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Enhancing Seed Germination in Hybrid Tea Roses

Authors:
  • Nirp international

Abstract

Rose breeders need reliable and efficient germination protocols to exploit all viable embryos in their breeding programme. A combined physical restriction of the seed coat and a physiological dormancy are present in the achenes of hybrid tea roses resulting in variable and not uniform seed germination. In this study, different treatment combinations were assessed to overcome the mechanical resistence of the pericarp and enhance germination. Both chemical and microbial seed scarification were carried out. A mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before stratification promoted a more uniform germination and enhanced the percentage of germination from 49.2% to 65.9%. Epiphytic bacteria, Emercal (TM) (a product composed by bacteria and co-metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation), or Remedier (R) (a commercial formulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridae), added to the stratification sand, enhanced percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on the uniformity of germination. Addition of a compost activator to the stratification sand did not improve seed germination. After stratification, pre-sowing treatments with GA(3) were carried out. Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3) highly enhanced percentage of seed germination (77.6%), mean germination time (26.0 days) and uniformity of germination (2.5%) compared to immersion in water (respectively 64.8%, 32.8 days and 7.9%). Therefore, this study proposes a combination of treatments as a reliable optimisation of seed germination protocols for hybrid tea roses.
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Italus Hortus 16 (2), 2009: 244-248
Sistemi di controllo della qualità del materiale micropropagato nella
varietà commerciale Elide di Gerbera jamesonii
Luca Pipino1*, Enrico Francia2, Nicola Pecchioni2, Caccia Riccardo3, Monica Miriana Albani3e
Annalisa Giovannini1
¹CRA - FSO, Corso Inglesi 508, 18038 Sanremo (IM)
²Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e degli Alimenti, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via
Amendola 2, 42100 Reggio Emilia
³Albani Vincenzo e Ruggieri Italina s.s.a., via Fontanatetta 158, 00053 Civitavecchia (Roma)
Quality control in micropropagated
Gerbera jamesonii
, Elide commer-
cial cultivar
Abstract. The methylation status of the genomic
DNA was investigated in the experimental test consti-
tuted by the two phenotypes of the commercial variety
Elide®, the “wild type” and “bushy”, in vitro propagat-
ed. The onset of the bushy phenotype was reduced
when Elide was cultured in the media added with the
fungicide Imazalil. The genomic DNA digestion with
10 different methylation-sensitive enzymes showed,
for both phenotypes, a low GC content and a high
level of methylation. The Methylation-Sensitive
Amplification Polymorphism (MSAP) technique, mak-
ing use of fluorescent primers, has been applied for
the first time in Gerbera jamesonii. Different polymor-
phic bands were obtained, showing different methyla-
tion sites in all phenotypic conditions observed.
Key words: MSAP, methylation, Imazalil.
Introduzione
Nell’anno 1732 l’Imperatrice Anna di Russia inca-
ricò il botanico tedesco Traug Gerber di collezionare
piante rare della Siberia; il sig. Gerber battezzò quindi
la gerbera con il suo nome. Le piante, distribuite in
circa 80 specie, sono spontanee dell’Africa del Sud e
dell’Asia, si trovano anche nel Nord della Cina e della
Siberia, nelle Indie fino al Nepal (Calvino, 1992). Le
gerbere oggi coltivate (G. jamesonii Bolus) derivano
dagli altipiani del Transvaal (Sud Africa), importate
in Europa dal commerciante coltivatore di piante
Jameson. Il botanico Dalton Hooker descrisse per la
prima volta esattamente la pianta e gli dette il nome di
Gerbera jamesonii. Gli ibridi attualmente coltivati
derivano da un lungo lavoro di miglioramento geneti-
co, iniziato verso la fine del secolo scorso, da un
incrocio con la G. viridifolia ad opera del capo giardi-
niere del giardino botanico di Cambridge (Pacini,
1975). L’industria della micropropagazione commer-
ciale delle piante ornamentali ha come obiettivo la
rapida propagazione clonale delle ultime varietà otte-
nute. L’omogeneità genetica del materiale propagato è
una caratteristica qualitativa per la commercializza-
zione delle piante. Le condizioni della coltura in vitro
(stress biotici ed abiotici) possono indurre variabilità
indesiderata (variabilità somaclonale) a carico di
caratteri cariotipici, morfo-agronomici e molecolari
(Karp, 2000). La micropropagazione della Gerbera
jamesonii presenta un ben noto problema di percen-
tuali di accestimento eccessivamente alte, a scapito
della qualità dei germogli stessi sviluppati. Tali ger-
mogli infatti presentano un fenotipo visibilmente alte-
rato, denominato bushy (Topoonyanont, 1999). Il
fenotipo “wild type” (wt) ha generalmente un asse
composto da 7-8 foglie in sequenza regolare e con fil-
lotassi a spirale. Nel fenotipo bushy, si formano più
apici allineati sul bordo di un fusto, che è collassato in
una sorta di corona priva della fillotassi a spirale. Il
meristema apicale infatti perde la propria dominanza
favorendo lo sviluppo dei meristemi ascellari che cre-
scono quasi simultaneamente ad esso, creando quindi
una pianta notevolmente accestita (Debergh et al.,
2000). Inoltre, sono state riscontrate anomalie anche a
carico della forma del fiore, con relativa perdita della
conformità clonale. I germogli con fenotipo bushy tra-
smettono nelle successive sub-colture lo stesso fenoti-
po ai germogli che generano, andando così ad aumen-
tare progressivamente la percentuale di germogli non
adatti alla successiva fase di acclimatazione. Tuttavia,
aggiungendo ai mezzi di coltura in vitro fungicidi a
base di imidazolo (quali ad esempio Imazalil), indu-
centi diverse alterazioni dei fenotipi (Werbrouck e
Debergh, 1995; 1996), è stata ridotta l’insorgenza del
fenotipo bushy (Topoonyanont, 2001). La variazione
indotta dalle colture in vitro può essere studiata con
descrittori fenotipici e genetici.
