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Orally Administration Effect of Sumac on Blood Sugar in Rat

Authors:
Khayatnouri Mirhadi
Khayatnouri Mirhadi
Khayatnouri Mirhadi
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Daryoush Babazadeh at Shiraz University
Daryoush Babazadeh
Saeid Safarmashaei at University of Tabriz
Saeid Safarmashaei
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Abstract

Sumac is an Iranian traditional spice which is widely used in the Iran. In general, sumac can grow in non-agriculturally viable regions, and has a long history of use by indigenous people formedicinal and other purposes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of orally administration of Sumac on Blood sugar in Rat. 40 Adult Wistar male albino rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were used for the study. Animals were divided randomly into four groups, consisting of ten animals each. All the groups were treated for 28 consecutive days with dosages of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg for treatment groups, respectively. Blood samples were collected in days of 0, 7, 14 and 28 from retro-orbital plexus. The blood sugar was assayed using standard kits. According to results of present study a significance increase in levels of blood sugar after administration of sumac were observed. The findings demonstrate that sumac can be increased the blood sugar therefore in diabetic patient be considered.
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This is a refereed journal and all articles are professionally screened and reviewed ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(8): 2077-2079, 2011
ISSN 1995-0756
2077
Corresponding Author Khayatnouri Mirhadi, Department of Pharmacology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tabriz, Iran.
E-mail:khayat.nouri@gmail.com mh.khayatnouri@iaut.ac.ir
Orally Administration Effect of Sumac on Blood Sugar in Rat
1Khayatnouri Mirhadi, 2Babazadeh Daryoush, 2Safarmashaei Saeid
1Department of Pharmacology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
2Under graduated Student of Veterinary, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Khayatnouri Mirhadi, Babazadeh Daryoush, Safarmashaei Saeid; Orally administration effect of Sumac
on Blood sugar in Rat
ABSTRACT
Sumac is an Iranian traditional spice which is widely used in the Iran. In general, sumac can grow in non-
agriculturally viable regions, and has a long history of use by indigenous people formedicinal and other
purposes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of orally administration of Sumac
on Blood sugar in Rat. 40 Adult Wistar male albino rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were used for the
study. Animals were divided randomly into four groups, consisting of ten animals each. All the groups were
treated for 28 consecutive days with dosages of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg for treatment groups, respectively. Blood
samples were collected in days of 0, 7, 14 and 28 from retro-orbital plexus. The blood sugar was assayed
using standard kits. According to results of present study a significance increase in levels of blood sugar after
administration of sumac were observed. The findings demonstrate that sumac can be increased the blood sugar
therefore in diabetic patient be considered.
Key word: Sumac, Blood sugar, orally administration, Rat.
Introduction
Diabetes is a metabolism disorder that its
characteristic is rising blood sugar more than normal
range and it happens because of dysfunction of
Insulin which regulates blood sugar. According to
International federation of Diabetes assessment in
year 2003, 194 million diabetic people live in the
world and its estimated people live in the world and
it's estimated in year 2025 this number achieves 333
million. One out of every 20 people in Iran is
diabetic and half of these numbers even don’t know
about their illness. In every 10 seconds, one person
in the world passes a way because of ignorance
about Diabetes and ways to control it. As regards in
our country (Iran) Diabetes and its related diseases
are prevalent, researching about it seems to be
necessary. Nowadays in addition to treatment with
drugs, fiber supplements and other natural anti-
oxidant compounds are used in this procedure
because of having essential elements for diabetic
people. It's shown that some fruits and vegetables
can stimulate insulin secretion. Researchers have
found out that eating some of natural different foods
in diabetic patients reduces serum Blood sugar. So
diabetes treatment and finding new ways to prevent
and cure it is one of challenges of researchers
[21,16,17,20]. It is determined that using antioxidants
and some foods can reduce incidence of Diabetes in
man and laboratory animals [7,15]. Rhus coriaria L.
(known as sumagh in Persian and sumach in Turkish)
is a wild plant grown in Iran, Turkey and
Mediterraneancoastline. Sumac has a sour and acidic
taste andis traditionally used as a table spice in the
region but isprepared divergently in Iran and Turkey.
