, to label landmarks, one must bridge the semantic gap and have a semantic-level understanding of human body models to identify the positions of the landmarks and attach semantics. ...
Landmarks on human body models are of great significance for applications such as digital anthropometry and clothing design. The diversity of pose and shape of human body models and the semantic gap make landmarking a challenging problem. Inthis paper, a learning-based method is proposed to locate landmarks on human body models by analyzing the relationship between geometric descriptors and semantic labels of landmarks. A shape alignmentalgorithm is proposed to align human body models to break symmetric ambiguity. A symmetry-awaredescriptor is proposed based on the structure of the human body models, which is robust to both pose and shape variations in human body models. AnAdaBoost regression algorithm is adopted to establish the correspondence between several descriptors and semantic labels of the landmarks. Quantitative and qualitative analyses and comparisons show that the proposed method can obtain more accurate landmarks and distinguish symmetrical landmarks semantically. Additionally, a dataset of landmarked human body models is also provided, containing 271 human body models collected from current human body datasets; each model has 17 landmarks labeled manually.
... Three-dimensional (3D) surface scans of humans or of human body segments have been available for almost 30 years (Coombes et al., 1992;Fright & Linney, 1993;Whitestone, 1993), and have become a useful tool for anthropometric data collection (Gordon et al., 2014;Jones & Rioux, 1997;Robinette et al., 1999;Zhuang & Bradtmiller, 2005). 3D scans of heads have been especially useful in the design of products to be worn on the head, such as helmets, eyeglasses, hearing protection, and virtual or augmented-reality headsets. ...
3D scans are especially useful for the design of products to fit the head and face, where anthropometric dimensions are poorly correlated. When combining multiple scans to design for a target group, scan alignment is critical. Scans can also help determine whether a design can accommodate the target population in a single size or whether multiple sizes are needed.
... human body, using photographs or digital images [47], thus providing various lengths and widths. Using 2-and-3-dimensional photographic images for anthropometrical measures has existed for multiple decades [48] and the existing literature has demonstrated reliability and validity in various contexts such as using volume-to-mass conversion factors to estimate body mass [49] and identification of craniofacial landmarks [50]. This sub-discipline of photogrammetry, "digital anthropometry" [51], has extended beyond surface measurements to provide estimation of tissue composition. ...
Mobile technology is widespread in modern society, and the applications (apps) that they run can serve various purposes. Features such as portability, ease of communication, storage, and relative low cost may make such technology attractive to practitioners in several fields. This review provides a critical narrative on the existing literature for apps relevant to the field of sport and exercise nutrition. Three main areas are discussed: (1) dietary analysis of athletes, (2) nutrition education for athletes, (3) estimating body composition. The key purpose of the review was to identify what literature is available, in what areas apps may have a benefit over traditional methods, and considerations that practitioners should make before they implement apps into their practice or recommend their use to coaches and athletes.
... O uso de tecnologia de escaneamento 3D vem crescendo a cada ano (FAN et al, 2004 p.135-168;TYLER et al, 2012;p.131-170) e é considerada uma ferramenta de grande valia nos campos da medicina, esporte, realidade virtual e também no design (JONES e RIOUX, 1997;P. 89-117;WERGHI, 2007WERGHI, p. 1122WERGHI, -1136). ...
O envelhecimento da população traz problemas que influenciam as mais
diferentes sociedades. O emprego de tecnologias de apoio (TAs) na promoção
da reintegração social dos idosos pode ser um indicador-chave da melhoria da
autonomia pessoal e da qualidade de vida desses indivíduos. O presente estudo
visa discutir as tecnologias de apoio e suas influências na qualidade de vida dos
idosos. Apresenta como exemplo o Telecare (Espanha) como uma alternativa
viável para o cuidado e autonomia dos idosos e pessoas que necessitam de algum
tipo de assistência, em países periféricos.
... Handheld 3D scanners have ushered in significant changes in the healthcare sector, becoming a critical step in treating various ailments. Portable 3D scanning is essential for multiple healthcare uses, such as designing and fabricating personalized prosthetic and orthotic systems that may accommodate the patient's unique anatomy [95]. Three-dimensional scanning technology studies a patient's body shape, skin, tissue kinetic energy, chest, and individual body parts, among other things. ...
The propagation of viruses has become a global threat as proven through the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, the quick detection of viral diseases and infections could be necessary. This study aims to develop a framework for virus diagnoses based on integrating photonics technology with artificial intelligence to enhance healthcare in public areas, marketplaces, hospitals, and airfields due to the distinct spectral signatures from lasers’ effectiveness in the classification and monitoring of viruses. However, providing insights into the technical aspect also helps researchers identify the possibilities and difficulties in this field. The contents of this study were collected from six authoritative databases: Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar. This review includes an analysis and summary of laser techniques to diagnose COVID-19 such as fluorescence methods, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance, and integration of Raman scattering with SPR techniques. Finally, we select the best strategies that could potentially be the most effective methods of reducing epidemic spreading and improving healthcare in the environment.
... This process has been carried out in the DEHI laboratory (www.ehu.eus/dehi) of the Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa of the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU. As far as the authors know, although 3D anthropometry data has been used for the development of several customized products in different sectors (including sports) [9,10], this is the first time it is used for the customization of kayak paddle grips. ...
In this paper, due to the importance of maintaining a secure grip with the control hand in kayaking, a simple three phase process is presented for the massive development of personalized grips which allow the improvement of this handgrip. This process consists of obtaining the 3D geometry of the paddler's handgrip by using Reverse Engineering (RE) tools, designing the grip from the obtained 3D geometry by using Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools and manufacturing the grip by using Additive Manufacturing (AM) tools. Therefore, this paper shows that the RE, CAD and AM tools available today allow the customization of products for many applications.
... Laser scanners operate by quickly transmitting a consistent laser beam when the beam hits the physical object a portion of its energy bounces back to the scanner where if the returned vitality signal is sufficient a sensor recognizes and timer utilizes it to ascertain the distance from the scanner to the object. The subsequent output is a set of 3D coordinate esti- milliwatts and class 2 produces a light emission of fewer than 1 milliwatts [16]. ...
... Given the additional information contained within shape measures an anthropometric procedure that accounts for body shape would be a more effective method of assessing variations in external human form within populations. External body shape is determined by its skeletal structure and the distributions of fat and muscle mass along its length 1,45 . It has previously been found that the distribution of body fat, especially visceral fat accumulation in the abdominal region, represent the most significant metabolic consequences 7,45,46 . ...
Manual anthropometrics are used extensively in medical practice and epidemiological studies to assess an individual's health. However, traditional techniques reduce the complicated shape of human bodies to a series of simple size measurements and derived health indices, such as the body mass index (BMI), the waist-hip-ratio (WHR) and waist-by-height0.5 ratio (WHT.5R). Three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems capture detailed and accurate measures of external human form and have the potential to surpass traditional measures in health applications. The aim of this study was to investigate how shape measurement can complement existing anthropometric techniques in the assessment of human form. Geometric morphometric methods and principal components analysis were used to extract independent, scale-invariant features of torso shape from 3D scans of 43 male participants. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine whether novel shape measures can complement anthropometric indices when estimating waist skinfold thickness measures. Anthropometric indices currently used in practice explained up to 52.2% of variance in waist skinfold thickness, while a combined regression model using WHT.5R and shape measures explained 76.5% of variation. Measures of body shape provide additional information regarding external human form and can complement traditional measures currently used in anthropometric practice to estimate central adiposity.