Le tecniche molecolari si distinguono principal-
mente in base al tipo di sequenze e regioni del DNA
*luca.pipino@yahoo.it
Innovazione in micropropagazione - sessione orale
245
analizzate (RAPD, SSR AFLP, microsatelliti, traspo-
soni e retro-transposoni, etc). Inoltre, i marcatori
molecolari consentono di caratterizzare direttamente il
genotipo (ovvero non vengono influenzati dall’am-
biente), permettendo così di individuare polimorfismi
specifici e variazioni ereditabili (in grado di superare
il filtro meiotico) e non. L’applicazione di queste tec-
niche molecolari nel campo della micropropagazione
può essere un valido strumento per l’identificazione
delle eventuali modificazioni indotte a livello del
genoma da un sistema di coltura in vitro, che come
atteso, influenzeranno la morfologia e la fisiologia
(fioritura) delle piante micropropagate. I pattern di
metilazione del DNA avvengono tipicamente in regio-
ni ricche di basi CG (le cosiddette “CpG island”),
sono ereditabili, tessuto specifici e correlano con l’e-
spressione genica. Conseguentemente, la metilazione
CpG è stata postulata avere un ruolo nella differenzia-
zione e nell’espressione genica. Si può qui citare ad
esempio la modificazione fenotipica definita mantled,
osservata nelle piante di palma da olio micropropaga-
te, che è stata associata ad una ipometilazione del
DNA genomico totale (Jaligot et al., 2000, Matthes et
al., 2001).
Il lavoro svolto ha esaminato la variabilità indotta
dalle colture in vitro utilizzate per la moltiplicazione
massale di nuove varietà di gerbera. Si è scelto di
valutare lo stato di metilazione dei siti ‘CCGG’ del
DNA genomico totale, in un sistema sperimentale
costituito da un unico genotipo, la varietà commercia-
le Elide®manifestante il fenotipo wt e quello bushy,
micropropagati in due diversi terreni di coltura (con e
senza il fungicida Imazalil).
Materiali e metodi
Per l’esperimento è stato allestito un sistema di
micropropagazione di Gerbera jamesonii varietà Elide
(ditta Albani Vincenzo e Ruggieri Italina s.s.a.) su ter-
reno di coltura GM costituito da: Sali MS modif. Van
Der Salm (1994), vitamine MS, saccarosio 30 g l-1,
Kinetina 3 mg l-1, Acido Indol Acetico 0,1 mg l-1, pH
5,6, agar 8 g l-1. Il terreno GM + IMA prevedeva l’ag-
giunta di Imazalil (IMA) 25 µM al terreno GM. Le
microtalee sono state moltiplicate in vasi di vetro di 9
cm di diametro e mantenute in camera di crescita alla
temperatura di 24°C, con fotoperiodo 16 ore luce. Il
numero di germogli neoformati wt o bushy, dopo 30 e
60 giorni di coltura rispettivamente, è stato calcolato
utilizzando 5 repliche da 8 espianti ciascuna. L’analisi
statistica è stata effettuata tramite il test t per 2 cam-
pioni accoppiati per medie. Per una prima analisi del
DNA genomico di germogli interi wt e bushy, tramite
digestione con enzimi di restrizione (tab. 1) sensibili
alla presenza di gruppi metile (CH3) legati alle basi
nucleotidiche, è stato utilizzato il protocollo di estra-
zione da tessuti vegetali mini-DNAeasy Plant Kit
(Qiagen). Il DNA è stato digerito seguendo le istru-
zioni previste per ogni enzima di restrizione utilizzato
e visualizzato su gel di agarosio all’1%. Per la succes-
siva analisi di sensibilità alla metilazione (MSAP) il
DNA genomico totale è stato estratto dai germogli
micropropagati seguendo il protocollo CTAB di Stein
et al. (2001). Il DNA è stato valutato qualitativamente
mediante corsa elettroforetica su gel di agarosio allo
0,8% e colorato con etidio bromuro e, quantitativa-
mente, utilizzando il sistema Nanodrop ND-1000
(Thermo Scientific). I tre campioni biologici esamina-
ti sono stati: fenotipo bushy coltivato per 60 giorni sul
terreno GM; fenotipo wt coltivato per 60 giorni sul
terreno GM; fenotipo bushy coltivato per 60 giorni sul
terreno GM + IMA. L’analisi di ogni campione di
Elide è stata condotta su due repliche biologiche. I
fenotipi in studio sono stati analizzati con la tecnica
Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism
assay (MSAP), modificando il protocollo utilizzato da
Portis et al. (2004). MSAP è una tecnica AFLP basata
sull’uso degli isoschizomeri HpaII e MspI come “fre-
quent cutter” (che differiscono per la sensibilità alla
metilazione nella loro sequenza di riconoscimento sul
DNA genomico), mentre l’enzima “rare-cutter”
EcoRI è lo stesso rispetto ad altri protocolli AFLP
standard. Le due combinazioni di enzimi di restrizio-
ne utilizzate sono state: EcoRI/HpaII, EcoRI/MspI.
