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New records of alien Mollusca in the Hawaiian Islands: non-marine snails and slugs (Gastropoda) associated with the horticultural trade

Authors:
Literature Cited
Hawai‘i Biodiversity & Mapping Program.2006. Hawai‘i Biodiversity and Mapping
Program, Natural Diversity Database, Honolulu.
U.S.Fish & Wildlife Service.2004. Draft recovery plan for the Newcomb’s snail (Erinna
newcombi). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland. 39 pp.
New records of alien Mollusca in the Hawaiian Islands:nonmarine snails
and slugs (Gastropoda) associated with the horticultural trade
KENNETH A. HAYES, CHUONG T. TRAN & ROBERT H. COWIE1(Center for Conservation Research and
Training, University of Hawai‘i, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822, USA;
email: khayes@hawaii.edu, cowie@hawaii.edu)
The nonmarine snails of the Hawaiian Islands have been cataloged by Cowie (1997),
reviewed by Cowie (1998a), and subsequent new records reported by Cowie (1998b, 1999,
2000). The horticultural industry has been implicated in the transport and introduction of
snails and slugs in various parts of the world (e.g., Robinson 1999; Barrientos 2000; Cowie
&Robinson 2003; Robinson & Slapcinsky2005), including Hawai‘i (e.g., Cowie 1998b,
1999, 2000). Therefore, between 2004 and 2006 we undertook field surveys of nurseries,
botanical gardens, and other similar facilities involved in the cultivation of plants, includ-
ing aquatic plants, for sale, recreation or research on the six largest of the main Hawaiian
Islands, with the objective of documenting the species of snails and slugs present in these
facilities. Selection of facilities to be surveyed attempted to cover each island broadly,
although most nurseries are on the wetter, windward (northern and eastern) sides of the
islands. We surveyed 7 locations on Kaua‘i, 13 on O‘ahu, 1 on Moloka‘i (the only nursery
on that island), 5 on Maui, 1 on Läna‘i (the only one), and 13 on Hawai‘i.
Wedocument here the new state and island records. A more comprehensive analysis
and discussion of all records will be published elsewhere. Collections were made by
Kenneth A. Hayes (KAH), Chuong T. Tran (CTT), Robert H. Cowie (RHC) and others, as
indicated. All collected material, not only that reported here, is deposited in the Bishop
Museum (BPBM) Malacology Collection. Catalog numbers are BPBM Malacology
Collection numbers. Assignments to families followRobinson (1999) if applicable.
Families are treated alphabetically. All latitude and longitude coordinates were recorded
by GPS using the WGS 84 map datum.
Assimineidae
Cyclotropis bedaliensis (Rensch) New state record
This species was described by Rensch (1934) from Java and reported from that island by
van Benthem Jutting (1956). Brandt (1974) redescribed it based on specimens from
Thailand and considered it to be introduced in that country. In Japan it has been found in
the Ryukyu islands of Ishigaki and Okinawa, probably introduced in the late 1990s or
later, and in hothouses in botanical gardens in Tokyo and Fukushima Prefecture; it was
found in Guam in 2007; and it has been found in the Northern Territory of Australia (H.
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 96, 2007
54
1. Research Associate, Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i
96817, USA.
Fukuda, pers. comm.). Robinson (1999) included it in a list of taxa intercepted by quar-
antine officials between 1993 and 1998 entering the USA Until this report it had not been
reported in the wild in the USA.
We recorded this species at 19 of our 40 survey locations: 3 of 7 on Kaua‘i, 10 of 13
on O‘ahu, the single sites surveyed on Moloka‘i and Läna‘i, 2 of 5 on Maui, and 2 of 13
on Hawai‘i. It has since been found at only one location outside horticultural facilities,
despite extensive survey work (Hayes, Tran & Cowie, unpubl.). It is thus widespread in
horticultural facilities on all islands despite having only recently been discovered, yet so
far it appears to be almost entirely confined to these facilities.
