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Biomedical Engineering: Specialisations and future challenges
Abstract
Biomedical Engineering applies the principles of engineering, biology, and medicine to create devices and methods that solve problems in the health care industry. Due to the diversity of the field, it has become essential to identify tracks or specialisations that students can engage in during their final years of study. However, due to the limited resources, especially in the Arab world, most universities stick to limited specialisations. In this paper, we shall review the state of the art tracks in Biomedical Engineering globally with concentration on the Arab World. We shall also focus on the prospect of the field and the expected future requirements.
... Hearing aid is one of the achievements of biomedical engineers (Azar, 2011) who applies the principal of engineering combined with biology and medicine, to design and solve problems in health care industry (Azar, 2011;Azar, 2012). The previously done work on the same topic is a bit complex in the sense that results and simulations are not mentioned clearly, i.e. ...
... Hearing aid is one of the achievements of biomedical engineers (Azar, 2011) who applies the principal of engineering combined with biology and medicine, to design and solve problems in health care industry (Azar, 2011;Azar, 2012). The previously done work on the same topic is a bit complex in the sense that results and simulations are not mentioned clearly, i.e. ...
A large number of hearing impaired people in rural sector of Pakistan cannot afford the high prices of digital hearing aids. Moreover, since the analogue devices amplify the speech and noise signals equally, they are not much flexible and have functional limitations. These problems can be solved with digital devices which are generally costly. In this research work, a microcontroller based cost-effective and portable hearing aid is designed and tested. The main components include sound detection circuit, microcontroller and a digital to analogue (DAC) convertor. Device is aimed to process human voice frequencies with an adjustable gain of up to 80 dB. It is tested with an input audio signal and it showed satisfactory results for low frequency signals up to 3.5 kHz which caters for the frequency range of most human voices. The system is now being developed for more effective noise suppression and broader frequency range.
... However, as other important medical field emerges, the field of biomedical engineering continues to grow referencing the application of physical science methodology; aim to improve overall health care [14]. Despite the fact that medical science has been going on for a long time, the technologically based health-care system has been able to provide a wide range of health-care options, such as effective diagnostic tools and highly therapeutic treatment options, despite the fact that medical science has been going on for a long time. ...
Biomaterial development is a field of study that has been around for more than 50 years. Biomaterial science is the study of biomaterials. Over time, it has become more and more popular as a scientific field. Many companies are spending a lot of money to make new products, and this has made it more popular. Biomaterials are widely used in most of the sciences for implants and must have certain properties of improving the life quality of the host. There are four classes, (composites, metals, ceramics and polymers) which are used singly or in combination, to make up the majority of implantation devices on the market today. Henceforth, researchers can cite and reference our work in feature if they find it useful.
... However, as other important medical field emerges, the field of biomedical engineering continues to grow referencing the application of physical science methodology; aim to improve overall health care [14]. Despite the fact that medical science has been going on for a long time, the technologically based health-care system has been able to provide a wide range of health-care options, such as effective diagnostic tools and highly therapeutic treatment options, despite the fact that medical science has been going on for a long time. ...
This review assesses modern bioengineering philosophical foundations to exhume modern bioengineering's rational framework. Both the physical and biological sciences require engineering as the ultimate mechanism for transforming knowledge into practice. Engineering's emerging biosciences has acknowledged addressing major issues in environmental ecology and human health. Scientists and engineers should be familiar with the technology in order to fully realize the potential of modern bioengineering and lay a solid foundation for green technology. Bioengineering philosophy teaches scientists the broad principles of scientific study and identifies the endeavor's intrinsic goals "how" questions of the physical world and normative "why" issues of values. Not only must scientists and bioengineers be motivated, but they must also be educated about their ethical and societal duties, which necessitate an interdisciplinary approach. We examined the mechanical approach of physical sciences, the functional approach of biological processes, and the integrated method after establishing the bioengineering conceptual framework. In addition, the review examined a variety of bioscience disciplines. It has concluded that an interdisciplinary approach is essential for unlocking the potential of bioengineering and laying the foundation for green technology based on moral values. Bioengineering research and education must acquire both epistemological and normative knowledge in order to achieve such a noble goal. The first is critical for new ideas and inventions, while the second helps bioengineers understand their ethical and moral obligations.
... The quest to search for a lasting solution to improve human health status through disease diagnosis and production of novel medicine had made Nano research a very relevant field of study [126]. This move will continue to grow rapidly with provision of prominent contributions to public health and other fields [127]. However, the safety level of AuNPs in bioremediation and biomedical applications are becoming worrisome and its raising some future challenges due to nanotoxicity because the interaction of AuNPs with biological systems are govern by several factors such as cell type, uptake routes or directing different organelles which might sometimes be harmful [128]. ...
Nanotechnology and nanoscience are gaining remarkable attention in this era due to their distinctive properties and multi applications. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is one of the most relevant metal nanoparticles with enormous applications in various field of research and industries. The demand for AuNPs is increasing rapidly. Extensive awareness has been allotted to the development of novel approaches for the synthesis of AuNPs with quality morphological properties using biological sources due to the limitations associated with the chemical and physical methods. Several factors such as contact time, temperature, pH of solution media, concentration of gold precursors and volume of plant extract influences the synthesis, characterization and applications of AuNPs. Characterization of synthesized AuNPs is important in evaluating the morphological properties of AuNPs since the morphological properties of AuNPs affect their potential use in various applications. This review highlights various methods of synthesizing AuNPs, parameters influencing the biosynthesis of AuNPs from plant extract, several techniques used for AuNPs characterization and their potential in bioremediation and biomedical applications.
