ArticleLiterature Review

Canine Anxieties and Phobias: An Update on Separation Anxiety and Noise Aversions

October 2008
Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 38(5):1081-106, vii

DOI:10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.04.012

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Barbara L Sherman

North Carolina State University

Daniel Mills

University of Lincoln

Companion dogs commonly experience states of anxiety, fears, and phobias. Separation anxiety and noise aversions, as discussed in this article, are especially prevalent. Veterinarians are encouraged to recognize and treat such conditions on first presentation to address welfare issues and optimize successful management. New data suggest new treatment modalities, including behavioral management, pharmacotherapy, and species-specific pheromone use. Failure to treat can result in disruption of the human-animal bond and subsequent abandonment, relinquishment, or even euthanasia of the affected dog.

Therapy and Prevention of Noise Fears in Dogs-A Review of the Current Evidence for Practitioners

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2023

Stefanie Riemer

Noise fears represent the most common behavioural problem in dogs. This manuscript provides an overview of diverse approaches for alleviating fear of noises in dogs and the supporting evidence. In the treatment of noise fears, both short-term solutions to prevent trauma or the deterioration of fear during unavoidable noise events and longer-term training need to be considered. Environmental management, the provision of incentives (food/play) during noise exposure, and, when indicated, anxiolytic medication, can safeguard dogs' welfare during noise events. Most "alter-native" products (such as nutraceuticals, herbal remedies, pheromones, homeopathy, Bach flowers, and essential oils) are unlikely to be sufficient as monotherapy for noise fears, whereas there is good evidence for the efficacy of several anxiolytic medications. In the longer term, counterconditioning to real-life noises, relaxation training, and desensitisation/counterconditioning using noise recordings have been shown to improve fear of noises in dogs. Preventative training appears to be highly effective in preventing the development of noise fears in puppies and adult dogs.

Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats

Chapter

Nov 2023

Abrar Ul Haq Wani

Animals react differently to the same stimuli. Individual behavioral variations may result from a variety of circumstances. Among these influences include hereditary traits, prenatal dam modification, animal behavior at different periods of development, especially during the neonatal and socializing phases, maturational events, and the efficient functioning of the animal’s organ systems (Kaiser and Sachser, 2005; Weinstock, 2008; Camps et al., 2019). When discussing the proper organ function in animals, it is affected by an array of medical complications that can cause behavioral problems directly or indirectly in our pet animals, and these complications include those that alter or eliminate external perception (e.g., blindness), information perception (e.g., a brain tumor), stress reactions owing to pain, and those that drastically alter internal processes due to hormonal or neurological issues (Camps et al., 2019; Haq et al., 2022). In general, behavioral disorders in animals are defined as abnormally unpleasant behavior observed by the animal owner that can be harmful to people or other animals and that can either directly or indirectly impair the patient’s well-being. Other ailments in companion animals, such as aggression, abnormal behaviors associated with pain, and behavioral issues associated with the vomeronasal organ and heart failure, must also be taken into consideration during a clinical diagnosis (Camps et al., 2019). For the treatment and management of behavioral disorders in companion animals, veterinarians combine pharmacological interventions, such as the use of tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, phenothiazines, benzodiazepines, and occasionally pheromone-based therapies, with behavioral modification therapies or techniques (Camps et al., 2019; Haq et al., 2022). A list of drugs that may help companion animals having behavioral issues is mentioned in (Table 1). Numerous contributing factors are thought to have an impact on the utilization of psychopharmaceutical treatment for aberrant behaviors. They include ideas held by veterinary teams and dog owners about what constitutes “normal” and acceptable canine behavior in addition to worries about cost, safety, and ease of administration. There is little published research on the use of pharmaceutical treatment to address unwanted behaviors in companion animals receiving routine veterinary care, despite the general consensus that greater knowledge on veterinary behavioral psychopharmacology is needed.

Effectiveness of Integrated Medical Treatment for Thunderstorm Aversion: A Case Series of 23 Dogs

Article

Feb 2022

Canine thunderstorm aversion (CTA) is a significant challenge to pets, owners, and veterinarians. The objective of this research was to determine if traditional Chinese veterinary medicine (TCVM) treatment with acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine, basic desensitization and counterconditioning (DSCC) with a behavior modification drug, could lessen the severity of CTA in dogs. A total of 23 dogs that exhibited behaviors typical of thunderstorm aversion were enrolled in the study. At study start, all dogs received a TCVM Pattern diagnosis and were treated with Pattern-specific Chinese herbal medicine and acupuncture points. In addition, owners received DSCC behavior modification protocols and a conventional drug (alprazolam) to be used as needed during thunderstorms. Dogs were examined once a month for 4 months and Chinese herbal medicine formulations and acupuncture treatment adjusted as TCVM Patterns changed. After 120 days of treatment, the mean±SD improvement in overall thunderstorm aversion behaviors in study participants was 77.2%±27.7% (p < 0.0001). This result was significantly greater than 52% (p = 0.002), a reported mean improvement percentage for conventional treatment only, after 4 months. Six of the 7 individual aversion behaviors (panting, pacing, trembling, hiding, excess salivation, excess vocalization) had a significant reduction (range: p =0.046 to p = 0.008) over the course of treatment. The study results demonstrated that integrative management of CTA with TCVM Pattern-specific treatments combined with a conventional rescue drug and behavior modification improves CTA behaviors and suggests greater efficacy than conventional medical management only. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate these preliminary findings.

Homeopathic preparations and separation anxiety in dogs: a pilot study

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Separation Anxiety (SA) is a behavioral syndrome that may affect dogs of different ages and that is characterized by intense clinical signs. Traditional veterinary clinic efforts rely on harmful side effect drugs. Overall, homeopathy handles individual idiosyncrasies and susceptibilities and deal with them using a single medicine through the law of similarity. This study aimed to determine whether individualized homeopathic medicines have a greater effect than placebo for dogs suffering from SA or not, assessing its relation to behavioral settings, cortisol levels, and blood cells count before and after therapy. It also focused on setting a demographic profile of these dogs. Owners filled out a score questionnaire. Twenty-one dogs were recruited and repertorized in accordance to classical homeopathy. A pharmacist was responsible to randomize and dispense verum medicine or placebo. On the 30th day, reappraisal of owners were allowed altering the dispensed medicine. The final assessment occurred on the 60th day. In verum group, destructive behavior analysis had a significant statistical difference intra-group over the trial compared to the placebo group. The mean of cortisol levels in the placebo group was significantly higher on the 60th day of the trial when compared to the verum group, whose levels were sustained over the same period. Although evidenced behavioral improvements could be related to homeopathic preparations, it was not feasible to set any connection between homeopathic interventions, behavioral issues, and plasma components

Review of epidemiological, pathological, genetic, and epigenetic factors that may contribute to the development of separation anxiety in dogs

Article

Nov 2021

Effects of a new dietary supplement on behavioural responses of dogs exposed to mild stressors

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Background & Objectives The effectiveness of a new dietary supplement (derived from fish hydrolysate and melon juice concentrate rich in superoxide dismutase) in reducing fear and stress-related behaviours in pet dogs was examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Methods 39 dogs were recruited after the owners had filled out a fear susceptibility index questionnaire. Over a 30-day period, one group of dogs received the supplement, and another group a placebo. Twelve behavioural variables were recorded in a series of four subtests (ST1-ST4) on days 0, 15 and 30. Saliva cortisol levels were measured before and after each set of STs. Results The dogs rated as more fearful displayed significantly higher cortisol values before the day 0 test session, were less active, spent less time playing with the experimenter, and approached the unfamiliar object less frequently. The owners did not correctly guess whether their dog had received the supplement or not. Behaviours of dogs were significantly different across the three sessions, with significant increases of stress-related behaviours (time spent in the door zone, number of interactions with the door, of whining, and of lip-licking). Conversely time spent with the experimenter increased, interactions and curiosity for the novel object and play with the experimenter decreased, presumably due to a habituation process. This suggests that the design of the four subtests session was relevant to test for mild stressors situations. Moreover, supplemented and placebo dogs responded differently to the three test sessions, indicating a supplement effect on dogs' behaviours and their adaptation to mild stressors situations. Conclusion The trial results suggested that the supplement facilitates activity and curiosity in a familiar environment, promotes dog-human interactions with an increased human familiarity, and tends to reduce subtle stress behaviours. Our results suggest that the supplement was effective in the context of mild stressors and habituation.

Citation (VANCOUVER): Raghy et al., A Review on the Influence of Noise on the Welfare of Dogs

Article

Full-text available

May 2023

The purpose of ears is to receive and transmit sound information to the brain. All ears have a dynamic functioning range but if sounds are excessively loud, it may harm the auditory system whereas those that are too low in intensity are simply not processed. One-third of canine population suffers from noise aversion. Dogs are frequently startled by loud noises like gunshots, thunder, or fireworks. Research indicates that some dog breeds are significantly less likely to experience loud noise phobia. Older dogs are more prone to react emotionally negatively to loud noises. Extreme phobic reactions can result from a single traumatic encounter as well as recurrent exposure to frightful stimuli. While phobic responses might include panic, acute agitation, and/or destructive activity, mild fear responses can include panting, pacing and hiding attempts. Sudden, loud noises are one of the most common triggers for fearful behaviours in dogs and many companion dogs suffer from noise sensitivity. This review deals with physiology of canine ear, breed differences in hearing capacities, frequencies of sound that affect dogs and the physiological and behavioural responses of dogs to noise stress. The effect of music on canine welfare and strategies for noise abetment is also elucidated. To protect the wellbeing of dogs and to limit the emergence of anxiety-related behavioural stress issues, a better understanding of interpreting canine responses to noise is imperative. ABSTRACT Breed, dogs, health, sound, noise, noise sensitivity, welfare KEY WORDS: Open Access

Therapeutic Effects of an Alpha-Casozepine and White Fish Muscle Hydrolyzed Complementary Feed on Canine Separation-Related Disorders and Quality of Life of Dogs and Their Pet Owners

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

Efficacy and Safety of Standardized Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract on reducing stress and anxiety in domestic dogs: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Article

Mar 2022
J VET BEHAV

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is the most revered botanical in Ayurvedic medicine. It has been traditionally used to reduce stress and enhance overall well being in humans. This study aimed to investigate the adaptogenic effects of an Ashwagandha root extract in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). In this 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 24 dogs experiencing stress and anxiety received either placebo or 15 mg/kg bodyweight of Ashwagandha root extract once daily. Outcome measures included urine cortisol to creatine ratio (UCCr), Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire (CBARQ), Canine Brief Pain Inventory scale (CBPI), and Body condition score (BCS). Based on the data collected from all the dogs, Ashwagandha root extract supplementation was associated with significant improvements in stress-related signs. In comparison with the placebo, Ashwagandha intake was associated with a statistically significant reduction in urine cortisol to creatine ratio (p = 0.0005). Results from CBARQ revealed that Ashwagandha intake was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the fear and anxiety domain (p = 0.03), compared to placebo. There was also a statistically significant reduction in the CBPI pain severity (p < 0.0001) and pain interference (p < 0.0001) domains, compared to the placebo group. Ashwagandha intake was well tolerated in all the dogs with no reported adverse events. In conclusion, the intake of Ashwagandha root extract for 4 weeks was associated with significant reductions in UCCr, and signs of fear and anxiety and pain interference.

