Article

Disaster in the laboratory: The poison gas crisis

August 1986
Journal of Chemical Education 63(8)

DOI:10.1021/ed063pA188

Authors:

Chemistry teachers often receive phone calls from local police or fire departments asking about poisonous gases. Therefore, it serves us well to learn all we can about these hazards. Keywords (Domain): Safety / Hazards

Chapter

Jan 1988

Metallorganische Katalyse

Chapter

Jan 1988

pro memoria: Ein Katalysator erhöht die Geschwindigkeit einer thermodynamisch möglichen Reaktion durch Eröffnung eines Weges niedriger Aktivierungsenergie. Existieren mehrere Reaktionswege, so kann ein Katalysator erhöhte Produktspezifität bewirken, indem er nur eine der konkurrierenden Reaktionsfolgen beschleunigt.

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.

Chapter

Accessing Suicidal Ideation from Responses to Queries on Subjective Well-Being

January 2016

Japan’s suicide rate rose after the Asian Crisis and the subsequent economic downturn, and has remained high since. In 2009, the male suicide rate was the third highest among OECD countries, and the female suicide rate was the second highest. According to the National Police Agency, more than 30,000 people committed suicide on average in each year from 1998 to 2011; in 2013, 27,283 people killed ... [Show full abstract] themselves in Japan. In addition, the National Police Agency (2014) reported that the major reasons for committing suicide in 2013 were health conditions (13,680 cases), financial difficulties (4,636 cases), family problems (3,930 cases) and work issues (2,323 cases) in Japan. The methods used to commit suicide, in 2009, were: hanging (19,700), gas poisoning (4,337), jumping from a great height (2,360), drowning (886), incision (683), other poisons (663), jumping in front of trains (643), and other suicide methods (1,150). Suicide also generates a negative externality; the WHO (2000) indicates that on average each suicide intimately affects at least six other people. Thus, suicide prevention programs should also include postvention to those who are mentally affected.

Article

DANGER! Harmful if inhaled, swallowed or by contact with the skin. CONTACT YOUR LOCAL POISON CONTROL...

January 1970

Article

Full-text available

The Use of White Phosphorus and the Law of War

December 2007 · Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law

Iain J. MacLeod

The controversy surrounding recent uses of white phosphorus (WP) to ‘flush-out’ suspected insurgents or in attacks against military targets in open ground has led to a renewed media interest in the legal status of WP-based munitions. An inherent public dislike for weapons that cause death or injury by fire is very natural, so one is entitled to ask whether humanity should not prevail when it ... [Show full abstract] comes to anti-personnel uses of such weapons. In the absence of a specific treaty dealing with the use of WP, this article, written jointly by a retired military lawyer and a scientist interested in the law, examines the use of such weapons in practice as well as the relevant legal and scientific background before attempting to reach conclusions about their legality. This involves a consideration of the reasons for the development of WP-based munitions, of their usual military uses and of some unconventional uses of such weapons. There follows an examination of the basic principles of customary international law as well as the treaty provisions dealing with incendiary weapons. Furthermore, because of the various harmful physiological interactions of WP, it was necessary to look closely at the legal provisions on poison, gas and chemical weapons. That demanded an interpretation of multiple aspects of the Chemical Weapons Convention before the legal status of WP could be fully determined. The convention is constructed in such a way that what at first sight appears to be a chemical weapon may not be as a matter of law unless it is consciously applied in a prohibited manner.

Article

Medical report on casualties in the Hokuriku Tunnel Train Fire in Japan with special reference to sm...

September 1979 · Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine

Article

Analysis of the Blood Cyanide Level in Fire Victims

November 2003

Background: The cause of death in fire victims is influenced by poison gases including carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, formaldehyde, ammonia, and hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen cyanide poisoning is a particular problem in fire disasters. We analyzed concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin and blood cyanide levels in 105 fire victims. Methods: Blood cyanide analysis was accomplished with the ... [Show full abstract] ion-selective electrode method with blood samples collected from both the right and left ventricles. Results: The concentration of blood cyanide ranged from 0 to 10.1 μ g/ml in the fire victims. Blood cyanide concentrations over 2 μ g/ml were found in 22 victims (21.0%). Blood cyanide level and burn severity were negatively correlated. Three victims were determined to have died from inhalation of hydrogen cyanide originating from the fire. Conclusion: The results show that hydrogen cyanide is a dangerous poison gas in fire disasters. It is necessary to analyze concentration of blood cyanide level in fire victims. Limiting such poison gases in fire disasters is as important and as urgent problem.

