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The antimicrobial activity of alpha-bisabolol and tea tree oil against Solobacterium moorei, a Gram-positive bacterium associated with halitosis
... çinko), oksitleyici klor dioksit veya sodyum klorit, sodyum, bikarbonat gibi maddeler bulunmaktadır. 39,40 Çay ağacı yağının antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiviral ve antiprotozoal aktiviteler gösterdiği gösterilmiştir. Ağız kokusuyla ilişkili bakteri olan S. Moorei'nin antimikrobiyal ajanlar olarak çay ağacı yağı ve alfa-bisabolol'e duyarlı olduğu ve bu bileşiklerin ağız sağlığı ürünlerinde kullanımının faydalı olabileceğini düşünülmüştür. ...
... Ağız kokusuyla ilişkili bakteri olan S. Moorei'nin antimikrobiyal ajanlar olarak çay ağacı yağı ve alfa-bisabolol'e duyarlı olduğu ve bu bileşiklerin ağız sağlığı ürünlerinde kullanımının faydalı olabileceğini düşünülmüştür. 40 Esansiyel uçucu yağların, anti-inflamatuar ve antioksidan özelliklerin yanı sıra ağız sağlığı durumu ve diş eti iltihabı ile bağlantılı ilgili klinik parametreler üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri, plak ve dişeti indekslerindeki azalma sağlaması halitozis tedavisine dolaylı olarak yardımcı olabilmektedir. ...
... Esansiyel uçucu yağların antiinflamatuar ve koku maskeleme özellikleri Listerin ® gibi uçucu yağ içeren gargaraların hastalar tarafından klorheksidine oranla daha fazla tercih edilmesini sağlayabilmektedir. [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Öte yandan esansiyel uçucu yağlar üzerinde yapılmış araştırmaların birçoğu in vitro çalışmalardır. İn vitro olarak görülen bakterisidal etkilerle bir gargara solüsyonunun in vivo uygulaması örneğin öngörülemeyen miktarlardaki tükürük vb. ...
Halitosis is characterised by an unpleasant odour and is most often caused by poor oral hygiene, periodontitis and tongue coating. Its treatment may require a multidisciplinary approach involving dental and medical specialists. Traditional treatments include mechanical cleaning (scaling and tongue scraping) and chemical therapy. Daily tooth brushing and tongue scraping are considered to be the most effective in controlling bad breath. Chemical therapy is generally only effective for a short time and is always associated with various side effects, including the development of dysbiosis and staining of the tongue and teeth. In recent years, new methods of hal-itosis control have been proposed. Probiotics have been suggested for its treatment due to their relatively lower side effects compared to chemical agents, and there has been a general interest in the therapeutic effects of essential oils. Different natural products reduce and/or temporarily stop halitosis in different ways. This section focuses on the evidence-based therapeutic use of traditional methods and newer compounds/substances in the treatment of halitosis from a broad perspective.
Halitozis, hoş olmayan bir kokuyla karakterize olup çoğunlukla kötü ağız hijyeni, periodontitis ve dil kaplanması nedeniyle ortaya çıkar ve tedavisi diş hekimleri ve tıp doktorlarını içeren multidisipliner uygulamaları gerektirebilir. Geleneksel yaklaşım; mekanik temizlik (diştaşı temizliği ve dil kazıma) ve kimyasal uygulamalardır. Günlük diş fırçalama ve dil kazıma, halitozisin kontrol altına alınmasında en etkili yöntemler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Kimyasal tedavi genellikle sadece kısa süre için yararlı olup disbiyozis ve dil ile dişlerin lekelenmesi dahil olmak üzere çeşitli yan etkilere yol açabilmektedir. Son dönemlerde halitozisin kontrolünde yeni yöntemler önerilmektedir. Probiyotikler, kimyasal ajanlara göre nispeten daha düşük yan etkileri nedeniyle halitozis tedavisinde kullanılmış ve esansiyel uçucu yağların terapötik etkilerine karşı da ayrıca bir ilgi oluşmuştur. Halitoziste kullanılan çeşitli doğal maddeler, ağız kokusunu farklı şekillerde azaltır ve/veya geçici olarak ortadan kaldırır. Bu bölümde, halitozis tedavisinde geleneksel yöntemlerin ve nispeten yeni bileşiklerin kanıta dayalı terapötik kullanımları geniş bir
perspektiften ele alınmıştır.
... [33] ↓ Bacterial viability. [47] (continued on next page) ABFP had potent radical scavenging activity in comparison with BHT, and ABFP exhibited maximum H 2 O 2 scavenging potential in comparison with L-ascorbic acid. Additionally, 50 μg/mL ABFP revealed strong hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. ...
... Similarly in another study, Rodrigues et [46]. The combination of (-)-α-bisabolol (0.1 %) and tea tree oil (0.05 %) exerted a significant synergistic antimicrobial effect on S. moorei strain CCUG39336 and clinical S. moorei isolates (CH1#23, CH3#63) through decreasing bacterial viability [47]. It has been shown that, α-bisabolol (0.281-9 mM for 3 days) suppresses the fungal ergosterol biosynthesis and consequently the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus Af239 dose-dependently. ...
Alpha-bisabolol (α-bisabolol), an unsaturated monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol, is known as one of the "most-used herbal constituents" in the world. Various therapeutic and biological properties of α-bisabolol in preventing oxidative stress, inflammatory disorders, infections, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and metabolic disorders have been reported. In this review, we evaluated new findings regarding the molecular mechanisms of α-bisabolol published from 2010 until 2021 in PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. The antioxidant mechanism of α-bisabolol is mainly associated with the reduction of ROS/RNS, MDA, and GSH depletion, MPO activity, and augmentation of SOD and CAT. Additionally, upregulating the expression of bcl-2 and suppression of bax, P53, APAF-1, caspase-3, and caspase-9 activity indicates the anti-apoptotic effects of α- bisabolol. It possesses anti-inflammatory effects via reduction of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 and suppresses the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, NF-κB, and p38. The antimicrobial effect is mediated by inhibiting the viability of infected cells and improves cognitive function via downregulation of bax, cleaved caspases-3 and 9 levels, β-secretase, cholinesterase activities, and upregulation of bcl-2 levels. Finally, due to multiple biological activities, α-bisabolol is worthy to be subjected to clinical trials to achieve new insights into its beneficial effects on human health.
... It produces an essential oil bisabolol (a monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol) which is of immense industrial importance due to its multipurpose use in food industry as flavour enhancer, in pharmaceutical industry as ingredients of aroma therapies and as anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial compound combined with skin healing properties [18]. Alpha bisabolol not only inhibits bacterial growth but also increases the penetrance of other antimicrobial agents through the cell wall (cause leakage of DNA and protein contents) and increases the antibacterial effect synergistically acting with other bioactive secondary metabolites [36]. Compounds like Oxalic acid, Butyric acid, 2-methyl-, ethyl ester, Pthalic acid, 7-isopropyl-1-methyl [37]. ...
... The penetration of different types of antibacterial compound is mediated by the occurrence of high percentage of essential oil bisabolol. It not only directly interacts with bacterial cell but also cause increased penetration of antibacterial secondary metabolites [36]. ...
Endophytes are silent microbial partners of green plants that ensure hosts’ survival in odd conditions. They are known as the factories of multipotent metabolites with diverse bioactivities beneficial to modern pharmaceuticals industry. Endophytic fungi have been screened from a variety of plants and it is the first-time endophytes of club moss is being studied for production of antibacterial and antioxidative compounds. The present study reveals that Lycopodium clavatum L. harbors a potent niche of bioactive endophytic fungi and Colletotrichum alatae LCS1 was the prime producer of antibacterial and antioxidative compounds among them. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of ethyl- acetate culture extract ranged from 15.62 to 250 μg/mL against four Gram negative and three Gram positive microorganisms including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-33591). Bio-autogram based screening followed by Gas chromatographic analysis confirmed the occurrence of 17 bioactive compounds and α-bisabolol is known to be the prime one. Alfa bisabolol is a unique and versatile bioactive essential oil and facilitates variety of functions. Killing kinetics data along with leakage of macromolecules into extracellular environment supports the cidal activity of the antibacterial principles at MBC values. Isolate C. alatae LCS1 was optimized by one variable at a time system coupled with response surface methodology for broad spectrum antibacterial production. The organism yielded maximum response (22.66±0.894 mm of zone of inhibition against MRSA) in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 mL potato dextrose broth supplemented with (g/L) glucose, 7.53; yeast extract concentration, 0.47; NaCl, 0.10 with medium pH 6.46; after 134 hours of incubation at 26°C. Optimized fermentation parameters enhanced antibacterial activity up-to more than 50% than the pre-optimized one (10.33±0.57 mm). Endophytic LCS1 was also efficient in free radical scavenging tested by DPPH, ABTS, H2O2 and FRAP assay with an IC50 values of 23.38±5.32 to 82.873±6.479 μg/mL.
... BISA is widely used in perfumes, soaps, cosmetics, and other hygiene personal products [8]. In recent years, the scientific interest for BISA has increased, being demonstrated several biological activities for this compound, such as antibacterial [9], antioxidative [10], antimutagenic [11], antifungal [12], antinociceptive [13], and gastroprotective activities [14], among others. Some studies also demonstrate the BISA protective effect in acute inflammation models [13,15] and lung injury in sepsis model [16]. ...
... Our results demonstrate that the BISA plasmatic concentration after oral administration was enough to exert this activity. Thus, we may suggest that phagocytic cell activation (as observed in the in vitro phagocytosis assay), associated with to antibacterial activity reported for BISA [9], may be involved in the CFU reduction in the blood of animals submitted to CLP model. ...
(-)-α-Bisabolol (BISA) is an unsaturated monocyclic sesquiterpenes compound, mainly found in the essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). It has been reported that this compound has several biological activities, but there are few studies evaluating the activity of this compound in the systemic inflammatory response in infectious processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of BISA on the inflammatory response and survival rate in a systemic infection model, and in vitro neutrophils phagocytic activity. BISA at concentration of 3, 10, 30, and 90 μg/ml did not presented in vitro cytotoxicity in MTT assay, and at concentrations of 1 and 3 μg/ml the BISA treatment increased in vitro phagocytic neutrophil activity. For the inflammatory response study, we verified the BISA treatment effect in a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced systemic infection model in mice; in this model, we demonstrate that BISA at dose of 100 mg/kg reduced the leukocyte recruitment in peritoneal cavity; at dose of 200 mg/kg, the NO concentration was increased in the peritoneal cavity. The bacteria CFU number was reduced in mice blood in the BISA treatment, at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The BISA treatment at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg increased the myeloperoxidase activity and reduction NO production in lung tissue of mice in CLP model. At dose of 100 mg/kg, the BISA treatment was able to reduce the mortality rate of mice submitted to CLP-induced sepsis and observed for 7 days. The results suggest an effect of BISA on inflammatory response, with activity on leukocyte chemotactic and NO production, in addition to increasing the survival rate of animals submitted to CLP model.
... O óleo de melaleuca é um líquido límpido que apresenta odor distinto, rico em monoterpenos, sendo que, dentre seus mais de 100 componentes, o mais abundante é o terpinen-4-ol, que compõe aproximadamente 40% do óleo. Estudos realizados com este óleo mostraram efetividade frente a diversas patologias, dentre elas acnes superficiais e candidíase oral (Forrer et al., 2013). ...