What are called sumagh in Iran are in fact pure
ground fruit epicarps of the plant while in Turkey the
whole fruit is ground with saltcrystals. Sumac has an
acidic sour taste due to its indigenousorganic acids
and is mainly sprinkled on variouskinds of kebabs. In
2078
Adv. Environ. Biol., 5(8): 2077-2079, 2011
traditional medicine sumac is used asastringent agent
[22]. Sumac and saffron are contains flavonoid
compounds [10,9] and the extracts of the plant have
been shown to have antioxidant [2], free radical
scavenging [4], antimicrobial [13] and hypoglycemic
[8] biological activities. Previous phytochemical
studies of this plant reported that its leaves contained
flavones, tannins, anthocyanins, and organic acids
[11,12]. However, it is the fruit of the plant that is
typically consumed as spice after drying and
grinding. Other reports indicated that sumac has
antimicrobial activity with limited information on its
antioxidant activity and potential as a new source of
antioxidative substances [3,4,18,19,23,24]. Therefore
the aim of present study was to determine the orally
administration effect of Sumac on Blood sugar in
Rat.
Material and method
40 Adult Wistar male albino rats weighing
between 250 and 300 g were used for the study.
They were kept under standard laboratory conditions
and were fed with commercial rat pellets and
drinking water ad libitum. The animals were housed
in polypropylene cages. Ethical committee in
accordance with animal experimentation and care has
approved all animal procedures. Animals were
divided randomly into four groups, consisting of ten
animals each.
Group I Control (Normal saline 10 ml/kg,
orally) (n=10)
Group II Sumac (0.25 g/kg, orally) (n=10)
Group III Sumac (0.5 g/kg, orally) (n=10)
Group IV Sumac (1 g/kg, orally) (n=10)
All the groups were treated for 28 consecutive
days. Blood samples were collectedin days of 0, 7,
14 and 28 from retro-orbital plexus under ether
anesthesia and the serum was used for the assay of
blood sugar measurement. The blood sugar was
assayed using standard kits. Values were represented
as mean±SEM. Data were analyzed by one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's
test using statistical package for social sciences
(SPSS) version 10. P<0.05 was considered
significant.
Results and discussion
The results of present study in following table
have been shown.
According to this results sumac causes
significance increase in levels of blood sugar, of
course other effects of sumac have need to more
studies. In other hands, the antifungal and
antibacterial activity exhibited by the extracts and
essential oils of medicinal plants has been
demonstrated by several researchers [1,5,14,19,6].
According to the findings of other study, Sumac
extracts showed relatively high activity against all the
Table 1: Blood sugar levels (mg/dl) of 4 groups in days of 0, 7, 14 and 28
Group Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Days
0 101.73±1.64 102.28±1.23 102.91±1.53 101.57±1.72
7 102.28±1.33 *122.45±1.87 *121.39±1.97 *121.33±1.69
14 103.62±1.67 *128.34±2.03 *126.44±1.88 *127.27±1.77
28 104.75±1.45 **130.58±2.34 ***139.12±2.24 ***141.86±2.56
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 compared with 0 day.
tested bacteria and fungi and in fact so fare most
study on antimicrobial effect of Sumac has been
reported but study on effect of sumac on serumic
levels of blood sugar has been not reported. The
present study suggests that the essential oil of this
plant is a potential source of natural agents. After
this screening experiment, further work should be
performed to describe the antimicrobial activities in
more detail as well as their activity in vivo. Also
phytochemical studies will be necessary to isolate the
active constituents and evaluate the antibacterial
activities against a wide range of bacteria population.
Researcher showed that R. coriaria leaves which are
rich in flavones, tannins, anthocyanins, and organic
acids [11] would be a good source for traditional
medicine. But our result showed that a significance
increase in levels of blood sugar after administration
of sumac was observed. The findings demonstrate
that sumac can be increased the blood sugar therefore
in diabetic patient be considered.
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... Interestingly, in Iran and Palestine, sumac represents pure ground fruit epicarps of the plant, while in Turkey the whole fruit is ground with salt crystals (Mirhadi et al., 2011). It is commonly used as a seasoning spice in the Mediterranean region, especially in meat and fish dishes (Abbas and Halkman, 2004). ...
... It continues to increase both in numbers and in the impact upon the quality of life, as changing lifestyles lead to reduced physical activity and to increasing obesity. In (Mirhadi et al., 2011). In contrast to this, it was found, by other researchers, that the plant extracts increase the levels of blood sugar in rats. ...