... The ambition will continue and grow at high rate to contribute in both individual and public health [230]. The reactivity of the NPs varies according to its surface function, particle size, shape, and state of aggregation [231]. ...
... They predict S. Cerevisiae Chromosomes gene sequence. Azar (2011) said that Biomedical Engineering applies the principles of engineering, biology, and medicine to create devices and methods that solve problems in the health care industry. According to Koukouvinos et al. (2012) Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis is commonly used in medical decision making, and in recent years has been used increasingly in machine learning and data-mining research. ...
Gene identification is a critical and challenging problem in
bioinformatics. The task of gene prediction is to find sub-sequences of bases
that encode proteins. The protein coding regions of DNA sequences have
period-3 behaviour. This period-3 property can be used for locating the exons.
The field of signal processing is deal with numerical sequences. Therefore gene
sequence is map into indicator sequence (Binary indicator sequence, complex
indicator sequence and grouped indicator sequence) for gene prediction. In this
paper grouped indicator sequence is considered. Digital signal processing
provides a useful tool for gene prediction.
One way to understand a neurobiological system is by building a simulacrum that replicates its behaviour in real time using similar constraints. Bionic eye helps visually impaired people. A neuromorphic system concepts and circuit design method involved is discussed in this paper. The mathematical model has been simulated and validated in MATLAB using artificial stimulus. A photoreceptors circuit realised and simulated using analogue mixed-signal VLSI behavioural modelling. The estimated parameters using the mathematical model are incorporated in behavioural model to describe neuromorphic retinal system topology and performance. The behavioural models hold up the signal flow correlation between input and outputs. A one-dimensional hardware photoreceptors circuit was constructed and the performance is studied under the steady state condition, tested with impulses or step input that simulates the physical dynamics of the biological system using VHDL-AMS which illustrate the specific features of system level design. Finale future scopes are also presented evidently.
Generally, differently abled people use sign language for communication, but they find difficulty in interacting with others who do not understand sign language. The present work is based on the need for designing an electronic device that can interpret sign language into commands. A data glove is used which is connected with flex sensors along the length of each finger and the thumb, which can be used to communicate and will be displayed on the screen using LabVIEW. The paper also describes a real-time safety prototype to detect the eye blink of a patient in an unconscious state, which can be continuously monitored using an eye blink monitoring system that will alert and record the data. The noble aim behind this project is to design a virtual instrument by studying and capturing the natural eye blink and recording the information for paralysed patients who cannot speak or use their hands.
This article focuses on undergraduate biomedical engineering (BME) curriculum, particularly on how to address industrial needs and to what extent a common curriculum can and should exist. It is part review, part description of the current work of the VaNTH (Vanderbilt University; Northwestern University; University of Texas at Austin; and Health, Science and Technology at Harvard/MIT) Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Educational Technologies, and part editorial. The editorial offers a snapshot of the continually evolving effort to integrate ideas from many sources for the improvement of curriculum in BME. These ideas and recommendations are accessible on the Web site of the VaNTH curriculum project. The term "biomedical engineering" denotes a type of engineering with a strongly medical focus. It encompasses programs that are called "bioengineering" (BE) but which have the same flavor as BME. The first BME undergraduate degrees were granted less than 40 years ago. Full agreement about the content knowledge needed for a B.S. in BME does not exist now and is not likely to exist in the near future. Our recent survey of required curriculum in accredited programs found no courses that were required by all, although courses in biomechanics and systems physiology were quite common. This lack of agreement at the course level does not mean that there is no similarity at the content level, however. Our hypothesis is that it will be possible to achieve consensus about key elements of the BME curriculum.
This unique new text delivers a solid foundation for understanding the role of genomics in human health and in advances that promise to help improve the quality of human life. Unlike other works that focus mainly on toxicogenomic techniques, Genomics presents a thorough overview of the field in four major sections: 1) fundamentals of genes and genome structure, function, expression, variations, and genomic technology platforms; 2) applications of genomics in drug discovery and drug development, safety evaluation, genomic database maintenance, mining, and analysis, food safety monitoring, and translational toxicogenomics; 3) how regulatory agencies such as the FDA and EPA use genomic data in their safety evaluation; and 4) a summary of the current state and the future prospect of the science of genomics. With an international perspective and practical case studies, Genomics is the first resource to present essential discussion of theory and application for: •eukaryotic genomes •epigenomics •translational genomics and biomarker development.
A volume in the Principles and Applications in Engineering series, Clinical Engineering focuses on managing the deployment of medical technology and integrating it appropriately with desired clinical practices. It provides a description of the wide range of responsibilities clinical engineers encounter, describes technology management and assessment in detail, and reviews the standards and regulatory agencies of interest. Then the book details various biomedical sensors, considering both biologic and electronic factors in sensor performance. Finally, the book covers bioinstrumentation, addressing traditional topics and recently developed instruments and devices such as pulse oximeters and home-care monitoring devices.
In the author's opinion, the biomedical engineer is ideally trained to work at the intersection of science, medicine, and mathematics to solve biological and medical problems, so that a university degree in biomedical engineering will prepare you for many professions. The following questions are explored: What do biomedical engineers do? How do biomedical engineers differ from other engineers? How much education does a biomedical engineer require? How can a high school education prepare me for studies in biomedical engineering? What types of university courses will prepare me to be a biomedical engineer? What kind of practical experience can I expect to gain while training? Where do I get more information?.