O potencial terapêutico dos produtos do metabolismo secundário de espécies vegetais tem sido alvo de pesquisas e desenvolvimento de produtos farmacêuticos inovadores. O Brasil apresenta uma natureza exuberante, que se destaca pelo grande número de compostos bioativos com propriedades físico-químicas de interesse cosmético e medicinal. O araçá-vermelho (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) possui quantidades significativas de compostos fenólicos que oferecem ações antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e antimicrobianas. No entanto, os compostos fenólicos possuem baixa estabilidade e incompatibilidade química, o que dificulta a sua utilização em formulações convencionais. Uma alternativa inovadora é a utilização do óleo essencial da espécie vegetal em nanoemulsões, que são caracterizadas como dispersões nanométricas, nas quais as gotículas oleosas (compreendidas na fase interna) são estabilizadas por um sistema de tensoativos, e contidas em um ambiente aquoso (fase externa). Além disso, as nanoemulsões possuem diversas vantagens em relação aos sistemas tradicionais, onde a substância ativa encontra-se livre, como: aumento da estabilidade do princípio ativo, aumento da eficácia e desenvolvimento de características sensoriais diferenciadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma nanoemulsão contendo o óleo essencial do araçá-vermelho. As formulações foram preparadas pelo método de emulsificação espontânea, seguido, ou não, de homogeneização por alta pressão, com o intuito de avaliar as melhores condições de preparação. Além disso, as nanoemulsões foram caracterizadas de acordo com o pH, tamanho de gotícula, potencial zeta e índice de polidispersão. As amostras submetidas à técnica de emulsificação espontânea apresentaram tamanho de gotícula médio de 432,67 nm (± 121,07), índice de polidispersão de 0,65 (± 0,128) e potencial zeta de -24,63 mV (± 0,6807), e, quando associado à homogeneização a alta pressão, apresentaram tamanho de gotícula médio de 230,23 nm (± 3,81) índice de polidispersão de 0,316 (± 0,037) e potencial zeta de -21,57 mV (±0,1528). Desta forma, pode-se perceber que a associação dos métodos de emulsificação espontânea e homogeneização a alta pressão foram essenciais para a obtenção de nanoemulsões com maior estabilidade que poderão ser utilizadas no desenvolvimento de produtos farmacêuticos.
... Flossing teeth helps prevent halitosis by removing plaque and food particles from interdental spaces [46]. One study found that tea tree oil can successfully prevent malodor caused by the bacteria Solobacterium moorei strain [47]. Masking substances such as mint or fluoride in toothpaste or flavored chewing gum can be helpful, but they only provide a temporary solution. ...
Since the human population realized how important it was to maintain overall health and the weight of disease, they have been looking for therapeutic qualities in natural environments. The use of plants having medicinal qualities for the treatment and prevention of illnesses that may have an impact on general health is known as herbal medicine. There has been a noticeable increase in interest lately in the combination of synthetic contemporary medications and traditional herbal remedies. About 80% of people rely on it for healthcare, particularly in developing nations. One important aspect of overall health is said to be oral healthcare. The World Health Organization views oral health as a crucial component of overall health and well-being. Because they are more readily available, less expensive, and have fewer adverse effects than pharmaceutical treatments, using natural medicines to treat pathologic oro-dental disorders can make sense. The current evaluation of the literature sought to investigate the range and scope of the use of herbal products and their secondary metabolites in maintaining oral health, encompassing several oral healthcare domains such as halitosis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and other oral disorders. Therefore, there are many herbs discussed in this work and their mechanism in the treatment and improvement of many oral ailments. Besides, compounds that are useful in oral treatment with their natural sources and the cases where they can be used. To prevent any possible side effects or drug interactions, a doctor's consultation is necessary before using dental medicine. Although herbal therapy is safe and with minimum side effects, it is also strongly advised to do a more thorough preclinical and clinical evaluation before using herbal medicines officially.
... It has been proposed that mouthwash with antibacterial properties such as chlorhexidine 5 and some plants 6 and their extracts [7][8][9] can have positive effects. However, the therapeutic effects of mechanical treatments and mouthwash are transient and can come with potential disadvantages, including staining the teeth and tongue, dulling taste receptors, and having only a short-term effect. ...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of known probiotic species Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM1214 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius CCFM1215 on halitosis, the oral status, and the oral microbiome.
... Terpene Pain-reliever, appetite suppressant, anti-irritant, anticancer, analgesic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, sedative, anti-irritant, antimicrobial, and analgesic (de Cássia Da Silveira e Sá et al., 2015;de Chavan et al., 2010;Kim et al., 2011;Laude et al., 1994;Nguyen et al., 2017;Santos et al., 2013;Willis et al., 2011;Zhandabayeva et al., 2021) Alloaromadendrene, α-Bisabolol oxide A & B, Cis-β-farnesene, c-Muurolene, Isocaryophyllene, α-Curcumene Sesquiterpene Antifungal, anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant (Darwish et al., 2020;Forrer et al., 2013;Kim et al., 2011;Nogueira et al., 2021;Yu et al., 2014) Verbenone, Pulegone, ymol Monoterpene Antinociceptive, antimicrobial, anticonvulsive, antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal (de Melo et al., 2017;de Sousa et al., 2011;Hu et al., 2017;Santoyo et al., 2014) Spathulenol Sesquiterpenoid Antimycobacterial, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant (do Nascimento et al., 2018) Palmitic acid, Ethyl ester, Linolenic acid, and Isovaleric acid Fatty acid Anti-inflammatory, promitogeinc and, stimulating effects on HSC (hepatic stellate cells), anti-cancer, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Used to make validol, valocordins, and others (Jalalvand et al., 2019;Kim et al., 2014;Kusumah et al., 2020;Li et al., 2003;Saeed et al., 2012;Tu et al., 2019;Zhandabayeva et al., 2021) Myristic acid, Stearic acid, Elaidic acid Saturated fatty acid Antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and against herpes viruses (Andrei et al., 2000;Chen et al., 2019;Habib et al., 1987) Herniarin or 7-methoxycoumarin Coumarin Antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive (Andrei et al., 2000;Cheriyan et al., 2017;Nayeli et al., 2020) Linoleic acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid Analgesic and bactericidal properties (Kusumah et al., 2020;Tu et al., 2019;Zhandabayeva et al., 2021) Cannabidiol Phytocannabinoid Anticonvulsant (Frías-Soria et al., 2021) Perhydrofarnesyl acetone Diterpenoids Perfume composition (Zhandabayeva et al., 2021) Geranyl linalpol Diterpene Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory (Zhandabayeva et al., 2021) (for example, disease resistance) with their genetic differences. ...
One of the poorly recognized plant species well adapted to cultivation in temperate climate conditions is Lavatera thuringiaca L. It is a common species in Europe, but so far has not found much economic use. Few literature data report its high production potential, favorable chemical composition of biomass, resistance to adverse stress conditions, and medicinal properties. The biomass can be used for fodder and energy purposes and as forage for bees and other pollinators. L. thuringiaca can also be useful for the management of fallow soils or marginal land and for the reclamation of contaminated land. In turn, the presence of biologically active compounds offers opportunities for its use in medicine. Wider diversification of cultivated species is a key to ensuring food security and economic sustainability, especially in view of the observed climate change. In this context, an extensive review of literature dealing with taxonomic studies, morphological diversity and biological properties of L. thuringiaca , and the potential for multipurpose use of this species has been carried out.
... More recently, TTO has also been used in mouthwashes for the elimination of odor-causing bacteria and controlling gingivitis. Although in vitro studies have confirmed the effectiveness of this essential oil (in the free form) against oral microorganism (Forrer et al., 2013;Ramage et al., 2012), there is no much information on its activity after having been incorporated into the mouthwashes. For this particular application, because essential oils are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water, two different approaches have been taken to ensure their homogeneous dispersion throughout the product. ...
Colloidal systems have been used to encapsulate, protect and release essential oils in mouthwashes. In this study, we investigated the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of oil-in-water colloidal systems containing tea tree oil (TTO) and the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80. Our main aim was to evaluate whether CPC could improve the antimicrobial activity of TTO, since this activity is impaired when this essential oil is encapsulated with polysorbate 80. These systems were prepared with different amounts of TTO (0-0.5% w/w) and CPC (0-0.5% w/w), at a final concentration of 2% (w/w) polysorbate 80. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results revealed the formation of oil-swollen micelles and oil droplets as a function of TTO concentration. Increases in CPC concentrations led to a reduction of around 88% in the mean diameter of oil-swollen micelles. Although this variation was of only 20% for the oil droplets, the samples appearance changed from turbid to transparent. The surface charge of colloidal structures was also markedly affected by the CPC as demonstrated by the transition in zeta potential from slightly negative to highly positive values. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies showed that this transition is followed by significant increases in the fluidity of surfactant monolayer of both colloidal structures. The antimicrobial activity of colloidal systems was tested against a Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureaus) bacteria. Our results revealed that the inhibition of bacterial growth is observed for the same CPC concentration (0.05% w/w for E. coli and 0.3% w/w for S. aureus) regardless of TTO content. These findings suggest that TTO may not act as an active ingredient in polysorbate 80 containing mouthwashes.
... Stanojevic et al., reported that CEO was effective against L. monocytogenes (13.33 mm), S. aureus (40 mm), as reported the essential oil is not effective in the case of P. aeruginosa, the essential oil showed an effect on E. coli (31 mm) and Salmonella enterica (25 mm) 6 . Another study done by Roby et al. 28 30 revealed that the α-bisabolol can be used as an antimircrobial agent which in turn reveals that the CEO which was used in the study can also inhibit the microorganisms; as the major component was α-bisabolol. As reported by Rodrigues et al. 31 , α-bisabolol is known for having clinical relevance in case of bacterial or fungal diseases. ...
... S. marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a lower (0.25%) MIC, while the highest MIC was 8% for Staphylococcus capitis (Hammer et al., 1996). A study observed that TTO was remarkably effective against halitosis-associated bacterium Solobacterium moorei through a direct exposure test (Forrer et al., 2013). Choi and Kang (2017) investigated and established the antibacterial potential of TTO against Streptococcus mutans. ...
Over the past few decades, complementary and alternative treatments have become increasingly popular worldwide. The purported therapeutic characteristics of natural products have come under increased scrutiny both in vitro and in vivo as part of efforts to legitimize their usage. One such product is tea tree oil (TTO), a volatile essential oil primarily obtained from the native Australian plant, Melaleuca alternifolia, which has diverse traditional and industrial applications such as topical preparations for the treatment of skin infections. Its anti-inflammatory-linked immunomodulatory actions have also been reported. This systematic review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of TTO and its main components that have shown strong immunomodulatory potential. An extensive literature search was performed electronically for data curation on worldwide accepted scientific databases, such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and esteemed publishers such as Elsevier, Springer, Frontiers, and Taylor & Francis. Considering that the majority of pharmacological studies were conducted on crude oils only, the extracted data were critically analyzed to gain further insight into the prospects of TTO being used as a neuroprotective agent by drug formulation or dietary supplement. In addition, the active constituents contributing to the activity of TTO have not been well justified, and the core mechanisms need to be unveiled especially for anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects leading to neuroprotection. Therefore, this review attempts to correlate the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of TTO with its neuroprotective mechanisms.
... In traditional medicine of some Asian countries, Curcuma plants have been used to treat many diseases, including diarrhoea, abscesses, leukorrhea, infectious wounds, bronchial complaints, pneumonia and insect bites [5]. In addition, the chemical composition and biological properties of a large number of Curcuma plants have been described in previous studies [4,[6][7][8]. ...
... (de Medeiros et al. 2021). This compound also shows potential to be incorporated in oral healthcare products since it evidenced antimicrobial activity against Solobacterium moorei, a Gram-positive bacteria associated with halitosis (Forrer et al. 2013). ...
Terpenes are the largest and most diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found in plants. They can be classified according to the number of isoprene units, the most common being monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), and triterpenes (C30). Besides being the principal constituents of essential oils and playing fundamental roles in plants, many terpenes are extensively used in pharmaceutical and industrial applications ranging from flavours to fragrances and medicines. Several studies have already demonstrated the diversity of terpenes’ biological properties, including cancer chemopreventive effects, antimicrobial, antiviral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiparasitic, and other activities. This chapter compiles the various terpenes isolated from plants, their sources, biological activities and beneficial health effects, mechanism of action, extraction and applications, and the future perspective for using the terpenes as lead molecules in several areas of the industry.
... (-)-α-Bisabolol (C 15 H 26 O) is a monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol that was isolated and extracted from chamomile [3]. Due to its anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antibacterial, skin soothing and moisturizing properties [4], it has been used as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In the future, (-)-α-bisabolol may be applied to clinical practice because of its analgesic function [5]. ...