Kapteijn, C.M., van der Borg, J.A.M., Vinke, C.M. Endenburg, N. 2021. On the Applicability of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention in dogs with fear and anxiety disorders after a traumatic event. Behaviour, 1-17. Contribution to Special Edition Clinical Ethology Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Fear and anxiety disorders are prevalent in dogs. Current interventions do not resolve adequately this common behavioural problem. This urges exploration of additional, effective interventions for fear and anxiety disorders in dogs. In humans, fear and anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are effectively treated by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR is a non-invasive and non-pharmacological intervention that involves bilateral sensory stimulation. Here we argue that EMDR might be applied as an intervention for fear and anxiety disorders in dogs, adding to the presently available interventions for the field of Clinical Ethology. Particularly nonverbal EMDR protocols used in preverbal children can be applied and the setup can be adapted for dogs. Future research should focus on the development of nonverbal EMDR protocols including proper controls, and on clinical effectiveness of such EMDR protocols for dogs. Apart from behavioural measures, psychophysiological variables should be incorporated as well.

Contribution to the special issue on clinical ethology: On the applicability of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as an intervention in dogs with fear and anxiety disorders after a traumatic event

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Fear and anxiety disorders are prevalent in dogs. These disorders are not adequately resolved by current interventions, which urges exploration of additional interventions. In humans, fear and anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are effectively treated by Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR is a non-invasive and non-pharmacological intervention involving bilateral sensory stimulation while memorizing the traumatic event, resulting in decreased emotionality of the memory. We argue EMDR might be applied as an intervention for fear and anxiety disorders in dogs, adding to the currently available interventions for the field of Clinical Ethology. Particularly nonverbal EMDR protocols used in preverbal children can be applied and the setup can be adapted for dogs. Future research should focus on the development of nonverbal EMDR protocols including proper controls, and on clinical effectiveness of such EMDR protocols for dogs. Apart from behavioural measures, psychophysiological variables should be incorporated as well.

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Separation related disorder in dogs is a multi-faceted phenomenon. Dogs can react to the absence of their owner due to different inner states such as fear, panic or frustration. We hypothesized that dogs that are prone to frustration or fearfulness in other contexts would show a different behavioral response to separation from the owner. We investigated the association between inner states in different contexts and separation behaviors by combining a questionnaire with a separation test. Fear-related questionnaire components were rather associated with whining and the absence of barking. Dogs that received higher scores in the demanding component of the questionnaire, which might be in association of the frustration threshold of the dog, barked more and were more likely to scratch the door. Finally, dogs that were more prone to phobic reactions whined somewhat more and tried to escape. We provide empirical support for the assumption that separation-related behavioral responses of dogs might be triggered by different emotions.

Age-dependent changes in dogs’ (Canis familiaris) separation-related behaviours in a longitudinal study

Article

Aug 2021
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Separation related problems (SRP) caused by distress associated with separation from the preferred member of the social group, can be characterised by their symptoms e.g., excessive vocalisation. In dogs’ separation whines, nonlinear phenomena (NLP) (abrupt changes in the resonance of the vocal folds) might occur, which could be adaptive in communicating aroused inner states. Previously, using a separation test we found that more dogs that were classified as having SRP by their owner have NLP in their whines than nonaffected dogs and that NLP ratio increases with age, which suggests that separation stress might intensify with age. We repeated the separation test 21.19 ± 9.37 months later with 32 dogs from the previous study to investigate longitudinally how separation behaviour and vocalisations change with age. Beside behaviour, we measured the acoustic structure of the whines (jitter - small-scale irregularity of the pitch, entropy - vocal harshness, call length, pitch (f0) related parameters, and the spectral components) and calculated the NLP ratio. We formed clusters based on the dogs’ behaviour changes from the first test to the second, to see individual ageing patterns. Finally, we compared the dogs’ behaviour and the acoustic structure of their whines in the two occasions. We found that dogs could be clustered by the changes in their separation behaviour. 41 % of the dogs were stable over time, 38 % improved, and 16 % showed an increase in their separation behaviours. 3 % switched from barking to whining. Interestingly, SRP dogs were stable, some of them even showed improvement in their separation behaviour. On the contrary, we also found that SRP dogs tended to have an increased NLP ratio with age from test 1 to test 2 (p = 0.09), showed less escape-related behaviour (p = 0.01), but tended to spend more time passively whining at the door through which the owner left the room (p = 0.05), than non-SRP dogs. The behavioural and vocal results suggest elevated stress levels in SRP dogs with age, although they did not decline but mostly stayed stable in their separation behaviour, confirming that there could be a connection between SRP status, age, and NLP. However, together with the results of the clustering that showed that there are different patterns in dogs’ separation behaviour, we emphasise the importance of individual level longitudinal investigations in order to facilitate the early diagnosis of SRP and to provide a solid basis for the development of individualised treatment plan for SRP dogs.

3D Insights into the Effects of Captivity on Wolf Mastication and Their Tooth Marks; Implications in Ecological Studies of Both the Past and Present

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Human populations have been known to develop complex relationships with large carnivore species throughout time, with evidence of both competition and collaboration to obtain resources throughout the Pleistocene. From this perspective, many archaeological and palaeontological sites present evidence of carnivore modifications to bone. In response to this, specialists in the study of microscopic bone surface modifications have resorted to the use of 3D modeling and data science techniques for the inspection of these elements, reaching novel limits for the discerning of carnivore agencies. The present research analyzes the tooth mark variability produced by multiple Iberian wolf individuals, with the aim of studying how captivity may affect the nature of tooth marks left on bone. In addition to this, four different populations of both wild and captive Iberian wolves are also compared for a more in-depth comparison of intra-species variability. This research statistically shows that large canid tooth pits are the least affected by captivity, while tooth scores appear more superficial when produced by captive wolves. The superficial nature of captive wolf tooth scores is additionally seen to correlate with other metric features, thus influencing overall mark morphologies. In light of this, the present study opens a new dialogue on the reasons behind this, advising caution when using tooth scores for carnivore identification and contemplating how elements such as stress maybeaffecting the wolves under study.

A mini review on the dog-owner attachment bond and its implications in veterinary clinical ethology

Article

Jun 2021

Giacomo Riggio

The dog-owner relationship seems to share several features with the child-mother attachment bond. In this review, we will first briefly explain the attachment theory in the context of the child-caregiver relationship in order to provide a background to the dog-owner attachment bond research. Then, we will retrace the steps that led to the current view of the dog-owner relationship as an attachment bond, with a specific focus on those studies that investigated the dog's attachment behavior towards the owner. We will briefly examine the implications of this theory in the field of veterinary clinical ethology and finally discuss its critical points and future directions.

Shelter dog behavior after adoption: Using the C-BARQ to track dog behavior changes through the first six months after adoption

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2023
PLOS ONE

Despite millions of dogs entering and exiting shelters annually, little is known about dog behavior long-term after adoption. Entering a shelter is stressful for dogs which may inhibit or exaggerate behavior. There is a common public sentiment that dogs have a "honeymoon period" after adoption where dogs do not show their full repertoire of behaviors, both positive and negative, until getting more comfortable in their new home. The aim of this prospective observational cohort study was to identify prevalence of and changes in behavior issues in dogs throughout the first six months following adoption. The owners of ninety-nine dogs adopted from five Ohio shelters between October 1, 2020 and June 1, 2021 were surveyed 7, 30, 90, and 180 days after adoption, using the Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ). Owners were also asked about household changes that may affect behavior. Estimated age, sex, weight, length of shelter stay, shelter intake reason, use of gastrointestinal, antibiotic, and psychotropic medications in the shelter, whether the animal had been previously returned to the shelter, and whether the owner was a first-time dog owner, were evaluated as predictors in a mixed effect regression model of different behavior measures over time. At various timepoints, dogs showed high prevalence for stranger-directed aggression (81.7%), owner-directed aggression (32.3%), dog-directed aggression (75%), familiar dog aggression (37.8%), stranger directed fear (58.2%), nonsocial fear (95.8%), dog directed fear (80.0%) and separation-related behaviors (92.6%). Over 180 days, stranger-directed aggression, excitability, touch sensitivity, training difficulty, and chasing increased, while separation-related behaviors, attachment and attention-seeking decreased. Owners reported high satisfaction with their dogs' behavior. Use of psychotropic medications in the shelter was predictive of stranger-directed aggression and touch sensitivity at home. These findings help veterinarians and shelter professionals council owners on potential behavior changes after adoption.

The Science and Social Validity of Companion Animal Welfare: Functionally Defined Parameters in a Multidisciplinary Field

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2023

Simple Summary Pet dogs are more prone to exhibit challenging behaviors than ever before. Dog trainers are increasingly tasked with helping pet owners resolve behavior issues, not just teach their charges good manners. The interventions used by professionals to help ameliorate behavior complaints must be evidence-based and include the effectiveness of the intervention, how the intervention is perceived by the learner, and how the intervention affects the learner’s quality of life before, during, and after behavior intervention procedures. The objective of this paper is to review literature from multiple scientific disciplines and demonstrate how concepts from applied behavior analysis and the animal welfare sciences can be used together to ensure that the animal undergoing intervention experiences good welfare during the training process. Abstract Social validity refers to the social significance and acceptability of intervention goals, procedures, and outcomes. Animal practitioners, who are often guided by the principles of ABA, lack the benefit of verbal participants (at least with respect to target animals) with which to assess a client’s needs and preferences. The study of a learner’s welfare is useful for determining areas where intervention is needed or how the learner feels about an intervention that is underway. Three tenets of animal welfare measurement include physiological function, naturalistic behavior, and affect, where affect refers to private events, including emotions, which are a function of the same variables and contingencies responsible for controlling public behavior. The development of new technologies allows us to look “under the skin” and account for subjective experiences that can now be observed objectively. We introduce the reader to tools available from the animal welfare sciences for the objective measurement of social validity from the learner’s perspective.

Behavior-Based Video Summarization System for Dog Health and Welfare Monitoring

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023
SENSORS-BASEL

The popularity of dogs has been increasing owing to factors such as the physical and mental health benefits associated with raising them. While owners care about their dogs’ health and welfare, it is difficult for them to assess these, and frequent veterinary checkups represent a growing financial burden. In this study, we propose a behavior-based video summarization and visualization system for monitoring a dog’s behavioral patterns to help assess its health and welfare. The system proceeds in four modules: (1) a video data collection and preprocessing module; (2) an object detection-based module for retrieving image sequences where the dog is alone and cropping them to reduce background noise; (3) a dog behavior recognition module using two-stream EfficientNetV2 to extract appearance and motion features from the cropped images and their respective optical flow, followed by a long short-term memory (LSTM) model to recognize the dog’s behaviors; and (4) a summarization and visualization module to provide effective visual summaries of the dog’s location and behavior information to help assess and understand its health and welfare. The experimental results show that the system achieved an average F1 score of 0.955 for behavior recognition, with an execution time allowing real-time processing, while the summarization and visualization results demonstrate how the system can help owners assess and understand their dog’s health and welfare.