... The recent years have seen the emergence of 3D imaging technology that enables full scanning of the HB surface with reasonable measurement accuracy and acceptable computational cost. This advance facilitates the exploitation of the HB form in various areas such as anthropometrical research [1,2], clothing design [3,4] and virtual human animation [5]. Although the raw data delivered by the HB scanner requires substantial main memory and backing store resources, this data contains little semantic information. ...
Segmentation of 3D human body is a very challenging problem in applications exploiting human scan data. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a topological approach based on the Discrete Reeb Graph (DRG) which is an extension of the classical Reeb Graph to handle unorganized clouds of 3D points. The essence of the approach concerns detecting critical nodes in the DRG thereby permitting the extraction of branches that represent parts of the body. Because the human body shape representation is built upon global topological features that are preserved so long as the whole structure of human body does not change, our approach is quite robust against noise, holes, irregular sampling, frame change and posture variation. Experimental results performed on real scan data demonstrate the validity of our method.
... However, in some applications, external measurements of the body are also important. Medical professionals widely use size, shape, texture, color and skin surface area to assess nutritional status and developmental normality, to diagnose numerous cutaneous disease, and to calculate the requirements for drug, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy dosages; body measurements are also used for the production of prostheses [8][9][10]. From a medical perspective, 3D scanning applications can be divided into four groups: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring [11]. ...
The human body is one of the most complicated objects to model because of its complex features, non-rigidity, and the time required to take body measurements. Basic technologies available in this field range from small and low-cost scanners that must be moved around the body to large and high-cost scanners that can capture all sides of the body simultaneously. This paper presents an image-based scanning system which employs the structure-from-motion method. The design and development process of the scanner includes its physical structure, electronic components, and the algorithms used for extracting 3D data. In addition to the accuracy, which is one of the main parameters to consider when choosing a 3D scanner, the time and cost of the system are among the most important parameters for evaluating a scanner system in the field of human scanning. Because of the non-static nature of the human body, the scanning time is particularly important. On the other hand, a high-cost system may lead to limited use of such systems. The design developed in this paper, which utilizes 100 cameras, facilitates the acquisition of geometric data in a fraction of a second (0.001 s) and provides the capabilities of large, freestanding scanners at a price akin to that of smaller, mobile ones.
... Also, the 3D-body scanner surface anthropometry is capable of extending the study to 3D geometry and morphology of external human body tissue. It includes acquisition, indexing, transmission, archiving, retrieval and cross-examination of the 3D-scanned data (Jones & Rious, 1997). Therefore, the technical development of 3D body scanners for measuring human dimensions might be practical for some applications, such as garment making in the apparel industry where an attractive-automated measurement might be available particularly for product development for mass production (Jaeschke, Steinbrecher & Pischon, 2015) Since, it is pretty obvious that product designers will likely always need some access to traditional point-to-point dimensional measurements by hand, 3D body scanner data can be far better utilized (Bradtmiller & Gross, 1999). ...
... Advance technologies enabled diagnostic studies in recent years reveal detailed information about the internal structure of the body. 1 Computed-tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-rays and ultrasound provides a platform to study anatomy and physiology aid in the diagnosis and disease monitoring. 3,4 From last three years, 3D scanning and printing technologies applications have increased approximately more than ten times. Design prototype of the new or modified product or an architectural model of buildings are made, and today 3D printer machines itself are printing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.05.006 ...
Background: Medical field has extensive use of different scanning like X-rays, CT, MRI and Ultrasound. These techniques are quite useful for providing information on the internal organs. However, there is a gap for obtaining information of the outer body parts which can now be taken care by 3D Scanning technologies. A large number of research papers about different scanning techniques and 3D scanning has been studied to identify the impact of them and the subsequent research. The aim of the work: Doctors and technologists use the available scanning technologies in different sub-medical fields. This paper endeavours to find out the best possible usage of 3D scanning technologies in the medical area. This paper will help doctors for best treatment to the patient with high knowledge, minimum risks and maximising benefits. Materials and methods: A large number of the relevant research papers from 2008 to April 2018, identified through Scopus are studied using bibliometric analysis, thus to determine strength & limitation and to undertake application analysis. Results: Year-wise, Journal-wise and relevant applications wise study undertaken in the medical field through Bibliometric research to identify the strength, limitations, and applications of 3D scanning, and other contemporaries scanning technologies. Conclusion: The bibliometric analysis shows that there is an increasing trend in the research work undertaken in 3D scanning application in the medical field, this also explains future potential and contribution. Corporate are exploring 3D scanning for commercial medical applications along with part analysis & designs before the actual production. It helps to create efficient implants easily and quickly. In this paper, we have summarised 3D scanning applications for medical purposes. This technology helps to produce medical implant according to the required specification. It is used for the accurate measuring of patient's body shape, size and skin surface area or an individual part of the body. In medical, data varies from patient to patient, so for producing a 3D digital image, 3D scanning technologies are used which provide digital 3D models. We can obtain improved patient treatment through the integration of digital models with Virtual Reality and Holographic techniques. The significant limitation of this technology is that it can only scan the outer surface of the body or part/model.
... It is possible to find many studies that compared the various types of existing body scanners. Jones and Rioux; Olds & Honey; Daanen and Haar; and Daanen and van de Water [24][25][26][27] discuss the use of 3D whole body scanners in anthropometry overall, giving a good overview of the evolution of body scanning technology and the different scanners in use at the various times. ...
Background:
Collecting anthropometric data for real-life applications demands a high degree of precision and reliability. It is important to test new equipment that will be used for data collectionOBJECTIVE:Compare two anthropometric data gathering techniques - manual methods and a Kinect-based 3D body scanner - to understand which of them gives more precise and reliable results.
Methods:
The data was collected using a measuring tape and a Kinect-based 3D body scanner. It was evaluated in terms of precision by considering the regular and relative Technical Error of Measurement and in terms of reliability by using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Reliability Coefficient, Standard Error of Measurement and Coefficient of Variation.
Results:
The results obtained showed that both methods presented better results for reliability than for precision. Both methods showed relatively good results for these two variables, however, manual methods had better results for some body measurements.
Conclusion:
Despite being considered sufficiently precise and reliable for certain applications (e.g. apparel industry), the 3D scanner tested showed, for almost every anthropometric measurement, a different result than the manual technique. Many companies design their products based on data obtained from 3D scanners, hence, understanding the precision and reliability of the equipment used is essential to obtain feasible results.
... The main applications for 3D body scanning are discussed in an old but good study (Jones and Rioux, 1997). Quantification of body shape anomalies has many medical applications, for instance, to detect abnormal sizes of the liver, reconstruction surgery, prosthetics, and implant development. ...