Material examined:KAUA‘I:Kaua‘i Nursery and Landscaping, Lïhu‘e, N21°57'45.7",
W159°24'16.8", KAH, CTT, 21 Mar 2005 (281341); Growing Green Nursery, Lïhu‘e, N22°05'49.9",
W159°22'06.7", KAH, CTT, 22 Mar 2005 (281361); Kaua‘i Seascape Nursery, Princeville,
N22°12'24.0", W159°25'30.3", KAH, CTT, 23 Mar 2005 (281390). O‘AHU:Ko‘olau Farmers
Nursery, Kailua, N21°23'08.3", W157°45'04.2", KAH, CTT, 7 Jan 2005 (281259); Country Garden
Nursery, Kahalu‘u, N21°29'08.8", W157°50'56.8", KAH, CTT, 20 Jan 2005 (281271); Glenn’s
Flowers and Plants, Waimänalo, N21°20'59.2", W157°43'40.5", KAH, CTT, 19 Feb 2005 (281294);
Hawai‘i Landscape, Hawai‘i Kai, N21°18'07.6", W157°41'43.7", KAH, CTT, 26 Feb 2005 (281295);
Hawai‘i Kai Nursery, Hawai‘i Kai, N21°18'17.9", W157°41'42.2", KAH, CTT, 26 Feb 2005
(281309); Charles Nii Nursery, Hawai‘i Kai, N21°18'16.8", W157°41'43.1", KAH, CTT, 26 Feb 2005
(281325); Family Tree Nursery, Wai‘anae, N20°24'16.7", W158°8'59.3", KAH, CTT, 21 Jan 2006
(281417); University of Hawai‘i, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Urban
Garden Center, Pearl City, N21°23'35.84", W157°58'30.51", KAH, CTT, W.M. Meyer, 4 Feb 2006
(282508); New Mililani Nursery, Mililani, N21°25'46.6", W158°00'54.9", KAH, W.M. Meyer, 6 Feb
2006 (281426); Nalo Farms and Nursery, Waimänalo, N17°05'54.4", W153°37'00.5", RHC, KAH,
W.M. Meyer, 14 Mar 2006 (281483). MOLOKA‘I:Oasis of Mahana Nursery, Ho‘olehua,
N21°08'38.4", W157°07'52.6", RHC, KAH, 6 Oct 2004 (281208). LÄNA‘I:Läna‘i Co. Nursery,
N20°49'19.8", W156°55'28.0", KAH, W.M. Meyer, M.E. Parker, 8 May 2006 (281498). MAUI:
Ho‘olawa Nursery, Ha‘ikü, N20°55'52.5", W156°19'04.4", RHC, KAH, P. Levin, 15 Dec 2004
(281233); Ke‘anae Arboretum, N20°50'44.3", W156°08'02.0", RHC, KAH, 15 Dec 2004 (281238).
HAWAI‘I:Sunrise Nursery, Kona, N19°41'20.6", W156°00'58.1", KAH, CTT, 11 Feb 2006
(281446); Kona Outdoor Circle, Kona, N19°36'48.8", W155°58'5.7", KAH, W.M. Meyer, 6 Mar 2006
(281463).
Chronidae
Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude) New island records
Identification of this species still remains tentative(see Cowie 2000). However, it appears
to be spreading rapidly after being first reported in the Hawaiian Islands, from O‘ahu and
Hawai‘i (at two widely separated locations), in 1999, when it was placed in the family
Helicarionidae (Cowie 2000). It seems to be strongly associated with the horticultural
trade (Robinson 1999; Barrientos 2000; Cowie 2000), although by no means confined to
horticultural facilities. These are the first records from Kaua‘i and Maui. We also re-con-
firmed its presence on O‘ahu and Hawai‘i (material not listed here but deposited in the
BPBM Malacology collections).
Material examined:KAUA‘I:Läwa‘i Valley Nursery, Läwa‘i, N21°56'12.0", W159°30'26.4",
KAH, CTT, 21 Mar 2005 (281351); Alexander’sNursery,Kuamo‘o, N22°03'25.2", W159°22'52.7",
KAH, CTT, 21 Mar 2005 (281359); Growing Green Nursery, Lïhu‘e, N22°05'49.9", W159°22'06.7",
KAH, CTT, 22 Mar 2005 (28136); Kaua‘i Seascape Nursery, Princeville, N22°12'24.0",
W159°25'30.3", KAH, CTT, 23 Mar 2005 (281389). MAUI: Ke‘anae Arboretum, N20°50'44.3",
W156°08'02.0", RHC, KAH,15 Dec 2004 (281239); Aloha O‘ka Aina Farm, Makawao,
N20°49'13.2", W156°17'01.6", KAH, CTT, 12 Mar 2005 (281335).