Genomic analysis of firework fear and noise reactivity in standard poodles

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023

Background Fear of firework noises and other loud, sudden noises (noise reactivity) is a significant problem for many dogs and may have a negative effect on both welfare and, in severe cases, the life expectancy of dogs. A wide range of behavior traits, including fear-related behaviors, have high heritability estimates in dogs. The aim of this study was to estimate genomic heritability for fear of fireworks and loud noises in dogs. Results A genomic heritability estimate was performed based on genome-wide SNPs from standard poodles with records of fear of fireworks and noise reactivity. The study was based on questionnaires answered by owners, who also volunteered to return a cheek swab from their dog for DNA analyses. SNP-based heritability was estimated to be 0.28 for firework fear and 0.16 for noise reactivity. We also identified an interesting region on chromosome 17 that was weakly associated with both traits. Conclusions We have estimated low to medium genomic heritabilities for fear of fireworks and noise reactivity in standard poodles. We have also identified an interesting region on chromosome 17, which harbors genes that have been shown to be involved in different psychiatric traits with anxiety components in humans. The region was associated with both traits; however, the association was weak and need further verification from other studies.

Digital Technology Supporting the Remote Human-Dog Interaction: Scoping Review

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Simple Summary Due to the close affective and collaborative relationship between dogs and humans, in several situations there is a need to maintain communication when it is not possible to do it face to face. The objective of this review is to analyze the main aspects of current technologies that support remote communication between dogs and humans. Fifteen articles were selected which were conscientiously analyzed. The most widely used technologies to allow dogs to generate messages are wearable devices equipped with sensors. The most used technologies for dogs to receive messages are wearable devices equipped with vibrotactile actuators. Most of the proposals developed only include one-way communication, and those that include bidirectional communication uses videochats. All reported evaluations were pilot studies with positive feasibility results. The use of technology to support remote human-dog interaction is generating a lot of anticipation and excitement. However, there is still a long way to go in terms of technological developments, integration into the activities and context of dogs, support for new modalities of dog interaction, adaptation of technology to the canine traits and the determination of its efficacy. Abstract For thousands of years, dogs have coexisted with humans and have been adopted as companion pets and working animals. The communication between humans and dogs has improved their coexistence and socialization; however, due to the nature of their activities, dogs and humans occasionally lose face-to-face contact. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine five essential aspects of current technology designed to support intentional communication between humans and dogs in scenarios where there is no face-to-face contact: (1) the technologies used, (2) the activity supported, (3) the interaction modality, (4) the evaluation procedures, and the results obtained, and (5) the main limitations. In addition, this article explores future directions for research and practice. The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines were followed when conducting the review. Scopus (Elsevier), Springer-Link, IEEE Xplorer, ACM Digital Library, and Science Direct were used as data sources to retrieve information from January 2010 to March 2022. The titles and abstracts were individually reviewed by the authors (L.R.-V., I.E.E.-C., and H.P.-E.), and the full articles were then examined before a final inclusion determination. 15 (3%) out of the 571 records that were obtained met the requirements for inclusion. The most used technologies for dogs are: (1) 71% of technologies focused on generating messages are wearable devices equipped with sensors (bite, tug, or gesture), (2) 60% of technologies focused on receiving messages are wearable devices equipped with vibrotactile actuators, and (3) 100% of technologies focused on bidirectional communication are videochats. 67% of the works are oriented to support search and assistance tasks. 80% of the works developed technology for one-way communication. 53% of the technologies have a haptic dog interaction modality, that is, there is an object that the dog must wear or manipulate in a certain way. All of the reported evaluations were pilot studies with positive feasibility results. Remote human-dog interaction technology holds significant promise and potential; however, more research is required to assess their usability and efficacy and to incorporate new technological developments.

Tratamento homeopático para ansiedade de separação Pós-Covid-19 em cão: Relato de caso

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2023

A Síndrome da Ansiedade de Separação (SAS) em cães tem sido um dos distúrbios mais recorrentes pós-pandemia do Covid 19, apresentando como sinais clínicos comportamento destrutivos, vocalização excessiva, urinar e defecar em locais inadequados, vômitos, ansiedade, frustração, pânico, medo, tédio, agressividade. O tratamento normalmente inclui enriquecimento ambiental, treinamento, medicação alopática com antidepressivos, ansiolíticos e tratamentos integrativos como o Plactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128, o fitoterápico Ashwagandha, homeopatia e acupuntura. Apresentamos o relato de um caso clínico de um cão macho, fox paulistinha que apresentou ansiedade de separação após retorno dos tutores às atividades pós isolamento causado pela pandemia de covid-19. O cão também apresentava convulsões a cada 3-4 meses e doença periodontal grau 3-4. Após repertorização instituiu-se tratamento Arsenicum album 30 CH SID por 30 dias para a ansiedade de separação; para a doença periodontal Mercurius solubilis 6CH TID, por 30 dias, e para as crises convulsivas Cicuta virosa 200 CH uma vez por semana, até novas orientações. Após retorno de 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias observou-se melhora importante no comportamento de ansiedade, como também espaçamento das crises convulsivas. Os medicamentos homeopáticos instituídos neste caso clínico demonstraram efetividade para o tratamento dos distúrbios comportamentais, bem como dos sinais físicos presentes.

How Environmental Conditions Affect Sleep? An Investigation in Domestic Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Article

May 2022
BEHAV PROCESS

Studies with humans and some other animal species have shown that sleep is compromised when the presence of external factors such as light, sound, and temperature surpass normal levels. This study investigated the effects of these environmental conditions on 13 kennelled laboratory dogs, assessing whether each variable interfered with their sleep behaviour and/or increased stress responses, which could further compromise sleep quality. The behaviour of dogs was video recorded for eight months. Diurnal and nocturnal behaviour were recorded, along with naturally occurring levels of temperature, light and sound in the dogs’ kennel environment. Faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM), from samples collected every morning, were used to monitor the dogs’ adrenocortical activity. GLMM models and non-parametric tests were conducted to evaluate the relationship between sleeping patterns, environmental variables, and stress on the studied dogs. Nocturnal sleep decreased in response to increases in temperature and in day light duration. No effects of sound and FCM levels on dogs’ sleep were observed. However, diurnal sleep was affected by sound and FCM levels, decreasing when both factors increased. Additionally, noisier days increased stress responses, especially in male dogs. Increased FCM levels were associated with changes in the diurnal behaviour of dogs; for example, decreased activity. The decrease in daily activities and increased physiological stress responses could be associated with maladaptation to the environment, which could indicate poor welfare. Our study suggests that mitigating the impact of environmental conditions in the kennels could improve sleep quality and the overall quality of life of the dogs.

At the heart of a dog's veterinary experience: Heart rate responses in dogs vary across a standard physical examination

Article

Apr 2022
J VET BEHAV

Regular veterinary care is integral to companion dog health and welfare, but fearful patients can inhibit provision of care and pose a risk of injury to veterinary staff. This study aimed to identify the physiological and behavioral responses of a sample of 30 dogs of various age and breed, to a standardized physical examination in a simulated veterinary setting. Fear was measured using heart rate (HR; beats per minute (bpm)) and continuous behavioral observations during each stage of the consult. Average HR increased significantly from waiting room (97.7bpm ± 19.6 bpm) to consult room (123.5bpm ± 21.2 bpm; p <0.001). Approximately one third of the dogs (11/30) had heart rates peak over 180bpm at some point during their physical examination while they were at rest, with the maximum heart rate recorded at 230 bpm. HR differed significantly between female (n = 21; 129.0bpm ±26.5 bpm) and male dogs (n= 9, 110.0 bpm ±21.2bpm; p = 0.015); and between individual steps of the physical examination (p < 0.001). The first step, being patted by the examiner (138.0bpm ± 25.2bpm), and the last step, a simulated vaccination (133.8bpm ±28.7bpm) elicited the highest HR responses, while the teeth examination had the lowest (109.6bpm ± 28.7bpm). The proportion of time a dog spent with their tail tucked between hindlegs (n = 29, r = 0.392, p = 0.032) and ears positioned backwards (n = 29, r = 0.453, p = 0.012) were moderately correlated with increasing HR. The results suggest that undergoing a simulated physical examination, even in a mock veterinary setting, can be a stressful experience for dogs, and importantly varies according to the individual dog and the stage of the examination. Veterinarians should be aware how much heart rate can vary during a physical examination and a single point measure can be misleading, and that behavioral signs such as tail tucked and ears back may suggest fear related to different steps of the physical examination.

Impact of Changes in Time Left Alone on Separation-Related Behaviour in UK Pet Dogs

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Separation-related behaviours (SRBs), including but not limited to vocalisation, pacing, destruction and toileting, occur in the absence of human company. As well as being problematic for the dogs’ owners, such behaviours indicate that the dogs’ emotional state is compromised. As part of the COVID-19 pandemic, time spent alone decreased considerably for many pet dogs, leading to concerns about the development of SRBs when dogs are left alone more again. The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that dogs whose time left alone decreased most (compared to a February 2020 pre-COVID baseline) would be at greatest risk of developing new signs of SRB when time left alone increased again. To achieve this aim, we utilised survey data gathered from dog owners between 4th May and 3rd July 2020, during the first COVID-19 ‘lockdown’ period in the United Kingdom (UK), and a follow-up survey of the same dog-owner cohort, completed when restrictions had eased between 10th October and 2nd November 2020. Individual dogs fluctuated considerably in whether they showed signs of SRB or not across the study period (n = 1807). Overall, the prevalence of SRB in the population decreased from 22.1% to 17.2%, as did the time dogs were left alone for between February and October 2020. However, 9.9% of dogs had developed new signs of SRB by the follow-up survey in October 2020, with dogs whose leaving hours decreased most during lockdown restrictions being at increased risk of developing SRBs. These findings have implications for our understanding of the etiology of SRB, by showing a link between changes in owner routine and SRB risk.

Effects of a Nutritional Supplement (DìRelaxTM) on Anxiety in Dogs in a Randomized Control Trial Design

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of DìRelaxTM, a nutraceutical formulated to reduce anxiety in dogs, using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. The C-BARQ questionnaire, some clinical investigations, and the impossible task test were performed in dogs before and after treatment. The C-BARQ questionnaire is particularly useful for assessing the frequency and severity of problematic behaviors. The impossible task paradigm provides insight into the decision-making processes in the realm of expectancy frustration. Results showed an ameliorative effect on the performances of treated dogs during the solvable phases, with a significant decrease in the time needed to solve the task. No behavioral difference was found between treated and untreated anxious dogs during the unsolvable phase. According to the results from the C-BARQ questionnaire, some of the behaviors appeared to improve. Clinical investigations, including a complete blood cell count and blood chemistry, showed no difference between groups, thus suggesting the safety of the product. In general, this study suggests that DìRelaxTM can be safely administered with no adverse effects and can exercise a beneficial effect on anxious dogs by enhancing their cognitive abilities, but further studies should investigate the best method of administration.