Clothing selection is generally made on the basis of appearance (looks and fashion), costs, and fit. Traditionally, clothing items are fitted in the retail outlet, but increasingly garments are purchased over the internet, making physical fitting impossible. Therefore, the technology of 3D body scanning becomes increasingly important. In the last decades bulky and costly 3D body scanners evolved to inexpensive, accurate, and easy-to-use devices. The 3D scans form a digital copy of the outside of the body and can be interfaced with the clothing patterns, a process called virtual fitting. The actual fit can be visualized using color maps representing the distance between garments and the skin (for loose fit) or visualization of the strain in the textiles (for tight fit). Also, making the clothing transparent on a rigid body can be used for fit assessment. The existing models are unfortunately poorly validated and mainly limited to static body postures, but new developments have started to face these challenges, for instance, standardization initiatives within International Standardization Organization, NATO, and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
... The human measurements have been of interest for researchers since long time ago, there is information about human physical measurements since the 17th century[1]. These measurements are useful for medical applications[2], and for designing human based products[3]as 3D virtual auditoriums, where the position of different sound sources may be simulated in order to increase the immersion of the user in teleconferences and video games, among other environments. ...
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The interchangeability of different techniques for volume measurements makes it important to cross-calibrate volumes from different scanning systems against a gold standard Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP), and identify possible causes of the differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 121 adults (78 males and 43 females, aged 18 – 44 y underwent body volume measurement via ADP (Bodpod system, Cosmed, Rome, Italy) and 3D scanning using portable scanner (Artec L, Artec Luxembourg) and fixed laser scanner (Hamamatsu BLS, Hamamatsu, Japan). Duplicate measurements were undertaken in 12 participants. RESULTS: Measurements were highly correlated between techniques for volume (R=0.989; 0.977 and 0.979; P<0.0001) and inter-technique errors for volumes and girths were <1% technical error of measurement. Bland and Altman analysis revealed volume measurements differed between Hamamatsu and both Artec and Bodpod (P<0.05), but were similar between Artec and Bodpod (P>0.05) and these patterns remained when volumes were converted into %fat. There were no significant differences between anthropometric and 3DS-extracted waist and hip girths for either scanner type (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite their comparability for extracted waist and hip girth, the scanners are not interchangeable for volume and %fat estimation.
Anthropometry is the study of measurement of the human body, which deals with the measurement of size, mass, shape, and inertial properties of the human body. This chapter presents the measurement of geometrical features of human body. More and more products which are physically used by humans must be designed with the aim of improving the comfort of the wearing experience, ensuring human safety, and maximizing human well-being. That includes increasing applications of three-dimensional (3D) anthropometry in the early stages of product design. The general approach of 3D anthropometry in product design follows the stages of data acquisition, data processing, and data application. In each step, there are some bullet points influencing its success in application. Those parts are introduced in detail in this chapter. Relevant design and production technologies need further improvement for successful implementation in practice.
The importance of anthropometric research is undeniable. The progressive development of research activities related to anthropometry is supported by three-dimensional (3D) body scanning technology advancement. This technology prompted the collection of extensive anthropometric data of particular benefit to apparel manufacturing. With the “misfit” issues solved, anthropometric research will impact the apparel industry to boom. Customer satisfaction increased and, simultaneously, the retailers with the ability to reduce wrong product return restored, it eventually will increase market share and company profitability. However, the lack of standard protocol in conducting an anthropometric survey using 3D body scanning may jeopardize the data’s reliability and validity. Another concern of the anthropometric survey using 3D body scanning surrounds the ethical issues since it involves human participation and the social and cultural aspects of the rights of the human body. The reliability and ethical issues in conducting anthropometric research using 3D scanning technology are discussed. This paper also proposes the mitigation steps to be taken by researchers to get reliable and accurate data and, at the same time, observe the ethical aspect of the anthropometric survey.
Human vision is often guided by instinctual commonsense such as proportions and contours. In this paper, we explore how to use the proportion as the key knowledge for designing a privacy algorithm that detects human private parts in a 3D scan dataset. The Analogia Graph is introduced to study the proportion of structures. It is a graph-based representation of the proportion knowledge. The intrinsic human proportions are applied to reduce the search space by an order of magnitude. A feature shape template is constructed to match the model data points using Radial Basis Functions in a non-linear regression and the relative measurements of the height and area factors. The method is tested on 100 datasets from CAESAR database. Two surface rendering methods are studied for data privacy: blurring and transparency. It is found that test subjects normally prefer to have the most possible privacy in both rendering methods. However, the subjects adjusted their privacy measurement to a certain degree as they were informed the context of security.
O assento personalizado é um recurso de Tecnologia Assistiva destinado a melhorar a adequação postural dos usuários de cadeira de rodas. O objetivo deste estudo é otimizar a fabricação de assentos com baixo custo por meio do design paramétrico. O método proposto é baseado na identificação e parametrização digital da forma dos usuários impressa em uma almofada moldável a vácuo. Após a aquisição manual de coordenadas, o algoritmo criado reproduz digitalmente a forma desejada, a qual possibilitaria a usinagem de uma espuma para o assento. Como validação da proposta, realizou-se a comparação entre a forma reconstruída pelo algoritmo e a forma original da almofada digitalizada com um scanner 3D.
We propose a novel approach for reconstructing plausible three‐dimensional (3D) human body models from small number of 3D points which represent body parts. We leverage a database of 3D models of humans varying from each other by physical attributes such as age, gender, weight, and height. First we divide the bodies in database into seven semantic regions. Then, for each input region consisting of maximum 40 points, we search the database for the best matching body part. For the matching criterion, we use the distance between novel point‐based features of input points and body parts in the database. We then combine the matched parts from different bodies into one body, with the help of Laplacian deformation, which results in a plausible human body. To evaluate our results objectively, we pick points from each part of the ground‐truth human body models, then reconstruct them using our method and compare the resulting bodies with the corresponding ground‐truths. Also, our results are compared with registration‐based results. In addition, we run our algorithm with noisy data to test the robustness of our method and run it with input points whose body parts are manually edited, which produces plausible human bodies that do not even exist in our database. Our experiments verify qualitatively and quantitatively that the proposed approach reconstructs human bodies with different physical attributes from a small number of points using a small database.
Purpose:
The primary purpose of this study was to clarify the occurrence of sites of edematous changes using the measured circumferences of the thigh and lower leg via three-dimensional (3D) body scanning. The secondary purpose was to determine the relationship between the volume changes using 3D body scanning and the resistance changes as indicator of extracellular water (ECW) via segmental-bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (S-BIS).
Methods and Results:
Fifteen healthy women participated. Limb circumferences were measured using 3D body scanning at 10% intervals between 50% and 80% in the thigh circumference and between 0% and 80% in the lower leg circumference. The resistance of the ECW component (RECW) and total body water (RTBW) was measured using S-BIS in the thigh and lower leg segments. These measurements were conducted at baseline and 6 hours postobservation. A paired t-test was conducted for the differences in these parameters, and the effect sizes (ESs) were calculated using Cohen's d. Correlations between changes in segmental volume and RECW were analyzed. Measurement-site circumferences and segmental volume significantly increased in the lower leg at postobservation but not in the thigh. The ES of circumference changes in the lower leg's central region were larger (ESs were 0.40-0.71 at 30%-50%) than in other regions. A significant correlation was observed between changes in segmental volume and RECW of the lower leg (ρ = -0.79, p < 0.001).