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006—Part 2: Notes 55
Euconulidae
Liardetia doliolum (Pfeiffer) New island record
This species has been present in the Hawaiian Islands since at least 1989; it has been inter-
cepted by inspection officials on the U.S. mainland on shipments of cut plants from the
island of Hawai‘i; and it has been recorded on O‘ahu on greenhouse plants supplied by a
nursery (Cowie 1999). The likelihood of its further spread is high because of its small size
(3 mm) and because of the strong association of this and other species of Liardetia with
the horticultural trade (Robinson 1999). This is the first record for Kaua‘i. We also report
material from Hawai‘i, confirming its presence there since the only other documented
record of its presence on that island is from its interception on the U.S. mainland. Also,
we re-confirmed its presence on O‘ahu at an additional locality (material not listed here
but deposited in the BPBM Malacology collections). Being very small, it may be present
but yet undetected on other islands.
Material examined:KAUA‘I:Growing Green Nursery, Lïhu‘e, N22°05'49.9", W159°22'06.7",
KAH, CTT, 22 Mar 2005 (281363). HAWAI‘I:Rise and Shine Nursery, Kea‘au, N19°33'23.3",
W154°59'17.8", KAH, 22 Nov 2004 (281216); Kona Outdoor Circle, Kona, N19°36'48.8",
W155°58'5.7", KAH, W.M. Meyer, 6 Mar 2006 (281462).
Philomycidae
Undetermined species New state record
This bright orange slug was collected from one location on O‘ahu. No expertise is avail-
able to identify it, but it is distinct from anyother phylomycid recorded in the Hawaiian
Islands and is therefore worth reporting here.
Material examined:O‘AHU:Nalo Farms and Nursery, Waimänalo, N17°05'54.4", W153°37'00.5",
RHC, KAH, W.M. Meyer, 14 Mar 2006 (281490).
Planorbidae
Planorbella duryi (Wetherby) New island record
This freshwater snail was previously recorded only from O‘ahu (as the subspecies normale
Pilsbry) and Kaua‘i (Cowie 1997). These are the first records from Maui and Hawai‘i.
Material examined:MAUI:Ho‘olawaNursery, Ha‘ikü, N20°55'52.5", W156°19'04.4", RHC,
KAH, P. Levin, 15 Dec 2004 (281234). HAWAI‘I:Kainaliu Gardens, N19°32'02.4", W155°55'37.7",
KAH, CTT, 8 May 2005 (281402).
Polygyridae
Polygyra cereolus (Mühlfeld)New island records
This species, nativeto Florida, was first recorded in the Hawaiian Islands in 1995 on O‘ahu
(Cowie 1996), in 1997 on Kaua‘i and Hawai‘i (Cowie 1998), and in 2001 from Maui (Kraus
2003). The present records extend its known distribution in the Hawaiian Islands to
Moloka‘i and Läna‘i, on both islands being found at the single location surveyed. We also
recorded it at additional horticultural locations on Kaua‘i (2) and O‘ahu (8) (material not list-
ed here but deposited in the BPBM Malacology collections), indicating that it has spread
rapidly on those islands. The previous records in 1995, 1997, and 2001 were from gardens
and a horticultural retail outlet, and combined with the present records, strongly implicate
the horticultural trade in the spread of this species through the islands.
Material examined:MOLOKA‘I:Oasis of Mahana Nursery, Ho‘olehua, N21°08'38.4",
W157°07'52.6", RHC, KAH, 6 Oct 2004 (281203). LÄNA‘I:Läna‘i Co Nursery, N20°49'19.8",
W156°55'28.0", KAH, W.M. Meyer,M.E. Parker, 8 May 2006 (281492).
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56
Spiraxidae
Euglandina rosea (Férussac) New island record
The “cannibal snail” or “rosy wolf snail” was first introduced to the Hawaiian Islands
from its native Florida in 1955 as a potential biological control agent against Achatina
fulica Bowdich, the giant African snail (Cowie 1997). While some have argued that E.
rosea has been successful in controlling A. fulica (Davis & Butler 1964; Nishida &
Napompeth 1975), there remains no convincing evidence that this is the case (Christensen
1984; Civeyrel & Simberloff 1996; Cowie 1992); and the use of generalist predatory
snails in biological control programs has been severely criticized by Cowie (2001a) not
only because of the lack of evidence of their efficacy but also, in the case of E. rosea,
because of ample evidence of its devastating effects on native Mascarene (Griffiths et
al.1993) and Pacific Island land snail faunas (e.g., Murray et al.1988; Hadfield 1986;
Hadfield et al.1993; Coote & Loève 2003). It will even go under water to attack fresh-
water snails (Kinzie 1992).