Article

Poisoning of LaB6 Cathodes

February 1969 · Journal of Applied Physics

H. E. Gallagher

Electron‐emission density for LaB 6 cathodes is compared with that for other common cathode types. Equations for describing the poisoning mechanism are presented. Poisoning is related to the gas pressure, cathode temperature, and heat of adsorption. Posioning was measured with a flowing gas system which maintained a constant pressure in the vicinity of the cathode for varying adsorption rates. ... [Show full abstract] Poisoning rates were determined by the cathode temperature and gas pressure. An equilibrium poisoned emission level was reached within a few minutes for each cathode temperature and gas pressure. Poisoning gases used were oxygen, carbon dioxide, air, hydrogen, nitrogen, and argon. Oxygen was the most active poisoning gas and argon the least active. No poisoning results until a critical pressure is reached; the emission then decays rapidly with increasing pressure. Resistance to poisoning increases with increasing cathode temperature. At a cathode temperature of 1570°C, the critical poisoning pressure for oxygen is about 5×10^-5 Torr. At 1400°C, the critical poisoning pressures are as follows: 2×10^-6 Torr for oxygen, 2×10^-5 Torr for carbon dioxide, 5×10^-5 Torr for air, and greater than 10^-2 Torr for hydrogen, nitrogen, and argon. On a comparative basis, the critical poisoning pressure for LaB 6 cathodes is several orders of magnitude higher than the poisoning pressure for oxide and impregnated cathodes.

Article

Poisonous gas effects on the emission of oxide‐coated cathodes

December 1987 · Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A Vacuum Surfaces and Films

A study of the influence of various gases on the emission of oxide‐coated cathodes is described. Particularly selected were SO 2 and NO 2 , which are closely related to air pollution, and Cl 2 gases. For comparison purposes, the poisonous effects of N 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O, O 2 , CO, H 2 , and Ar, which are the main components of natural atmosphere, were also examined. To study the influences of gases ... [Show full abstract] on the emission of oxide‐coated cathodes and on oxide materials in more detail, the poisoned state of the contaminated cathode was analyzed using secondary electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The influence of contaminated gases on the emission of the cathode in the carbonate state prior to activation was also studied.

Article

Onset of Guillain-Barré syndrome following exposure to mustard gas

January 1946 · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry

The clinical incidence of neurologic sequelae of mustard gas poisoning or exposure is rare. Mustard gas, the popular name of dichloroethyl sulfide, was known during World War I as "king of battle gases,"1 inasmuch as, pound for pound, it produced nearly eight times the number of casualties produced by all the other battle gases combined. Marshall2 concluded that systemic effects occurred in ... [Show full abstract] animals, due in part to absorption of mustard gas or a hydrolytic product thereof, when these animals were poisoned by inhalation, injection or cutaneous application of this substance. Winternitz3 stated that animals which died in the acute stage, before the development of extensive pneumonia, probably succumbed as a result of the combined effects of destructive changes in the lung and systemic effects from absorption of the gas. Warthin4 mentioned the following signs referable to the central nervous system in animals exposed to mustard gas

Article

Prediction of the Behaviors of H2S and HCl during Gasification of Selected Residual Biomass Fuels by...

March 2005 · Fuel

H2S and HCl released during biomass gasification can decrease the performance of high-temperature fuel cells in an Integrated Biomass Gasification Fuel Cell power-generating system. In this study, the behaviors of such poisonous gases during the gasification of different biomass fuels at various temperatures ranging from 673 to 1473 K were predicted using an equilibrium calculation approach. The ... [Show full abstract] predictions showed not only a difference in emission behaviors of HCl and H2S among the biomass fuels, but also a low HCl emission (below 10 ppmv) for a few of the fuels at any temperature. In addition, the influence of biomass metal composition and gasification temperature on emission behavior was investigated by analyzing the distribution of chlorine and sulfur compounds and the phase diagram of selected elements such as silicon and aluminum. Finally, we suggest that the addition of a potassium-rich biomass to a potassium-poor biomass has the potential to reduce the HCl emission during gasification and then to maintain the HCl concentration in gas phase below the tolerance concentration of the fuel cells.

Article

The Research on Structure Fire Resistance Test of Fire Retardant Rigid Polyurethane

July 2014 · Applied Mechanics and Materials

Jin Ping Wang

The developed rigid polyurethane foam is added several inorganic materials, which made the polyurethane foam release less poisonous gases in fire. The oxygen index value can reach more than 32 percent, and under the standard heating curve the retardant rigid polyurethane foam can present the performance of 1h fire resistance test.

Conference Paper

Better safe than sorry: Risky function exploitation through safe optimization

August 2016

Exploration-exploitation of functions, that is learning and optimizing a mapping between inputs and expected outputs, is ubiquitous to many real world situations. These situations sometimes require us to avoid certain outcomes at all cost, for example because they are poisonous, harmful, or otherwise dangerous. We test participants' behavior in scenarios in which they have to find the optimum of ... [Show full abstract] a function while at the same time avoid outputs below a certain threshold. In two experiments, we find that Safe-Optimization, a Gaussian Process-based exploration-exploitation algorithm, describes participants' behavior well and that participants seem to care firstly whether a point is safe and then try to pick the optimal point from all such safe points. This means that their trade-off between exploration and exploitation can be seen as an intelligent, approximate, and homeostasis-driven strategy.

Article

Determination of combustion gases of gun propellant by IR

February 2007

The poisonous gas in combustion gases for gun propellant by manometric bomb test was analyzed by infrared spectrum technique. The results show that manometric bomb test and infrared spectrum technique can be used to judge poisonous grade of combustion gases of various gun propellants. Evaluation method was put forward for propellant preparations. Combustion gases can be reduced when KNO3, CuO and ... [Show full abstract] polyester are added in gun propellant formulation.

Last Updated: 22 Oct 2024