Conclusions:
Assessing the circumference using 3D body scanning, we found the edematous changes to be significant in the lower leg's central regions. Moreover, volumetry using 3D body scanning can detect edematous change in the lower leg.
Recent years witnessed a surge in the number of IoT cameras in smart cities. In this article, an ensemble learning-based prediction model for image forensics from IoT camera is proposed. In particular, our goal is to obtain human body measurements from 2D images taken from two views. Firstly, 24 body part features are extracted by the DensePose algorithm from the two views. Secondly, the features of the upper body part are integrated with height and body weight features. Ensemble learning is then performed with the LightGBM algorithm and a regression prediction model is constructed. The proposed noncontact image prediction method is simple and workable. Its feasibility and validity are verified on an experimental dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is highly reliable in the size prediction of different body parts. Specifically, the mean absolute errors of chest circumference, waistline and hip circumference are about 2.5 cm, while the mean absolute errors of other predictions are about 1 cm.
In this paper, we propose an anthropometric parameter measurement method that any customized parameter can be measured online by the pre-selected endpoints on the reconstructed 3D body models of equivariant multi-view images. The method includes 3D body model reconstruction, anthropometric parameter measurement, and parameter modification. In 3D body model reconstruction, we detect and segment the human body from its background and reconstruct a generative 3D body model from the segmented image with deep learning. And then we measure anthropometric parameter on the reconstructed 3D body model of each view. Before parameter measurement, we manually pre-select endpoints associated with all anthropometric parameters on the reconstructed 3D body model since all vertices of the reconstructed body model are ordered. However, the information of a single-view image is insufficient and the measurement result is varied regularly by the view changes. To improve the measurement accuracy, we design a convolutional neural network in the last step which can regress more accurate anthropometric parameters from equivariant multi-view measurements. Experimental results on the representative dataset demonstrate that the proposed method can measure planar and spatial anthropometric parameters automatically with comparable performance.
Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMS) have gained importance in the current context of increasing high variety demand, Mass Customization (MC) and market instability, due to their ability of being quickly modified to adjust their production capacity to attain sudden fluctuations in market demands as well as to accommodate operations of new products. RMS can be configured at system and machine levels. Many papers have described the RMS configuration as combinato-rial optimization problems and proposed several techniques to optimize them in terms of different responses of interest. This paper presents a literature review that seeks to understand how RMS configuration has been addressed in terms of config-uration level, optimization problem modelling and techniques applied to solve it. This work aims to assist researchers working on RMS configuration to identify trends and new research opportunities.
The rapid proliferation of 3D imaging in mainstream science is changing the quality and quantity of data that can be obtained. In the study of human remains, the structures and variations of the skeleton holds significant probative value in reconstructing the biological and physical history of that individual. As such, these new 3D tools are being successfully applied in the visualisation and assessment of human remains across forensic and archaeological contexts. However, while the practical applications are being discussed in the published literature, there has been little to no consideration of the more conceptual issues around the widespread use of these novel technologies in human remains disciplines. 3D imaging is producing increasingly accurate and realistic models that share many physical traits, and cultural and societal significances with the original skeletal remains. These are serious causes of concern for the ownership, sharing, and use of these resultant 3D digitisations, especially since there are already unique ethical challenges in the study and use of human remains. This chapter will discuss these issues within the context of a survey which revealed conflicting opinions between researchers and curators concerning the use, ownership, and ethics of 3D digital data of human remains.
Static and dynamic anthropometric parameters are fundamental for the development of the product design, since the correct application of these parameters provides comfort, safety and effectiveness for the user during the use of the product. Static anthropometric parameters can be obtained by direct, indirect and literature methods. However, there is a lack of data related to the dynamic anthropometric parameters in the specialized literature and the survey of these parameters requires more complex methods to obtain them. The objective of this work is to develop a Parametric and articulated digital human model (MHD) that contains the static anthropometric parameters and the parameters related to the body movement to be used in the virtual ergonomic analysis, in order to obtain the dynamic anthropometric parameters during the process of project. The research methodology consists of five main steps: investigation, intervention, verification, analysis and interpretation of data, description and discussion of results. The research stage involved the bibliographic research, collection and analysis of the data related to the anthropometric parameters and the structuring of these to be used as reference for the development of MHD. In the intervention stage, the development process of MHD was started. In the verification stage, ergonomic analyzes were performed in a virtual environment, using the developed MHD, and the data were compared to the data obtained in physical ergonomic analyzes. As the main results of the research, the use of the MHD developed is quite efficient to assist in the development of product designs because besides allowing the customization of the anthropometric variables, reproducing the movements as close to the movement of the human body, it is possible to identify the comfort In the joints by means of the change of color in the landmarks. Thus, the MHD helps the development of products, allows the achievement of dynamic anthropometric parameters and design contributing to meet ergonomic user requirements such as comfort, safety and effectiveness. This research has been approved by the research ethics committee of UFRGS.
The objective of this work is to present an application of the method of obtaining static anthropometric parameters by means of a low-cost 3D scanner (BRENDLER, 2013) and to describe the implications and contributions of this process. The anthropometric parameters are obtained and inserted in a digital human model (MHD) for comparison and analysis of the results in relation to the measurements of the 3D model obtained by the digitalization. Two participants, one female and one male, were used, representing the percentile height 5% and 95% respectively. The participants' 3D models were purchased using the Microsoft Kinect device. The results obtained were extremely compatible which demonstrates the viability of the method using the digitization to obtain anthropometric measurements for application in the MHD. Optimizing the measurement process, reducing the time needed to measure with the user and increasing the accuracy of the anthropometric measurements to aid in the ergonomic analysis of the product.
Le développement des orthèses est souvent basé sur l’expertise empirique des entreprises. Il en résulte parfois des dispositifs mal adaptés. Pour cette raison, une structuration du processus de conception des orthèses doit être conduite.Cette thèse a comme objectif de développer une méthode structurée de conception d’orthèses avec mécanisme.Une définition des typologies d’orthèses est établie en fonction de l’existence d’un mécanisme. Cette typologie est le point de départ d’une décomposition du cycle d’utilisation de l’orthèse en situations de vie et moments significatifs.La méthode proposée permet la recherche des mécanismes dans une base de données de mobilités ; l’adéquation entre concepts, contraintes de déplacement et contraintes dimensionnelles, l’adaptation de confort, la définition du blocage, la définition final de l’OAM et la qualification de la conception.La méthode est appliquée au développement d’un corset de traitement de la camptocormie, pathologie posturale caractérisée par l’antéro-flexion progressive du tronc.Une orthèse posturale, corset de distraction thoraco-pelvienne antérieur, développée par la société Lagarrigue S.A. est actuellement prescrite. Pour prouver l’utilité du port du corset, une caractérisation cinématique du mouvement et de l’activité musculaire du patient camptocormique sans et avec corset est déroulée pour recueillir des informations nécessaires au processus de conception d’une orthèse innovante.L’application de cette méthode permet le développement de deux prototypes fonctionnels de corset pour traiter la camptocormie en intégrant des informations biomécaniques du patient et les limitations techniques de l’entreprise.