It was previously recorded from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i (Cowie
1997), and was re-confirmed on all those islands during the present survey, in the case of
Moloka‘i only outside the surveyed nursery (material not listed here but deposited in the
BPBM Malacology collections). This new record (shells only) extends its known distri-
bution to Läna‘i. How long it has been on Läna‘i is not known, as very little land snail sur-
vey work has been undertaken on that island since the 1950s. Whether it was introduced
to Läna‘i deliberately or accidentally is not known. Nor is it known whether it is estab-
lished there.
Material examined:LÄNA‘I:Lanai Co Nursery, N20°49'19.8", W156°55'28.0", KAH, W.M.
Meyer, M.E. Parker, 8 May 2006 (281495).
Subulinidae
Allopeas kyotoense (Pilsbry) New state record
Pilsbry (1906-1907) treated this taxon as a variety of Allopeas clavulinum (Potiez &
Michaud) [as “Opeas”], along with an additional variety, hawaiiense Sykes. Many subu-
linid species exhibit considerable intraspecific conchological variation, especially in the
breadth of the shell, making them extremely difficult to identify. Comparison with mate-
rial in the Bishop Museum collections, including specimens identified by Pilsbry,indicat-
ed that the new material was not referable to any of the taxa, including hawaiiense,pre-
viously reported from or collected in the Hawaiian Islands. We tentatively identify it as
Allopeas kyotoense,originally described from Japan (Pilsbry 1906-1907). It is the same
species as that previously identified, probably incorrectly, as Lamellaxis micra in
American Samoa by Cowie (2001b, c).
Material examined:KAUA‘I:Läwa‘i Valley Nursery, Läwa‘i, N21°56'12.0", W159°30'26.4",
KAH, CTT,21 Mar 2005 (281353); Kaua‘i Seascape Nursery, Princeville, N22°12'24.0",
W159°25'30.3", KAH, CTT, 23 Mar 2005 (270636). O‘AHU:Wally’s Garden Center, Honolulu,
N21°17'48.2", W157°49'49.2", KAH, CTT, 2 April 2005 (270637). HAWAI‘I:Kona Outdoor Circle,
Kona, N19°36'48.8", W155°58'5.7", KAH, W.M. Meyer,6Mar 2006 (270641); Kohala Nursery,
Kapa‘au, N20°14'10.1", W155°48'32.5", KAH, W.M. Meyer, 7 Mar 2006 (270642).
Paropeas achatinaceum (Pfeiffer) New island record
This species is widespread and abundant on many Pacific islands (Cowie 2001c), and,
with Subulina octona (below) these two species are probably the most widespread and
abundant land snails in the Hawaiian Islands, especially in disturbed habitats. First record-
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006—Part 2: Notes 57
ed in the Islands in 1904, it has previously been recorded from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i,
Maui, and Hawai‘i (Cowie 1997). It has probably been present on Läna‘i for a long time
but simply not collected or formally recorded. This report constitutes the first formal
record of this species from Läna‘i. It was also found on all other islands surveyed (mate-
rial not listed here but deposited in the BPBM Malacology collections).
Material examined:LÄNA‘I:Läna‘i Co Nursery, N20°49'19.8",W156°55'28.0", KAH, WMM,
MEP, 8 May 2006 (281494).
Subulina octona (Bruguière) New island records
This species is one of the most widely dispersed land snails in the world (Pilsbry 1906-
1907) and is common in most disturbed habitats in the Hawaiian Islands. Present in the
Islands by 1903 and perhaps introduced as early as about 1870, prior to this report it had
been recorded from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, and Hawai‘i (Cowie 1997). As for Paropeas
achatinaceum (above), it has probably been present on Läna‘i and Maui for a long time
but simply not collected or formally recorded. This report constitutes the first formal
record of this species on these twoislands. It was also found on all other islands surveyed
(material not listed here but deposited in the BPBM Malacology collections).
Material examined:LÄNA‘I:Läna‘i Co. Nursery, N20°49'19.8", W156°55'28.0", KAH, W.M.
Meyer, M.E. Parker, 8 May 2006 (281493). MAUI:Ho‘olawa Nursery, Ha‘ikü, N20°55'52.5",
W156°19'04.4", RHC, KAH, P. Levin, 15 Dec 2004 (281229); Ke‘anae Arboretum, N20°50'44.3",
W156°08'02.0", RHC, KAH, 15 Dec 2004 (281240); Tropical Gardens of Maui, Wailuku,
N20°52'57.9", W156°31'01.3", RHC, KAH, P. Levin, 16 Dec 2004 (281247).
