Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations
Abstract
The Second Edition of this classic work, first published in 1981 and an international bestseller, explores the differences in thinking and social action that exist among members of more than 50 modern nations. Geert Hofstede argues that people carry "mental programs" which are developed in the family in early childhood and reinforced in schools and organizations, and that these programs contain components of national culture. They are expressed most clearly in the different values that predominate among people from different countries. Geert Hofstede has completely rewritten, revised and updated Cultures Consequences for the twenty-first century, he has broadened the book's cross-disciplinary appeal, expanded the coverage of countries examined from 40 to more than 50, reformulated his arguments and a large amount of new literature has been included. The book is structured around five major dimensions: power distance; uncertainty avoidance; individualism versus collectivism; masculinity versus femininity; and long term versus short-term orientation. --Publisher.
... As introduced, uncertainty avoidance is a dimension of Hofstede (1984Hofstede ( , 2001 concept of CD, developed from a survey of IBM employees in more than 40 countries between 196740 countries between and 197340 countries between . Hofstede (1984 14) defined uncertainty avoidance as "ways of dealing with uncertainty, relating to the control of aggression and the expression of emotions." ...
... Individually, those in high UAI cultures feel more threatened by uncertain situations and thus prefer structures that help predict events more easily (Srite & Karahanna 2006). Conversely, individuals in low UAI cultures are more accepting of ambiguity and seek convenience and novelty (Hofstede 2001). Hofstede et al. (2010) also found that uncertainty avoidance correlates with consumers' anxiety towards an uncertain and unpredictable future. ...
... Many believe that culture determines people's attitudes, beliefs, values and norms towards almost everything surrounding them (Mackenbach 2014). UAI has been found to influence various consumer behaviours from the consumption of a certain type of beverage to the choice of investments (Hofstede 2001). For example, people in high UAI cultures tend to invest more in precious metals and gems but less in stocks (Hofstede 2001). ...
This study explores how news media in different countries, varying in Hofstede’s cultural dimension of uncertainty avoidance, frame traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It also examines how news framing of TCM differs between the two main news genres: news reports and editorials. A comparative content analysis of 196 news pieces on TCM from seven countries was conducted. The results indicate that a country’s uncertainty avoidance index (UAI) influences the use of factual information and professional qualification frames. Additionally, news reports on TCM use more human interest and leadership frames than editorials, while editorials surprisingly use more factual information and curative effect frames than news reports.
... Scholars have defined the elements that define a society's culture and discussed how culture is exhibited within a society. Having studied societal culture in organizational contexts, Hofstede (1980Hofstede ( , 2001 acknowledged that he had not been able to measure culture entirely due to its malleability and our changing conceptual perspectives on it. ...
... Individual differences in a country's values are typically more significant than national ones. By examining Vietnamese culture via the prism of the 6-D model, readers can gain a clear understanding of the fundamental elements that distinguish Vietnamese culture from other cultures (Hofstede, 2001;. ...
... This thesis supports the conceptual framework suggested by Sriramesh (2004) to investigate the practice of public relations in one Asian country with a consideration of societal culture. This framework recommended the five social dimensions founded by Hofstede (1980Hofstede ( , 2001, which offer a broad and compatible view to understand the societal Vietnamese culture for foreigners. However, the five dimensions of societal culture are updated to a 6-D model (Hofstede, 2001(Hofstede, , 2010(Hofstede, , 2011, and the participants in this thesis found it vague when debriefed. ...
Vietnam is a shining star in emerging markets, with an annual economic growth rate of 6-7%. Its abundant labor supply, stable political climate, and geographic proximity to major global supply chains make it an ideal candidate for manufacturer planning in advanced economies such as the United States, Europe, Australia, Japan, China, and Korea. Investing in public relations and communication management, especially understanding the Vietnamese market, effectively prepares multinational corporations for future business expansion. This mission is difficult for academia and industrial professionals since Vietnam is a “silent country” in public relations research. To fill the gap, this thesis employs the Excellence Theory, contingency theory, and a conceptual framework for environmental variables to identify three significant aspects: (1) conceptualization and operationalization, (2) environmental variables affecting operation, and (3) professionalism and education of public relations in Vietnam. This phenomenon suits conducting in-depth interviews with 20 experienced Vietnamese public relations practitioners. The findings reflect the diversity of public relations practices in Vietnam's business sectors, which are international practices and local practices influenced by socio-cultural factors. Although public relations is thriving in Vietnam, the absence of formal academic knowledge, professional associations, and a code of ethics impedes the field's development.