Evaluation of oxidative stress and biochemical biomarkers, and psychological parameters in cement plant workers

Article

Feb 2022
TOXICOL IND HEALTH

The cement industry is one of the main world industries with exposure to a wide range of hazardous chemical and physical occupational agents that may increase free radicals and lead to disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress, biochemical markers, and psychological parameters among cement plant workers. In this cross-sectional study, 40 workers exposed to cement and 40 office employees were selected as the exposed and non-exposed groups, respectively. Exposure to cement dust, silica, and noise were, respectively, assessed using the NIOSH 0600, NIOSH 7601, and noise dosimetry methods. Oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and biochemical parameters were measured in the serum of all participants. Depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed by the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) questionnaire. The results demonstrated that the level of MDA as a marker of oxidative stress was significantly higher in the exposed group. The level of antioxidant enzymes including SOD and CAT were also significantly higher in the exposed group. The level of TAC was lower in the exposed group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), and the scores of depression and stress were also significantly higher in the exposed group. According to our results, noise, cement dust, and silica exposure were associated with oxidative stress, and this may be one of the mechanisms in which they adversely affect liver function and mental health.

Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 on alleviating canine aggression and separation anxiety

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Certain strains of Lactiplantibacillus were found to have a positive impact on host neuromodulation through the gut-brain axis and thus ameliorate emotional and behavioral problems. A number of researches have been performed on humans, mice and rats; however, studies on dogs are limited. Forty-five dogs with behavioral problems were enrolled in this study, including aggression (n=22), separation anxiety (n=15), compulsive disorder (n=7) and unclassifiable inappropriate behavior (n=1, excessive barking). The behavioral diagnosis was made based on the primary behavioral consultation questionnaires and the careful interrogations at interviews. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 (PS128) probiotic was administered to these physically healthy dogs with behavioral problems over a course of two weeks to determine the probiotic effectiveness on canine behaviors. Dogs were evaluated and scored using the Evaluation of Dog’s Emotional and cognitive Disorders (EDED) scale and the Canine Behavioral Checklist (CBC) questionnaire at the visits before and after the probiotic treatment. Plasma serotonin levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography- electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) and the serotonin turnover ratios (5-HIAA/5-HT) were compared pre- and post-treatment. The results showed that the general behavioral stability was improved, and the problems of aggression and separation anxiety were ameliorated after treatment. A significant decrease in 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was observed in dogs with separation anxiety, suggesting a serotonin-related mechanism. These results proved that PS128 was beneficial for emotional stabilization, which might be useful as a therapeutic supplement for canine aggression and separation anxiety.

The making of a (dog) movie star: The effect of the portrayal of dogs in movies on breed registrations in the United States

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022
PLOS ONE

The media is a powerful force that can affect the welfare of the domiciled dog population. Dogs have long been in human stories and their depictions can create demand for the breeds shown. While previous research has found that this effect can last for up to ten years after the release of a movie, how this phenomenon occurs is unknown. This paper examines if how a dog is portrayed in a movie is associated with a subsequent change in American Kennel Club breed registrations for that breed. Following a systematic literature review, four key themes were identified in how dogs are portrayed in the media; dogs portrayed as heroes, as anthropomorphised, as embodying the ideals of Western societies (Whiteness and heteronormativity) and as boundaries between wilderness and human society. Forty movies from between 1930 to 2004 were analysed, resulting in 95 dog characters scored, and hierarchical multiple linear regression was run. Movies with dogs portrayed as heroes were followed by significant increases in the number of American Kennel Club breed registrations for the breed shown, while anthropomorphised dogs were followed by significant decreases in the number of dogs registered for up to five years after a movie’s release. These results indicate that how dogs are portrayed may be an important driver of demand for breeds. Future work should investigate whether these portrayals may have negative welfare implications for real dogs by leading to owners having unrealistic expectations for dogs or increasing demand for dogs with in-breeding related disorders.

A comparison of hearing and auditory functioning between dogs and humans

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2020

Effects of a Nutritional Supplement (DiRelaxTM) On Anxiety in Dogs

Preprint

Full-text available

Dec 2021

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of DìRelaxTM, a nutraceutical formulated to reduce anxiety in dogs. The CBARQ questionnaire, some clinical investigations, and the impossible task test were performed in dogs before and after the treatment. Results showed an ameliorative effect on the performances of treated dogs during the solvable phases, with a significant decrease of the time needed to solve the task. No behavioral difference was found between treated and untreated anxious dogs during the unsolvable phase. According to the results from the C-BARQ questionnaire, some of the behaviors appear improved. In general, this study suggests that DiRelaxTM can be safely administered with no adverse effects and can exercise a beneficial effect on anxious dogs by enhancing their cognitive abilities.

Clomipramine and alprazolam to treat noise phobia in a dog: case report

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Behavioral disorders, including noise phobia, have a great impact on small animals internal medicine, impairing their quality of life as well as their life expectancy. The objective of this work is to report the case of a male dog who suffered from noise phobia and panic attacks triggered by thunderstorms and fireworks, and did not respond to previous training and treatment. After clinical and laboratory evaluations, he was treated with 2mg/kg clomipramine twice daily for 90 days associated with 0.06mg/kg alprazolam as needed on those days of intense fear. During the first week of treatment, a significant improvement could already be observed, with reduction in destructive behaviors, which lingered on for up to eight months of follow-up. The treatment stabilized the clinical condition and improved the patient’s quality of life.

The New Status Quo: Enhancing Access to Human–Animal Interactions to Alleviate Social Isolation & Loneliness in the Time of COVID-19

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Access to human–animal interactions (HAI) have been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Service animals that were trained and accustomed to daily access to public places had to adjust to staying at home. Therapy animals and their handlers who previously visited with many of the populations most vulnerable to the virus have had to halt their programming. Professionals who utilize animal-assisted interventions (AAI) have had to develop new strategies for providing goal-oriented care. Even the landscape for companion animals has been significantly altered, leading to behavioral changes and new practices for pet owners and veterinarians. While animals and their human companions face new challenges, our recognition of the power of the human–animal bond (HAB) has grown, as it provides a vital need for connection during this time of isolation. In this paper, we will not only focus on describing the new status quo related to various kinds of animals and the public’s access to HAI, but will also offer suggestions for sharing the human–animal bond during a time in which physical connections are limited. Organizational insights from the service and therapy animal fields will be explored, and findings related to the auspiciousness of new initiatives, such as animal-related engagement (ARE), will be presented. Recommendations for people who share their lives with any of these kinds of animals will be made to ensure both human and animal welfare. Finally, future research and best practices will be suggested, so we can empirically understand and develop these revised offerings to ultimately bring HAI to a wider audience than ever before.

Cannabidiol-based natural health products for companion animals: Recent advances in the management of anxiety, pain, and inflammation

Article

Nov 2021
RES VET SCI

Recent advances in cannabidiol (CBD) use in canines and felines for anxiety management, pain management, and anti-inflammatory effects were reviewed using a literature search conducted with the following keywords: CBD, anxiety, inflammation, pain, dogs, cats, and companion animals. For decades, research on CBD has been hindered due to the status of cannabis (C. sativa L.) as an illicit drug. Limited safety data show that CBD is well-tolerated in dogs, with insufficient information on the safety profile of CBD in cats. Upon oral supplementation of CBD, elevation in liver enzymes was observed for both dogs and cats, and pharmacokinetics of CBD are different in the two species. There is a significant gap in the literature on the therapeutic use of CBD in cats, with no feline data on anxiety, pain, and inflammation management. There is evidence that chronic osteoarthritic pain in dogs can be reduced by supplementation with CBD. Furthermore, experiments are required to better understand whether CBD has an influence on noise-induced fear and anxiolytic response. Preliminary evidence exists to support the analgesic properties of CBD in treating chronic canine osteoarthritis; however, there are inter- and intra-species differences in pharmacokinetics, tolerance, dosage, and safety of CBD. Therefore, to validate the anxiety management, pain management, and anti-inflammatory efficacy of CBD, it is essential to conduct systematic, randomized, and controlled trials. Further, the safety and efficacious dose of CBD in companion animals warrants investigation.

Effects of a single oral dose of gabapentin on storm phobia in dogs: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover trial

Article

May 2021

Background: Storm phobia in companion dogs is a common disorder that significantly impacts dogs' welfare. Gabapentin, the action of which is only partially understood, is widely used for its antiepileptic and analgesic properties. Only recently, the veterinary community began to use gabapentin to address phobia and anxiety in dogs. This study tested gabapentin to lower fear responses of dogs during a thunderstorm event. Methods: Eighteen dogs suffering from storm phobia completed our double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Each dog's behaviour was evaluated twice by his owner: once under placebo, once under gabapentin. The treatment was orally administered at least 90 min before the exposure. Gabapentin was given at a dose ranging from 25 to 30 mg/kg. Results: Our results indicate a significant reduction of the fear responses of dogs under gabapentin. The adverse effects were rare, and the most frequent amongst them was ataxia. Conclusion: In this trial, gabapentin appears to be an efficient and safe molecule that should be considered as part of the treatment plan of storm phobia in dogs.

An Investigation into the Impact of Pre-Adolescent Training on Canine Behavior

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2021

An online survey about puppy training was sent to members of the Center for Canine Behavior Studies and posted on our social media platforms. Six hundred forty-one (641) qualifying owners provided information on 1023 dogs. About half (48%) of the dogs involved in the study attended puppy training and the balance (52%) did not. The goal of the study was to find out whether puppy training at various ages (1-3 months, 4 months, 5-6 months) helped prevent behavior problems later in life (≥1 year). Attending training at 6 months of age or younger resulted in 0.71 the odds of developing aggressive behavior (95% CI: 0.53-0.97; p = 0.030), 0.64 the odds of having a compulsive behavior (95% CI: 0.45-0.92; p = 0.015), 0.60 the odds of exhibiting destructive behavior (95% CI: 0.37-0.96; p = 0.035), 0.68 the odds of excessive barking (95% CI: 0.47-0.99; p = 0.043), and 1.56 the odds of house soiling (95% CI: 1.08-2.27; p = 0.019). Ancillary findings about the entire study population were that dogs acquired at 12 weeks of age or younger were found to have 0.65 the odds of fear/anxiety (95% CI: 0.46-0.92; p = 0.016) and 0.50 the odds of exhibiting destructive behavior (95% CI: 0.31-0.79; p = 0.003). In addition, male dogs were found to have 0.68 the odds of developing aggressive behavior (95% CI: 0.53-0.88; p = 0.003), 0.66 the odds of developing compulsive behavior (95% CI: 0.49-0.88; p = 0.006), 0.37 the odds of mounting/humping (95% CI: 0.26-0.52; p < 0.001), and 1.53 the odds of rolling in repulsive materials (95% CI: 1.18-1.97; p = 0.001). Neutered dogs of either sex were found to have 3.10 the odds of fear/anxiety (95% CI: 2.05-4.72; p < 0.001), 1.97 the odds of escaping/running away (95% CI: 1.12-3.69; p = 0.025), 2.01 the odds of exhibiting coprophagia (95% CI 1.30-3.19; p = 0.002), and 1.72 the odds of rolling in repulsive materials (95% CI: 1.12-2.66; p = 0.014). The odds of problematic jumping deceased by 0.84 for each 1-year increase in age (95% CI: 0.80-0.88; p < 0.001).