Succineidae
Succinea tenella Morelet New state record
There is a native evolutionary radiation of Succineidae in the Hawaiian Islands (Rundell
et al.2004), but the records of these two species are the first records of nonnative suc-
cineids in the Islands.
Morphologically succineids are extremely difficult to identify (Robinson 1999),
especially if theyhave been collected from locations beyond their native range and with-
out knowledge of their native provenance. The identification of this and the following
species are based in part, therefore, on molecular genetic analysis (B.S. Holland, pers.
comm.) but nevertheless remain somewhat tentative.
Originally described from Vietnam, S. tenella is increasingly found in horticultural
facilities around the world. Holland & Cowie (2006) reported it from nurseries in
California and Florida, and, in error, from Washington State. It may be in nurseries in
Australia (G.M. Barker,pers. comm.), and it is frequently intercepted on horticultural
products from Thailand and elsewhere (D.G. Robinson, pers. comm.). It was particularly
widespread in the survey.
Material examined:KAUA‘I:Kaua‘i Nursery and Landscaping, Lïhu‘e, N21°57'45.7",
W159°24'16.8", KAH, CTT, 21 Mar 2005 (281339); Läwa‘i Valley Nursery, Läwa‘i, N21°56'12.0",
W159°30'26.4", KAH, CTT,21 Mar 2005 (281350); Growing Green Nursery, Lïhu‘e, N22°05'49.9",
W159°22'06.7", KAH, CTT,22 Mar 2005 (281362); Kaua‘i Seascape Nursery,Princeville,
N22°12'24.0", W159°25'30.3", KAH, CTT, 23 Mar 2005 (281379). O‘AHU:Country Garden
Nursery, Kahalu‘u, N21°29'08.8", W157°50'56.8", KAH, CTT, 20 Jan 2005 (281261); Ko‘olau
Farmers Nursery, Kailua, N21°23'08.3", W157°45'04.2", KAH, CTT, 7 Jan 2005 (281258); Waialua
Florist, Hale‘iwa, N21°36'49.0", W158°05'08.9", RHC, KAH, 20 Jan 2005 (281278); Glenn’s
Flowers and Plants, Waimänalo, N21°20'59.2", W157°43'40.5", KAH, CTT, 19 Feb 2005 (281285);
Hawai‘i Landscape, Hawai‘i Kai, N21°18'07.6", W157°41'43.7", KAH, CTT, 26 Feb 2005 (281301);
Wally’sGarden Center, Honolulu, N21°17'48.2", W157°49'49.2", KAH, CTT, 2 April 2005
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58
(281393); Family Tree Nursery, Wai‘anae, N20°24'16.7", W158°8'59.3", KAH, CTT, 21 Jan 2006
(281414); University of Hawai‘i, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Urban
Garden Center, Pearl City, N21°23'35.84", W157°58'30.51", KAH, CTT, W.M. Meyer, 4 Feb 2006
(282511); Nalo Farms and Nursery, Waimänalo, N17°05'54.4", W153°37'00.5", RHC, KAH, W.M.
Meyer, 14 Mar 2006 (281488). MOLOKA‘I:Oasis of Mahana Nursery, Ho‘olehua, N21°08'38.4",
W157°07'52.6", RHC, KAH, 6 Oct 2004 (281206). MAUI:Ho‘olawa Nursery, Ha‘ikü,
N20°55'52.5", W156°19'04.4", RHC, KAH, P. Levin, 15 Dec 2004 (281231); Tropical Gardens of
Maui, Wailuku, N20°52'57.9", W156°31'01.3", RHC, KAH, P. Levin, 16 Dec 2004 (281250); Ki-
hana Nursery, Kïhei, N20°44'14.9", W156°27'14.2", KAH, CTT, 12 Mar 2005 (281332). HAWAI‘I:
Rise and Shine Nursery, Kea‘au, N19°33'23.3", W154°59'17.8", KAH, 22 Nov 2004 (281215);
Rozett’s Nursery, Kea‘au, N19°34'30.3", W154°59'46.0", KAH, 22 Nov 2004 (281226); Kainaliu
Gardens, N19°32'02.4", W155°55'37.7", KAH, CTT, 8 May 2005 (281404); Sunrise Nursery, Kona,
N19°41'20.6", W156°00'58.1", KAH, CTT, 11 Feb 2006 (281447); Mohala Pua Garden Center,
Honoka‘a, N20°04'19.1", W155°27'50.8", KAH, CTT, 12 Feb 2006 (281450); Kohala Nursery,
Kapa‘au, N20°14'10.1", W155°48'32.5", KAH, W.M. Meyer, 7 Mar 2006 (281473).