Gli isoschizomeri HpaII e MspI riconoscono entrambi
la sequenza tetranucleotidica 5’-CCGG-3’, ma la loro
MluI
DraI
BamH
BglII
KpnI
PstI
ClaI
EcoRI
PvuII
SalI
Non taglia quando CpG sono metilati
Tagli infrequenti per un’elevata concentrazione in GC
Taglia se residuo 5’C è 5metilcitosina
Taglia quando residuo 3’A è N6metiladenina
Non taglia quando residuo 3’C è 5metilcitosina
Non taglia quando A o residuo 3’C è N6metiladenina o
5metilcitosina
Non taglia quando 3’A o residuo C è N6metiladenina o
5metilcitosina
Non taglia quando residuo 3’A o C è N6metiladenina o
5metilcitosina
Non taglia quando residuo 3’C è 4 o 5metilcitosina
Non taglia se A o 5’C residuo sono N6metiladenina o
5metilcitosina
Enzima Attività
Tab. 1 - Enzimi di restrizione utilizzati per digerire il DNA
genomico totale dei fenotipi bushy e wt della varietà Elide.
Tab. 1 - List of restriction enzymes used for digesting total
genomic DNA from bushy and wt cultivar Elide phenotypes.
246
Pipino et al.
attività è influenzata dallo stato di metilazione dei
residui di citosina esterni o interni: HpaII è attivo
esclusivamente sulle sequenze 5’-CCGG-3’ emimeti-
late, mentre MspI taglia le sequenze 5’-CmCGG-3’
sia emi- che completamente metilate, ma non le
sequenze 5’-mCCGG-3’. I campioni sono stati digeriti
con le due diverse combinazioni di enzimi utilizzan-
do: 125 ng µl-1 di DNA genomico, buffer (10x)
“Tango™” (Fermentas), EcoRI (10U µl-1), MspI o
HpaII (10U µl-1) in un volume finale di reazione di 25
µl. L’incubazione è avvenuta a 37°C per 4 h, e suc-
cessivamente a 70°C per 15 min. Ai frammenti digeri-
ti da entrambe le combinazioni sono stati legati gli
adattatori per EcoRI e MspI o HpaII (tab. 2), incuban-
do a 20°C per 2 h una miscela di reazione composta
da: 24 µl di DNA genomico digerito precedentemen-
te, 5 µl buffer T4 ligasi, 1 µl adattatore EcoRI (2 µM),
1 µl adattatore MspI o HpaII (20 µM), 1 µl T4 DNA
ligasi (5 U µl-1), portando ad un volume finale di 50
µl con acqua. Il prodotto di ligazione è stato diluito
1:10 v/v in TE 0.1x (TrisHCl-EDTA, pH 8,0). La pre-
amplificazione è stata effettuata utilizzando una
miscela di reazione composta da: 5 µl di DNA ligato e
diluito, 5 µl di buffer (5x), 1,5 µl di MgCl2(25 mM),
0,6 µl dNTP (10 mM), 1 µl primer “E0” (10 µM), 1 µl
primer “HM0” (10 µM), 0,2 µl DNA taq polimerasi
(5 U µl-1; Fermentas), portando ad un volume finale di
25 µl con acqua. La reazione di PCR utilizzata è com-
posta da 35 cicli a 94°C per 30 sec, 56°C per 1 min e
72°C per 1 min, seguiti da 72°C per 10 min. Il prodot-
to finale è stato poi diluito 1:20 v/v in TE 0.1x. La
PCR selettiva è stata eseguita effettuando 10 cicli di
94°C per 1 min, 1 min di “annealing”, e 72°C per 1
min e 30 sec. La fase di “annealing” è iniziata a 65°C
ed è stata ridotta di 1°C per ogni ciclo fino a 56°C, e
mantenuta per i successivi 23 cicli a tale temperatura.
Al termine del ciclo 33, la temperatura è stata mante-
nuta a 72°C per 10 min. La miscela di reazione era
composta da: 5 µl di DNA pre-amplificato, 4 µl di
buffer (5x), 1,2 µl di MgCl2(25 mM), 0,4 µl dNTP
(10 mM), 0,2 µl DNA taq polimerasi (5 U µl-1;
Fermentas). Per la colorazione con tecnica “Silver
staining” sono stati aggiunti 0,6 µl di primers selettivi
(10 µM), mentre per la marcatura fluorescente è stato
aggiunto 1 µl di primer selettivo “E” (5 µM) e 1 µl di
primer selettivo marcato in fluorescenza “HM” (1
µM). Il volume finale di entrambe le reazioni è stato
di 25 µl, con aggiunta di acqua. La corsa elettroforeti-
ca per la determinazione dei polimorfismi con la tec-
nica del “Silver Staining” è stata effettuata secondo il
protocollo utilizzato da Portis et al. (2004).