Dogs Sleeping Inside Houses Less Frequently Exhibit Behaviors Commonly Associated with Separation Anxiety and Aggressiveness

Article

Mar 2021

This study was used to evaluate whether the proximity of dogs to their human companions during sleep is associated with common problematic behaviors in canines, such as destroying objects, vocalizing excessively, urinating/defecating in inappropriate places (all when dogs are alone at home), and aggressive threats (growling or barking) and acts (biting) toward people. Over 60,000 dog keepers answered an online questionnaire that addressed where their dogs slept at night and the frequency with which they exhibited such behaviors. Except urinating/defecating in inappropriate places and biting people, other problematic behaviors were less frequent in dogs who slept inside the house. We conclude that dogs sleeping indoors (that is, closer to their keepers) less frequently exhibit aggressive threats and problematic behaviors that are commonly associated with separation anxiety.

Article

Sep 2023

Hagar Hauser

Tailoring Interactions: Exploring the Opportune Moment for Remote Computer-mediated Interactions with Home-alone Dogs

Conference Paper

Apr 2023

Sound sensitivity in dogs: protecting emotional welfare and the human–pet bond

Article

Jul 2022

Claire Hargrave

The dog's auditory system is designed in such a way that it will be aware of sounds that are sudden or presented in an unusual manner, and it is reasonable to suggest that sound sensitivity is adaptive in dogs. Studies of sound sensitivity in dogs have mainly focused on intense but occasional sounds, such as fireworks, thunder and gunshots; these studies suggest that almost half of the domestic canine population suffer a depletion in emotional welfare when exposed to such sounds. A dog's early learning period is largely intended to ensure that it learns to ignore stimuli that are inconsequential to its safety. However, both the environment within and outside human homes can be intensely noisy and unpredictable, regularly exposing many dogs to inescapable sounds that they did not meet during their early developmental period, which can initiate emotional responses of anxiety, fear and frustration and a motivation for avoiding sound-producing stimuli. This article discusses the issue of sound sensitivity in dogs, and considers the extent to which sensitivity to everyday soundscapes will become an increasing emotional health problem in the domestic canine population.

What Every Puppy Owner Needs to Know

Chapter

Sep 2022

David Appleby

Avaliação da redução da ansiedade em cães por meio da administração de biscoitos caninos produzidos com extrato de Passiflora sp: um estudo duplo-cego / Assessment of anxiety reduction in dogs through the administration of canine biscuits produced with Passiflora sp. Extract: double-blind study

Article

Feb 2022

O vínculo do apego formado entre os cães, considerados membros familiares, e seu dono faz com que esses animais fiquem sujeitos à gênese de alterações comportamentais, como o transtorno de ansiedade canina, cujo tratamento é empregado fármacos com alta prevalência de efeitos adversos. Sendo assim, fitoterápicos tem-se mostrado uma estratégia valiosa por suas segurança e eficácia. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito ansiolítico do extrato de Passiflora sp. em cães, administrados em biscoitos caninos. Inicialmente, empregou-se um questionário para avaliar os comportamentos relacionados a transtornos de ansiedade nos animais, previamente a separação dos grupos. Em seguida, os animais foram recrutados e divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: o grupo tratado com biscoitos enriquecidos com Passiflora sp. 150mg e, o grupo controle ansiedade positivo, o qual recebeu biscoitos sem a adição de extrato, onde a administração ocorreu de forma duplo-cega. O mesmo questionário foi reaplicado 30 dias após o tratamento, a fim de avaliar o possível efeito da Passiflora sp. sobre os distúrbios comportamentais apresentados pelos cães. Após a administração dos biscoitos, observou-se um grau de melhora sintomatológica da ansiedade em 71,4% do grupo de intervenção quando comparado ao grupo controle, onde constatou-se a redução de comportamentos como a vocalização excessiva, ao destruir objetos dos tutores em sua ausência e a exagerada festa aos donos retornarem, característicos de ansiedade em animais. Conclui-se que, a administração dos biscoitos enriquecidos com extrato seco de Passiflora sp. na dose de 150 mg reduziu o comportamento ansioso dos cães.

Behavioral Pharmacology

Chapter

May 2022

Sara L. Bennett

Behavioral welfare concerns for shelter pets can be a result of the shelter environment itself or due to behavior disorders preexisting the intake of a sheltered pet. Addressing immediate welfare concerns and anticipating long‐term behavior concerns can help to improve adoptability, facilitate a smoother transition to the new home, and often lead to a shorter‐term treatment overall for shelter animals. Understanding the indications and goals for behavior medication use, factors to consider prior to prescribing, requirements to prescribe, monitoring, and medication choices are keys to success. Practitioners must also recognize that behavioral medications should not be used alone, without a working diagnosis, and other aspects of a treatment plan (environmental management, behavior modification). Even shelters with limited resources can do something to meet the requirements of a comprehensive behavior treatment plan that includes the use of medications to improve shelter animal health and welfare.

The Impact of Noise Anxiety on Behavior and Welfare of Horses from UK and US Owner’s Perspective

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

Noise anxiety is an over-reaction to loud noises commonly detected among pets and can greatly impact on their welfare and on their management. When exposed to noisy events, horses can show intense escape attempts, which may cause severe accidents for the horse and the rider/handler. The aim of the present study was to investigate, through a web survey, UK and US owners’ perception of noise anxiety severity in their horses, their management strategies and perceived efficacy. The questionnaire was shared via social networking and advertised as “What is your horse afraid of?”. Over a total of 1836 questionnaires filled out; 409 owners reported that their horse has shown unusual behavior during a noise event. A two-step cluster analysis identified two groups: very anxious (VA) and slightly anxious (SA). VA horses were reported to have higher frequency of anxiety behaviors; higher frequency of signs of noise reactivity; and their anxiety did not improve with time. The most used management strategies consisted in providing hay throughout the night, turning in/out their horse or moving it to a paddock. A binomial logistic regression identified that horses that have reported injuries during noise events were more likely to be clustered as VA (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08–0.76); while providing hay throughout the night was more likely to be very effective management strategy in SA horses (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16–1.01). Our results confirmed that noise anxiety is a growing behavioral problem that can lead to important welfare concerns for horses. New management strategies, including the use of medicinal products, should be considered to reduce behavioral and physiological signs and help horses to cope with noisy events.

Evaluation of oxidative stress and biochemical biomarkers, and psychological parameters in cement plant workers

Article

Feb 2022
TOXICOL IND HEALTH

Retrospective study on the use of fluvoxamine in 72 dogs with anxiety disorders

Article

Jan 2022
J VET BEHAV

Fluvoxamine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and potent σ1-receptor agonist, commonly used in human medicine to treat major depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, as well as other anxiety disorders. To our knowledge, its clinical use in canine behavior medicine has not been well-studied. The purpose of this retrospective study was to document the use of fluvoxamine in conjunction with behavior modification and appropriate environmental changes, in client-owned dogs diagnosed with various anxiety disorders. Our hypothesis was that fluvoxamine combined with the other recommendations could result in a positive outcome without major side effects. All dogs diagnosed with at least one anxiety disorder between January 1st, 2016 and June 30th, 2020 and who received at least 6 months of fluvoxamine were included (n=72). Their medical records were thoroughly reviewed. A phone survey was conducted to validate data in the medical records and enquire about the perceived effect of fluvoxamine on behavior problems. Variables included dog characteristics, drug dosage, treatment observance, and concomitant diseases. Data were categorized and statistically analyzed by parametric and non-parametric tests to study possible associations between different variables. Out of the 72 dogs with at least one anxiety disorder, 11 had an anxiety disorder without aggression, 47 were aggressive towards humans, 51 were aggressive towards other dogs, 5 had compulsive disorders, and 32 had suspected or confirmed separation anxiety. According to the owners’ perception of their dog's behaviors (n=66), 45% of dogs showed a marked improvement, 38% showed a moderate improvement, 15% showed a minimal improvement, and 2% showed no improvement. Most studied variables were not found to significantly correlate with the effect of treatment. However, the presence of a concomitant treated medical condition and the optimal dosage of fluvoxamine respectively showed a positive and a negative correlation with the effect of treatment. None of the tested variables were significantly correlated with the time to reach the optimal dosage. The vast majority of side effects were considered mild, and were observed during the first weeks of treatment or during periods of dose adjustments. Fluvoxamine offers a safe and promising alternative for patients who do not respond to approved SSRI or tricyclic antidepressants.

Canine separation anxiety: how first referral practices can help

Article

Sep 2021

There are currently approximately 10.1 million pet dogs in the UK, equating to about 26% of the UK adult population owning a dog. Early research indicates that dogs have played an essential role in helping their owners to cope throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. This article explores the potential impact of lockdown on the canine experience and the risk of developing separation-related behavioural problems, as well as how first referral veterinary practices can support their clients through this.

Pet dogs home alone: A video-based study

Article

Sep 2021
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Many dogs are left alone at home by their owners for several hours on a daily basis. This practice is known to be a possible source of complication in dog keeping. Behaviourists and veterinarians are frequently consulted due to excessive vocalisations, destructive behaviour and house-soiling of dogs left alone by their owners. These observations are thought to be symptoms of a disorder which most authors refer to as separation anxiety or separation related behaviour. Little is known about dogs, which showed mostly inconspicuous behaviour during separation, and possible effects of the presence of conspecifics in multi-dog households, which may help coping with separation. Therefore, we videotaped 32 dogs in single-dog and 45 dogs in multi-dog households left home alone as part of their usual routine. We performed a continuous sampling of location, posture, vocalization, and various other behaviours. Calculating and comparing percentages of observation time we tested possible effects of familiar conspecifics, and investigated the effects of sex and neuter status, variables that are discussed to have an influence on the onset of separation anxiety. In general, our dogs showed low physical activity as well as a low vocal activity, independent from the time being alone. Male dogs in multi-dog households showed a significantly higher vocal activity. A further sex related difference was that male dogs were more prone to stay at the exit-door. This bias may be due to sex-specific motivations but seems to get stronger with increasing duration of separation. Dogs in multi-dog households showed a significant higher activity (single dog: 15.3 ± 14.3, multi-dog: 27.5 ± 26.1 mean ± SD). The major difference in activity was found in the first hour of being alone and interactions with other pets played only a marginal role even in multi-dog households (0.24 ± 0.6). Whining was not reduced by the presence of familiar conspecifics. Further research is needed to see if familiar conspecifics facilitate coping with separation from humans in this context. Our data suggest rather the opposite.