(-)-α-Bisabolol is naturally occurring in many plants and has great potential in health products and pharmaceuticals. However, the current extraction method from natural plants is unsustainable and cannot fulfil the increasing requirement. This study aimed to develop a sustainable strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of (-)-α-bisabolol by metabolic engineering. By introducing the heterologous gene MrBBS and weakening the competitive pathway gene ERG9, a de novo (-)-α-bisabolol biosynthesis strain was constructed that could produce 221.96 mg/L (-)-α-bisabolol. Two key genes for (-)-α-bisabolol biosynthesis, ERG20 and MrBBS, were fused by a flexible linker (GGGS)3 under the GAL7 promoter control, and the titer was increased by 2.9-fold. Optimization of the mevalonic acid pathway and multi-copy integration further increased (-)-α-bisabolol production. To promote product efflux, overexpression of PDR15 led to an increase in extracellular production. Combined with the optimal strategy, (-)-α-bisabolol production in a 5 L bioreactor reached 7.02 g/L, which is the highest titer reported in yeast to date. This work provides a reference for the efficient production of (-)-α-bisabolol in yeast.
... Ocimene, 1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide, (Z)-β-ocimene, and β-pinene were reported as major components in gum extract of F. assa-foetida (Niazmand & Razavizadeh, 2020). Ocimene has also been used as an antifungal agent with anticoagulants and analgesic properties (Forrer, Kulik, Filippi, & Waltimo, 2013). ...
Ferula assa-foetida is an important species of the genus Ferula, best known for its oleo-gum resin, mainly used as a flavoring agent. Ferula jaeschkeana is another Himalayan medicinal plant of this genus, known for its contraceptive effect but not used in food applications. This study aimed to do a detailed phytochemical analysis of F. assa-foetida growing under controlled conditions in India using GC-MS/headspace and UHPLC-PDA-QTOF-IMS. Further, a comparative analysis of F. assa-foetida was performed with F. jaeschkeana (collected from its natural habitat) and commercial samples of F. assa-foetida oleo-gum resin (collected from the local market). UHPLC-QTOF-IMS profiling of F. assa-foetida led to the identification of foetisulfide C, assafoetidnol A, gumosin, flabellilobin (A/B), and foetisulfide A. In total, 141 metabolites were identified, including vitamins, nucleosides, sulfur compounds, flavonoids, sugars derivatives, and others, using METLIN database. Serine, arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine were major amino acids quantified among the samples for the nutritional aspect. Characteristic sulfurous compounds (n-propyl-sec-butyl disulfide, trans-propenyl-sec-butyl disulfide, cis-propenyl-sec-butyl disulfide, and bis[1-(methylthio)propyl] disulfide) were identified in all samples except F. jaeschkeana. PCA and cluster analysis showed a significant difference in the volatile constituents of rhizomes of both species. Metabolomics studies also revealed the association of sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid, flavon, and flavanol biosynthesis. The current study demonstrates, "why only F. assa-foetida is used in culinary applications instead of F. jaeschkeana"?
... Forrer et al. tested different concentrations of bisabolol and its antibacterial effect on different halitosis-associated oral bacterial strains. They were able to show that bisabolol (in combination with tea oil) was able to reduce their growth-rate even at low concentrations [70]. ...
Hydroxyapatite, Ca5(PO4)3(OH), is a biomimetic active ingredient, which is used in commercial oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes worldwide. Clinical studies (in vivo) as well as in situ and in vitro studies have shown the preventive effects of hydroxyapatite in various field of oral care. In some products, hydroxyapatite is combined with other active ingredients, to achieve an additional antibacterial effect or to promote gum health. This review analyzes the efficacy of six selected natural and nature-inspired ingredients that are commonly used together with hydroxyapatite. These additional actives are either antibacterial (lactoferrin, xylitol, and zinc) or promote gum health (allantoin, bisabolol, and hyaluronic acid). A systematic literature search was performed, and all studies found on each ingredient were analyzed. In summary, all analyzed ingredients mentioned in this review are well described in scientific studies on their beneficial effect for oral health and can be used to expand the preventive effect of hydroxyapatite in oral care products.
... Sesquiterpenes, such as spathulenol, α-curcumene, α-bisabolol and nerolidol, were the main components of the A. ordosica essential oil in the present work. Their high hydrophobicity facilitates penetration across the plasma membrane and interaction with intracellular proteins and/or intraorganelle sites [19][20][21][22]. Extensive leakage from microbial cells or the outflow of essential molecules and ions (particularly K + ions) may result in cell death [23]. ...
As one of the vital shrubs growing in crusted areas in China, Artemisia ordosica (belonging to the Asteraceae family) is abundant in essential oil, and its aerial part’s essential oil has been reported to have some biological activities during the flowering and fruit set stage, and has been used in folk medicine. However, little is known about the biological activities of its aerial part’s essential oil during the vegetative period. Thus, the purpose of this work was to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial potencies of the essential oil extracted from A. ordosica aerial parts during the vegetative stage. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that spathulenol (9.93%) and α-curcumene (9.24%), both sesquiterpenes, were the most abundant of the 74 chemical constituents detected in the essential oil of A. ordosica. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was found to be relatively moderate against 2,2-diphenylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and hydroxyl radical (OH●) radicals. The essential oil exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella abony and Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2.5, 5, and 10 μL/mL, respectively. The results indicate that the essential oil of A. ordosica possesses notable antibacterial properties as well as antioxidant capability and can thus be employed as a natural ingredient which can be used as a substitute for antibiotics in the animal feed industry. However, in vivo toxicological studies are still required to determine the safety level and beneficial outcomes of the A. ordosica essential oil for future utilization.
... Tea tree oil was another EO used by children. Contributing to their antiviral and antimicrobial activity, these two EOs were recommended to be applied on breast/ chest or back to relieve respiratory infection [25][26][27]. However, cases of contact dermatitis due to the tropical application of Tea tree oil or Lavanda oil or the combination of Tea tree and Lavanda oil were also reported [28][29][30][31][32]. Hence, further investigation is needed to determine which kind of fragrance allergens and the concentration of them to assess the skin allergy risk of Lavanda and Tea tree oils. ...
Given the concern over contact allergy risk associated with aromatherapy, information regarding the use of essential oils (EOs) is crucial for consumer dermal exposure assessment. In this study we mainly aim to describe the usage patterns of EOs among Chinese consumers to provide important data for exposure assessment to fragrance allergens in EOs. A web survey was conducted in April 2020 among 1,518 potential Chinese EO consumers to assess consumer usage patterns. The usage patterns of 11 types of EOs were collected among female consumers (N = 457; ages 0–70). For females aged 0–14, they used Lavanda (42.9%) and Tea tree (57.1%) oils only. Among the senior age groups (15–70), Lavanda oil was the most used EO with 46.7%, 51%, 68.1%, and 50% for females aged 15–24, 25–39, 40–59 and 60–70, respectively. The majority of females aged 25–59 used Rose, Lavanda, Sandalwood, Frankincense and Jasmine oil on their whole face more than three times a week at diverse dilution rates. Usage patterns are described for all age groups. In consideration of usage pattern of females aged 25–59, co-exposure to fragrance allergens contained in EOs and cosmetics could make them vulnerable to contact allergy. This study provides valuable information for dermal exposure assessment.
... Furthermore, α-Bisabolol exerted a concentration-dependent effect on decreasing the number of viable colonies of Bacillus Solobacterium Moorei associated with halitosis. The bacterial cell wall presented a concurrent enhanced permeability of antimicrobials such as tea tree oil after being exposed to α-Bisabolol, making it an effective agent in oral hygiene products for eliminating microbes from oral cavity and reducing halitosis [99]. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were shown to be more sensitive to the effects of each of ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and vancomycin when applied in concomitantly with α-Bisabolol [100]. ...
α-Bisabolol is one of the important monocyclic sesquiterpenes, derived naturally from essential oils of many edible and ornamental plants. It was first obtained from Matricaria chamomilla, commonly known as chamomile or German chamomile. The available literature indicates that this plant along with other α-Bisabolol containing plants is popularly used in traditional medicine for potential health benefits and general wellbeing. Nutritional studies are indicative of the health benefits of α-Bisabolol. Numerous experimental studies demonstrated pharmacological properties of α-Bisabolol including anticancer, antinociceptive, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antimicrobial. This review aims to collectively present different pharmacological activities based on both in vitro and in vivo studies. In the present review using synoptic tables and figures, we comprehensively present that α-Bisabolol possesses therapeutic and protective activities, therefore, it can be used for potential health benefits based on pharmacological effects, underlying molecular mechanism, and favorable pharmaceutical properties. Based on the studies mostly performed in cell lines or animal models, it is evident that α-Bisabolol may be a promising nutraceutical and phytomedicine to target aberrant biological mechanisms which result in altered physiological processes and various ailments. Given the polypharmacological effects and pleiotropic properties, along with favorable pharmacokinetics, and dietary availability and safety, α-Bisabolol can be used as a dietary agent, nutraceutical or phytopharmaceutical agent or as an adjuvant with currently available modern medicines. The regulatory approval of this molecule for use as food additives, and in cosmetics and fragrance industry is also supportive of its human usage. Moreover, further studies are necessary to address pharmaceutical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects before clinical or nutritional usage in humans. The pharmacological effects and biological actions opens up opportunities on the pharmacological basis of its use in future therapeutics.
... The highest inhibitory activity was observed for chamazulene, followed by α-bisabolol oxide A, the essential oil and β-farnesene [38]. In a study by Forrer et al. [39], α-bisabolol showed antimicrobial activity against Solobacterium moorei, a Gram-positive bacterium associated with halitosis (i.e., bad breath). De Lucca et al. [40] investigated the fungicidal properties of synthetic α-bisabolol, which resulted in nearly a 98% loss of viability for the germinating conidia of A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. terreus, F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. verticillioides. ...
Fungal infections of cultivated food crops result in extensive losses of crops at the global
level, while resistance to antifungal agents continues to grow. Supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 (SFE-CO2) has gained attention as an environmentally well-accepted extraction method, as CO2 is a non-toxic, inert and available solvent, and the extracts obtained are, chemically, of greater or different complexities compared to those of conventional extracts. The SFE-CO2 extracts of Achillea millefolium, Calendula officinalis, Chamomilla recutita, Helichrysum arenarium, Humulus lupulus, Taraxacum officinale, Juniperus communis, Hypericum perforatum, Nepeta cataria, Crataegus sp. and Sambucus nigra were studied in terms of their compositions and antifungal activities against the wheat- and buckwheatborne fungi Alternaria alternata, Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium poae. The C. recutita and H. arenarium extracts were the most efficacious, and these inhibited the growth of most of the fungi by 80% to 100%. Among the fungal species, B. cinerea was the most susceptible to the treatments with the SFE-CO2 extracts, while Fusarium spp. were the least. This study shows that some of these SFE-CO2 extracts have promising potential for use as antifungal agents for selected crop-borne fungi.
... Many of the orthodontic patients have already high caries index; therefore, mouthwash is being advised for them to control mechanical plaque control and management. [19,20] Similarly, few patients experience high caries and periodontal activity after installation of orthodontic appliances such as archwire and brackets. [21][22][23] This is particularly true for cases of fixed orthodontic appliances. ...
... Characterized by being a natural phenylpropanoid, it exhibits low toxicity in biological systems and has been widely used in cosmetic industries [43]. Recently, many studies have shown antimicrobial effects of this compound [44][45][46]. ...