I prodotti di amplificazione ottenuti con primers
marcati in fluorescenza, miscelati allo standard di
peso molecolare GS-500 Rox, sono stati separati con
lo strumento AB Genetic Analyzer 3130 XL, ed ana-
lizzati con il software GeneMapper (di AB). Tutti i
profili di corsa ottenuti sono comunque stati sottopo-
sti a verifica visiva. Sono state fatte le conte di tutti i
polimorfismi osservati e determinate le bande indica-
tive dello stato di emi o completa metilazione del
DNA, in tutti i confronti fatti (ovvero wt vs. bushy,
bushy + Imazalil vs. wt e bushy vs. bushy + Imazalil).
Risultati e discussione
Il sistema sperimentale costituito dalla varietà
commerciale di gerbera Elide propagata in vitro ha
permesso di studiare la modificazione fenotipica defi-
nita bushy. I risultati hanno evidenziato lo sviluppo di
un numero di germogli wt statisticamente superiore
rispetto a quelli bushy, in piante micropropagate sul
terreno arricchito con IMA a 30 e 60 giorni di coltura.
I risultati scaturiti dall’analisi condotta con 10 enzimi
di restrizione sensibili alla metilazione indicano un
basso contenuto in GC ed un elevato livello di metila-
zione del DNA genomico per entrambi i tipi di ger-
moglio (in particolare per quanto riguarda la 5-metil-
citosina), anche se quest’ultima è stata parzialmente
maggiore per i germogli bushy, in particolare per le
adenine in posizione 5’. Nessuna differenza è stata
individuata tra i germogli bushy in vitro e gli stessi
EcoRI adattatore 1
EcoRI adattatore 2
E0*
E1
E2
E3
E4
HpaII/MspI adattatore 1
HpaII/MspI adattatore 2
HM0*
HM1
HM2
HM3
HM4**
HM5**
Adattatori/Primers
5’-CTCGTAGACTGCGTACC-3’
5’-AATTGGTACGCAGTCTAC-3’
5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCA-3’
5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAC-3’
5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCACG-3’
5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCACT-3’
5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAGT-3’
5’-GATCATGAGTCCTGCT-3’
5’-CGAGCAGGACTCATGA-3’
5’-ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGT-3’
5’-ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTAA-3’
5’-ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTCC-3’
5’-ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTTC-3’
5’-ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTAG-3’
5’-ATCATGAGTCCTGCTCGGTCA-3’
Sequenza
Tab. 2 - Adattatori e primers utilizzati con la pre-amplificazione e
l’amplificazione selettiva per MSAP. Ogni primer “E” è stato
utilizzato in combinazione con tutti i primers “HM”.
Tab. 2 - Adapters and primer combinations used for pre- and
selective MSAP amplification in Gerbera jamesonii. Each “E”
primer was used in combination with all the other “HM” primers.
* utilizzato per PCR di pre-amplificazione
** non utilizzato per PCR selettiva con colorazione con la tecnica
del Silver staining
Innovazione in micropropagazione - sessione orale
247
dopo acclimatazione in serra, sottolineando che lo stato
di metilazione rimane inalterato anche dopo diverse
subculture e dopo 5 mesi di coltura in vivo. La determi-
nazione dei polimorfismi con la tecnica del “Silver stai-
ning” è risultata difficoltosa e quindi abbiamo deciso di
non processare le bande ottenute nei gel di poliacrilami-
de, ma di utilizzare i primers fluorescenti. In totale sono
stati ottenuti 1038 profili MSAP differentemente meti-
lati. Grazie alla precisione nel dimensionamento ed alla
sensibilità dello strumento AB3730-xl è stato possibile
quantificare le differenze nei confronti fra le tre condi-
zioni fenotipiche di Elide (wt vs. bushy , bushy +
Imazalil vs. wt e bushy vs. bushy + Imazalil). La meti-
lazione del fenotipo bushy se confrontata con il fenoti-
po wt è risultata del 12,5% (10,6% completamente
metilati e 1,9% emimetilati), mentre nei germogli wt il
livello di metilazione è apparso inferiore (3,7%). Il
fenotipo bushy è risultato maggiormente metilato anche
rispetto allo stesso fenotipo cresciuto su mezzo GM +
IMA (rispettivamente 9,7% e 2,8%). Tuttavia, quando
sono stati confrontati i profili di metilazione dei germo-
gli bushy + IMA e i germogli wt, è risultato che i primi
mantenevano un livello di metilazione superiore (6,3%)
rispetto ai secondi (1,2%), i quali invece presentavano
un livello di emimetilazione superiore (3,9) rispetto ai
germogli bushy + IMA (1,5%) (tab. 3). Il fenotipo
mutato bushy è quindi caratterizzato da un maggior
numero di profili di metilazione differentemente
espressi rispetto al fenotipo wt. Il fenotipo bushy + IMA
ha manifestato una percentuale di profili di metilazione
inferiore rispetto al fenotipo di origine bushy, pur
variando il tipo di metilazione. Sembra quindi che l’uso
di Imazalil nel mezzo di coltura in vitro abbia alterato il
livello di metilazione del fenotipo bushy.