The Effect of Owner Presence and Scent on Stress Resilience in Cats

Article

Sep 2021
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

The Secure Base Effect (SBE) refers to a human or non-human animal’s ability to use the presence of a bonded caretaker, or other familiar stimulus, as a source of comfort that facilitates stress reduction and exploration in novel or stressful contexts. Recent research has shown that some pet domestic cats (Felis catus) display SBE in the presence of their human owner, a finding that could be utilized to improve cat welfare. In applied settings, cat owners are often encouraged to leave behind items holding their scent when leaving their cat in a novel location (e.g. boarding facility), so that these items can be provided to the cat if they show signs of separation distress. While this practice has not be studied scientifically in cats, scent objects have been found to produce SBE in human research under similar conditions. Olfaction is thought to play an important role in the social behavior of domesticated cats, even in early life, as exposure to nest scent has been found to reduce stress in kittens. Thus, the possibility that owner scent might be sufficient to elicit SBE in cats is an important empirical question with applied implications. In the current study we asked whether owner scent would reduce cat anxiety when in an unfamiliar environment, and to what extent this might be related to whether the cat showed evidence of using their owner as a Secure Base. Forty-two adult cats underwent a counterbalanced Secure Base Test that examined the cat’s behavior with the owner present, without the owner present, and with a scent object present. On average, cats displayed a lower frequency of stress-related behaviors when the owner was present, providing support for the presence of SBE. However, this effect was not seen when the cat was alone with the scent object. The results of this research can be used to deepen our understanding of feline social behavior and welfare. These findings also highlight the importance of using evidence based practices to address cat anxiety in applied settings.

Evaluation of mediating and moderating effects on the relationship between owners' and dogs' anxiety: A tool to understand a complex problem

Article

Jul 2021
J VET BEHAV

Anxiety tends to aggregate in families, and families increasingly include companion animals, such as dogs. Based on previous research pointing to a 'personality fit' between humans and their companion dogs, this study explored the potential association between owners' trait anxiety and dogs' fear and anxiety-related behavior problems, while also testing for mediating and moderating factors. Two hypotheses previously proposed in the literature were here tested: that dogs may respond to their owners' anxiety directly through emotional contagion, or that owners' anxiety may affect dogs' indirectly via (a) owners' over-protectiveness-thereby restricting the dog's ability to familiarize itself with novel situations-or (b) their use of coercive dog-training methods. A cross-sectional approach was followed with use of an on-line questionnaire designed to measure owners' trait anxiety and dogs' fear and anxiety-related behavior problems, as well as owners' protective behavior, and dogs' emotional reactions to their owners' emotions (i.e., 'empathic trait'). Data were obtained from 1,172 self-identified dog owners. Results showed a significant positive correlation between owners' trait anxiety and the severity of their dogs' fear and anxiety-related behavior. No evidence was found for mediation of this relationship by owners' protective behavior or their use of coercive training methods. However, the results showed a marginally significant moderation effect above a particular score in dogs' 'empathic trait'. This study suggests that owners' trait anxiety is associated, to some extent, with the occurrence of dogs' fear and anxiety related behavior problems. The extent to which dogs exhibit an 'empathic trait' may explain the strength of this association.

Strategies to Assessing and Enhancing Animal Welfare in Animal-Assisted Interventions

Chapter

May 2021

Zenithson Ng

Ethically speaking, humans should benefit from the human–animal interaction only if the animals themselves benefit as well. As the field of animal-assisted interventions (AAI) places more consideration on the welfare and well-being of the animals involved, questions as to how to best assess welfare and how to improve welfare for the animals are critical to answer. There are challenges to answering these questions, though. The study of welfare can be ambiguous, especially when AAIs are seemingly innocuous to observers. However, there is concern that AAIs may be physically and mentally taxing on animals if precautions are not taken. As research seeks to clarify the effect that AAI has on animal welfare, practitioners need to be aware of what they can do on a daily basis to safeguard the health and well-being of their animal partners. This requires the practitioner to be knowledgeable in how to judge animal welfare, what conditions put animals at risk, and what can be done to minimize risk. This chapter will discuss the considerations for assessment of animal welfare in therapy settings and provide guidance for modifying interventions in hopes of assuring the well-being of the animals involved, thus enhancing the benefits for all parties involved. While the discussion will primarily focus on canine species, these welfare considerations may be applied to all species used in AAIs.

The Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behavior and Interactions with People, 2nd Edition (2017).

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2017

James A Serpell

Why do dogs behave in the ways that they do? Why did our ancestors tame wolves? How have we ended up with so many breeds of dog, and how can we understand their role in contemporary human society? Explore the answers to these questions and many more in this study of the domestic dog. Building on the strengths of the first edition, this much-anticipated update incorporates two decades of new evidence and discoveries on dog evolution, behavior, training, and human interaction. It includes seven entirely new chapters covering topics such as behavioral modification and training, dog population management, the molecular evidence for dog domestication, canine behavioral genetics, cognition, and the impact of free-roaming dogs on wildlife conservation. It is an ideal volume for anyone interested in dogs and their evolution, behavior and ever-changing roles in society. The ultimate book about the domestic dog, ideal for anyone interested in their evolution, behavior and ever-changing roles in society A new edition of a classic text, presenting the latest research on dog behavior, training, domestication, genetics and cognition Includes seven entirely new chapters by leading experts in the field, incorporating two decades of new evidence and discoveries.

Owner characteristics and interactions and the prevalence of canine behavior problems

Article

Full-text available

Apr 1996
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Despite the popular idea that dog owners are often responsible in some way for their animals' behaviour problems, the scientific evidence is scarce and contradictory. Some studies have failed to detect any links between the quality of the owner-dog relationship and the occurrence of behaviour problems, while others suggest that some behaviour problems may be associated with certain aspects of owner personality, attitudes and/or behaviour.Using retrospective data from a sample of 737 dogs, the present study investigated the association between the prevalence of different behaviour problems and various aspects of either owner behaviour or owner-dog interactions. A number of statistically significant associations were detected: (a) between obedience training and reduced prevalence of competitive aggression (P < 0.02), separation-related problems (P < 0.001), and escaping and roaming (P < 0.05); (b) between the timing of the dogs' meal times and the occurrence of territorial-type aggression (P < 0.01); (c) between sleeping close to the owner and increased prevalence of competitive aggression (P < 0.01) and separation-related problems (P < 0.01); (d) between first-time ownership and the prevalence of dominance-type aggression (P < 0.001), separation-related problems (P < 0.05), fear of loud noises (P < 0.001), and various manifestations of overexcitability (P < 0.001); (e) between owners' initial reasons for acquiring a dog and the prevalence of dominance-type (P < 0.001), competitive (P < 0.01) and territorial aggression (P < 0.01). The possible practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Behavioral Reasons for Relinquishment of Dogs and Cats to 12 Shelters

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2000

The Regional Shelter Relinquishment Study sponsored by the National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy (NCPPSP) is a US research project designed to explore the characteristics of relinquished dogs and cats, their owners, and the reasons for relinquishment. The NCPPSP Regional Shelter Study, which was conducted between February 1995 and April 1996, found that behavioural problems, including aggression toward people or non-human animals, were the most frequently given reasons for canine relinquishment and the second most frequently given reasons for feline relinquishment. No association was found between category of relinquishment (behavioural, mixed, non-behavioural) and gender, number of times mated (males), number of litters (females), purebred status, declaw status, and number of visits to the veterinarian within the past year, for either dogs or cats. Associations were found between category of relinquishment and number of pets in the household, number of pets added to the household, neuter status of female dogs and cats , neuter status of male dogs, training level, age of pet relinquished, length of ownership, and pets acquired from shelters. Associations also were found between the state in which the pet was relinquished and income level of owner.

Use of trazodone as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of canine anxiety disorders: 56 cases (1995-2007)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2009
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To evaluate efficacy of trazodone hydrochloride as an adjunctive treatment for anxiety disorders as well as treatment protocol, dose range, concurrent drug use, adverse events, and therapeutic response in dogs unresponsive to other pharmacologic agents. Retrospective case series. 56 dogs with anxiety disorders treated at a referral veterinary behavior clinic. Medical records of dogs with anxiety disorders adjunctively treated with trazodone were retrospectively evaluated with respect to signalment, primary and secondary behavioral diagnoses, physical examination results, hematologic data (CBC and serum biochemical panel), pharmacologic management, and outcome. Overall, trazodone, used as an adjunctive agent in combination with other behavioral drugs, was well tolerated over a wide dose range and enhanced behavioral calming when administered on a daily or as-needed basis. Although further controlled studies of dose range, efficacy, and safety are needed, trazodone may provide an additional therapeutic option for use in dogs that are unresponsive to conventional treatment.

Breaking the human-companion animal bond

Article

Full-text available

Jun 1996
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

Risk Factors For Relinquishment Of Dogs To An Animal Shelter

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1996
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To identify canine and household characteristics associated with relinquishment of a pet dog to an animal shelter. Case-control study. Households that relinquished dogs for adoption (case households) and a random sample of current dog-owning households in the same community (control households). Potentially modifiable factors that explained the highest proportion of relinquishment were owners not participating in dog obedience classes after acquisition, lack of veterinary care, owning a sexually intact dog, inappropriate care expectations, and dogs having daily or weekly inappropriate elimination. Dogs obtained from shelters, kept in crates, or acquired at > or = 6 months of age were at increased risk of relinquishment. Greater purchase price was associated with decreased risk of relinquishment, but relinquishment was not associated with the degree of planning to acquire the dog. Dogs with behavioral problems and little veterinary care were at greater risk of relinquishment than were dogs with regular veterinary care, and behavioral problems were associated with inappropriate care expectations. Risk factors identified in this study can be modified by dog owners and veterinarians to decrease the estimated 2 million dogs euthanatized annually in animal shelters. Veterinarians should educate owners about typical dog behavior, routine care requirements and training, and the importance of regular veterinary visits; should incorporate wellness concepts in their practice; and should focus on preventive medicine and behavioral consultation.

Behavioral and Glucocorticoid Responses of Adult Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) to Companionship and Social Separation

Article

Full-text available

Mar 1996

Removal of 1 member of a long-standing pair of adult domestic dog (Canis familiaris) kennel mates from the home run for 4 hr had no effect on the behavior or plasma glucocorticoid levels of the remaining dog. When tested in a novel environment, dogs showed increased activity and elevated glucocorticoid levels at the end of the session, but these responses were as large when the dogs were with their kennel mates as when they were alone. However, activity and glucocorticoid levels were not elevated if the dogs were exposed to the novel environment in the presence of their human caretaker. Dogs more often were observed in proximity with, and soliciting social behavior from, the human than the kennel mate. These results highlight the importance of human companionship for the domestic dog and point to a difference in the nature of the social relationships of dogs with humans and with conspecifics.