Fungal pathologies caused by the genus Candida have increased in recent years due to the involvement of immunosuppressed people and the advance of resistance mechanisms acquired by these microorganisms. Liposomes are nanovesicles with lipid bilayers in which they store compounds. α-Bisabolol is a sesquiterpene with proven biological activities, and in this work it was tested alone in liposomes and in association with Fluconazole in vitro to evaluate the antifungal potential, Fluconazole optimization, and virulence inhibitory effect in vitro. Antifungal assays were performed against standard strains of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei by microdilution to identify the IC50 values and to obtain the cell viability. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was performed by subculturing on the solid medium, and at their subinhibitory concentration (Matrix Concentration (MC): 16,384 µg/mL) (MC/16), the compounds, both isolated and liposomal, were associated with fluconazole in order to verify the inhibitory effect of this junction. Tests to ascertain changes in morphology were performed in microculture chambers according to MC concentrations. Liposomes were characterized from the vesicle size, polydispersity index, average Zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy. The IC50 value of the liposomal bisabolol associated with fluconazole (FCZ) was 2.5 µg/mL against all strains tested, revealing a potentiating effect. Liposomal bisabolol was able to potentiate the effect of fluconazole against the CA and CT strains by reducing its concentration and completely inhibiting fungal growth. α-Bisabolol in liposomal form inhibited the morphological transition in all strains tested at a concentration of MC/8. The liposomes were homogeneous, with vesicles with diameters of 203.8 nm for the liposomal bisabolol and a surface charge potential of −34.2 mV, conferring stability to the nanosystem. Through scanning microscopy, the spherical shapes of the vesicles were observed.
... Furthermore, a study using a culture-independent method examined the tongue microflora of 11 patients and compared the microbial population between those of healthy patients to those with halitosis [26]. This resulted in Streptococcus salivarius only being diagnosed amongst those who did not suffer from this condition, while Atopobium parvulum, E. sulci, F. periodonticum, and Solobacterium moorei were found to be strongly associated with halitosis. ...
Halitosis is a widespread condition presenting several social and psychological implications, leading to a reduction in the quality of life of an individual. Halitosis, per definition, defines an unpleasant smell of the exhaled air, independent of its etiology. It can have a long-term prevalence or be transient, making it difficult to establish this symptom’s epidemiology. Oral malodor can be attributed to a high local concentration of intraoral microbial populations, particularly those of the tongue’s biofilm, as well as the biofilms associated with teeth and periodontal tissue. Frequently, the treatment options rely on improving oral health via tongue cleaning, detecting periodontal diseases, insufficient dental restorations, alternating diets, and/or alleviating local factors. Different methods targeting specific bacteria species have been designed to improve this condition. The aim here is to underline the correlation between oral biofilms and halitosis, describing prime bacteria species influencing oral malodor and addressing new concepts to ameliorate this condition.
... The sesquiterpene under study has important biological and pharmacological activities, such as: antiparasitic activity against strains of Leishmania (Morales-Yuste et al., 2010; Corpas-López et al., 2018), gastroprotective activity (Bezerra et al., 2009; Rocha et al., 2011), anti-tumor activity in gliomas cells and induction of apoptosis (Cavalieri et al., 2004),anti-inflammatory activity and visceral antinociceptive activity(Leite et al., 2011), cytotoxic activity and antimutagenic activity(Gonçalves et al., 2011), antifungal activity (Van Zyl et al., 2006, antibacterial and modulating antibiotics(Brehm-Stecher & Johnson, 2003;Forrer et al., 2013;Oliveira et al., 2017). ...
There is a growing search in the chemical composition of essential oils, as they have biological and pharmacological activities. Among the plants with homogeneous composition in essential oils stands out the species Eremanthus arboreus (Gardner) MacLeish, (Asteraceae) popularly known as the “candeeiro”. This plant species is native to Chapada of Araripe - Ceará, Brazil. The objective was to characterize chemically the constituents of the essential oil (OE) of E. arboreus by means of Gas Chromatography and perform a review of its biological and pharmacological activities. The botanical material was collected in Chapada of Araripe, Barbalha - CE, Brazil, in April 2014, the extraction and collection of OE was done in Clevenger apparatus. The chemical composition of the OE was performed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (CG/MS). As for the review, specialized scientific bases (Scopus, Scielo and Web of Science) were consulted. According to the results, 8 constituents were identified, where α-Bisabolol is mentioned as being the main component of the essential oil of this species. As for the biological and pharmacological activities of the OE, it was demonstrated that the species has the following activities: antimicrobial, larvicide, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive. Eremanthus arboreus is a species with great pharmaceutical potential and also an alternative for industries that target products based on the constituent α-Bisabolol
... The effect of abisabolol has been proven in the treatment of bacterial infections. It is also an excellent antioxidant with anticoagulants and analgesic properties (Forrer et al. 2017). ...
This is the first original study on chemical, thermal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of the leaf and gum hydroethanolic (20:80 v/v) extracts of Ferula asafoetida endemic for Iran. The ratio of solvent to the dried matters was 3:1 (w/w) and after filtering, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum (at 40 °C). Leaf extract contained greater phenolic and flavonoid compounds and thus higher DPPH scavenging and ferric reducing power. Leaf extract constituted high levels of carvacrol (15.40%) and α-bisabolol (9.75%) while in gum extract contained high levels of (Z)-b-ocimene (20.91%) and (E)-1-propenyl-sec-butyl-disulfide (17.62%). Umbelliprenin and ferulic acid were the major phenolic compounds in both extracts. Results of TGA and DSC revealed temperatures below and upper 100 °C and 160 °C as dominant regions of weight loss for gum and leaf extracts, respectively. Minimal inhibitory concentration for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth were 62.5, 62.5, 125, 125 mg/l and 400, 300, 50, 300 mg/l of leaf and gum extracts, respectively. Ferula asafoetida extracts can have particular applications in the food industry due to beneficial biological activity.
... Compared to other essential oils, the overall antimicrobial activity was mediocre, but our findings go along with those of Satyal et al. [14]. While our findings corroborate previous findings concerning the antibacterial effects of pure α-bisabolol [24], there is also evidence for a negative effect of α-bisabolol oxides A and B on antimicrobial activity as shown by samples A and F. ...
The essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L., which is commonly used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes, can be differentiated between several chemotypes. In the current study, six essential chamomile oil samples of various origins (four of commercial sources, one of cultivation, one of wild collection) were examined regarding their composition and biological activities, i. e., antibacterial, antifungal, mosquito repellent, and larvicidal effects. GC-MS analyses revealed that the samples largely varied in composition and could be attributed to various chemotypes. In contrast to the other two samples, the four commercial samples were unusually high in trans-β-farnesene. The overall antimicrobial effects were only moderate, but it could be shown that a higher content in α-bisabolol and a smaller in α-bisabolol oxides A and B had a positive effect on overall activity. All samples had a biting deterrent effect comparable to DEET. Higher concentrations of (Z )- and (E )-spiroethers improved larvicidal activity, whereas trans-β-farnesene had the opposite effect. In conclusion, the importance of α-bisabolol for the biological activity of chamomile essential oil could be demonstrated.
... The monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol a-bisabolol (C 15 H 26 O) is found in essential oils of a variety of plants such as Matricaria chamomilla, Eremanthus erythropappus and Salvia runcinata [18]. A number of pharmacological and biological effects have been reported for abisabolol including antimicrobial [10] and antileishmanial activity [24] Nerolidol is an aliphatic sesquiterpene alcohol (C 15 H 26 O) present in the essential oil of Piper gaudichaudianum, P. claussenianum, Baccharis dracunculifolia and Melaleuca leucadendra [18]. Nerolidol has insecticidal [26] and acaricide activity [7]. ...
Trichophyton spp. is one of the main causative agents of dermatophytosis such as tinea ungium and tinea pedis. Resistance to antifungal drugs is a significant clinical problem in dermatophytosis. The main molecular mechanism of antifungal resistance to conventional therapy in dermatophytes is the expression of efflux pumps. Efforts aimed at improving the efficacy of current antifungals such as griseofulvin are relevant. Given this, sesquiterpenes such as α-bisabolol and nerolidol found in essential oils represent promissing alternatives. Griseofulvin sensitivity modulation activity in T. rubrum, T. interdigitale H6, and T. interdigitale Δmdr2 (mutant strain of T. interdigitale) promoted by α-bisabolol and nerolidol were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the test drugs were determined by microdilution. Subsequently, the effect of the drugs tested on plasma membrane functionality (K+ release) was analyzed. The MIC of griseofulvin was determined at sub-inhibitory sesquiterpene concentrations (modulation assay). An association study was performed with griseofulvin and sesquiterpenes (checkerboard). α-bisabolol was more potent than nerolidol; presenting lower MIC values. All of the fungi were sensitive to griseofulvin, starting at 8 µg/mL. With the exception of griseofulvin, all of the test drugs increased K+ release (p < 0.05). Nerolidol modulated the sensitivity of all strains to griseofulvin; α-bisabolol sensitivity modulation was limited to T. interdigitale H6 and T. interdigitale Δmdr2. In association with griseofulvin: nerolidol and α-bisabolol respectively presented synergism and additivity. Finally, the results of our study suggest using α-bisabolol and nerolidol compounds as potential antifungal agents and griseofulvin sensitivity modulators for Trichophyton spp.
The present study deals with the medicinal values of Bulbophyllum griffithii (Lindl.) Rchb.f., a rare and unexplored ethnomedicinal orchid, whose therapeutic applications have been included in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS) carried out detected over 100 bioactive compounds belonging to different classes like sesquiterpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, coumarins, fatty acids, and antibiotics to be present in different tissues of B. griffithii. The analysed compounds are reported to possess anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anti-ageing, and antimicrobial properties. Further, the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of the tissue extracts were found to be highest in methanol as compared to other solvents. The root tissue extract was found to contain the highest phenolics (25.93±0.32 mg g-1) and tannins (19.53±0.34 mg g-1), while the leaf tissue extract had the highest content of flavonoids (20.72±0.36 mg g-1). The antioxidant activity estimated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and metal chelating activity (MCA) assays, as well as half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays were found to be maximum for the root tissue extract (DPPH value 44.36±0.42 µg/mL; ABTS value 61.25±0.79 µg/mL). Assessment of the antibacterial activity of B. griffithii using the root and pseudobulb tissue extracts showed a broad-spectrum of antagonistic activity against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria whereas the leaf tissue extract exhibited poor antibacterial activity. The correlation matrices, including the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and Principal component analysis (PCA), showed that the phenolics and flavonoids present in B. griffithii tissue extracts were positively correlated with its radical scavenging power, while antibiotics such as carbenicillin, armillarinin, kolanone, salinomycin, and phytosphingosine provided bacterial inhibition activity. Hence, this study is highly significant as it establishes and validates the medicinal properties of B. griffithii, which has not been explored so far.
BACKGROUND
The shortcomings of synthetic pesticides are becoming increasingly evident. In the pursuit of looking for alternative, environmentally friendly pesticides, the potential use of two naturally occurring sesquiterpenes, α‐bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A, as bactericides or acaricides, was investigated against three gram‐positive and three gram‐negative bacteria, and the eggs and larvae of the cattle tick Hyalomma scupense, respectively. The primary targeted site of synthetic insecticides is acetylcholinesterase (AChE), so the inhibitory activity of both sesquiterpenes was evaluated. Then, molecular docking and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM‐GBSA) studies were performed to gain insight into their binding mode in the AChE active site.
RESULTS
Bisabolol oxide A showed good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis with inhibition zones ranging from 16 to 34 mm and minimal inhibitory concentration (CIM) of 3.125 mg mL⁻¹. Ovicidal and larvicidal assays revealed promising activity of α‐bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A against H. scupense, with bisabolol oxide A being more effective against larval ticks with lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.78%. Both compounds also displayed potent anti‐AChE activity with inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 37.09 and 28.14 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, α‐bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A exhibited good and comparable docking scores (−7.289 and −7.139 Kcal mol⁻¹, respectively) and were found to accommodate in the active‐site gorge of AChE via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
CONCLUSION
Bisabolol oxide A and, to a lesser degree, α‐bisabolol are active against bacteria and ectoparasites and may represent an economical and sustainable alternative to toxic synthetic pesticides to control pathogens. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by a parasite from the genus Leishmania. It is known as a neglected tropical disease by WHO and is the second-leading cause of death by parasites after malaria. Chemotherapy is the only effective way to control the disease, but treatment options for leishmaniasis are limited. The majority of the drugs are costly, have serious side effects and necessitate hospitalisation. The lack of an effective vaccine, in addition to the emergence of resistance to currently available drugs, has all been raised as major concerns, especially in endemic areas of developing countries. Phytochemicals might contribute to the development of novel and effective drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis by providing selectively targeted intervention in parasites. Many phytochemicals (quinones, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins, phenolics) and their derivatives are quite active against diverse groups of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. To date, many phytochemicals have shown potent anti-leishmanial activity with highly selective mode of action. However, due to a lack of interaction between academician and pharma industries none of them has undergone the clinical assessment. The present review will analyse the most promising phytochemicals and their synthetic compounds, which have shown antileishmal activity in in-vitro and subsequently in animal studies from 2011-2021. These phytochemicals are apigenin, hydroxyflavanone, Epigallocatechin-O-3 gallate, caffeic acid, α-bisabolol, β-caryophyllene, ursolic acid, quinones, which have shown notable anti-leishmanial activities in several independent studies.