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Thesis
Full-text available
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The present study aimed to isolate and purify the tannin from the seeds of Rhus coriaria L. and evaluated the antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in Salmonella typhimurium (In vitro) as well as its effect on gene expression of RamA gene . The study included three stages. In the first stage, tannin was isolated and purified from ethanolic extract by using column chromatograph which employed by Sephadex LH-20, and the purity was confirmed by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) assay, evaluation of antioxidant activity utilizing 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and comparing it with Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and vitamin C. In the second stage Several clinical specimens of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria were collected from different hospitals in Karkh and Resafa of Baghdad city, the isolates were confirmed by using the system VITEK-2. Also, the identification of genus was conducted by detection of the specific genes 16SrRNA and RamA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Susceptibility of S. typhimurium towards 8 different antibiotics was examined by using the disc diffusion method. Antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of purified , partially purified tannin and crud extract were evaluated in Salmonella typhimurium . The third stage, the gene expression of efflux pump gene (RamA) was conducted by using real-time quantitative PCR assay of S. typhimurium bacteria treated with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tannin . Summary II This study led to the following results: 1. The results of the phytochemical analysis of the sumac seeds extract showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and tannins in the ethanolic extract . Antioxidant activity of tannin showed that the radical scavenging capacity (IC50) values of pure tannin was (9 mg/ml) and possess DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to reference substances BHT and vitamin C (IC50=2.5 and 4 mg/ml) respectively, purified tannin was higher than partial purified tannin which was (IC50=13 mg/ml). 2. The results of the susceptibility of the S.typhimurium showed high sensitivity to the antibiotics used especially cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, azithromycin, meropenem and norfloxacin. And intermediate to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ofloxacin while resistant to erythromycin. The antibacterial activity of crud extract , partial pure and pure tannin with concentration of 1 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml were showed higher antibacterial activity of S. typhimurium in vitro. The results of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test of the bacteria by using macrobroth dilution method shown the best effect was seen in concentration of 0.4 mg/ml against S. typhimurium with purified tannin and crud extract respectively , while the lowest effect was seen in partial purified tannin. 3. The molecular level of this study, the results of PCR reaction showed the presence of RamA gene in Salmonella typhimurium bacteria and this confirmed the role of this gene in the identification of S.typhimurium species and its intrinsic in this species. The gene expression of RamA gene was conducted by using real-time quantitative PCR assay. It was found that the value of gene expression fold to RamA gene was recorded (0.00007) in the S. typhimurium, in contrast with tannin untreated samples that which was (1.0). It was obvious there was a direct proportion between MICs values and folds of gene expression, therefore Summary III the increase of tannin concentration in the growth medium leads to decrease in gene expression. 16S rRNA gene expression results, which was used as a reference gene, demonstrated that this gene was well suited as housekeeping gene because of the minimal variations of expression of this gene whether in tannin treated and untreated samples .With the above results, it can be concluded that purified tannin was better than partial purified tannin and can prevent Salmonella typhimurium bacteria growth. Therefore, the potential use of tannin as a therapeutically useful salmonellosis agent deserves further studies.
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... For instance, sumac was used in folk medicine for the treatment of stroke chronic symptoms, as was described by Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) in his well-known book, Canon of Medicine (Zargaran et al., 2013). Interestingly, in Iran and Palestine, sumac represents pure ground fruit epicarps of the plant, while in Turkey the whole fruit is ground with salt crystals (Mirhadi et al., 2011). It is commonly used as a seasoning spice in the Mediterranean region, especially in meat and fish dishes (Nasar-Abbas et al., 2004). ...
... Above all, the gallotannin; penta-galloylglucose (7) which was repeatedly reported in sumac plant was found to have an antidiabetic effect, exhibited by acting as an inhibitor of PTP1B enzyme (Baumgartner et al., 2010). In contrast to this, it was found, by other researchers, that the plant extracts increase the levels of blood sugar in rats (Mirhadi et al., 2011; Pashazadeh et al., 2013). These findings demonstrate that sumac can positively affect the blood sugar level in diabetic patient. ...