Evaluation of clomipramine as an adjunct to behavioural therapy in the treatment of separation-related problems in dogs

Article

Full-text available

Oct 1999

Forty-nine dogs showing signs of separation-related problems were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group A (15 dogs) received a placebo twice daily; group B (17 dogs) received clomipramine at 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg twice daily; and group C (17 dogs) received clomipramine at 1.0 to 2.0 mg/kg twice daily. All the dogs also received behavioural therapy. Their owners were required to complete questionnaires about their dog's behaviour initially, and one, four and eight weeks after the treatment with clomipramine began. Bipolar ratings scales were used to monitor the frequencies of 'general', 'attachment-related' and 'separation-related' behaviours. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Kendall Rank correlations were used to determine any initial differences between the treatment groups, and the association between the initial scores and behavioural changes after one week of treatment with clomipramine. Extended Mantel-Haenszel statistics were used to evaluate the effects of clomipramine treatment versus the placebo, and Page's test was used to assess the effectiveness of behavioural therapy on its own. There were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics of the owners of the dogs assigned to the three groups. The dogs differed slightly in age between groups, and the dogs in the two clomipramine-treated groups were reported as showing problems at a significantly earlier age than those in the placebo group. Clomipramine treatment had a sustained suppressive effect on the dogs' general activity levels, and a more modest suppressive effect on their attachment-related tendency to want much physical contact with their owners. The typical signs of separation-related behaviour problems were not significantly affected by treatment with clomipramine, but behavioural therapy on its own was highly effective in reducing behavioural problems.

Evaluation of treatments for separation anxiety in dogs

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2000
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To evaluate treatment outcome in dogs with separation anxiety and owner compliance with and perception of effectiveness of discharge instructions. Cohort study. 52 dogs with separation anxiety. Sex, age at which the owner obtained the dog, age at which separation anxiety was first noticed, age at behavioral examination, and discharge instructions were obtained from medical records of each dog. Between 6 and 64 months after the behavioral examination, owners were contacted by telephone and questioned about the outcome of treatment, their compliance with discharge instructions, and their perception of the effectiveness of each instruction. Thirty-two (62%) dogs had improved, whereas 20 were the same, were worse, or had been euthanatized or given away. Mixed-breed dogs were significantly less likely to improve than purebred dogs. Compliance varied according to discharge instruction. Significantly fewer dogs with owners that were given > 5 instructions improved or were cured, compared with those with owners given fewer instructions. Twenty-seven dogs were also treated with amitriptyline or other medication; 15 (56%) improved. Owners complied with instructions that involved little time such as omitting punishment and providing a chew toy at the time of departure. Owners were also willing to increase the dog's exercise but were not willing to uncouple the cues of departure from real departures or desensitize the dog to impending departure. Administration of psychoactive medication may be necessary to augment behavior modification techniques designed to reduce separation anxiety in dogs.

Thunderstorm phobia in dogs: An internet survey of 69 cases

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2001

To learn more about predispositions for, signs, and progression of canine thunderstorm phobia, a survey for owners was posted on the Internet. Questions addressed signalment, age of onset, behavior during storms, and treatments tried. Sixty-nine responses were received. Herding dogs and herding crossbreeds accounted for the majority of dogs. Seventeen of 41 dogs with a known age of onset began exhibiting thunderstorm phobia <1 year of age. Various characteristic responses of dogs to storms were described. Improved knowledge of the demographics of thunderstorm phobia, its development, and presentation will assist in understanding the genesis and progression of the condition.

Frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, and noise phobia, alone or in combination

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2001
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To determine the frequency of nonspecific clinical signs in dogs with separation anxiety, thunderstorm phobia, noise phobia, or any combination of these conditions and determine whether these conditions are associated in dogs. Case series. 141 dogs. Diagnoses were established using specific criteria. Owners of dogs completed a questionnaire on how frequently their dogs exhibited destructive behavior, urination, defecation, vocalization, and salivation when the owners were absent and the types and frequency of reactions to thunderstorms, fireworks, and other noises. Associations of the 3 conditions and of various nonspecific clinical signs within and between diagnoses were nonrandom. The probability that a dog would have separation anxiety given that it had noise phobia was high (0.88) and approximately the same as the probability it would have separation anxiety given that it had thunderstorm phobia (0.86). However, the probability that a dog would have noise phobia given that it had separation anxiety (0.63) was higher than the probability that it would have thunderstorm phobia given that it had separation anxiety (0.52). The probability that a dog would have noise phobia given that it had thunderstorm phobia (0.90) was not equivalent to the converse (0.76). Results suggested that dogs with any of these conditions should be screened for the others. Interactions among these conditions are important in the assessment and treatment of dogs with > 1 of these conditions. Responses to noise were different from those to thunderstorms, possibly because of the unpredictability and uncertainty of thunderstorms.

Risk factors and behaviors associated with separation anxiety in dogs

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2001
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To determine potential risk factors and behaviors associated with separation anxiety and develop a practical index to help in the diagnosis of separation anxiety in dogs. Case-control study. 200 dogs with separation anxiety and 200 control dogs with other behavior problems. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history of behavior problems, home environment, management, potentially associated behaviors, and concurrent problems. Dogs from a home with a single adult human were approximately 2.5 times as likely to have separation anxiety as dogs from multiple owner homes, and sexually intact dogs were a third as likely to have separation anxiety as neutered dogs. Several factors associated with hyperattachment to the owner were significantly associated with separation anxiety. Spoiling activities, sex of the dog, and the presence of other pets in the home were not associated with separation anxiety. Results do not support the theory that early separation from the dam leads to future development of separation anxiety. Hyperattachment to the owner was significantly associated with separation anxiety; extreme following of the owner, departure cue anxiety, and excessive greeting may help clinicians distinguish between canine separation anxiety and other separation-related problems.

Use of clomipramine, alprazolam, and behavior modification for treatment of storm phobia in dogs

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2003
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

To evaluate use of clomipramine, alprazolam, and behavior modification for treatment of storm phobia in dogs. Prospective open clinical trial. 40 dogs with storm phobia. Dogs received clomipramine at a dosage of 2 mg/kg (0.9 mg/lb), PO, every 12 hours for 3 months; then 1 mg/kg (0.45 mg/lb), PO, every 12 hours for 2 weeks; then 0.5 mg/kg (0.23 mg/lb), PO, every 12 hours for 2 weeks. Alprazolam was given at a dosage of 0.02 mg/kg (0.009 mg/lb), PO, as needed 1 hour before anticipated storms and every 4 hours as needed. Desensitization and counter-conditioning were conducted at home by the caregiver with an audio simulation of storm sounds that had induced a fear response during evaluation. 30 of the 32 dogs that completed the study had a degree of improvement, as measured by caregivers' global assessment. Two caregivers considered the storm phobia to be resolved. Panting, pacing, trembling, remaining near the caregiver, hiding, excessive salivation, destructiveness, excessive vocalization, self-trauma, and inappropriate elimination all decreased significantly during treatment. Improvement was greater during true storms (rain, thunder, and lightning) than during rain only. Response to audio simulation did not change during treatment. Four months after the study, improvement was maintained. The combination of clomipramine, alprazolam, and behavior modification can be effective in decreasing or eliminating storm phobia. Improvement could not be evaluated by use of audio simulation of a storm.

Pharmacologic management in veterinary behavioral medicine

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2003
VET CLIN N AM-SMALL

As our knowledge expands, behavioral pharmacology plays an increasingly important role in behavioral medicine. Drugs traditionally categorized as anxiolytics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and hormones may be used to help manage a range of animal behavioral problems. Knowledge of how these agents act in the body and interact with other agents is imperative for safe and efficacious use.

Evaluation of dog-appeasing pheromone as a potential treatment for dogs fearful of fireworks

Article

Full-text available

May 2003

Thirty dogs that showed signs of fear in response to fireworks participated in an open clinical trial to assess the potential value of dog-appeasing pheromone for the alleviation of their behavioural signs. The treatment was delivered continuously into the atmosphere of each dog's home with an electrically heated diffuser. At the baseline assessments, the owners identified the behavioural signs of fear that their dogs normally displayed in response to fireworks, rated their frequency and assessed the overall severity of their responses. These measures were repeated at the final assessment and the owners also rated the change in their dogs' responses. There were significant improvements in the owners' rating of nine of the 14 behavioural signs of fear that were examined, and in their ratings of the overall severity of the responses. The treatment was generally associated with a reduction in the intensity of fear but there were variations in the responses of individual dogs.

Separation anxiety in dogs

Article

Jan 1996

Separation anxiety in dogs

Article

Jan 1985

Psychotropic agents

Article

Jan 2002

Clinical Behavioral Medicine for Small Animals

Article

Jan 1997

Karen Lynn Overall

The effectiveness of fluoxetine chewable tablets in the treatment of canine separation anxiety

Article

Handbook of Behavior Problems of the Dog and Cat, Second Edition: Gary Landsberg, Wayne Hunthausen, Lowell Ackerman. Saunders. List Price: $69.95 (If you are a VIN member, $62.96 in the VIN bookstore!)

Article

Feb 2004

The Effects of Dog Obedience Training and Behavioral-Counseling Upon the Human Canine Relationship

Article

Jul 1993
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

We assessed the effects of obedience training and canine behaviour counselling upon the human-canine relationship. Thirty adult participants provided perceptions of their dog's behaviour and were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: the Obedience group, which received obedience training and canine behaviour counselling; the Time Instructed group, which was asked to spend 20 min a day interacting with their dog; the No Instruction group, which did not receive any instructions.After assignment, the Obedience group completed an 8-week obedience and canine behaviour counselling class where all the participants again provided information about their dog's behaviour. In addition, all participants were also asked to keep daily logs of the time spent with their dogs in training, play, exercise and other activities. A video-camera was used to obtain pretest and posttest measures of obedience behaviour, proximity, tactile behaviour and separation anxiety exhibited by each dog.Results indicated that the Obedience group showed the most improved obedience behaviour and the highest improvement in the human-canine relationship. The Obedience group also showed lower separation anxiety than the No Instruction group. Contrary to expectation, the Time Instructed group also displayed improvement in obedience behaviour and improvement in the relationship. The Time Instructed group showed lower separation anxiety than the No Instruction group. The No Instruction group revealed higher separation anxiety, no improvement in obedience and no change in the relationship. Results were interpreted in terms of positive interaction and quality time.

Effectiveness of fluoxetine chewable tablets in the treatment of canine separation anxiety

Article

Feb 2008
J VET BEHAV

The most common signs associated with separation anxiety (SA) are destruction/rearranging behavior, vocalization, excessive salivation, inappropriate defecation, and urination. To assess a treatment for SA, this multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized parallel-arm study was undertaken with 208 client-owned dogs diagnosed with SA. After a 14-day pre-treatment period in which dog owners recorded the occurrence of 4 SA behaviors (destruction/rearranging behavior, excessive salivation, inappropriate defecation, inappropriate urination) daily treatment with either fluoxetine chewable tablets (FCT) at 1–2 mg/kg or placebo was given for 6 weeks. Owners scored and recorded the severity of overall (overall severity score, OSS) and individual SA behaviors weekly. At any weekly treatment interval, ≥58% of FCT-treated dogs had improved OSS versus pre-treatment, and compared with placebo dogs had a higher incidence of improved OSS at each week (significant at Weeks 1 and 4; P ≤ 0.044). FCT-treated dogs showed significant improvement in incidence of destructive/rearranging behavior (P ≤ 0.038 at Weeks 4–6) and inappropriate urination (P = 0.045 at Week 3). Serious adverse events consisted of seizures in 1 FCT-treated dog and 1 placebo-treated dog. Neither incident had a clear association with FCT treatment. In conclusion, FCT at 1–2 mg/kg/day showed some efficacy in improving overall SA severity scores in dogs, even when used in patients not receiving behavior modification training. However, other controlled studies have shown optimal benefits from FCT administration in conjunction with behavior modification. FCT represent a viable therapy for a condition that veterinary behaviorists rank as the second most common canine behavioral disorder.