Succinea costaricana Martens New state record
This Central American species has been intercepted entering the USA associated with the
cut flower trade (Robinson 1999), which has been expanding in Costa Rica (Barrientos
2000). This appears to be the first report of this species outside its native Central America
(cf. Robinson 1999).
Material examined:O‘AHU:Country Garden Nursery, Kahalu‘u, N21°29'08.8", W157°50'56.8",
KAH, CTT, 20 Jan 2005 (270643).
Thiaridae
Melanoides tuberculata (Müller) New island record
Cowie (1997) recorded this species only from Kaua‘i. However, he provisionally listed
other thiarid species in Thiara,most originally described from Hawaiian material, collec-
tively recording them from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i. Some, if not all
of these taxa may be synonyms of M. tuberculata. However,determining this is beyond
the scope of this report and will require comprehensive revision of the Hawaiian
Thiaridae. The material collected during the 2004-2006 surveyis referable to M. tubercu-
lata and thus constitutes the basis for this the first published record of the species from
O‘ahu and Maui, while recognizing that future systematic revision and correct taxonom-
ic placement of earlier Bishop Museum material will probably result in much earlier dates
for the presence of this species on these and the other main Hawaiian Islands.
Material examined:O‘AHU:Ko‘olau Farmers Nursery, Kailua, N21°23'08.3", W157°45'04.2",
KAH, CTT, 7 Jan 2005 (281253); Country Garden Nursery, Kahalu‘u, N21°29'08.8",
W157°50'56.8", KAH, CTT, 20 Jan 2005 (281268); Charles Nii Nursery, Hawai‘i Kai, N21°18'16.8",
W157°41'43.1", KAH, CTT, 26 Feb 2005 (281321); Wally’s Garden Center, Honolulu, N21°17'48.2",
W157°49'49.2", KAH, CTT, 2 Apr 2005 (281399); Family Tree Nursery, Wai‘anae, N20°24'16.7",
W158°8'59.3", KAH, CTT, 21 Jan 2006 (281412). MAUI:Tropical Gardens of Maui, Wailuku,
N20°52'57.9", W156°31'01.3", RHC, KAH, P. Levin, 16 Dec 2004 (281249).
Veronicellidae
Veronicella cubensis (Pfeiffer) New island records
The abundant brown veronicellid slugs of primarily disturbed locations, especially on
O‘ahu, have been identified as two species, Veronicella cubensis and Sarasinula plebeia
(Fischer), the latter often placed in the genus Vaginulus (or Vaginula). However, they have
probably been consistently mutually misidentified in the Hawaiian Islands. Prior to this
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006—Part 2: Notes 59
report, V. cubensis had only been recorded from O‘ahu, the first record being in 1985, and
S. plebeia from O‘ahu and Hawai‘i, the first record in 1978 (Cowie 1997). More of the
records have referred to the latter than to the former but in the absence of voucher mate-
rial substantiating many of these records it may not be possible to verify them.
Most of the brown veronicellid slugs collected during this survey were referred to V.
cubensis.It is possible that V. cubensis has out-competed S. plebeia,such that the latter’s
populations have dwindled, but it could also be that the majority of the previous records
of S. plebeia were misidentifications of V. cubensis.These new island records of V. cuben-
sis from Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, Läna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i, may not represent very recent
introductions to those islands but may simply reflect a lack of sufficient survey work since
the species’ introduction. It was widespread on O‘ahu (material not listed here but deposit-
ed in the BPBM Malacology collections).
Material examined:KAUA‘I:Kaua‘i Nursery and Landscaping, Lïhu‘e, N21°57'45.7",
W159°24'16.8", KAH, CTT, 21 Mar 2005 (281334); Kaua‘i Hog and Ground Cover, Lïhu‘e,
N21°55'51.3", W159°28'59.0", KAH, CTT, 21 Mar 2005 (281347); Läwa‘i Valley Nursery, Läwa‘i,
N21°56'12.0", W159°30'26.4", KAH, CTT, 21 Mar 2005 (281356); Growing Green Nursery, Lïhu‘e,
N22°05'49.9", W159°22'06.7", KAH, CTT, 22 Mar 2005 (281369); Permaculture Kaua‘i Nursery,
N22°12'37.3", W159°24'54.0", KAH, CTT, 22 Mar 2005 (281376); Kaua‘i Seascape Nursery,
Princeville, N22°12'24.0", W159°25'30.3", KAH, CTT, 23 Mar 2005 (281388). MOLOKA‘I:Oasis
of Mahana Nursery, Ho‘olehua, N21°08'38.4", W157°07'52.6", RHC, KAH, 6 Oct 2004 (281210).