Canine infections with Leishmania (L.) infantum are gaining significance in Germany due to rising numbers of dogs imported from endemic countries, frequent travel and changing of climatic conditions in Central Europe. Dogs without any clinical signs suspicious for vector-borne infections imported from other countries to Germany should be tested immediately after import and 6 months later. In dogs with clinical signs suspicious for leishmaniosis, direct and indirect detection methods of the
pathogen as well as hematology, biochemistry, serum protein electrophoresis and C-reactive protein are recommended. For treatment and monitoring of canine leishmaniosis, the LeishVet-guidelines are highly recommended. Different therapeutic options include first-line, second-line, and third-line drugs. For dose adjustments of allopurinol, the “step plan” should be taken in consideration. Due to climatic changes, habitats of sandflies as transmitting vectors of leishmaniosis are expanding. t to vectorial transmission mating, transplacental infections, bite wounds, and blood transfusions were described in canine leishmaniosis. Additionally, L. infantum is a zoonotic vector-borne infectious pathogen, which is important regarding the “One-health”-aspect.
Introduction: Curcuma xanthella Škorničk. is a rare species. Recently, it has been described as a new species from Vietnam.
Objective: In this study, the chemical composition of the acetone extract as well as the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of acetone extract and its fractions such as n- hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate of C. xanthella were investigated for the first time.
Methods: The chemical components obtained from the acetone extract of C. xanthella were performed by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry assays. Disc diffusion assay was used to assess the antibacterial effects of studied samples. Free radical scavenging ability of the extracts was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging (DPPH RSA) assay.
Results: Sixty chemical compounds were reported from C. xanthella , of which 1,8-cineole (11.3%), n- hexadecanoic acid (11.13%), stigmasterol (8.2%), γ -sitosterol (6.78%) and neophytadiene (6.71%) were the major compounds. The acetone extract and its fractions such as n- hexane and ethyl acetate were found to be effective against eight oral bacteria, including Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Shigella flexneri , Salmonella enteritidis , Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus . The acetone extract and its fractions such as n -hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate of C. xanthella showed DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC 50 value of 6.60, 2.38, 8.45 and 3.42 mg/ml, respectively.
Conclusion: Sixty chemical constituents were identified in the acetone extract of C. xanthella . The acetone extract and its fractions showed antibacterial effect and DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Objectives:
The objective is to evaluate the association of Solobacterium moorei (S. moorei) to halitosis and to also check for the effects of two different mouth rinses on levels of S. moorei in saliva and tongue coating and its impact on oral halitosis.
Materials and methods:
This was a placebo-controlled parallel study of 160 individuals who were randomized and the study was performed using double-blinded protocol. Enrolled individuals filled a structured questionnaire regarding demographic data, oral hygiene habits, and dietary habits. Full mouth organoleptic odor scores (OLR), volatile sulfur compounds levels, Miyazaki's tongue coating index, and Plaque scores were recorded before intervention (baseline) and after 1-week post treatment. Microbiological samples obtained from the tongue and saliva was investigated for S. moorei levels using real time polymerase chain reaction. Participants were randomly assigned for two test mouth rinses (Melaleuca alternifolia and Chlorhexidine) and placebo groups.
Results:
All salivary and tongue coating samples were tested positive for S. moorei in the halitosis group. One week post-treatment S. moorei counts in saliva and tongue coating samples of test group showed a significant reduction at P < 0.001. Paired t-test results showed that Melaleuca alternifolia was comparable with chlorhexidine in reduction of OLR, and VSC scores (P < 0.001). Salivary levels of S. moorei in Melaleuca alternifolia group showed a higher reduction (5.67 log10 copies/mL) than chlorhexidine group (5.1log10 copies/mL).
Conclusion:
S. moorei showed a positive correlation with oral halitosis scores. Both Melaleuca alternifolia and chlorhexidine were equally effective in reducing S. moorei levels and halitosis score.
Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of lemon essential oil (LEO) on salivary bacteria and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) production of patients with halitosis.
Materials and methods:
Saliva of five patients with halitosis was collected, after adding different concentrations(0.563-9 mg/ml) of LEO, detecting the growth of salivary bacteria, the formation of biofilm, and VSCs production. And compare the difference of different concentrations of LEO on bacterial growth and VSCs production. 48 volunteers were randomly divided into 4 groups. After gargling with LEO, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), chlorhexidine (CHX) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) separately, measure changes of VSCs production and pH values at 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes. Then compare the differences at different time points within group.
Results:
Compared with the negative control group, under subinhibitory concentrations of LEO (0.563-2.25 mg/ml), the biofilm formation and VSCs production of salivary bacteria in LEO group were significantly inhibited (p<0.05). Compared with the baseline, The VSCs production of subjects decreased after rinsing with the LEO in 60 minutes (p<0.05). After gargling with LEO, the pH value rose significantly in 30 minutes and reverted to the baseline level at 120 minutes (p<0.05).
Conclusions:
LEO can inhibit the growth of salivary bacteria and reduce VSCs production of patients with halitosis.
Global aquaculture development increased rapidly in recent years, and the sector has become one of the fastest-growing industries in the animal-derived food production system. However, disease outbreak remains a major challenge that hinders sustainable production through an advanced level of intensification. Recently, antibiotics applied have been restricted globally against aquatic disease outbreaks due to their apparent accumulation in the tissues, which imposes on the development of resistant bacteria. Naturally available medicinal plants were tested to combat some pathogens affecting humans and animals, as they contain a wide range of active substances that can induce biological functions. Currently, medicinal plants are being tested in aquaculture as a safe and eco-friendly substance to modulate immune status, enhance growth performance and prevent fish disease. Moreover, different parts (e.g. leaf, flower and rhizome) and forms (e.g. crude, extract and active ingredient) of plants are used to modulate specific biological functions (e.g. growth promoter, anti-stress, immunostimulants, appetite stimulation, antibacteria, anti-parasite and anti-virus). Medicinal plants are also used to defend the aquaculture animal from external stress-ors, such as poor water quality, high environmental temperature and overcrowding. This paper aims to provide information on the role of currently used medicinal plants on aquaculture animals and their action mechanisms. In conclusion, the current review suggested that the utilisation of medicinal plants remained untapped in uncovering the biological activities of active substances against a variety of diseases across diverse species of aquaculture animals.
Eryngium amethystinum L. is a wild vegetable used in Croatia. Both E. amethystinum and E. alpinum L. are decorative plants that can also be used in horticulture. To find out the hidden qualities of these two species, the following biological activities were studied: essential oil (EO) composition, analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC, GC–MS); phenolic compound content (PC), analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); total phenols as well as total flavonoids, analyzed by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV/Vis); antioxidants, analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity (DPPH), b-carotene-linoleic acid assay, chelating activity and reducing power of the extracts; and antimicrobial evaluation by micro-dilution assay and inhibition of Candida albicans blastospore germination. The major constituents of EO were β-caryophyllene (15.2%), α-pinene (10.2%) and 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (9.3%) for E. amethystinum and caryophyllene oxide (27.9%), bicyclogermacrene (13.2%) and germacrene D (8.2%) for E. alpinum. The methanol extracts of both species showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial and antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) less than or equal to 1.944 and 1.11 mg/mL, respectively.
(–)-α-Bisabolol is a natural monocylic sesquiterpene alcohol present in German chamomile and has been used as an ingredient of functional foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In this study, metabolic engineering strategies were attempted to produce (–)-α-bisabolol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The codon-optimized MrBBS gene coding for (–)-α-bisabolol synthase from Matricaria recutita was expressed in S. cerevisiae for (–)-α-bisabolol production. The resulting strain (DM) produced 9.5 mg/L of (–)-α-bisabolol in 24 h of batch culture. Additionally, the mevalonate pathway was intensified by introducing a truncated HMG1 gene coding for HMG-CoA reductase and ERG10 encoding acetyl-CoA thiolase. The resulting strain (DtEM) produced a 2.9-fold increased concentration of (–)-α-bisabolol than the DM strain. To increase the acetyl-CoA pool, the ACS1 gene coding for acetyl-CoA synthetase was also overexpressed in the DtEM strain. Finally, the DtEMA strain produced 124 mg/L of (–)-α-bisabolol with 2.7 mg/L-h of productivity in a fed-batch fermentation, which were 13 and 6.8 times higher than the DM strain in batch culture, respectively. Conclusively, these metabolically-engineered approaches might pave the way for the sustainable production of other sesquiterpenes in engineered S. cerevisiae.
This article presents the composition of the components of Lavatera thuringiaca L. (Malvaceae Juss. family), which has a certain antibacterial effect. The plant collection was carried out in the Shamalgan gorge of Mountain Range of the Trans-Ili Alatau in the territory of the Karasay district of the Almaty region, in the flowering phase. A CO2 extract of the aboveground part of the medicinal plant Lavatera thuringiaca L. was obtained under subcritical conditions and, for the first time, studied for its component composition and antimicrobial activity. Determination of the chemical composition of the extract was carried out by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To identify the obtained mass spectra, we used the Wiley 7th edition and the NIST'02 data library. To determine the antimicrobial and antifungal activity, standard test strains of microorganisms were used: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Streptococcus pneumonia ATCC 660, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. In the composition of thick CO2 Lavatera thuringiaca L. extract, the content of 31 components was proven: spathulenol 6.97%, pulegone 5 08%, cis-β-farnesene 7.63%, verbenone 1.93%, α-bisabolol oxide B 9.65%, bisabolol oxide A 8.26%, α-bisabolol 1.36%, linolenic acid, ethyl ether 3.15%, phytol 2.49%, herniarin 5.61%, linolenic acid 9.38%, linoleic acid 6.95%, myristic acid 2.33%, and elaidic acid 2.57%. Antimicrobial activity studies have shown that the CO2 extract of Lavatera thuringiaca L. has a pronounced effect against clinically significant microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. During testing, the method of serial dilutions proved that the extract of Lavatera thuringiaca L. has a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 0.83 μg/μl, on Escherichia coli at a concentration of 3.33 μg/μl, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 0.83 μg/μl, on Streptococcus pneumoniae at a concentration of 1.67 μg/μl, on a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus at a concentration of 26.65 μg/μl, on Staphylococcus saprophyticus at a concentration of 6.67 μg/μl, and against Klebsiella pneumoniae at a concentration of 13.36 μg/μl. The test result showed that the extract also has fungicidal activity against the test culture of Candida albicans at a concentration of 0.21 μg/μl. At tests, the disc diffusion method proved that the extract has antimicrobial activity with high values of the growth suppression zone exceeding 15 mm. The zones of growth retardation of the test strains were 19.33 ± 1.15 for Staphylococcus aureus; 17.33 ± 3.21 for Escherichia coli; 15.67 ± 0.57 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 20.0 ± 1.0 for Streptococcus pneumoniae; 16.0 ± 2.64 for Klebsiella pneumoniae; 15.0 ± 1.0 for Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and 22.0 ± 1.73 for Candida albicans. In relation to the clinical isolate of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, the extract has a bacteriostatic effect.
Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (Poaceae) commonly known as Ramachamis an aromatic, vigorous growing perennial grass with medicinal properties. The plant is tolerant to extreme soil and climatic conditions and is known for its cooling properties. Roots of the plant are widely used as body scrubber and is suggested for skin diseases in Ayurveda. The present work aims to identify the components in the crude methanolic root extract of C. zizanioides using GC-MS and also to predict the pharmacokinetic behaviour of selected compounds in silico using Swiss ADME online server . 41 compounds were identified of which sesquiterpenes formed the major group. Sesquiterpene Vetivenic acid was the compound with a maximum peak area of 38.9%. Components identified is reported to possess a range of biological activities like anti oxidant, antibacterial, anti cancer, anti inflammatory, anti ulcer, analgesic and insecticidal activities. Compounds with higher peak area like Vetivenic acid, beta vatirenene, beta.-Cedren-9-.alpha.-ol, D Viridiflorol, Gamma muurolene, (Z,E)-alpha-farnesene, Nootkatone, Aromadendrene oxide-(2), 7-Acetyl-2-hydroxy-2methyl-5isopropylbicyclo[4.3.0] nonane, Rosifoliol, 9,10-dehydro isolongifolene, Ylangenol, 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester, Carbonic acid, propargyl 2,2,2-tri chloroethyl ester, Oxacyclotetradeca-4,11-diyne, beta eudesmol and longifolene were evaluated in silico. All these compounds proved to obey Lipinski's rule-of-five and were water soluble. Vetivenic acid showed a good bioavailability score of 85% while the others showed 55%. None of the compounds were substrates to P glycoprotein. The values predicted may be used for preliminary evaluation of pharmacological properties of C. zizanioides and also as monographs for the development of potential semisynthetic or synthetic drugs.
Halitosis is a very common condition which may affect up to 30% of the population. In about 90% of the cases, halitosis originates in the mouth due to inadequate plaque control, periodontal disease, dry mouth, faulty restorations, and in particular due to excessive bacterial growth. Oral malodor is mainly caused by a microbial degradation of amino acids into volatile, bad‐smelling gases (volatile sulfur compounds – VSCs). Management of oral malodor is directed primarily at managing and reducing the VSC‐producing bacteria count as well as masking the odor. Essential oils have been used for this purpose in traditional medicine for centuries. In the present review, data on the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against relevant oral VSC‐producing bacteria are compiled and compared. Additionally, other positive aspects of essential oils with regard to oral odor are considered.
Nowadays, natural medicines like honey, clove, miswak, and propolis are a part of dental treatment due to their reduced toxicity, wide availability, and cost effectiveness. This chapter gives an insight to the reader about the potential use of natural products in current dentistry. They are in many forms and include chewing sticks, oils, herbal extracts, minerals, animal products (e.g., honey), herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, and finished herbal products that contain parts of plants or other plant materials as active ingredients. Natural medicines hold huge benefits as adjunctive therapeutic uses in dentistry. Use of these techniques with suitable dosage would benefit the general population by preventing various dental problems.
ABSTRACT:
Background: The study aimed at comparing the degree of root dentine
hypersensitivity following Scaling and Root planing using Hand vs Ultrasonic
instruments.
Materials and Methods: 15 out-patients with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis
were included in this clinical trial. After probing depth evaluation, two quadrants
were randomly allotted for either hand or ultrasonic instrumentation. Root dentine
hypersensitivity was recorded using an air-blast derived from a 3 way syringe.
Baseline Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and plaque scores were recorded. One
quadrant was instrumented with Gracey curettes and other with ultrasonic scalers.
st nd rd Patients were recalled after 1 , 2 and 3 week. At every visit VAS and plaque scores
were recorded.
Results: No statistically significant difference in mean total VAS scores between teeth
instrumented with hand instruments and ultrasonic instruments in all visits (p >
nd 0.05).The mean total VAS scores peaks from baseline to 2 week and gradually falls
rd by 3 week in both the groups.
Conclusion:
No statistically significant difference in root dentine hypersensitivity between teeth
instrumented with ultrasonic and hand instruments after scaling and root planing.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Halitosis is an unpleasant odour emanating from the oral cavity. Mouthwashes, which are commonly used for dealing with oral malodour, can be generally divided into those that neutralize and those that mask the odour. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of mouthrinses in controlling halitosis. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to August 2008); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3); MEDLINE (1950 to August 2008); EMBASE (1980 to August 2008); and CINAHL (1982 to August 2008). There were no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing mouthrinses to placebo in adults over the age of 18 with halitosis and without significant other comorbidities or health conditions. Five RCTs, involving 293 participants who were randomized to mouthrinses or placebo, were included in this review. In view of the clinical heterogeneity between the trials, pooling of the results and meta-analysis of the extracted data was not feasible and therefore only a descriptive summary of the results of the included trials is provided.0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse significantly reduced the mean change (standard deviation (SD)) of organoleptic scores from baseline compared to placebo (-1.13 (1.1) P < 0.005 versus -0.2 (0.7)) and also caused a more significant reduction in the mean change (SD) in peak level of volatile sulfides.
Key words: Halitosis, Mouthrinses; Evidence-Based Dentistry.
Previous studies suggest that Solobacterium moorei is associated with oral halitosis. In the present study, we examined the prevalence of S. moorei on the dorsal surface of the tongue in 57 adults (21 with and 36 without halitosis) by bacterial culture and direct amplification of nucleic acids. We also examined the S. moorei type strain and four clinical isolates for 16S ribosomal nucleic acid sequence, H(2)S and enzyme production, and antibiotic susceptibility. S. moorei was found on the dorsal surface of the tongue in 100% of the subjects with halitosis and 14% of subjects without halitosis. Infection with S. moorei was correlated with organoleptic measures of halitosis and with volatile sulfur compound levels. Nucleic acid probe detection of S. moorei as a test for halitosis exhibited 100% sensitivity and 86% specificity. The S. moorei type strain and all four clinical isolates showed >98% 16S rDNA sequence similarity, produced H(2)S, demonstrated acid phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase, esterase, leucine arylamidase and naphthol phosphohydrolase enzyme activities, and were sensitive to all antibiotics tested except gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid and rifampin. This study supports the hypothesis that S. moorei is associated with halitosis.
The composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the underground parts (roots and rhizomes) of Laserpitium zernyi Hayek (Apiaceae) were investigated. The pale blue essential oil, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty-three compounds were identified (94.3% of total oil). The main constituent, beside alpha-pinene (31.6%) was alpha-bisabolol (30.9%), so this oil may be a novel potential natural source of this sesquiterpene alcohol. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the microdilution method against Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterococcus faecalis), Gram (-) bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli), and two strains of yeast (Candida albicans). L. zernyi oil showed significant antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis, S. aureus and M. luteus, but lower activities against the other tested strains.
This review, covering mainly papers of the last decade, focuses on recent findings on the different factors affecting the chemical composition of essential oils, such as exogenous and endogenous factors. The endogenous factors are related to anatomical and physiological characteristics of the plants and to the biosynthetic pathways of the volatiles, which might change in either the different tissues of the plants or in different seasons, but also could be influenced by DNA adaptation. The exogenous factors, over a long period, might affect some of the genes responsible for volatiles formation. Those factors lead to ecotypes or chemotypes in the same plant species. In the last few years chemotaxonomy has been widely used to classify plants with essential oils characterized by intra-specific chemical polymorphism. It could be evidenced that chemotypes are frequently genotypes and recently the application of the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, coupled with powerful statistical methods, appeared to be useful in discriminating the different genotypes. The data presented led to the suggestion that further chemotaxonomic studies should be the result of the analysis of morphological traits combined both with chemical and molecular markers.
The antibacterial and antiparasitic activities of free oleanolic acid and its glucosides and glucuronides isolated from marigold (Calendula officinalis) were investigated. The MIC of oleanolic acid and the effect on bacterial growth were estimated by A600 measurements. Oleanolic acid’s influence on bacterial survival and the ability to induce autolysis were measured by counting the number of cfu. Cell morphology and the presence of endospores were observed under electron and light microscopy, respectively. Oleanolic acid inhibited bacterial growth and survival, influenced cell morphology and enhanced the autolysis of Gram-positive bacteria suggesting that bacterial envelopes are the target of its activity. On the other hand, glycosides of oleanolic acid inhibited the development of L3 Heligmosomoides polygyrus larvae, the infective stage of this intestinal parasitic nematode. In addition, both oleanolic acid and its glycosides reduced the rate of L3 survival during prolonged storage, but only oleanolic acid glucuronides affected nematode infectivity. The presented results suggest that oleanolic acid and its glycosides can be considered as potential therapeutic agents.
Abbreviations
A600:absorbance at wavelength 600 nm
cfu:colony forming unit
Gal:galactose
Glc:glucose
Glcl:3-O-monoglucoside of oleanolic acid
GlcOA:other glucosides of oleanolic acid
GlcUA:glucuronic acid
GlcUAOA:oleanolic acid glucuronides
L3:infective larval stage
OA:oleanolic acid
Halitosis is an unpleasant odour emanating from the oral cavity. Mouthwashes, which are commonly used for dealing with oral malodour, can be generally divided into those that neutralize and those that mask the odour.
To investigate the effects of mouthrinses in controlling halitosis.
We searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register (to August 2008); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 3); MEDLINE (1950 to August 2008); EMBASE (1980 to August 2008); and CINAHL (1982 to August 2008). There were no language restrictions.
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing mouthrinses to placebo in adults over the age of 18 with halitosis and without significant other comorbidities or health conditions.The primary outcomes considered were self expressed and organoleptic (human nose) assessments of halitosis, and the secondary outcomes included assessment of halitosis as measured by a halimeter, portable sulphide monitor or by gas chromatography coupled with flame-photometric detection.
Two independent review authors screened and extracted information from, and independently assessed the risk of bias in the included trials.
Five RCTs, involving 293 participants who were randomised to mouthrinses or placebo, were included in this review.In view of the clinical heterogeneity between the trials, pooling of the results and meta-analysis of the extracted data was not feasible and therefore only a descriptive summary of the results of the included trials is provided.0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse significantly reduced the mean change (standard deviation (SD)) of organoleptic scores from baseline compared to placebo (-1.13 (1.1) P < 0.005 versus -0.2 (0.7)) and also caused a more significant reduction in the mean change (SD) in peak level of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) (-120 (92) parts per billion (ppb) versus 8 (145) ppb in placebo). The chlorhexidine cetylpyridinium chloride zinc lactate mouthrinse showed significantly more tongue (P < 0.001) and tooth (P < 0.002) staining compared to placebo.However, in view of the incomplete reporting of results in three of the trials and the sole use of the halimeter for assessment of VSC levels as outcomes in two further trials, caution should be exercised in interpreting these results.
Mouthrinses containing antibacterial agents such as chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride may play an important role in reducing the levels of halitosis-producing bacteria on the tongue, and chlorine dioxide and zinc containing mouthrinses can be effective in neutralisation of odouriferous sulphur compounds.Well designed randomised controlled trials with a larger sample size, a longer intervention and follow-up period are still needed.
Effective skin antisepsis and disinfection of medical devices are key factors in preventing many healthcare-acquired infections associated with skin microorganisms, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG), a widely used antiseptic in clinical practice, alone and in combination with tea tree oil (TTO), eucalyptus oil (EO) and thymol against planktonic and biofilm cultures of S. epidermidis.
Antimicrobial susceptibility assays against S. epidermidis in a suspension and in a biofilm mode of growth were performed with broth microdilution and ATP bioluminescence methods, respectively. Synergy of antimicrobial agents was evaluated with the chequerboard method.
CHG exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis in both suspension and biofilm (MIC 2-8 mg/L). Of the essential oils thymol exhibited the greatest antimicrobial efficacy (0.5-4 g/L) against S. epidermidis in suspension and biofilm followed by TTO (2-16 g/L) and EO (4-64 g/L). MICs of CHG and EO were reduced against S. epidermidis biofilm when in combination (MIC of 8 reduced to 0.25-1 mg/L and MIC of 32-64 reduced to 4 g/L for CHG and EO, respectively). Furthermore, the combination of EO with CHG demonstrated synergistic activity against S. epidermidis biofilm with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of <0.5.
The results from this study suggest that there may be a role for essential oils, in particular EO, for improved skin antisepsis when combined with CHG.
An overview is presented on the etiology, diagnosis, and therapy of halitosis.