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... For instance, sumac was used in folk medicine for the treatment of stroke chronic symptoms, as was described by Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) in his well-known book, Canon of Medicine (Zargaran et al., 2013). Interestingly, in Iran and Palestine, sumac represents pure ground fruit epicarps of the plant, while in Turkey the whole fruit is ground with salt crystals (Mirhadi et al., 2011). It is commonly used as a seasoning spice in the Mediterranean region, especially in meat and fish dishes (Nasar-Abbas et al., 2004). ...
... Above all, the gallotannin; penta-galloylglucose (7) which was repeatedly reported in sumac plant was found to have an antidiabetic effect, exhibited by acting as an inhibitor of PTP1B enzyme (Baumgartner et al., 2010). In contrast to this, it was found, by other researchers, that the plant extracts increase the levels of blood sugar in rats (Mirhadi et al., 2011;Pashazadeh et al., 2013). These findings demonstrate that sumac can positively affect the blood sugar level in diabetic patient. ...
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... [21] The plant is known to grow wild in the Mediterranean Basin, including Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Palestine, where it has been used since ancient times as as pice, condiment, as ouring agent and appetizer. [20] In Turkey, the whole fruit is ground with salt crystals, [22] mixed with Prof. Dr. Hala I. Al-Jaber is currently working as aProfessor of Organic Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan. She is am ember of national and international scientific and professional organizations including the Jordanian Chemical Society (JCS) and the American Chemical Society (ACS). ...
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  • Aug 2014
Recently, use of herbal medicine and plant extracts as a substitute for commercially available chemical drugs for control of infectious diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease has become increasingly popular. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Rhus coriaria L. water extract on five common oral bacteria and bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire. For primary assessment of the antibacterial properties of Rhus coriaria L. water extract, the well-plate method in BHIA (Brain Heart Infusion Agar, Merck, Germany) medium was used Using macrodilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract against each microorganism were determined. The effect of Rhus coriaria L. on bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire was assessed using viable cell count in biofilm medium (BM) containing 3% sucrose. In the final phase, after fixation of samples in alcohol and glutaraldehyde, samples were prepared for SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis. The diameter of the zone of growth inhibition was proportionate to the tested concentrations of the extract. The lowest MIC (0.390 mg/ml) and MBC (1.5 mg/ml ) of the Rhus coriaria L. were found to be against Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 27607. Rhus coriaria L. water extract decreased bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire at MIC and 1/8 of MIC by S. sanguinis ATCC 10556, S. sobrinus ATCC 27607, S. salivarius ATCC 9222, S. mutans ATCC 35608 and E. faecalis CIP 55142 by24.2%-43%, 68.5%-91.6%, 10.6%-79.1%, 22.2%-86.1% and 40.6%-76.4%, respectively. Based on the results, Rhus coriaria L. water extract had significant antibacterial properties against five common oral bacteria and was able to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire. Further investigations are recommended for widespread clinical use of this extract.
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Effect of Garlic and Lactobacillus plantarum on Growth of Salmonella typhimurium in Egyptian fresh Sausage and Beefburger
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  • Apr 1987
The effects of 3.4 and 5% garlic on the behavior of Salmonella typhimurium in Egyptian fresh sausage and beefburger held at 25°C were investigated. Four per cent garlic was bacteriostatic in both products; 5% garlic caused a decrease in the count of organisms of 1 log cycle within 4 d. Counts of S. typhimurium in fresh sausage containing Lactobacillus plantarum (107/g) increased 1 log cycle after 24 h, then the count remained constant through 4 d at 25°C. L. plantarum, together with 0.3% glucono-delta-lactone and 2.5% nitrate curing salt, resulted in a 1-log decline in counts during a storage period of 4 d at 25°C.
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Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Rhus coriaria and Cinnamomum cassia Extracts
Article
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  • Feb 2003
Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of the extracts of sumac (Rhus coriaria) fruits and cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) cortex were studied. Plant samples were extracted with methanol:water (80:20) and an aliquot of each extract was fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Antioxidant activities of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions were measured using Fe+2 induced linoleic acid-TBA-peroxidation reaction and the Rancimat methods. Free radical scavenging activities of the fractions were determined on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). Results were compared with those for butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The ethyl acetate fraction of plant materials exhibited a marked antiradical activity on DPPH.
