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The viscosities of some liquid refrigerants
Abstract
The viscosities of sulphur dioxide, ethyl chloride, methyl chloride, cis-dichlorethylene, trans-dichlorethylene, trichlorethylene and dichlor-difluormethane have been measured at temperatures between -15° and +30°C. The method used is that of timing the rate of fall of a closely fitting plug in a vertical tube filled with the liquid. In order to avoid evaporation, with the resultant formation of bubbles, an auxiliary reservoir of the fluid was connected with the experimental tube; the refrigerant in the reservoir was maintained at a temperature slightly above that of the tube, so that the pressure in the apparatus was above the vapour pressure of the liquid in which the plug moved. In all cases the viscosity η was found to follow a law η = Aea/T where T is the absolute temperature and A and a are constants.
... In contrast, only a few studies report limited data on the thermophysical properties of R-1130(E). Awbery and Griffiths [14] measured the viscosity of liquid R-1130(E) at temperatures ranging from 258.15 K to 303.15 K using a falling-plug viscometer. Their sample initially included over 10% of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and was further purified to an unspecified extent. ...
The thermal conductivity of liquid trans-1,2-dichloroethene (R-1130(E)) was measured at temperatures ranging from 240 K to 340 K and pressures up to 25 MPa using a transient hot-wire instrument. A total of 447 thermal conductivity data points were measured along six isotherms. Each isotherm includes data at nine pressures, which were chosen to be at equal density increments starting at a pressure of 0.1 MPa (or slightly above the saturation pressure of R-1130(E) at temperatures above its normal boiling point) to a maximum pressure of 25 MPa. The combined expanded uncertainty of the presented experimental data is 1.4% at a 95% confidence level. The experimental data were used to evaluate the performance of an extended corresponding states (ECS) model and a residual entropy scaling (RES) model. Both models were applied in a totally predictive mode, and in a mode where the experimental data were used to tune the model parameters. A volume-translated Peng–Robinson equation of state was used to provide thermodynamic properties needed to apply both models. In a totally predictive mode, the ECS model had an average absolute relative deviation (ΔAARD) of 6.89% relative to the experimental data with the largest deviation being − 8.33%. The RES model in a totally predictive mode showed an ΔAARD of 2.55% with the largest deviation being − 5.81%. When model parameters were fitted to the experimental data, both the ECS and the RES model represented the experimental data to within its uncertainty of 1.4%.
Saturation pressures of pure R-1336mzz(Z) and R-1130(E) and bubble point pressures of three R-1336mzz(Z)/1130(E) blends were measured from 265 K to 360 K. For each pure refrigerant or refrigerant blend, a total of twenty unique saturation pressures or bubble points were measured. In total 100 unique state points were obtained. Presently, no Helmholtz-energy-explicit type equation of state (EoS) is available for R-1130(E). While an extended corresponding states EoS for R-1130(E) is available to estimate the properties of the R-1336mzz(Z)/1130(E) blend, this model does not resolve the azeotropic behavior of the mixture. Therefore, the perturbed-chain statistical-associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) EoS is used to model the vapor–liquid equilibria of the R-1336mzz(Z)/1130(E) blend. PC-SAFT model parameters are reported, and the overall performance of the model is characterized by deviations from the experimental data.
Summary This document is part of Subvolume B ‘Pure Organic Liquids’ of Volume 18 ‘Viscosity of Pure Organic Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures’ of Landolt-Börnstein - Group IV Physical Chemistry.
Summary This document is part of Subvolume J ‘Densities of Halohydrocarbons’ of Volume 8 ‘Thermodynamic Properties of Organic Compounds and their Mixtures’ of Landolt-Börnstein - Group IV Physical Chemistry.
Summary This document is part of Subvolume J ‘Densities of Halohydrocarbons’ of Volume 8 ‘Thermodynamic Properties of Organic Compounds and their Mixtures’ of Landolt-Börnstein - Group IV Physical Chemistry.
The latent heats of fusion of methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, and dichloro-difluoro-methane are 31, 17, and 8·2 cals. per gm. respectively. They show no simple relationships with either the viscosities or the melting points of the substances.
Using a modified form of the Ostwald viscosimeter, viscosity‐measurements have been carried out over a temperature‐range from the melting points up to about 20°C for the two isomers of 1,2‐dichloroethene. Densitymeasurements were made over the same range of temperature. Special care has been taken in purifying the samples used. From the data obtained, values of the free energy, the energy and the entropy of activation for viscous flow have been calculated, using the theory of Eyring. It appears that the experimental quantity E vis , defined by equation image , has a temperature‐independent value of about the same magnitude for both isomers, whereas Eyring's “energy of activation for viscous flow” is temperature‐dependent.
It is concluded that both isomers behave as normal unassociated substances, which conclusion is reached as well from consideration of the values of the “rheochor” and from the relation between the surface tension and E vis .
The conductivities of LiAlCl4 in dil. SO2 solns. were measured in the temp. range 238.15-288.15 K. The major challenge of these measurements was the handling of the very water sensitive salt LiAlCl4 and the formulation of SO2 solns. at low salt concns. These low concn. solns. are needed to obtain assocn. consts. of the salt and thermodn. parameters using the low concn. chem. model developed by J. Barthel. The viscosities of liq. SO2 were also measured in the temp. range 231.46 K to 257.98 K. Unexpectedly, the detd. assocn. consts. of LiAlCl4 in liq. SO2 are very small ranging from 42 at 238.15 K to 354 dm3 mol-1 at 288.15 K. The lithium-ion solvent interaction is much stronger when compared with the interaction of the lithium-ion with the weakly coordinating anion tetrachloroaluminate, in contrast to lithium halides in liq. SO2 where assocn. consts. ≤96000 dm3 mol-1 were obsd. [on SciFinder(R)]
1. Kinetisch-hydrodynamische Ableitung der mittleren Weglnge und des Diffusionskoeffizienten bei Flssigkeiten. 2 und 3. Ableitung der empirischen Viskosittsformel von Batschinski. Anwendung bei dipolfreien Flssigkeiten. 4. Anwendung bei Metallen und Salzen. 5. Einfhrung einer fr die Flssigkeit charakteristischen Wrme, der Fluidittswrme.