LÄNA‘I:Läna‘i Co Nursery, N20°49'19.8", W156°55'28.0", KAH, WMM, MEP, 8 May 2006
(281491). MAUI:Ho‘olawa Nursery, Ha‘ikü, N20°55'52.5", W156°19'04.4", RHC, KAH, PL, 15
Dec 2004 (270623); Tropical Gardens of Maui, Wailuku. N20°52'57.9", W156°31'01.3", RHC, KAH,
PL, 16 Dec 2004 (270624); Ki-hana Nursery, Kïhei, N20°44'14.9", W156°27'14.2", KAH, CTT, 12
Mar 2005 (281330). HAWAI‘I:Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden, Päpa‘ikou, N19°48'39.2",
W155°05'45.9", RHC, KAH, 21 Nov2004 (281214); Rise and Shine Nursery, Kea‘au, N19°33'23.3",
W154°59'17.8", KAH, 22 Nov 2004 (281219); U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Station,
Hilo, N19°38'36.8", W155°04'45.2", KAH, 22 Nov 2004 (281225); Rozett’s Nursery, Kea‘au,
N19°34'30.3", W154°59'46.0", KAH, 22 Nov 2004 (281227); Hawai‘i Flower Gardens, Mountain
View, N19°33'08.7", W155°06'17.3", KAH, 23 Nov 2004 (281228); Kainaliu Gardens,
N19°32'02.4", W155°55'37.7", KAH, CTT,8May 2005 (281408); Kay’sPlants, Häwï,
N20°14'00.0", W155°48'26.2", KAH, CTT, 11 Feb 2006 (281436); Pua Mau Place Botanic and
Sculpture Garden, Kawaihae, N20°04'19.2", W155°50'42.7", KAH, CTT, 11 Feb 2006 (281439);
Mohala Pua Garden Center, Honoka‘a, N20°04'19.1", W155°27'50.8", KAH, CTT, 12 Feb 2006
(281449); Amy B. Greenwell Ethnobotanical Garden, Kona, N19°29'29.2", W155°54'42.5", KAH,
WMM, 6 Mar 2006 (281454); Kona Outdoor Circle, Kona, N19°36'48.8", W155°58'5.7", KAH,
WMM, 6 Mar 2006 (281465); Kohala Nursery, Kapa‘au, N20°14'10.1", W155°48'32.5", KAH,
WMM, 7 Mar 2006 (281468).
Laevicaulis alte (Férussac) New island records
This black or dark gray veronicellid slug was first recorded in the Hawaiian Islands in
about 1900 and was known prior to this report from O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, and Hawai‘i, as well
as Midway (Cowie 1997). It is here reported for the first time from Kaua‘i and Maui. We
also collected it on O‘ahu and Hawai‘i (material not listed here but deposited in the BPBM
Malacology collections). Although not part of the formal survey of horticultural facilities,
we also recorded this species on Läna‘i for the first time.
Material examined:KAUA‘I:Permaculture Kaua‘i Nursery, N22°12'37.3", W159°24'54.0",
KAH, CTT, 22 Mar 2005 (281375). LÄNA‘I:Golf course at the Lodge at Kö‘ele, N20°49'24.3",
W156°54'31.6", RHC, KAH, 5 Feb 2005 (270644). MAUI:Ki-hana Nursery, Kïhei, N20°44'14.9",
W156°27'14.2", KAH, CTT, 12 Mar 2005 (281329).
BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS: No. 96, 2007
60
Vertiginidae
Gastrocopta servilis (Gould) New island record
Previously recorded from Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i, as well as from
Midway, Pearl and Hermes, and Laysan, and present in the Hawaiian Islands since at least
1892 (Cowie 1997), this is the first record for Läna‘i. As for a number of species report-
ed here for the first time from Läna‘i, it may have been present on the island for a long
time but simply not recorded.
Material examined:LÄNA‘I:Läna‘i Co Nursery, N20°49'19.8", W156°55'28.0", KAH, W.M.