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Effect of carrot intake on cholesterol metabolism and on antioxidant status in cholesterol-fed rat
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2003
Vegetables are major dietary sources of fibers and antioxidants such as carotenoids, polyphenols and vitamin C which contribute to explain their protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. We investigated in the rat the effects of a 3-week supplementation of the diet with carrot (15% dry matter) on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status. A significant decrease of cholesterol level in liver (-44%; P= 0.0007) was observed together with a reduction of the level of liver triglycerides (-40%; P= 0.0005). Fecal total steroids excretion increased by 30% upon feeding the carrot diet as compared to the control. The secretion of bile acids was maintained, whereas the cholesterol apparent absorption was reduced in rats fed carrot diet. Carrot consumption also improved the antioxidant status. It significantly decreased the urinary excretion of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced the TBARS levels in heart, increased the vitamin E plasmatic level and tended to increase the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as compared to the controls. The carrot diet provided carotenoid antioxidants: 5.1 mg beta-carotene, 1.6 mg alpha-carotene and 0.25mg lutein per 100 g diet. No carotenoids were found in plasma whereas the three carotenoids were detected in the plasma of the rats fed the carrot diet at 125, 41, 43 nmol/L respective concentrations. beta-Carotene was also detected in liver and heart. Carrot consumption modifies cholesterol absorption and bile acids excretion and increases antioxidant status and these effects could be interesting for cardiovascular protection.
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The effect of Saffron Orally Administration on Spermatogenesis Index in Rat
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  • Jun 2011
Saffron is widely used as a food flavor and has well known medicinal effects.This drug has an effect on steroid and sexual hormones. The aim of this study was investigation of Saffron orally administration on spermatogenesis index in rat.In this experimental study, 40 male rats are used (4 groups and 10 rats in each group). Animals were received Saffron (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) daily orally administration, during 28 days. As one group was control (normal saline) and three groups was drug consumer. The testis tissue was sampled after passing of above time and section providing, was stained by H&E. Then, in point of spermatogenesis indexes which include, tubular differentiation index (TDI), spermatogenesis index (SI), and repopulation index (RI), were studied.According to the results in the 200 mg/kg dose, RI, SI and TDI significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared with control group.Reduction of spermatogenesis and its index in rat testis is the result of Saffron orally administration probably via the reducing of blood testosterone level. Effect of Saffron on spermatogenesis index and unfertilization in human needed to be more investigation.
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Determination of the Tanning Capacity of a Rhus Coriaria L. Extract and Its Antioxidant Activity
Article
  • Sep 2000
  • J SOC LEATH TECH CH
In this work, a liquid extract obtained from leaves of Rhus coriaria L. has been studied in terms of its tanning capacity. The extract was quantified with 25.59% of tanning matter. The hide powder assay gives us two analytical solutions, corresponding to tannin and non-tannin matter portions. Both solutions were analysed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography, the results show in both cases that around 97% of the matter present in the extract has a tanning effect. The antioxidant activity of the extract is studied in relation to chromium VI formation in sheepskins. The exposure to UV light of the skins not retanned with sumac extract showed a marked increase in chromium (VI) content, therefore this extract acts as a powerful antioxidant agent. With only a 0.7% of the tannin matter used during the retanning process the chromium (VI) content is reduced by about 65%. An application of 4.2% of tannin matter makes chromium (VI) undetectable.
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Antiradical efficiency of different vegetable tannin extracts
Article
  • Apr 2002
  • J AM LEATHER CHEM AS
Vegetable tannin extracts used in the leather manufacture are gained in important due to its antioxidant activity against external agents. In this paper the tannins and related monophenols were evaluated in comparison with market antioxidants using the standard free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). Differences observed on its antioxidant activity could be explain in terms of the different structures and molecule conformation, due to the accessibility of the radical DPPH• to the antioxidant centre. The concentration of the extract is important is such property but in this case the vegetable tannin extracts do not have significative differences in the total phenolic composition. The highest antioxidant activity (EC50) was achieved by sumac, followed by tara, chestnut, myrabolans, quebracho and finally mimosa. If the time needed to get to the steady state (TEC50) is taking in account, the mentioned sequence is modified because myrabolan extract react more rapidly than the rest of the extracts leading the antiradical efficiency sequence as myrabolans > sumac > tara > chestnut > quebracho > mimosa.
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