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From Victim Safety to Victim Engagement: Comments on "The Impact of Victim-Focused Outreach on Criminal Legal System Outcomes Following Police-Reported Intimate Partner Abuse"
... Additionally, studies report nearly half of all homicides against women, compared to 5% of homicides against men, are perpetrated by an intimate partner (Fox & Fridel, 2019;Petrosky et al., 2017). Furthermore, a report using 2015 data for 27 states showed that of all homicides with To explore the association between IPV/IPH rates and DV resources, the exposure reduction hypothesis has been used (e.g., Dugan et al., 1999Dugan et al., , 2003Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. This perspective posits that reducing the time intimate partners in an abusive relationship spend together should decrease IPH by minimizing homicide opportunities (see for e.g., Graham et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. ...
... Furthermore, a report using 2015 data for 27 states showed that of all homicides with To explore the association between IPV/IPH rates and DV resources, the exposure reduction hypothesis has been used (e.g., Dugan et al., 1999Dugan et al., , 2003Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. This perspective posits that reducing the time intimate partners in an abusive relationship spend together should decrease IPH by minimizing homicide opportunities (see for e.g., Graham et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. Many factors have been considered to produce exposure reduction effects such as separation/divorce and marriage rates, educational attainment, economic status, and domestic violence resources (Dugan et al., 1999(Dugan et al., , 2003Matias et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012Spencer & Stith, 2020). ...
... This perspective posits that reducing the time intimate partners in an abusive relationship spend together should decrease IPH by minimizing homicide opportunities (see for e.g., Graham et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. Many factors have been considered to produce exposure reduction effects such as separation/divorce and marriage rates, educational attainment, economic status, and domestic violence resources (Dugan et al., 1999(Dugan et al., , 2003Matias et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012Spencer & Stith, 2020). Results relevant to the current study relate to domestic violence resources which provide avenues for victims to leave violent relationships, reducing exposure between themselves and abusive partners. ...
... Additionally, studies report nearly half of all homicides against women, compared to 5% of homicides against men, are perpetrated by an intimate partner (Fox & Fridel, 2019;Petrosky et al., 2017). Furthermore, a report using 2015 data for 27 states showed that of all homicides with To explore the association between IPV/IPH rates and DV resources, the exposure reduction hypothesis has been used (e.g., Dugan et al., 1999Dugan et al., , 2003Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. This perspective posits that reducing the time intimate partners in an abusive relationship spend together should decrease IPH by minimizing homicide opportunities (see for e.g., Graham et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. ...
... Furthermore, a report using 2015 data for 27 states showed that of all homicides with To explore the association between IPV/IPH rates and DV resources, the exposure reduction hypothesis has been used (e.g., Dugan et al., 1999Dugan et al., , 2003Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. This perspective posits that reducing the time intimate partners in an abusive relationship spend together should decrease IPH by minimizing homicide opportunities (see for e.g., Graham et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. Many factors have been considered to produce exposure reduction effects such as separation/divorce and marriage rates, educational attainment, economic status, and domestic violence resources (Dugan et al., 1999(Dugan et al., , 2003Matias et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012Spencer & Stith, 2020). ...
... This perspective posits that reducing the time intimate partners in an abusive relationship spend together should decrease IPH by minimizing homicide opportunities (see for e.g., Graham et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012. Many factors have been considered to produce exposure reduction effects such as separation/divorce and marriage rates, educational attainment, economic status, and domestic violence resources (Dugan et al., 1999(Dugan et al., , 2003Matias et al., 2020;Reckdenwald & Parker, 2010, 2012Spencer & Stith, 2020). Results relevant to the current study relate to domestic violence resources which provide avenues for victims to leave violent relationships, reducing exposure between themselves and abusive partners. ...
Limited research has been conducted to understand possible relationships that exist between IPH and access to DV services. The current study adds to the literature by expanding traditional measures of DV services to capture presence, as well as access, and examines the impact on female IPH victimization across 67 Florida counties between 2005 and 2015. Using exposure reduction arguments, we shed light on factors associated with female victim IPH rates and support previous research findings showing a continuation in the disparity of IPH rates between urban and rural areas within county boundaries. We also demonstrate the importance of accessible shelter and safe homes in combating IPV and IPH rates.