A prospective study of two self-help CD based desensitization and counter-conditioning programmes with the use of Dog Appeasing Pheromone for the treatment of firework fears in dogs ( Canis familiaris)

Article

Jul 2007
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of two self-help CD based desensitization and counter-conditioning programmes with the use of Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP) for the treatment of firework fears in dogs and to evaluate the training progress and owner compliance. Fifty-four individuals were recruited for an 8-week period of training between August and October 2004. The dogs were separated into two treatment groups, each using a different CD based programme. After implementing the CD programme for the 8-week period without any personalized instruction, two telephone follow-up interviews were completed after periods during which fireworks are commonly used (November and January). Forty-two individuals completed the first 4 weeks of training and 38 completed the 8-week training period. Thirty-six individuals completed the first follow-up interview with 29 completing the second follow-up interview. Assessment of efficacy was measured using both owner reports of its natural response (i.e. the dog's behaviour in the home) and video footage of behaviour in response to a novel recording of the problem sound (i.e. the dog's behaviour in the behaviour clinic) pre- and post-treatment.

Results of a follow-up investigation to a clinical trial testing the efficacy of clomipramine in the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs

Article

Dec 2004
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

The objective of the study was to investigate the incidence of adverse events and changes in behaviour after use of clomipramine to treat separation anxiety in dogs. This study was a follow-up investigation to a previously published clinical trial. In the main trial, dogs were randomised in a double-blinded manner to receive placebo, standard (1–2mg/kg, q12h) or low (0.5–1mg/kg, q12h) dosages of clomipramine for 2–3 months. All dogs received behavioural therapy. Follow-up questionnaires were completed in 76 out of 89 dogs between 5.5 and 16 months after completion of the main trial.Post study, 12 dogs at one site received clomipramine long term (>13–16 months). The clomipramine was tolerated well, no dogs had worsening of their behaviour and behaviour improved further in 10 (83%) dogs.An additional 16 dogs received clomipramine and/or other drugs for up to 30 weeks and 48 cases received no drugs post trial. Acute worsening of behaviour was noted in the first two weeks after stopping treatment in three cases receiving low dose clomipramine, but in no cases in the other groups. The worsening rate of separation anxiety >2 weeks after stopping therapy was 13% of dogs that had received standard-dose clomipramine, 15% of dogs that had received low dose clomipramine and 23% of dogs that had received placebo. The mean time to worsening was longer in dogs that had received standard-dose clomipramine (37 weeks), as compared to low dose clomipramine (11 weeks, P = 0.005) or placebo (11 weeks, P = 0.003).In conclusion, no undesirable long term effects were detected in the use of standard-dose (1–2mg/kg, q12h) clomipramine for the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs. Abrupt withdrawal of a sub-optimal dose of clomipramine (0.5–1mg/kg, q12h) before signs of anxiety have been well controlled is not recommended.

Behaviour patterns and time course of activity in dogs with separation problems

Article

Apr 1999
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

An analysis of video-recordings of 20 dogs with separation problems suggested that separation behaviour may be divided into: (1) exploratory behaviour, (2) object play including elements of predatory behaviour, (3) destructive behaviour, and (4) vocalization. Elimination behaviour reported by other authors was found in one case only. Separation behaviour was related to the level of arousal. A clear distinction between `destructive' dogs and `howlers' was not justified. Object play seemed to be closely related to destructive behaviour. A model for the time course of activity from the owner's departure was developed. The model includes two components: (1) a cyclic component having a period of 23–28 min and controlled by internal factors, and (2) a long-term exponential decrease, which may be influenced by external factors arousing the dog. The results supported the view that separation problems are caused by frustration related to the dependency on the owner, whereas they are not caused by disobedience or boredom. The frustration in turn may lead to arousal, increased fear and the disinhibition of play or predatory behaviour and leading to destructive behaviour. The results also indicated that barking was caused by arousal, whereas howling and whining may reflect the presence of fear.

Separation anxiety: Review of 42 cases

Article

Jun 1993
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers

Article

Dec 2005
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

This study addresses interactions between hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activation in response to stress, relationship quality, and behavior in thunderstorm-anxious dogs and their owners. Using a controlled repeated-measures design, we experimentally manipulated exposure of individuals to a stressor they were highly fearful of, and assessed both their own and their caregivers’ physiological and behavioral responsiveness. Saliva samples were collected from 19 dog–owner dyads before, 20 and 40min after exposure to a simulated thunderstorm and were later assayed for cortisol. In response to the challenge, the dogs exhibited classic signs of fear (i.e., pacing, whining, hiding), their cortisol levels increased 207%, and these levels did not return to baseline within 40min. There were no effects of the owners’ behavior or the quality of the dog–owner relationship on the dogs’ HPA or behavioral reactivity. However, the presence of other dogs in the household was linked to less pronounced reactivity and more rapid recovery of the dog's HPA response. On average, the cortisol levels of the caregivers did not increase. Owners’ mood (e.g. depression, anger) affected their behavioral response towards their dogs. These findings are among the first to study the HPA responsiveness of anxious canines in response to stress in a home setting, and the physiological and behavioral effects of problem canine behavior on their caregivers.

Canine Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians

Article

Jan 1999

Bv Beaver

Separation anxiety in dogsThe function of homeostasis in its development and treatment

Article

Mar 2003
VET CLIN N AM-SMALL

David Appleby

Although separation anxiety is one of the most common problems encountered by the behavioral specialist, there is a lack of consensus about how it should be defined. Additionally, the interrelation between separation anxiety, fear, and phobia is complex and poorly understood. These factors have obvious implications for clear diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate treatment plan. This article discusses a mechanism that may reduce these conceptual and practical difficulties.

Classification of behavior problems in dogs: Distributions of age, breed, sex and reproductive status

Article

Dec 1987
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Wright, J.C. and Nesselrote, M.S., 1987. Classification of behavior problems in dogs: distributions of age, breed, sex and reproductive status. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 19: 169-178. One hundred and seventy behavior problems were observed in 105 dogs referred for behavior- problem management by practicing veterinarians. Ninety percent of the observed behavior prob- lems were classified within three major categories: aggression; stimullis reactivity; separation- related. Aggression and stimulus reactivity problems were further sub-divided by their predomi- nant behavioral components, i.e. excessive approach or avoidance in relation to the target stimuli. The mean age for dogs presented for problem behavior was 3.4 years, which did not differ as a function of diagnostic category (P> 0.05) .The distributions of different types of aggression seen in dogs and the most frequent pair-wise combinations of different types of aggression in the sample were described. Significantly more intact males and neutered females were referred for aggressive and stimulus reactivity behavior problems (P < 0.001) , but dogs with sepAration-related problems did not differ (P> 0.05) .The value of identifying the predominant components of behavior prob- lems for clarifying the direction of behavior change was discussed.

The treatment of phobias in the dog

Article

Apr 1997
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

Since 1992 the authors have been compiling a casebook of detailed histories of canine phobia. As the work progressed modifications were made to the diagnostic criteria of anxiety in the dog. A combination of phenobarbitone with propranolol has been employed with perceived success supported by anecdotal evidence from the owners, behaviorists and veterinarians involved. An attempt is made here to set out a rational system of diagnosis with regard to published work on the neuropsychology of fear. Tentative suggestions as to the efficacy of the treatment and interpretation of results are made. It is hoped that such an appraisal might be the ground work for compilation of suitable protocols for more rigorous assessment of such cases.

Is there a relationship between canine behavior problems and spoiling activities, anthropomorphism, and obedience training?

Article

Aug 1992
APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI

The purpose of this study was to determine if dogs that were treated ‘like a person’ or that had not been obedience trained were more likely to exhibit owner-reported behavior problems than dogs not treated in those ways. A questionnaire, comprising 75 items, was available in the waiting room of the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania throughout 1981. Responses to 11 questions answered by 711 different respondents, each from a different household, were analyzed. Nine questions related to treating the dog ‘like a person’ (either spoiling the dog or viewing it anthropomorphically), and the other two asked whether or not the dog had had formal obedience training and whether or not the dog had engaged in a behavior that the owner considered a problem. Results of a series of chi-square analyses failed to reveal that problem behaviors were related to obedience training, ‘spoiling’, or anthropomorphic activities. Further, a discriminant analysis was unable to identify any variable (item), including obedience training, ‘spoiling’ activities, or anthropomorphic attitudes, that distinguished between dogs engaging and not engaging in problem behaviors. Eight variables were then factor analyzed, resulting in four factors which counted for 71.15% of the variance. The factors, which pertained to owners sharing food with their dog, taking the dog along on trips or errands, dog comfort or resting places, and anthropomorphic attitudes, were analyzed along with the obedience training and behavior problem variables in an ANOVA. The results showed that dogs whose owners interacted with them in an anthropomorphic manner, ‘spoiled’ them in certain ways, or did not provide obedience training were no more likely to engage in behaviors considered a problem by the owner than were dogs not viewed anthropomorphically, ‘spoiled’ by their owner, or given obedience training.

The role of veterinary practitioners in reducing dog and cat relinquishments and euthanasias

Article

Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Noise Phobias

Article

Apr 1991
VET CLIN N AM-SMALL

Fear is a whole body response that may result in behavioral, physiologic, and emotional adaptations that function to protect the animal. Adaptive fear responses occur in the context of threat and are appropriate for the particular response requirements of the fear-provoking situation. Maladaptive fear responses occur out of context or in excess of the demands of the situation. Recent evidence implicates dysregulation of the brain noradrenergic system in the pathophysiology of fear disorders. Noise phobias in dogs meet the criteria of a phobia. Clinical and early laboratory findings suggest there may be inherent individual predispositions in dogs for the development of these disorders. It has been suggested that noise phobic dogs have a auditory sensitivity to particular sounds. Treatment of noise phobias should focus on reducing the response to the phobic sound rather than on the behaviors exhibited during the fear response.

Diagnostic Criteria for Separation Anxiety in the Dog

Article

Apr 1991
VET CLIN N AM-SMALL

Elizabeth A. McCrave

Many social species, including dogs, exhibit distress responses when separated from attachment figures. Companion dogs with separation anxiety typically eliminate, vocalize, or engage in destructive behavior when left alone. The ability to differentiate separation anxiety from other behavior problems with the same presenting complaint is essential before embarking on a treatment plan. The behavior of the dog before, during, and after separation must be determined. Comparison of the unique behavioral profiles of each of the possible differentials will lead to an accurate diagnosis.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Separation-Related Behavior Problems in Dogs

Article

Dec 1982
VET CLIN N AM-SMALL

Canine Anxieties and Phobias: An Update on Separation Anxiety and Noise Aversions

Abstract

No full-text available