In conclusione, la tecnica MSAP, già messa in luce
da studi condotti su altre specie e valorizzata nel pre-
sente lavoro dall’uso di primers marcati in fluorescen-
za, si prospetta quindi come una valida tecnica di dia-
gnostica molecolare per evidenziare differenze epige-
netiche (ovvero nello stato di metilazione del DNA)
fra cloni micropropagati.
Riassunto
La ricerca ha esaminato lo stato di metilazione del
DNA genomico totale nel sistema sperimentale costi-
tuito dalla varietà commerciale Elide®nei due fenoti-
pi wt e bushy, micropropagati in due diversi terreni di
coltura, con e senza l’aggiunta del fungicida Imazalil.
Sul terreno arricchito con Imazalil, è stata ridotta l’in-
sorgenza del fenotipo bushy. La digestione del DNA
genomico dei fenotipi wt e bushy, con 10 enzimi di
restrizione sensibili alla metilazione, ha mostrato, per
entrambi i tipi di germoglio, un contenuto in GC
basso ed un livello di metilazione elevato. La tecnica
Methylation-Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism)
MSAP, messa a punto per la prima volta in Gerbera
jamesonii, utilizzando primers marcati in fluorescen-
za, ha permesso di ottenere bande polimorfiche diver-
se a seconda dell’accessibilità del DNA. Il confronto
dei diversi profili di metilazione tra i 3 fenotipi ana-
lizzati (wt, bushy, bushy + IMA) ha evidenziato la
presenza di siti diversamente metilati in tutte le condi-
zioni fenotipiche esaminate.
Parole chiave: MSAP, metilazione, Imazalil, variabi-
lità epigenetica.
Ricerca finanziata dal MiPAAF, Progetto 192/7303/2006
“Individuazione, caratterizzazione e valorizzazione di specie
dotate di caratteristiche mediterranee (VIVAFLOR)”.
Pubblicazione n°18.
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... Seeds are often sown on germination beds or benches at a density that can range from 150 to 400 seeds per square meter, depending on the available space and the number of seeds to start with. After two months, the vernalization period is deemed to be over [28]. Seeds In the practice of growing roses, there are many techniques of vegetative propagation. ...
... Seeds are often sown on germination beds or benches at a density that can range from 150 to 400 seeds per square meter, depending on the available space and the number of seeds to start with. After two months, the vernalization period is deemed to be over [28]. Seeds of the Rosa genus are typically small, irregularly shaped (4.5-6 mm long), and vary in color depending on the species and variety ( Figure 5). ...
... Like in the study of Zhou et al. [48], the fact that some of the seeds were damaged during the grinding contributed to the low germination rate. Pippino et al. [28] reported experiencing both chemical and microbiological seed scarification. Prior to stratification, a light scarification with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) encouraged more uniform germination and raised the percentage of germination from 49.2% to 65.9%. ...
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Seed germination is a crucial stage in the life cycle of plants, and understanding the factors influencing germination is essential for successful cultivation, plant breeding, and conservation efforts. The genus Rosa, commonly known as roses, encompasses a diverse group of flowering plants renowned for their beauty and fragrance. Rosa germination is influenced by a variety of factors, including seed dormancy, environmental conditions, and seed treatments. Many Rosa species exhibit different types of seed dormancy, such as physical dormancy caused by hard seed coats and physiological dormancy due to internal mechanisms. Overcoming seed dormancy often requires specific treatments, including cold stratification, scarification, or chemical treatments, to promote germination. Environmental factors, including temperature, moisture, light, and substrate, play vital roles in Rosa germination. Temperatures ranging from 15 to 25 °C, moisture, and exposure to light or darkness, depending on the species, constitute suitable conditions for seed germination. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the germination requirements of different Rosa species, thereby expanding our understanding of their propagation and conservation. Additionally, advancements in techniques such as in vitro germination and molecular approaches have further enhanced our understanding of Rosa germination biology.
... Breeders have selected male parents with high productivity (i.e. increasing the number of seeds formed per hybridization) and desirable traits to avoid deficient seed formation (Zlesak 2006;Pipino et al. 2011). Recognition of fertility-related parameters can improve the general efficiency of a breeding program (Pipino et al. 2011). ...
... increasing the number of seeds formed per hybridization) and desirable traits to avoid deficient seed formation (Zlesak 2006;Pipino et al. 2011). Recognition of fertility-related parameters can improve the general efficiency of a breeding program (Pipino et al. 2011). Although there are many steps for forming a new variety after germination, pollen viability and germination rate of the paternal parent increase the rate of successful pollination. ...
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In rose breeding by hybridization, the viable pollen and germination rate of the male parent increases the rate of successful pollination. Therefore, a good variety of pollinators is always needed in hybridization studies. This study was carried out at Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture to determine pollen viability and germination rates of Magnum, Harmonie and Lady Rose cultivars at three different periods (May, June and July) during flowering. The pollen viability rate was determined by "IKI test" and the pollen germination rate was determined by " saturated petri dish method". According to the data obtained from the study, the pollen viability rate showed significant differences among cultivars and within months. The highest pollen viability rate was observed in Harmonie variety in July (51.00%) and the lowest pollen viability rate was observed in Lady Rose variety in June (16.19%). The highest pollen germination rate was obtained from Harmonie variety with 19.84%. In all three varieties, the highest values in terms of both viable pollen and germination rates were found in July.