... The findings support this concept, which is consistent with prior studies. Gamache (2012) conducted an international study and discovered that victims of violence actually exhibited higher levels of self-esteem than urban women. As with the concept itself, various researchers have found similar findings. ...
The aim of the current study was to examine self-esteem, and suicidal ideation among victims of violence in southern Punjab. The sample for the study is consisted of 132 victims of violence women. The sample was taken by using a purposive sampling technique from the shelter home and NGOs (Bahawalpur City, Kanpur, Multan, and NGOs). To collect data, two main instruments were used: (1) to assess self-esteem, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965); and (2) to assess suicidal ideation, the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (Beck, 1988). This research is based on quantitative, cross-sectional research design and a purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data. SPSS tool has been used to analyze the data and the comparison shown that married women participants having higher level of suicidal ideation as compared to unmarried. There was significant difference of self-esteem and suicidal ideation among rural and urban area victims of violence women. The comparison shown that urban women participants having slightly higher level of self-esteem as compared to rural. The current study findings are applicable only in the selected area and these can be used to develop social reforms for the victim women of violence.
... Coordinated community response (CCR) approaches have become increasingly popular as a way to increase the efficacy of delivery of services and reporting in recent years (Gamache, 2012). While protocols are unstandardized across jurisdictions, CCRs generally create an ecologically integrated framework of community stakeholders and systems that promote victim safety, public education and services, and offender accountability. ...
Specialized domestic violence courts (DVCs) have been a popular judicial option for processing domestic violence (DV) offenders since the 1990s. While DVCs vary in structure, common core components for programming have emerged across courts in the United States concerning courtroom features and processes. This article reviews the etiology and history of specialty courts for intimate partner violence, discusses the common programming components implemented by courts nationwide, and provides an assessment of the efficacy of DVCs in holding offenders accountable while simultaneously protecting victim safety. Finally, the article discusses the ongoing challenges and implications with regard to community response to DVCs.
... When the term "coordinated community response" was first coined, it was used to describe a particular type of intervention. CCRs were designed to coordinate approaches between advocacy organizations, law enforcement, and criminal justice agencies that included the development of criminal justice policies and protocols and BIPs, all intended to increase offender accountability and efforts to connect victims to services (Gamache, 2012). However, since that time, the term CCR has been applied more broadly to describe a range of interventions that attempt to bring together community partners to respond to DV-even if only two service-providing entities (e.g., law enforcement officers and DV advocates) are partnering. ...
Coordinated community responses (CCRs) are a commonly used intervention in the field of domestic violence (DV), yet research findings on CCRs to DV have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the current state of CCRs to DV, with a specific focus on those responses that involve law enforcement officers as key players. A systematic review of 31 databases resulted in 18 peer-reviewed manuscripts for inclusion in this study. Manuscripts were included if they were written in English and published in 1999 or later; focused specifically on DV and criminal justice and/or community responses; research outcomes were specific to cases, victims, or offenders; the intervention was clearly described and evaluated using an experimental or quasi-experimental design; and was implemented in the United States. Findings suggest that there is a great deal of variability across CCR studies involving law enforcement officers with regard to (a) whether studies used the term “coordinated community response” to describe the intervention being evaluated, (b) the types of cases included, (c) the nature of the CCR being evaluated, (d) the outcomes that were examined, and (e) how these outcomes were operationalized. These variations make it difficult for scholars to draw broader conclusions about the effectiveness of CCR interventions. Future research should include the identification of core outcomes that can be used across studies to allow for comparison studies and meta-analyses. There is also a need for studies to focus on identifying which components of CCR interventions are most critical to producing positive outcomes.
... Comparatively, victims who remain in relationships with their partners may choose to disengage from the system as a sign of renewed commitment to their partner or in an effort to put "the incident behind them." At the same time, Gamache (2012) suggests that an appropriate assessment of partner danger requires the victim's involvement and input so that the context of the situation can be framed completely. Thus, TVAs and the DVOMB more generally must prioritize increasing victim engagement. ...
In Colorado, “treatment victim advocates” (TVAs) serve alongside providers and probation/parole officers on “multidisciplinary treatment teams” (MTTs) to oversee domestic violence offender’s treatment. Although this model provides an opportunity for victim safety concerns to be heard, the utility of using victim advocates as advisors regarding interventions for domestic violence offenders has yet to be studied. Using survey data and narrative responses from TVAs (N = 37), the current study examines the challenges and opportunities TVAs face while serving on MTTs. Results suggest that, overall, TVAs are successful in communicating with other members of the MTT, are confident that their perspectives are valued in the offender decision-making process, and are able to provide a wide variety of services and referrals to the victims with whom they are engaged. Implications and recommendations for the Colorado model as well as correctional professionals managing domestic violence offenders internationally are presented and discussed.