Results are given of our multidisciplinary halitosis outpatient department started in 1994. The team consists of ENT specialists and paradontologists, occasionally assisted by a psychiatrist. The oral odor is confirmed with a halitometer (Interscan Corporation, Model RH-17E USA). 491 Patients, nearly the same number of males as females, mostly between 20 and 50 years of age were seen.
Oral causes (87%) were due to tongue coating (51%), gingivitis (17%), paradontitis (15%), or combinations of factors (17%). The other 13% involved causes related to ENT problems (4%), both ENT and oral (3%), digestive tract (1%), and presumed psychiatric pathology (5%).
Many patients underwent diagnostic and therapeutic aimed interventions to no avail prior to their arrival in our halitosis clinic. Usually advising the patient to maintain better oral hygiene is sufficient.
The primary purpose of the present study was to compare the microbial profiles of the tongue dorsa of healthy subjects and subjects with halitosis by using culture-independent molecular methods. Our overall goal was to determine the bacterial diversity on the surface of the tongue dorsum as part of our ongoing efforts to identify all cultivable and not-yet-cultivated species of the oral cavity. Tongue dorsum scrapings were analyzed from healthy subjects with no complaints of halitosis and subjects with halitosis, defined as an organoleptic score of 2 or more and volatile sulfur compound levels greater than 200 ppb. 16S rRNA genes from DNA isolated from tongue dorsum scrapings were amplified by PCR with universally conserved bacterial primers and cloned into Escherichia coli. Typically, 50 to 100 clones were analyzed from each subject. Fifty-one strains isolated from the tongue dorsa of healthy subjects were also analyzed. Partial sequences of approximately 500 bases of cloned inserts from the 16S rRNA genes of isolates were compared with sequences of known species or phylotypes to determine species identity or closest relatives. Nearly complete sequences of about 1,500 bases were obtained for potentially novel species or phylotypes. In an analysis of approximately 750 clones, 92 different bacterial species were identified. About half of the clones were identified as phylotypes, of which 29 were novel to the tongue microbiota. Fifty-one of the 92 species or phylotypes were detected in more than one subject. Those species most associated with healthy subjects were Streptococcus salivarius, Rothia mucilaginosa, and an uncharacterized species of Eubacterium (strain FTB41). Streptococcus salivarius was the predominant species in healthy subjects, as it represented 12 to 40% of the total clones analyzed from each healthy subject. Overall, the predominant microbiota on the tongue dorsa of healthy subjects was different from that on the tongue dorsa of subjects with halitosis. Those species most associated with halitosis were Atopobium parvulum, a phylotype (clone BS095) of Dialister, Eubacterium sulci, a phylotype (clone DR034) of the uncultivated phylum TM7, Solobacterium moorei, and a phylotype (clone BW009) of STREPTOCOCCUS: On the basis of our ongoing efforts to obtain full 16S rRNA sequences for all cultivable and not-yet-cultivated species that colonize the oral cavity, there are now over 600 species.
The sesquiterpenoids nerolidol, farnesol, bisabolol, and apritone were investigated for their abilities to enhance bacterial
permeability and susceptibility to exogenous antimicrobial compounds. Initially, it was observed by flow cytometry that these
sesquiterpenoids promoted the intracellular accumulation of the membrane-impermeant nucleic acid stain ethidium bromide by
live cells of Lactobacillus fermentum, suggesting that enhanced permeability resulted from disruption of the cytoplasmic membrane. The ability of these sesquiterpenoids
to increase bacterial susceptibility to a number of clinically important antibiotics was then investigated. In disk diffusion
assays, treatment with low concentrations (0.5 to 2 mM) of nerolidol, bisabolol, or apritone enhanced the susceptibility of
Staphylococcus aureus to ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. Nerolidol and farnesol also sensitized
Escherichia coli to polymyxin B. Our results indicate the practical utility of sensitizing bacteria to antimicrobials with sesquiterpenoids
that have traditionally been used as flavorants and aroma compounds in the food and perfume industries.
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Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.
Herbivore damage is generally detrimental to plant fitness, and the evolu- tionary response of plant populations to damage can involve either increased resistance or increased tolerance. While characters that contribute to resistance, such as secondary chem- icals and trichomes, are relatively well understood, characters that contribute to a plant's ability to tolerate damage have received much less attention. Using Helianthus annuus (wild sunflower) and simulated damage of Haplorhynchites aeneus (head-clipping weevil) as a model system, we examined morphological characters and developmental processes that contribute to compensatory ability. We performed a factorial experiment that included three levels of damage (none, the first two, or the first four inflorescences were clipped with scissors) and eight sires each mated to four dams. We found that plants compensated fully for simulated head-clipper damage and that there was no variation among plant families in compensatory ability: seed production and mean seed mass did not vary among treat- ments, and sire X treatment interactions were not significant. Plants used four mechanisms to compensate for damage: (1) Clipped plants produced significantly more inflorescences than unclipped plants. Plants produced these additional inflorescences on higher order branches at the end of the flowering season. (2) Clipped plants filled significantly more seeds in their remaining heads than did unclipped plants. (3) Clipped plants, because they effectively flowered later than unclipped plants, were less susceptible to damage by seed- feeding herbivores other than Haplorhynchites. (4) In later heads, seed size was greater on clipped plants, which allowed mean seed size to be maintained in clipped plants. Although there was genetic variation among the families used in this experiment for most of the characters associated with compensation for damage (seed number, mean seed size, mean flowering date, length of the flowering period, and branching morphology), in analyses of these characters, no sire X treatment interactions were significant indicating that all of the families relied on similar mechanisms to compensate for damage.
Sesquiterpenic compounds are natural chemicals present in organisms from different Phylae or Divisions, which have proved to be important bioactive products, namely in potentiating the action of antibiotics. In the first step, the mutagenicity of nine sesquiterpenic compounds (hydrocarbons and alcohols) was screened in a Salmonella typhimurium his(-)-reversion test with strains TA98 and TA100, in the presence or absence of in vitro metabolic activation. Under the test conditions, none of the compounds showed mutagenicity up to a concentration of 222μg/plate. trans-Farnesol, nerolidol, and α-bisabolol displayed cytotoxicity when tested at concentrations ranging from 14 to 222μg/plate. Then, the combined effect of antibiotic-sesquiterpenic compounds was evaluated on two clinically relevant pathogens, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with well-defined resistance-sensitive profiles. The agar-disc diffusion assay revealed that all the combinations of antibiotic-sesquiterpenic compounds increased the antibacterial activity of the antibiotics tested against S. aureus. For E. coli, an antagonistic effect was observed for various combinations on the growth of this bacterium.
The primary aim of this study was to compare a new mouthwash (SB12®) containing 0.025% chlorhexidine and 0.3% zinc for oral malodor reduction against four commercially available mouthwashes and negative control. A secondary aim was to compare the two methods for measuring volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) by halimetry and OralChroma.
Organoleptic scale, halimeter and the OralChroma were used to assess oral malodour and VSC. The effects of five test formulations and water (negative control) were assessed after 30, 60, 90 and 180 min, with 1 week between the treatments to avoid any cross-over effect. Results: Reduction in H(2) S by halimetry and malodour levels by organoleptic assessment ranged from, slight (LacerFresh®) (P > 0.05), moderate (BreathRx®, SmartMouth® (P < 0.01) to marked effects (SB12®, Listerine®) (P < 0.001) at all time points compared with water. The largest differences were observed at 30 min and decreased with time. SB12® showed separation from Listerine® at 180 min, using ANOVA plus Bonferroni's Multiple Comparison post-test (P < 0.05). Relationships between organoleptic, halimeter and OralChroma were between R² = 0.795 and 0.926.
SB12 shows a consistent and reproducible inhibitory effect on oral malodor parameters, which in turn correlate well with each other.
The essential oil from fresh leaves of Plinia cerrocampanensis Barrie (Myrtaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation, was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Forty components, representing more than 91% of the oil, were identified. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes represented the main fraction with alpha-bisabolol (42.8%) as the major constituent, making this plant a new and good source of this substance. Biological activity of the essential oil was evaluated against several bacterial and fungal strains as well as larvae from Aedes aegypti. The highest activity was found against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum with MIC values from 32 to 125 microg/ml. The essential oil also showed potent inhibitory and bactericidal activities against three H. pylori strains, with MIC and MBC values of 62.5 microg/ml, and caused 100% mortality of A. aegypti larvae at a concentration of 500 microg/ml.
Enterocin AS-48 (30-60 microg/g) significantly reduced viable counts of Listeria monocytogenes in Russian-type salad during one week storage at 10 degrees C. Antilisterial activity of AS-48 (30 microg/g) in salad was strongly enhanced by essential oils (thyme verbena, thyme red, Spanish oregano, ajowan, tea tree, clove, and sage oils tested at 1%, as well as with 2% rosemary oil). Antilisterial activity also increased in combination with bioactive components from essential oils and plant extracts, with other related antimicrobials of natural origin or derived from chemical synthesis (carvacrol, eugenol, thymol, terpineol, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, caffeic, ferulic and vanillic acid, luteolin, geranyl butyrate, geranyl phenylacetate, pyrocatechol, hydrocinnamic acid, tert butylhydroquinone, phenylphosphate, isopropyl methyl phenol, coumaric acid, and 2-nitropropanol), and with food preservatives (citric and lactic acid, sucrose palmitate, sucrose stearate, p-hydroxybenzoic methylester acid -- PHBME, and Nisaplin). AS-48 acted synergistically with citric, lactic acid, and PHBME. A mixed population of two L. monocytogenes strains was markedly reduced for one week in salads treated with AS-48 (30 microg/g) in combination with lactic acid, PHBME or Nisaplin. The increased bactericidal activity of these combinations is interesting to improve protection against L. monocytogenes during salad storage.
The chemical compositions and antibacterial and antifungal activities of essential oils extracted from Abies holophylla and A. koreana were investigated. GC-MS analysis revealed that 38 compounds comprised 95.88% of the A. holophylla essential oil, with the main components being bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol (28.05%), delta3-carene (13.85%), alpha-pinene (11.68%), camphene (10.41%), dl-limonene (7.61%), beta-myrcene (7.11%), trans-caryophyllene (5.36%), and alpha- bisabolol (3.67%). In the essential oil from A. koreana, 36 compounds comprised 98.67% of the oil, and the main compounds were bornyl ester (41.79%), camphene (15.31%), alpha-pinene (11.19%), dl-limonene (8.58%), fenchyl acetate (5.55%), and alpha-terpinene (2.29%). Both essential oils showed great potential of antibacterial activity against several bacteria tested, in the range of 2.2-8.8 mug per disc by the agar disc diffusion method, and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 5.5-21.8 mg/ml by the microdilution method. Both oils showed very effective antifungal activities toward all pathogenic strains tested, including Candida glabrata, with MIC values in the range of 0.5-2.2 mg/ml. As a whole, A.koreanaoil showed better antibacterial and antifungal properties than A.holophylla oil.
abstract – The side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes have been evaluated in a group of 50 soldiers during a period of 4 months. Previous publications have shown the effects on plaque formation and gingival conditions. The present paper discusses unfavorable side effects. When rinsing with 0.2 and 0.1 % chlorhexidine gluconate and acetate, some desquamations and soreness in the oral mucosa were observed. Twelve per cent of the tooth surfaces and 62 % of the silicate fillings were discolored, while 36 % of the test persons developed discolored tongues in the experimental period. Because of the side effects, there. are some objections to uncritical use of chlorhexidine in preventive dentistry. A close control is necessary; and until more information is gained, the use of chlorhexidine mouth washes is recommended for short periods only. Other methods of application must be studied.