... Kusum seed germination and seedling growth are poor in natural conditions (Saha, 2013), as the seed exhibits physical and physiological dormancy (Kundu and Chaturvedi, 2019). Some pre-sowing treatments are required to break seed dormancy and increase germination rate (Zlesak, 2006;Pipino et al., 2011). Hence in view of the above, present investigation has been planned to study the effect of pre-sowing treatments on seeds in order to break the seed dormancy to increase the germination rate and standardize some pre-sowing treatments for growing Schleicheraoleosa ...
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Seeds of kusum (Schleicheraoleosa) exhibits physical and physiological dormancy.A study on "Effect of pre-sowing treatments on the propagation of Schleicheraoleosa" was conducted during 2021-22.Kusum seeds were subjected to nine treatments which includes GA 3 (100, 300, 500, 1000 ppm), H 2 SO 4 (3, 5, 10 min) and cold stratification for improving their germination and growth performance by breaking dormancy exhibited by seed in the present study. Various germination parameters viz germination and survival percentage, germination energy, germination period and growth parameters like root length, shoot length, number of leaves, collar diameter, dry weight of shoot and root, shoot: root ratio for seedlings were observed. GA 3 of 1000 ppm for 24 hours reported highest germination percentage, survival percentage, germination energy, dry weight of shoot and root and shoot: root for Schleicheraoleosa while root length, shoot length, number of leaves, collar diameter were significantly higher with GA 3 of 100 ppm for 24 hours treatment.
... This value obtained from the 'potted miniature rose × cut rose' combination is generally lower than the germination rate obtained from the 'cut rose × cut rose' or 'cut rose × old garden rose' cross combinations. Pipino et al. (2011b) found an average germination rate of 58.90% among hybrid tea roses, while Nadeem et al. (2013b) and Muller (2020) determined the average germination rate among modern roses as 12.50% and 9.20%, respectively. According to Ueckert (2014), the seed germination rate was found to be 28.50% in 'garden rose x garden rose' combinations. ...
... When compatibility is promised, higher fruit and seed sets can be achieved through pollination with pollen parents, which generally exhibit a high pollen germination rate. Pipino et al. (2011) reported that the pollen germination rate among 11 different hybrid tea rose genotypes ranged from 0% to 46.3%, while the average number of seeds per fruit varied from 1.1 to 21.3. They found a strong correlation (r=0.74) between pollen germination rate and the average number of seeds per fruit. ...
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Breeding studies of scented cut roses have gained significance recently. The Black rose, a naturalized old garden rose in Türkiye, is a valuable genetic resource for breeding programs due to its pleasant scent. This study investigated the fertility of the Black rose (Rosa odorata cv. Louis XIV, Halfeti rose) as a seed parent and its ability to transmit flower traits to offspring. Four commercial cut rose varieties with known pollen germination rates were used as pollen parents. Each combination underwent at least 33 pollinations, and the fruit set rate, the average seed number per fruit, and the seed germination rate were examined. Both parents and one-year-old F1 progeny were evaluated for petal number, scent, and flower color traits during two flowering periods. Cross-pollination resulted in fruit set rates ranging from 70.21% to 100.0%, average seed numbers per fruit ranging from 5.0 to 10.0, and seed germination rates ranging from 4.42% to 21.69%. Morphological characterization revealed that 5.05% of the progeny exhibited moderate to intense scent, 42.42% had sour cherry-colored petals, and petal numbers ranged from 9 to 54. Considering the overall efficiency of rose breeding programs, the findings demonstrate the promising fertility of the Black rose and its relative success in forming efficient combinations with hybrid tea roses. However, it also suggests that the Black rose is not as successful in transmitting the scent to its offspring as in transmitting the flower color.
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Rose breeding companies have developed new rose varieties in response to increasing demands for color, fragrance and shapes. Hybridization is one of the most important methods of creating new rose variations. Breeders focus on fertility, reproduction, and a high number of seeds per fruit. In the present study, four Rosa genotypes (‘Jumilia’, ‘Black Magic’, ‘Tineke’, ‘Black Baccara’) were crossed to assess genetic compatibility, seed formation potential and germination rate. The results showed that all genotypes were tetraploid, and pollen germination varied from 11.36% to 23.41%. The highest crossability rate (94.44%) was found in the ‘Black Baccara’ × ‘Jumilia’ combination, followed by ‘Black Magic’ × ‘Jumilia’ (60%). The highest seed yields were obtained in ‘Jumilia’ × ‘Tineke’ (60.50). ‘Tineke’ × ‘Jumilia’ (43.74) showed the second highest number of seeds per fruit, whereas limited success was determined in cross ‘Jumilia’ × ‘Black Magic (2.25). The maximum germination percentage was found in ‘Jumilia’ when crossed with ‘Tineke’. Significant variations were recorded for the weight of hips and weight of fruit. The PCA-biplot results indicated a positive correlation between crossability rate and seed production efficiency. Overall, the choice of parents was crucial for the crossability indices, which are the average crossability rate and seed production efficiency.