Meyer, M.E. Parker, 8 May 2006 (281499).
Acknowledgements
We thank Hiroshi Fukuda and Winston Ponder for identification of Cyclotropis bedalien-
sis and for information about this species, David Robinson for help with identification of
slugs and succineids, Benoît Fontaine and Olivier Gargominy for help with subulinids,
and Brenden Holland with succineids. We thank Marty Meyer, Meaghan Parker, Yolisa
Ishibashi, Skippy Hau, Penny Levin, Pam Hayes, and Ginny Cowie for help with collect-
ing, and the various owners, managers, and staff for allowing us access to their facilities.
Regie Kawamoto helped us with depositing the specimens in the Bishop Museum. This
work was supported by grants from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative
Agricultural Pest Survey(CAPS) program. We thank Nicanor Liquido and Yolisa Ishi-
bashi of the CAPS program for their support. Identification of succineids was supported
by NSF grant DEB-0316308.
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Charles Howard Edmondson:Hawaii’s first marine biologist
LUCIUS G. ELDREDGE (Hawai‘i Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu,
Hawaii 96817-2704, USA; email: lge@bishopmuseum.org)
Charles Howard Edmondson was born 14 October 1876 in Milton, Iowa. He received his
B.A. (1903), M.A. (1904), and Ph.D. (1906) from the University of Iowa. He taught biol-
ogy at Ohio Wesleyan University, 1906–1907, natural history and zoology at Washburn
University (Topeka, Kansas), 1906–1913, and zoology at the University of Oregon until
his departure in 1920.
On 1 February 1920, Edmondson arrived in Honolulu from Oregon to teach zoology
at the College of Hawaii (now University of Hawai‘i at Mänoa), direct its marine laborato-
ry (the CookeMemorial Marine Laboratory located on the grounds of the old Waikiki
Aquarium), and take care of the invertebrate zoology collection at the Bishop Museum. As
director of the marine laboratory he encouraged visiting scientists to use the facilities and
sent specimens to specialists around the world. He was active in the organization of the
First Pan-Pacific Conference (later the Pacific Science Association and Congress) in 1920.
Edmondson traveled extensively and took part in the Whipporwill (1924), Tanager
(1923), and Kaimiloa (1924) expeditions bringing his studies into a broader Pacific expe-
rience. When he retired from the University of Hawai‘i in 1942, as Professor Emeritus and
joined the Bishop Museum as full-time curator of the marine zoology collections for
another 20 years. He retired from the Museum in 1962 at which time Edmondson Hall at
the University of Hawai‘i was named in his honor. He died in Hawai‘i in 1970 at age 93.
His research interests were most varied. His doctoral dissertation was on the Proto-
zoa of Iowafollowed by four additional papers on protozoans. Edmondson’slife-long
studies were on crustaceans extended over some 41 years beginning with stomatopods
(1921) and ending with xanthid crabs (1962). He described 66 newspecies of shrimps and
crabs. His works on ecology and growth of reef corals (1928–1929) are classics. During
1940s and 1950s he undertook research on shipworms, describing ten new species and
conducted field studies on marine fouling organisms. He also described five new species
of creeping and stalked medusae.
His milestone publication was Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii first published in
1933 and revised to include fishes in 1946. This work still constitutes an important back-
ground for marine studies in Hawaiian waters.
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006—Part 2: Notes 63
... The horticultural trade has been identified as a principal vector for the introduction of many nonnative terrestrial gastropod species (Robinson 1999;Cowie and Robinson 2003;Horsák et al. 2004;Cowie et al. 2008;Bergey et al. 2014;McCullough et al. 2006). However, previous surveys in 2004-2006(Hayes et al. 2007Cowie et al. 2008) of gastropods in horticultural and small-scale agricultural facilities generally supplying produce directly to stores and restaurants (herein referred to as nurseries) across the six largest Hawaiian Islands assessed facilities only at low elevations (below 500 m in elevation). Examining the diversity and community structure of introduced gastropods in high elevation nurseries is a key step in understanding if these nurseries and the non-native species they harbor pose a serious threat to Hawaiian island biodiversity by increasing the probability of establishment of non-native terrestrial gastropod species from temperate regions. ...
... There is undoubtedly a legacy effect of non-native snail species introduced a long time ago, but additional species continue to be introduced (e.g., Hayes et al. 2007Hayes et al. , 2012. However, we now have a better understanding of how nurseries may play a role in terrestrial gastropod invasion of oceanic islands. ...
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