A proposed new sizing system for Naval women's clothing has been developed. Based on the findings of a sizing evaluation of current women's uniforms (Mellian, et al), the new system is designed to (1) better accommodate the proportional diversity found among Navy women, particularly noted differences between White and Black women, (2) bring sizing for Navy women's clothing into closer conformity with commercial sizing, and (3) develop a single sizing system for all lower body garments. Sizing tables for the proposed system presented in this report, are based in part on proposed new commercial standards and include sizes to accommodate short, medium, and tall women as well as proportional variations represented by junior, misses, and women's hip sizes. An explanation of how various design values were arrived at is also included in this report. The author's caution that the proposed system is as yet untried and recommend thorough fit-testing before wholesale use is made of it. Anthropometric sizing, Sizing, Clothing, Sizing system, Navy, Women.
This paper describes the evaluation and acquisition of CAD/CAM technology required for the design and development of complex sculptured surfaces for molding rubber and elastomeric materials. Benchmark tests incorporating the complex 3-D geometry that such a design project must handle were performed with various systems vendors and a time-sharing system was chosen. Geometry was constructed using bi-parametric cubic patches and cutter paths were plotted over these surfaces. A post-processor has been prepared for a three-axis numerical control milling machine and a cavity cut to vacuum-form a thermoplastic rubber for a prototype. Keywords: Human factors engineering; Anthropometric data; CADD(Computer Aided Design and Drafting); French language; and Numerical code programming.
Anthropometric variables have always been measured with tapes and calipers and the data gathered have been the source material for designers and pattern makers in the development of NBCW protective equipment. This paper describes the re-assessment of the variables and dimensions under consideration and the construction of a new set of variables, for measuring hands, localized in three dimensional space, that may be measured by traditional techniques but yet be suited to CAD/CAM applications. A set of fifty dimensions was devised and a datum from which to measure was defined. Data were taken from a small sample of hands and a computerized model constructed. Models may be constructed from fewer dimensions but there will be less variability in the resultant surface.
This report describes long-term changes in the body dimensions within the Army population for 22 body dimensions in four racial/cultural groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Individuals were grouped by birth year into 12 five-year cohorts, which span the years 1911 to 1970. Rates of change were calculated by regressing age-adjusted dimensions against cohort. Analyses of these relationships showed that almost all dimensions sustained statistically significant linear trends, the few exceptions being found within the Asian/Pacific Islanders group. Furthermore, except for the Asian/Pacific Islanders, the greatest relative rates of change were found in dimensions related to soft tissue development rather than skeletal dimensions. This pattern is consistent with the most recent American cultural emphasis on health and physical fitness. The markedly different patterns seen in Asian/ Pacific Islanders were best explained by immigration: they have experienced a linear increase in the proportion of foreign born members.
Description
80 peer-reviewed papers address these issues:
• Hazards and Methods (including aerosols, physical resistance, biological, chemical, pesticides, and thermal and heat)
• Field tests, New tests, Evaluations, Design, Physiological, Performance (including field tests, new and improved tests, evaluations, physiological, ergonomical, design, evaluation, and performance, decontamination)
• Programsand Assessments (including program, selection, assessments, business)
• International standards
The U.S. Air Force’s anthropometric data bank was initiated in 1973 by Mr. C. E. Clauser as a facility designed to incorporate in comparable format the raw data from available anthropometric surveys so that they could be recalled and reanalyzed for specific purposes as needed. Such a repository would assure that individual anthropometric survey data would remain available at a single location even though the principal investigator or sponsoring agency no longer had an interest in its maintenance. However, the data bank was envisioned not just as a repository containing data from a variety of sources but as a facility in which such data would be processed and cast in comparable format so that it would be recalled and analyzed for design purposes using a series of standard computer routines. Over the years, the data bank has expanded steadily and today it constitutes a unique source of such data.
A method of man-machine interaction based on head-motion understanding and graphic generation is proposed. A head-motion-understanding system called Head Reader is presented as a part of a future total human-motion-understanding system. Head reader is constructed on a coarse-to-fine basis, beginning with detection of rough movement of the face area. A motion-understanding process involving a motion-detection stage and a motion-interpretation stage is presented. Basic motion understanding experiments that have proved successful for various facial images of three subjects are described.
The segment inertial parameters of children are fundamental to the analysis and simulation of their movements. Generally it has been recognized that adult parameters cannot be extrapolated and most of the anthropometric data on children are of little or no use for determining inertias. Consequently, there have been few studies of children's kinetics. In response to this problem a longitudinal investigation, the Laurentian Study of Biomechanical Development, was launched and in this paper the effects of growth on selected segmental size and inertial parameters are reported for boys between the ages of 4 and 15 yr. The twelve subjects, representing heterogeneous body types were followed over 3 yr for a total of 36 observations. Elliptical zones 2 cm wide were used to model the body and segment inertias calculated using segment densities from the literature. These inertias were the mass, moment of inertia and mass centroid location for a fourteen segment planar representation of the body. The general accuracy mean error based on body mass was 0.203% which is consistent with reports from similar studies and techniques. Plots of segment mass proportions with respect to age showed a decrease in the head proportion balanced by increases in the thigh, shank, foot and upper arm proportions in particular. The trends for each segment were consistent with the trends for linear measures reported in the anthropometry literature. Radius proportions to the mass centroid and radius of gyration proportions were also plotted and showed smaller but consistent changes with respect to age. Linear regressions were then fitted to the distributions and standard errors calculated. The magnitude and slope of the regressions were for the most part consistent with a reported cross-sectional study of Japanese children. Where data were available, predicted parameters were compared with the reported parameters for a 12 yr old analyzed using a different mathematical model. Comparisons were also made between the predicted parameters at 15 yr and the reported parameters for healthy young adults who had been scanned using a gamma-radiation technique. For most parameters there was either good agreement or differences could be explained logically. The traditionally used parameters from older cadavers were quite inconsistent with the above. The variances of the 36 observations about the regression lines as indicated by the standard errors were small. As an illustration of the effect of these variances, the trunk parameters for a 10 yr old performing a standing jump for distance were decreased by 1 S.E. and this matched by increases for the thigh, shank and head. The changes for ankle torques and horizontal and vertical reaction force components were minimal and less than the changes produced by a 1 Hz increase in cut-off frequency for the digital filter. On the basis of these comparisons it is suggested that where direct determination of body segment parameters for children is not possible, the regression equations be used to obtain the segment inertias.
The mechanisme of the breathing pump-system changes with age. Morphometrical informations are presented by means of Photogrammetry.The effectiveness of the diaphragm contraction in relation to the ribcage was observed with trunc-surface deforrnations.The thorax-wall of new-borns and sucklings are pliable:the diaphragm action sipps the ribcage. Growing childrens thorax can resist against this sipping effect, but practically they have no thoracal, only abdominal breathing.Later in childhood the thoracal breathing type developps individually. Introduction Since 1974 I have the honour to participate with my papers on several Biostereometrics Session. At that time I had 15 years of Photogrammetry study of the breathing movements behind me. Based on Photogrammetrical documentations I worked with manual geometry, constructing my designes,hoping, that I can elaborate a model-method and to grope around the photogrammetrical possibilities in the study of the mechanism of the human breathing pump-system. Using a ruler and a pair of compasses, with steady obstinacy I arrived to realise three abstractions:Spatial; spatiotemporal analysis informations and the velocity or the acceleration factors, this last one being the most sensitive. Recently I made the-first steps to study four dimensional information, with two time factors.