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Gül melezleme ıslah programlarında, yeni hibrit çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi kontrollü tozlama işleminden başlayarak, tohumun olgunlaşması ve ardından çimlenmeye kadar birçok adımdan oluşmaktadır. Melezleme ıslahı, polen fertilitesi ve çevresel koşullarda meydana gelen değişiklikler nedeniyle düşük başarı oranına sahip zorlu bir süreçtir. Özellikle düşük tohum verimini önlemek için, baba ebeveynin polen canlılığı ve çimlenme oranının bilinmesi, başarılı tozlaşma oranının artırılmasında kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışma, Rosa odorata ’Louis XIV’ türü ve Esmeralda ticari kesme gül çeşidinin melezleme ıslahında baba ebeveyn olarak performansını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, 10 farklı melez kombinasyonunda meyve ve tohum sayısı ile meyve tutum ve tohum çimlenme oranları belirlenmiştir. Melezlemeler sonucunda; meyve başına ortalama tohum sayısı en fazla (28.00 adet) Tineke x Rosa odorata, meyve başına ortalama tohum sayısı en az (5.00 adet) Avalanche x Rosa odorata melez kombinasyonundan elde edilmiştir. En yüksek çimlenme oranı % 50.00 ile Tineke x Rosa odorata melez kombinasyonunda belirlenmiş, bunu %37.50 ile Harmonie x Esmeralda melez kombinasyonu takip etmiştir. En düşük çimlenme oranı ise % 5.00 ile Lady Rose x Esmeralda melez kombinasyonunda gözlemlenmiştir.
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Roses are known for their low pollen quality. It remains unclear how many days of pollen should be used in order not to reduce crossbreeding success. The study was conducted to determine whether short-term pollen storage is effective on the crossing success of roses comparatively in vivo and in vitro. The study was conducted in a greenhouse and a cytology laboratory at Ankara University, Turkey. The 'Avalanche' rose variety was used as the seed parent, and 'Magnum' was the pollen parent. A total of 210 crosses were made. Pollens were used immediately (day 0) and stored at +4°C for 6 days after collection. The pollen viability by IKI and the germination rates by the petri dish method, the fruit and seed set, the fruit and seed weight, and the seed germination rate were recorded. All examined traits showed a decreasing trend as the storage time increases. The pollen germination rates were recorded at 1.63% for stored pollen at six days and 15.27% for fresh pollen. The highest fruit and seed set rates were obtained from crossing with pollen stored for one day. The fruit set decreased below 10% as of the 5th day, and the seed numbers decreased 1.8 times compared to one day of storage. No germination was observed in seeds obtained from crosses with pollen stored for 5 or 6 days. A positive correlation was found between seed number and pollen germination rate. The study concluded that successful crossing could be made with pollen stored at +4°C for up to 3 days.
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The success of rose breeding programs is low due to poor seed sets and germination rates. Determining fertile parents and cross combinations that show high compatibility could increase the effectiveness of breeding programs. In this study, three rose varieties belonging to Rosa × hybrida (Jumilia, First Red and Magnum), and two old garden rose species (Black Rose and Cabbage Rose) with known ploidy levels were reciprocally crossbred under controlled conditions to determine the successful crosses by checking fertility. The pollen germination rate (PG), crossability rate (CR), seed number per fruit (SNpF), seed production efficiency (SPE), seed germination rate (SGR), fruit weight (FW), seed weight (SW) and stigma number (SiN), etc. were recorded. Comprehensive fertility index value was calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation matrix, and hierarchical heat map were used to evaluate the data. The findings showed that old garden roses had more viable pollen than hybrid tea roses. The crossing success improved as pollen fertility increased. Also, female parent fertility improved crossing success just as much as pollen fertility. Although the pollen fertility and stigma numbers were low, some combinations had higher CR and SPE. The maximum SPE (from 8.67% to 19.46%) was determined in combinations where Black Rose was the female parent despite the lower stigma number and low pollen fertility. The highest CR was recorded in Black Rose × First Red (94.36%). All combinations in which Black Rose was used as the female parent had a more stable CR. The SNpF of combinations where hybrid rose varieties were female parents and old garden roses were pollen parents was higher than other combinations where hybrid rose varieties were both female and pollen parents. The SPE in intraspecific crosses was lower than that obtained from interspecific crosses. Moreover, the SGR decreased in combinations that produced heavier seeds. The results suggested that SPE is a more accurate parameter than SNpF in demonstrating combination success in breeding programs. Black Rose × First Red, Black Rose × Jumilia, Black Rose × Magnum and Black Rose × Cabbage Rose combinations can be used successfully as the PCA and heat map showed. Black Rose showed better performance as both seed and pollen parents according to the comprehensive fertility index. From the correlation matrix, it is understood that the number of stigmas cannot be an important criterion in parent selection. Old garden roses can be used as parents to increase the success of breeding programs. However, it is necessary to reveal how successful they are in transferring desired characteristics such as scent, petal number, and color.