... In an attempt to increase the efficacy of services provided to IPV victims, and to lessen the chances of that women will be reabused, many domestic violence agencies have adopted a Coordinated Community Response (CCR) approach in recent years to improve services to victims of IPV. It should be noted that a CCR to domestic violence began in response to domestic violence perpetration, and this approach was subsequently applied to victims (Gamache, 2012). This review focuses exclusively on a CCR to domestic violence victimization and because the history of CCRs has been outlined elsewhere (e.g., Shepard & Pence, 1999). ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious problem throughout the world. Each year a substantial number of women experience psychological, physical, and sexual aggression from an intimate partner, with many women experiencing serious mental and physical health outcomes as a result of their victimization. A number of services are available to women who sustain IPV (e.g., shelters, advocacy, legal protection), and the combination of these services has been termed a Coordinated Community Response (CCR) to IPV. The purpose of the present manuscript is to review the individual components of CCRs for IPV victims, examine the extant literature on a number of the individual CCR components, and suggest directions for future research on CCRs for IPV victims. Our review demonstrates that there is a significant lack of research on various CCR components, that research on the integration of CCR services is limited, and that theoretical guidance for CCR programs is almost non-existent. Directions for improving research on CCR components are suggested.
Background:
In response to child victims of sex crimes, Canadian police agencies are required to work collaboratively with child victim oriented community organizations. Such collaborations involve the navigation of potentially competing objectives of partner agencies.
Objective:
In our research, we examine police interpretations of collaborative responses to child victims of sex crimes in order to assess the challenges and benefits of police and community partnerships.
Participants and setting:
We conducted 52 semi-structured interviews and focus groups with police officers working on one of different ten police service organizations across Canada in order to unpack the joint responses of police and community partner agencies to child victims of sex crimes.
Methods:
We coded and analysed focus group and interview transcripts for emergent themes pertaining to police interpretations of their collaborations with governmental and non-governmental organizations when responding to child victims of sex crimes. In focusing on the management and sharing of information, the complexities and practicalities of joint responses to child sexual abuse are revealed.
Conclusion:
Collaborative tensions, such as differing mandates and blurred boundaries, were present in all participating policing agencies, but police working in and alongside CACs were more likely to recognize that the safety and best interest of children was a shared goal across partner agencies. Operating in successful partnership requires clearly demarcated roles and mutual understanding and respect between both police and partnerships agencies.
Exposure to domestic violence (DV) has serious implications for youth, increasing risk for a range of problems, including post-traumatic stress. The Child Trauma Response Team is a multi-agency collaboration aimed at providing coordinated, immediate, trauma-informed, and interdisciplinary response to children and their impacted family members who are exposed to domestic violence. This mixed-methods study analyzed CTRT administrative data along with qualitative stakeholder interview data to describe the children and families served by CTRT, examine the reach of CTRT services, and articulate the lessons learned in the early stages of CTRT program implementation. Results show the majority of children accessing CTRT services were young and came from racial and/or ethnic minority backgrounds. The vast majority of families engaging with CTRT received safety assessment and planning and child trauma education, with many families receiving at least one other service. Stakeholders identified challenges to implementation as: identification of eligible families; initiating and ensuring program engagement; and collaboration and communication across multiple agencies. Several strategies to overcome these challenges were identified. Findings from this study indicate that, through inter-agency collaboration, reaching and serving children exposed to DV in the days and weeks immediately following a violent event is feasible—even in a large city with complex inter-agency relationships.
Coordinated police, judicial, and social service response to woman battering: A multiple-baseline evaluation across three communities
- Gamache D.
- Edleson J.
- Schock M.
- Hotaling G. T.
- Finkelhor D.
- Straus M. A.
- Kilpatrick J. T.
Prosecuting domestic abuse cases in Duluth: Developing effective prosecution strategies from understanding the dynamics of abusive relationships
- Asmus M.
The justice system’s response to domestic assault cases: A guide for policy development
- Pence E.