After 20 years of use by the dental profession, chlorhexidine is recognized as the gold standard against which other antiplaque and gingivitis agents are measured. Chlorhexidine's antiplaque effect is a result of the dicationic nature of the chlorhexidine molecule, which affords the agent the property of persistence of antimicrobial effect at the tooth surface, through both bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. Although other antiplaque agents may show either purely immediate effect, or limited persistence, the degree of chlorhexidine's persistence of effect at the tooth surface is the basis of its clinical efficacy. Similarly, the cationic nature of the chlorhexidine molecule is the basis of the most common side effect associated with the use of the agent--extrinsic tooth staining. Such tooth staining seems to be the result of a local precipitation reaction between tooth-bound chlorhexidine and chromogens found within foodstuffs and beverages. The cationic nature of the chlorhexidine molecule also means that the activity of the agent is rapidly reduced in the presence of anionic agents, specifically those found within certain types of toothpaste; thus care is required when using normal toothbrushing alongside chlorhexidine. By understanding how the chemical properties of the chlorhexidine molecule can explain the plethora of clinical efficacy and safety data, the use of chlorhexidine can be optimally aimed towards the patient groups who would most benefit from the superior therapeutic effect of the agent. Specifically, chlorhexidine would seem to be of most value to patients in whom the ability to perform adequate oral hygiene procedures has been compromised. In these individuals the delivery of the correct dose of chlorhexidine to the tooth surface can be optimized through the judicial use of the several different chlorhexidine formulations now available. Thus, by understanding the properties and limitations of the chlorhexidine molecule, the dental profession can ensure that the efficacy of the agent is maximized, and the side effects associated with the agent are minimized, allowing chlorhexidine to rightly remain the gold standard against which other antiplaque agents are measured.
The essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) exhibits antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and fungi. In this study the bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal/fungicidal activity of a tea tree oil solution, of a new tea tree oil (Tebodont) and the respective placebo-gel, of a chlorhexidindigluconate-solution and of PlakOut was tested in vitro against ten different oral microorganisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were in the range from 0.0293% to 1.25% for the tea tree oil solution and from 0.0082% to 1.25% for the tea tree oil gel. The values for minimum bacteriocidal/fungicidal concentrations were in the range from 0.0521% to 2.5% for the tea tree oil solution and from <0.0098% to 3.33% for the tea tree oil gel. The most susceptible microorganisms were Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, whereas Streptococcus mutans and Prevotella intermedia were the least susceptible ones. Both for the chlorhexidindigluconate solution and for PlakOut the values for the minimal inhibitory concentration and for the minimal cidal concentration were between <0.0002% and 0.0125%.
To review the results of a multidisciplinary approach on halitosis.
Descriptive.
University Hospital Leuven, Belgium.
Review of the data on etiology, diagnosis and therapy of halitosis, obtained by a multidisciplinary team consisting of ENT specialists, periodontologists and a psychiatrist. Malodour was confirmed by a halimeter.
491 patients, equally males and females, with a concentration between 20-50 years of age were seen. Oral causes (87%) were due to tongue coating (51%), gingivitis (17%), periodontitis (15%) or combinations 17%). The other 13% causes were due to ENT-related problems (4%), both ENT and oral (3%), digestive tract (1%) and presumed psychic (5%).
Halitosis is a rather unknown medical problem that often can be solved by a multidisciplinary approach.
Breath malodour, a significant social and/or psychological handicap, may be caused by several intra- and extraoral factors. Malodour of intraoral origin is the result of microbial putrefaction, during which volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and other volatile compounds are produced. The treatment of oral malodour can therefore be focused on the reduction of the intraoral bacterial load and/or the conversion of VSC to nonvolatile substrates. This article outlines the efficacy and mechanisms of different antimalodour approaches. Most approaches were found to be inefficient and/or short lasting. The most successful treatment involves mechanical debridement (including toothbrushing, flossing, and tongue cleaning), possibly combined with the use of an antimicrobial mouthrinse.
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances, and some questions concerning the safety of synthetic compounds have encouraged more detailed studies of plant resources. Essential oils, odorous and volatile products of plant secondary metabolism, have a wide application in folk medicine, food flavouring and preservation as well as in fragrance industries. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils have been known for many centuries. In recent years (1987-2001), a large number of essential oils and their constituents have been investigated for their antimicrobial properties against some bacteria and fungi in more than 500 reports. This paper reviews the classical methods commonly used for the evaluation of essential oils antibacterial and antifungal activities. The agar diffusion method (paper disc and well) and the dilution method (agar and liquid broth) as well as turbidimetric and impedimetric monitoring of microorganism growth in the presence of tested essential oils are described. Factors influencing the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils and the mechanisms of essential oils action on microorganisms are reported. This paper gives an overview on the susceptibility of human and food-borne bacteria and fungi towards different essential oils and their constituents. Essential oils of spices and herbs (thyme, origanum, mint, cinnamon, salvia and clove) were found to possess the strongest antimicrobial properties among many tested.
Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) are major components of oral malodour. As both zinc ions and cationic antibacterial agents inhibit the formation of oral VSC, this study aimed to determine whether these agents combined have synergistic anti-VSC actions.
Baseline oral VSC measurements of mouth air from 10 volunteers following cysteine rinsing (6mM, pH 7.2) were obtained using gas chromatography (GC). Subjects rinsed for 1 min with 10ml of the test solutions, 0.3% zinc acetate (Zn), 0.025% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.025% cetyl pyridinium (CPC), and the combinations Zn+CHX and Zn+CPC. Cysteine rinses were repeated at 1h, 2h and 3h and VSC measurements recorded. Three subjects rinsed with the Zn+CHX combination and fasted for 9h, undergoing cysteine rinses and VSC measurements at 3h intervals. 10 microl of the test solutions were also added to 1ml aliquots of human whole saliva (n=8). Following incubation at 37 degrees C for 24h VSC levels in the saliva headspace were measured by GC. Inhibition of VSC formation and the fractional inhibitory index indicating synergy were calculated.
Zn+CHX mouthrinse had a synergistic anti-VSC effect, and was effective for at least 9h. Zn+CPC mouthrinse was less effective. Both combinations showed a synergistic inhibiting effect in-vitro.
Synergy between Zn and the antibacterial agents confirms different mechanisms of operation.
The tea tree oil (melaleuca alternifolia) has antiseptic, fungicide and bactericide effects. The efficiency against oral bacteria was also evident. Xylitol is known for counterattacking the cariogenic effect caused by the streptococcus mutans. Less plaque was developed during the time of the study.
The in vitro activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against 161 isolates of oral bacteria from 15 genera was determined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) ranged from 0.003 to 2.0% (v/v). MIC90 values were 1.0% (v/v) for Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis, and 0.1% (v/v) for Prevotella spp. Isolates of Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Veillonella had the lowest MICs and MBCs, and isolates of Streptococcus, Fusobacterium and Lactobacillus had the highest. Time kill studies with Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed that treatment with > or = 0.5% tea tree oil caused decreases in viability of >3 log colony forming units/ml after only 30 s, and viable organisms were not detected after 5 min. These studies indicate that a range of oral bacteria are susceptible to tea tree oil, suggesting that tea tree oil may be of use in oral healthcare products and in the maintenance of oral hygiene.
Cariogenic bacteria and periodontopathic bacteria are present in dental plaque as biofilms. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial effects of essential oils on the following oral bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sobrinus. We tested manuka oil, tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil, lavandula oil, and romarinus oil and determined their minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The essential oils inhibited the growth of the bacteria tested, manuka oil being the most effective. Minimum bactericidal concentration values showed that lavandula oil acts bacteriostatically, and the remaining oils, bactericidally. Periodontopathic bacterial strains tested were killed completely by exposure for 30 s to 0.2% manuka oil, tea tree oil or eucalyptus oil. Tea tree oil and manuka oil showed significant adhesion-inhibiting activity against P. gingivalis. All the essential oils tested inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans. This study showed that, among the essential oils tested, manuka oil and tea tree oil in particular had strong antibacterial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. From the viewpoint of safety, we also examined the effects of these essential oils on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and found that, at a concentration of 0.2%, they had little effect on cultured cells.
Tea tree oil is a popular ingredient in complementary medicines and beauty products. This literature review reveals some evidence of efficacy as an antiseptic, antibacterial and antifungal in topical application but also highlights dermatitis as a potential side-effect.
Halitosis, or bad breath, is caused by mainly volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) as a result of bacterial breakdown of protein and can be quantitatively and qualitatively measured in the expired oral breath. In eight to ninety percent of cases, halitosis originates in the mouth due to inadequate plaque control, periodontal disease, dry mouth, faulty restorations, and in particular due to excessive bacterial growth on the posterior third of the dorsal surface of the tongue. In the remaining ten to twenty percent of cases, bad breath is caused by systemic disorders such as hepatic, pancreatic and nephritic insufficiencies, trimethylaminuria, upper and lower respiratory tract infection, medication and cases where gastric content may generate oral malodour. The methods of detecting or diagnosing halitosis are organoleptic or human sense of smell, sulfide monitoring and gas chromatography. All of these methods have limitations and disadvantages. A more accurate, analytical system which will be able to precisely detect the volatile compounds in the expired air and correlate the results to a specific cause is not yet available. Dental professionals require a good knowledge on the subject of bad breath in order to feel secure about counseling and managing patients suffering from this condition. The management of halitosis involves maintenance of plaque control, elimination of active periodontal disease and cleaning the tongue on a routine basis. Oral rinsing with a mouthwash could be indicated in some instances, as a temporary measure.
Halitosis can be a crippling social problem, and standard dental treatments and mouthwashes often provide only temporary relief. The mouth is home to hundreds of bacterial species that produce several fetid substances as a result of protein degradation. Volatile sulfur compound (VSC)-producing bacteria colonizing the lingual dorsum have recently been implicated in the generation of halitosis. Detection of VSCs, such as methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfite, via organoleptic and objective methods, can aid in the identification of their source. Following comprehensive evaluation for possible causes, most halitosis in patients seen in an ENT practice can be localized to the tongue. We review methods of diagnosis and treatment of oral malodor from the overgrowth of proteolytic, anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria on the crevices of the lingual dorsum. Bacteriologic analysis of biofilm and scraped specimens obtained from the lingual dorsum and other oral sites, primarily gingival pockets and tonsillar crypts, can identify VSC-producing bacteria. Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Actinobacillus, and Fusobacterium species are the most common organisms identified. Halitosis is an oral phenomenon, with almost no cases originating distal to the tonsils. Halitosis arising from the lingual dorsum secondary to overpopulated VSC-producing bacteria can be successfully managed with a combination of mechanical cleansing using tongue brushes or scrapes and chemical solutions containing essential oils, zinc chloride, and cetylpyridinium chloride.
An extract from Salvia officinalis (Sage) leaves showed antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). We isolated the effective compound and identified it as oleanolic acid, a triterpenoid. We also tested antimicrobial activity of similar triterpenoids, ursolic acid, uvaol, betulinic acid and betulin. We found that ursolic acid also showed antimicrobial activity against VRE. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were 8 and 4 microg/ml, respectively. These two compounds also showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These compounds showed bactericidal activity against VRE at least for 48 h when added at concentrations that were two-times higher than their MICs.
The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the effects of a mouthrinse containing essential oils (EO) on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation.
The MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to and including December 2006 to identify appropriate studies. The primary outcome measure was gingivitis. Secondary parameters were plaque and, when reported, staining.
Independent screening of titles and abstracts of 566 papers resulted in 11 publications that met the criteria of eligibility. In all studies, EO was used as an adjunct to regular daily toothbrushing. A statistically significant reduction in overall gingivitis was noted compared to the control (weighted mean difference [WMD]: -0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.46 to -0.19, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I(2) = 96.7%). For interproximal sites the use of the test mouthrinse resulted in significantly more gingivitis reduction compared to control mouthrinse (WMD: -0.29, 95% CI: -0.48 to -0.11, P = 0.002; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I(2) = 95.18%), whereas no differences were observed compared to dental floss. With respect to plaque scores, EO produced significant overall reductions in plaque (WMD: -0.83, 95% CI: -1.13 to -0.53, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I(2) = 96.1%). Separate analysis for interproximal areas revealed that EO resulted in more pronounced plaque drops compared to the control mouthrinse (WMD: -1.02, 95% CI: -1.44 to -0.60, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I(2) = 96.1%) or the use of floss (WMD: -0.75, 95% CI: -1.15 to -0.363, P <0.0002; test for heterogeneity: P <0.0002, I(2) = 93.0%). Most studies agreed that EO did not produce more staining than the control products.
When used as an adjunct to unsupervised oral hygiene, EO provides an additional benefit with regard to plaque and gingivitis reduction as compared to a placebo or control.