Glaucoma is a disease characterized by increased ocular pressure with optic nerve atrophy and loss of visual field, or side vision, which eventually leads to blindness. The optic disc becomes more cupped with increasing progress of the disease. We have devised a system for the use of the Donaldson simultaneous stereophotographic fundus camera to obtain optimal reproducibility and sensitivity of measurements from optic disc stereophotographs. Stereomodel deformations caused by eye-to-camera optical variables (photographic magnification, working distance, relative orientation between the camera optical axis and the optic disc, and position of the optic disc image in the film frame) were evaluated. We developed an analytical correction method for stereomodel deformations and evaluated the impact on measurement of optic disc cupping. We have evaluated the reproducibility of new techniques for measurement of cup parameters such as volume, depth, and area of the cup relative to the disc area; slope of the cup floor, wall, and rim; and cup shape using volume profiles in which contour areas were plotted of the cup depth from the top to the bottom.
The ankle is a complex structure allowing foot mobility while providing stability. In an attempt to improve the knowledge of the kinematics of the ankle, an approach incorporating both experimental and analytical techniques was developed. Stereophotogrammetry combined with the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) technique, was used to quantify the spatial displacements of the foot. Four motorized cameras were fixed on a baseboard 0.62 m from a support frame so as to obtain two stereopairs, one medial and one lateral. For a pair, the cameras were 0.52 m apart and maintained a convergent angle of 21.5°. The support frame was designed to fix the tibia while allowing foot motion. A device comprised of 76 markers, 38 of which were visible to each pair of cameras was used for the calibration. The spatial position of each marker was measured to a precision of 0.05 mm whereas their computed spatial position using the DLT technique was accurate to 0.4 mm. For the experiment, two embalmed cadaver legs and feet, amputated at midshank and of normal appearance were used. After a partial dissection, three pin markers were embedded into each of the medial and lateral sides of the talus permitting the calculation of its center of rotation. Each foot was photographed in 5 positions at 10° intervals, ranging from 30ð of plantarflexion to 10° of dorsiflexion. An analytical model was developed to spatially describe the rotation of the foot about the ankle. The model calculates the plane of motion and the orientation of the axis of rotation relative to the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes. These were found respectively to be for foot one: 100°, 86°, 15° and for foot two: 91°, 69°, 21°.
The field of biostereometrics provides us with three dimensional measurements (x,y,z coordinates) by utilizing stereopairs of either photographs or radiographs. The recent rapid development of sophisticated equipment and advanced computergraphics methods give an impetus for applications of biostereometrics to biomedical imaging. The combination of these two areas, that is, biostereometrics and advanced computergraphics, can be used to enhance our ability to make instantaneous (within 1/30 second), interactive surgical simulations and representations, and continuous, comparative, superimposed, quantitative displays. These procedures are applicable for serial observation and diagnosis and treatment planning for craniofacial anomalies, dermatologic lesions, gingival inflammatory processes and skeletal anthroplogy.
The body shape of twelve boys of different ages and body types was modelled and growth followed over a period of eight years. The model consisted of sixteen segments and elliptical zones two centrimetres wide constructed from simultaneous front and side views of the subject. Computer graphics for the model were developed which allow for shaded colour surface representation, segment manipulation and image repositioning. Growth affected the segment volumes and produced intersegment differences in the rate of growth, expressed as a proportion of total volume. Head proportion changes were much less than for the other segments. There were differences between individuals in the growth patterns for each segment but the trends for each segment were distinct.
The biostereometric study of body changes can lead to valuable information regarding the metabolism and the physiological development of pregnancy as well as the well-being of the fetus. In this contribution a technique for the calculation of abdomen volume variations from measurements on moire photographs is outlined and experimental results are presented.
A Moire system which rotates an object in front of a slit camera has been used to obtain continuous photographic maps around amputee socket and shoe last shapes. Previous analysis methods required the use of IBM 370 hardware and extensive software overhead. Using a systematic manual digitizing technique and user-interactive FORTRAN software, the shape reconstruction has been easily performed on a PDP-11 minicomputer system. Both the digitizing technique and the software are oriented towards the shape reproduction process. Numerically controlled machining parameters are used to identify a "skewed" grid of required points along the cutter path. Linear interpolation and anti-interference techniques resulted in reproduction of shoe lasts to within 0.05 inches (1.2 millimeters) from the sensing axis. Difficulties were experienced in obtaining information to resolve the ends of the shapes. Current efforts focus on circumferential shape sensing of live subjects and automatic digitization of sensed data.
This study reports on 29 patients (58 breasts), selected in a stratified manner to include 7 cancers, 13 benign tumors and 38 apparently normal breasts, that were subjected to biostereometric analysis. This process consisted of analysis in a blind setting of contour mammograms made from stereophotographs of the breast which resulted in the correct identification of all 7 cancers, 11 of the 13 benign tumors and 30 of the remaining 38 normal breasts. There were 8 false positives identified. This study, in conjunction with a previous study, indicates that the biostereometric analyzed contour mammograms have the potential to be developed into a process for breast cancer screening. Suggested areas for further study include volume differences in individual breasts as well as the volume differences in individual breast slices and their relationship to breast pathology.
A television/computer system is used to measure the apparent distortion of a line of light as it is scanned over an object. A projector and camera are fixed relative to one another in a swinging frame which rotates at a constant speed through a vertical arc. The displacement of the line in the television picture is a function of the distance of the object from an imaginary cylinder about the axis of rotation, while the position of the frame is also read by the television interface from a spot inserted into the video signal. The geometrical configuration of camera, projector and frame allows simple analysis of the data to yield an output consisting of scattered three-dimensional points. Calibration is achieved by measuring an object of known dimensions. The use of the system is illustrated by application to a project for the assessment of scoliotic deformity of the back. In this, the advantage of an instant digital data acquisition method is that analysis of the data can proceed immediately, without the intervening lengthy, expensive and error-prone digitising stage required by moire topography. The patient can receive his analysis within minutes, and the information can be used by the physician immediately at the clinic, rather than days later.
Anthropometry has become an important tool in the study of genetic conditions, particularly as a diagnostic aid for the clinical geneticist. However, many practicing physicians do not do anthropometry of patients for several reasons, such as: appropriate measurements in a given situation are unknown; normative reference data are unavailable; or analysis and interpretation of the data are confusing. In this review we present an annotated compilation of informative measurements for hereditary and congenital disorders and a guide to normative anthropometric data of use in evaluation and diagnosis of such disorders. Further development of multivariate approaches will enhance the application of anthropometry as a means of identifying and classifying a syndrome and documenting the natural history of many disorders. Continued cooperation among physicians, geneticists, and anthropologists for the collection and assessment of patient and normative data is essential if these goals are to be realized.
This paper presents a computer vision system for the acquisition and processing of 3-D images of wax dental imprints recorded on human subjects. The system is dedicated to orthodontic diagnosis and epidemiological studies. The acquisition system is described in detail and experimental results are presented. The accuracy of the system is tested on a reference imprint.