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Pollen parent is one of the most important factors affecting the seed set in conventional breeding. Pollen quality of pollen parents must be known for success in breeding programs. Breeders also must know how long pollen grains keep their viability to overcome geographical distance and the difference in blooming times among parents. This study was conducted to find out the viability, germination rate, and duration of the keeping viability of pollen of rose varieties being kept for 0, 4, 8, 16, 24 hours at 24 ºC and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days at 4 ºC. The pollen of the Inferno, Layla, First Red, and Myrna varieties were used as plant material. The IKI and petri dishes methods were used to determine pollen quality. The results showed that the viable pollen rate of varieties varied between 41.1% and 49.9%, whereas the germination rate was 3.8% and 29.9% and morphological pollen rate was 71.8% and 88.7%. In all varieties, viability, germination rate and morphological normal pollen rate decreased over time both kept at 24 ºC and 4 ºC, but fresh pollen lost its quality faster than pollen stored. Fresh pollen viability rate decreased by 11.9% and 25.6% at the end of 24 hours, whereas only it decreased by 10.4%-22.6% on 1st day of storage. The reduction in germination ability in Layla, Inferno and Myrna was over 60.0% on the 5th day, while it was found less than 50.0% in First Red. The decrease in morphologically normal pollen ratio was found statistically significant in both temperature treatments, except for Layla. As it is clear, the pollen quality was significantly affected by variety, storage/holding time, and conditions. It’s recommended to use stored pollen in breeding programs. Although it varies according to the varieties, the rose pollen should be use by keeping at 4 ºC between 2-5 days.
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An isolation and screening procedure was developed to identify soil actinomycetes that can produce germination and growth inhibitors on agar plates. Eight of 120 isolates tested demonstrated severe toxicity on cress ( Lepidium sativum L. ‘Curly’) and barnyardgrass [ Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG]. Several isolates were observed to stimulate growth. In replicated tests using the agar screening procedure, compounds produced by microorganisms significantly inhibited germination and growth of indicator plants. Organisms shown to produce toxins in agar media did not always produce toxins when grown in submerged culture.
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Rose seeds exhibit difficulties in terms of germination due to strong dormancy. The aim of this investigation was to use different treatments such as hot water (98°C for 24 hours), 50% sulphuric acid for 30, 60 and 90 seconds, and 65% nitric acid for 30, 60 and 90 seconds to get the best treatment to allow the highest germination rate. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and means were compared by DMR test at 5% probability. The results showed that treating rose seeds with sulphuric acid for 30, 60 and 90 seconds broke the dormancy of rose seeds and enhanced the germination rate and duration as compared to other treatments. No significant effect of the nitric acid and hot water treatments was observed.
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Radiographies of R hybrida L cv Meibeluxen achenes have revealed that their fullness rate increases with their density. Density is also in relation with germination quality. Achenes of density inferior to 1, in majority unable to germinate, imbibe much more than those of density superior to 1. These different behaviours can probably be explained by the poor protection the pericarp of low density achenes offers to the true-seeds they contain, as seems to be confirmed by the detection by electronic microscopy of micro-fissures on most of the seeds of this type. This case clearly demonstrates the necessity of a screening based on more or less direct methods (density, radiography, etc) in dealing with seed quality (in terms of viability), as a prerequisite to any study of germination physiology.
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Storage experiments were carried out on barley seed (Hordeum distichum L.) lasting from 1 min to 926 days, including 52 hermetic storage environments covering a range of temperatures from 3 to 90 °C and 5·5 per cent to 24·6 per cent moisture content (f. wt basis). Over the entire range of conditions survival curves conformed to negative cumulative normal distributions and, for any given measure of longevity, e.g. half-viability period, longevity was roughly proportional to the negative exponent of both temperature and moisture content. Although previously reported viability equations were adequate to describe these relationships over restricted ranges of environments, over the extended range of conditions tested here it was shown that the relationship between log seed viability and temperature is in fact slightly convex, whilst that between log seed viability and moisture content is slightly concave. An improved viability equation was applied which takes into account those curvatures and, at the same time takes into account the initial viability of a seed lot which reflects pre-storage deterioration. The fit was excellent and thus it is now possible to predict percentage viability of any lot of barley seed after any storage period under a very wide range of conditions.
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Rose is one of the most important cut flowers all over the world as well as in Korea. Growers in Korea are exclusively relying on foreign cultivars. A rose breeding programme was started a decade ago in Korea. Lack of knowledge lead to a number of research topics for Korean researchers. One of these topics is the low germination rate in rose seeds which is in general about 20%. High amounts of substances that inhibit germination were found in the pericarp of the achene. Four different treatments such as scarification (0, 1, 5, and 10 min), UV-irradiation (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min), immersion in surphuric acid (0, 5, and 10 min) and microorganism (Klebsiella oxytoca C1036 treatment for 0, 1, and 48 h), were applied to improve germination rate. Only microorganism treatments (1 and 48 h) were successful in improving germination rate by two times compared to the control. Presently several other microorganisms are being tested.
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It has been confirmed that immaturity in the embryo is not the cause of dormancy in Rosa; nor do the testa and pericarp in R. arvensis prevent access of water. In addition to the mechanical restriction which is imposed on the expansion of the embryo by the massive pericarp, the achene contains growth and germination inhibitors. The effect, on the germination of embryos, of these non-toxic substances extracted from achenes of R. rugosa and R. canina has been examined.Dormancy in the seeds of R. arvensis maybe largely broken by 6-benzyl-aminopurine or gibberellic acid, and one possible function of the inhibitors may be so to affect the balance between endogenous growth promoters and inhibitors that germination is prevented until the protective pericarp has been weakened by decay.