A segmentation algorithm is used for the detection of the interstices between teeth on the 3-D images of the imprint. A multi-operator approach is developed to deal with teeth of different shape and size. Experiments performed on a large number of imprints show that the algorithm for interstice detection and position estimation is very reliable and accurate.
In 1979 we first reported progress on a unique 3-D quantitative mapping structured light method to rapidly and remotely interrogate an unknown surface with an array of laser beams and to observe and measure the 3-D surfaces off-axis with one or more videocameras. -''2 Significant progress has occurred recently to make this method practical and cost-effective. The system consists of: 1) at least one passive sensor typically a 512 X 512 square pixel lowlight-level CID image intensified progressive scan videocamera operating at 30 Hz 2) an off-axis active structured laser projector using a 532nm doubled YAG solid state polarized laser beam formers and a prismatic optic to simultaneously generate a 128 X 128 square laser beamlet array 3) a spatially programmable light modulator to block or transmit selected sets of 128 rows (or 128 columns) of laser beams (corresponding to the generated array) at millisecond frame rates 4) optics to project the structured light sets onto the object 5) optics at the sensor end 6) positioning equipment to manipulate the object as required 7) suitable image processors array processors and computers for signal and image processing calculation of tables of X numerical data interactive display and archiving 8)interfaces to other CAD/CAM systems for the replication of surfaces or the reconstruction of multiple surfaces into geometric forms. .
The stereophotogrammetric analysis of biological forms in medicine has been usefully employed for many years. Generally the methods adopted have involved the use of stereo pairs of traditional photographs or radiographs. Although very successful, the traditional methods are time consuming. Developments in solid state and videoscan cameras, in computer hardware and in image processing technology have lead to Real-time photogrammetry (RTP) or near Real-time photogrammetry (NRTP). It is anticipated that RTP and NRTP will play a vital role in biostereometric studies. This paper discusses the development of a low cost PC-based NRTP system and the possibility of using NRTP in an ongoing biostereometric study which has been developed for studying regional body surface motion in the evaluation of respiratory muscle function and in which digital cameras will be substituted for analogue cameras and computer digitisation will be substituted for manual observation.
The importance of fit for helmet ensembles is not limited to just comfort. It impacts most other safety and performance needs of the helmets, including helmet retention, and optical and acoustical performance. The addition of optical systems to helmet ensembles increases the need for precision in fit. Helmet systems which were previously acceptable in terms of fit do not necessarily fit well enough to accommodate new performance requirements. The increased need for precision has introduced the need for better definition of human anthropometry for helmet design as well as definition of the head and helmet interface. Traditional anthropometry (human body measurements taken with calipers, or head boards, etc.) is no longer adequate. For advanced helmet systems, data on the shape, or change in the surface curvature and how this relates to helmet systems in three-dimensional space, is now a necessity. In fact, use of the old style of anthropometry can and has created problems rather than resolve them. This paper discusses some of the problems with the old methods and introduces new technologies and research which is being done to address the needs.
JENSEN. R. K. The growth of children's moment of inertia. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc:, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 440-445, 1986. As children grow, their moments of inertia increase. The magnitude and timing of these changes can affect the rotations of the body. The present study evaluated inter-individual differences in the transverse centroidal moment of inertia for 12 boys betwen 5 and 16 yr, using intra-individual data from three successive years. Segmental masses and moments of inertia were estimated using the elliptical zone model and the model then repositioned into two configurations: a layout position from a back handspring and a tuck position from a back somersault. In each case, the mass centroid and the moment of inertia about the transverse axis were calculated. With growth indexed by age, it was shown that the rate of change increases with age. For the children 10 yr and younger, the rate of change of moment of inertia was approximately 30% of the rate for the older children. Also, at each age level, there was a wide range of moments of inertia. In order to improve the prediction of moment of inertia, height and mass were tried as predictors with a noticeable improvement in correlation and linearity. The best predictor, however, was found to be the product of mass and height squared (M.H2) with correlations of 0.99 and 0.97. It is suggested that, because of the effects of growth on the moment of inertia, M.H2 could be used in conjunction with age in order to better appreciate the potential effects of change of moment of inertia. (C)1986The American College of Sports Medicine
A photogrammetry technic has been developed to examine the trunk's movement during quiet breathingand under different breathing manoeuvres: a rectangular network projected on the illuminated surface of the trunk and on a screen behind the subject examined . By taking a series of pictures from two directions we can determine the position of each surface points. Construction of horizontal slide surfaces at different phases of the breathing cycle made possible to calculate the volume change , the velocity of displacement of certain surface points or the movement of a representative mamillar line , where several types of breathing can be characterized.
Presents a standard data format for describing and interpolating 3-D human body shapes from data collected by a 3-D body scanner. The body data were treated as a series of horizontal cross-sections. Each cross-section was described by 16 data points. The 3-D surface can be calculated by interpolating between these sections. This procedure allowed editing and manipulation of raw scanned data, as well as substantial data reduction. Horizontal cross-sections of the body were chosen to correspond to particular anatomical surface landmarks, rather than distances from a reference point. Hence, each data element described a particular anatomical location, irrespective of body shape and size. This feature allowed comparison and averaging of 3-D shapes, greatly enhancing the application of 3-D scanned data. The standard data format allows 3-D scanned data to be transferred into CAD/CAM systems for automated garment design and manikin manufacture.
Chemical-defense gloves (12.5-mil Epichlorohydron/Butyl, 14-mil Epichlorohydron/Butyl, and 7-mil Butyl with Nomex overgloves) were subjected to four dexterity tests (O'Connor Finger Dexterity Test, Pennsylvania Bi-Manual Worksample-Assembly, Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Turning, and the Crawford Small Test). Results indicated that subjects performances were most impaired by the 7-mil Butyl with Nomex overglove. Though differences between the other three gloved conditions were not always statistically significant, subjects performed silghtly better while wearing the Epichlorohydron/Butyl gloves, no matter which thickness, than they did while wearing the 15-mil butyl gloves. High negative correlation between anthropometry and gloved tests scores of subjects suggested that poor glove fit may also have affected subjects performances.
This study of 46 living adult females is part of a long-range research program designed to establish valid analytical relationships between readily measured body dimensions and mass distribution characteristics of living populations. Presented in this report are data describing the mass distribution characteristics of primary and composite body segments. The report also contains sets of regression equations which can be used to predict segmental volumes and moments of inertia from anthropometric data. The data base is derived from both classical anthropometric measurements and from stereophotogrammetric techniques. Subjects were representative of a general United States population as defined by the 1971-74 Public Health Service, Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES). The data obtained describe segment and segment composite volumes, centers of volume, intersegment cut centroids, principal inertial axes, and surface anatomical landmarks with respect to anatomical axes developed for each segment. Experiments designed to test the validity of research techniques and controls, and to measure the differences between stereophoto-metrically derived values and values obtained by direct measurement techniques are also described here.
Military aviation night vision systems enhance the aviator's capability to operate effectively during periods of low illumination, adverse weather, and in the presence of obscurants. Current fielded systems allow aviators to conduct terrain flight during conditions which would be extremely dangerous, if not impossible, using only unaided vision. In night vision system, trade-offs are made that enhance some visual parameters and compromise others. Examples of visual parameters which are traded off include acuity, field-of- view, spectral sensitivity, and depth perception. Cost, weight, and size constraints also lead to compromises between the ideal and a viable system design, Thermal imaging sensors introduce enhanced night vision capabilities along with new problems associated with the interpretation of visual information based on spectral and spatial characteristics differing from those provided by unaided vision. Keywords: Night vision, Forward looking infrared (FLIR), Integrated helmet and display sighting system (IHADSS, Pilot's Night Vision System (PNVS), Thermal imaging.
A review of six computerized human analogue models (SAMMIE, COMBIMAN, CREW CHIEF, CAR, JACK, and SAFEWORK) was conducted to identify the state-of-the- art in ergonomic modeling software. All of the models included here demonstrate some utility as ergonomic design tools and were developed so that materiel designers and engineers can conduct preliminary human factors analysis prior to prototype construction. These human figure models vary widely with respect to primary function and analytical capabilities. However, they essentially fall within one or more of the following categories: anthropometric accommodation analysis, biomechanical/strength modeling, or human-machine interface analysis. This report includes the developmental background of each model, the hardware requirements, and the major functions provided by each system, e.g., reach/ clearance analysis, vision analysis, strength modeling, and computer simulation. The underlying anthropometric databases that support model generation are also reviewed. In addition, the techniques used to construct the human figures in terms of skeletal link structure and geometric representation of body segment shape and volume are discussed. Finally, some challenges are presented that confront future refinement of human figure models.
The object of this research was to evaluate the current issue MS-1 (Natick) female body armor vest, and to examine design modifications which would enhance the protection level by improving the fit. Subjects in the study were 37 female Air Force police trainees selected to represent a range of body sizes found in the overall USAF population. The MS-1 and two commercially available vests were evaluated for fit, comfort, and coverage in a series of measurements and observations. On the whole, the MS-1 vest compared favorable with the commercial garments. Some design changes are suggested to improve fit and coverage. Keywords: Bullet proof vests; Anthropometry; Protective clothing.
This report documents the results of a study aimed at demonstrating that mass distribution properties of the human body and its segments can be predicted from anthropometric dimensions. Investigators combined stereophotometric and anthropometric techniques to measure 31 male subjects. Bodies were photographically segmented into 24 parts and their volume, centers of volume and principal moments of inertia established stereometrically. Principal moments were measured about three principal axes of inertia which were established with reference to anatomical axis systems based on easily located body landmarks. Seventy-five body size variables were measured anthropometrically and an additional 10 dimensions were derived from the measured variables. Multiple regression equations were devised for the total body and for each segment using the most highly correlated variables on each segment, and stature and weight for determining volume and principal moments of inertia. Included is a brief review of the literature with emphasis on earlier studies by authors which provide the rationale for the reliability of the stereophotometric method in determining mass distribution properties of living subjects.
This report describes a new computer-aided design and evaluation model to simulate an aircraft maintenance worker called Crew Chief. The model will interface to two or three CAD systems common in the aerospace industry. Crew Chief will generate a 3-D mobility, accessibility, strength, and visual characteristics. The aircraft designer, working at the computerized drawing board, can superimpose the Crew Chief on the design and simulate the performance of maintenance activities. With this tool, the designer can verify that a system is maintainable before even a mockup is constructed. Because of its general purpose capability, the Crew Chief model will have application to nonaircraft design evaluations. Keywords: Anthropometry; Maintenance; Graphics; Biomechanics.
This paper advances a means by which the conventions and methods of digital "painting" and image manipulation programs can be extended into the third dimension, providing sculpting tools that are natural and appropriate for a restricted but very useful class of models. Attempts to approximate "drawing" in 3D do not necessarily involve computer graphics [Gregory71]. Efforts in this area are a subject of continuing graphics research [Schmandt82], [Sachs89]. The key to the approach undertaken in the work described here is the use of an unusual hardware technique for displaying video rasters as surfaces. With such a display, existing software for 2D graphics and image processing can be used, without modification, for creating and modifying three-dimensional surfaces. The resulting raster data can then be converted into conventional 3D databases for further processing and display. The aim of this research is to create consistent, unified methods for computer-assisted drawing, painting, modeling, and animation.
We describe a new way to reconstruct human fossils from fragmentary fossil material. Unlike the traditional method of making physical models using clay, this new approach is based on geometrical modeling and visualization of digitized fossil data. It can provide anthropologists with both quantifiable, computer-based geometric (CAD) models and physical plastic reconstructions of fossils.
Pilot workload is rapidly approaching unmanageable proportions. Programs
involving sensor fusion and technologies such as Head-up-Displays and
Multi-function Displays are being pursued to help the pilot reduce
workload and increase their situational awareness. The Helmet-Mounted
Systems Technology program office is developing an integrated Helmet-
mounted Display system which will dramatically increase the pilot's
situational awareness under all operational conditions and improve
weapon system mission effectiveness. In order to accomplish this, the
program must take into account requirements, current state-of-the-art
and projected availability of technologies. The HMST program office uses
a System Engineering approach to tie together the key technologies and
interfaces which are required in the development of helmet-mounted
displays. Several of the key technologies discussed in this paper
include 3-D audio, a high voltage quick disconnect connector, displays
and standardized symbology.
We develop a new 3D hierarchical model of the human face. The model incorporates a physically-based approximation to facial tissue and a set of anatomically-motivated facial muscle actuators. Despite its sophistication, the model is efficient enough to produce facial animation at interactive rates on a high-end graphics workstation. A second contribution of this paper is a technique for estimating muscle contractions from video sequences of human faces performing expressive articulations. These estimates may be input as dynamic control parameters to the face model in order to produce realistic animation. Using an example, we demonstrate that our technique yields sufficiently accurate muscle contraction estimates for the model to reconstruct expressions from dynamic images of faces.
Garment design is traditionally carried out in two dimensions, and some software has been developed and applied in the garment industry in the design of garment panels. In this paper, a new tool for the interactive design of garments in three dimensions is introduced. Making use of an elastic surface model, animation allows us to examine the garment design in three dimensions dynamically. The designer can use this tool to visualize his original ideas and changes interactively, and to see the garment vividly portrayed, including texture mapping on the final design, before the real cloth panels are cut. Application of this tool in the garment industry could reduce design time and costs substantially.
Development patterns for simple surfaces are considered in terms of Gaussian curvature. Patterns are derived for elliptic- and hyperbolic-curvature regions. Similar methods are applied to garment pieces that have been defined as 3D mathematical models at a workstation. Approximations are applied to patterns to reduce the complexity to a level acceptable to the clothing industry.
A no contact system based on laser scanning, which records 20 000 facial surface coordinates with a dynamic resolution of approximately 0·9mm in 30s, has been developed for the study of facial changes following facial reconstructive surgery. Individual profiles are recorded with a resolution better than 0·5mm. The system is based on the analysis of the output from a video camera which obliquely views a laser line projected vertically onto the face. In order to sample the whole face, the subject sits on a chair which rotates at six degrees per second under computer control. Examples of applications of the system are given.