... Breakwell (2010) includes values as affective elements of identity, while Guerraoui and Troadec (2000) argue that shared values constitute its cultural element. In contrast, Hofstede and Hofstede (2001) assert that values are not integral to identities, contending that the latter are rooted in stereotypes and emotions tied to the outer layers of culture shared with group members (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2001). ...
... Breakwell (2010) includes values as affective elements of identity, while Guerraoui and Troadec (2000) argue that shared values constitute its cultural element. In contrast, Hofstede and Hofstede (2001) assert that values are not integral to identities, contending that the latter are rooted in stereotypes and emotions tied to the outer layers of culture shared with group members (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2001). ...
... In essence, individuals may share values but differ on superficial cultural elements (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2001). ...
Multicultural working environments, diversity, and inclusion are the topics of interest in contemporary human resource management and leadership studies (Getha-Taylor et al., 2020). Since working environments with truly homogenous workforce are difficult to find, it is acknowledged in the literature that diversity brings benefits along with challenges for leadership to handle. This case study of a higher education institution in a governmental sector in the Sultanate of Oman aims to explore the role of cultural values, cultural and social identities in employees' preferences of leadership styles. In this study, quantitative and qualitative approaches were combined to triangulate the findings and ensure their reliability. Initially, data were collected using an online survey distributed among employees of a governmental higher education institution in Oman. 153 responses were obtained with 52% response rate. Quantitative data were coded and analyzed statistically with the help of SPSS software. This was followed by one-to-one semi-structured interviews with 28 participants to clarify the findings of the first stage and ensure their reliability. Thematic analysis with thematic mapping was utilized to analyze the data collected by grouping concepts into themes and establishing the relationships between them. Overall, the current study attempts to demonstrate how employ-ees' identities and cultural values affect individuals' leadership style preferences. The findings, in general, support previously conducted studies. However , they highlight the lack and inconsistency of other works regarding the correlation between leadership style preferences and cultural values in non-Western countries.
... However, the method has also been exposed to some critics. Especially the fact that the method of principled negotiation is presented as universally applicable that omits the Cross-Cultural-Dimension of negotiation (e.g., Bond 2013, King and Segain 2007, Antaki 2006, Kahane 2004, Senger 2002, Hofstede 2001, Bercovitch and Elgström 2001, Avruch 2000, Tinsley et al.1999. However, any approach to negotiations must take cultural factors into account if successful agreements are sought across cultures (Bangert and Pizarda 1992). ...
... First, this understanding of the authors seems to confirm that the Principled Negotiation approach is the product from a western concept based on values of individuality (Gelfand et al. 2015, Antaki 2006, Kahane 2004, Avruch 2000. It reflects the U.S. culture (Hofstede 2001) with its rational approach where cultural variables do not fit and overlook the diversity of behaviors and values around the globe (Bercovitch and Elgström 2001). Second, by this statement, the authors ignore groundbreaking research of culture that at the time had been already disseminated that confirms common characteristics of individuals of a culture. ...
... Hofstede (Hofstede 2001) and The Globe Study (House et al. 2004). A prior systematic review showed that most literature in Cross-Cultural-Negotiation research base its conceptional approach on these two frameworks (Schoen 2020). ...
‘Getting to Yes’ in Complex Negotiations: Strategies for Resolving Conflicts and Achieving Win-Wins
Re-Published article to refine/ refocus the article for practitioners use.
Keywords:
• Complex negotiations
• Procurement negotiation strategies
• Conflict resolution in business
• Negotiation power strategies
• Effective supplier negotiations
Since this research field focuses on the cross-sections of Negotiations and Cross-Cultural-Management
further Information/ Articles/ Data concerning further research and application in practices of both fields can be found here:
Negotiations: https://www.schoen-negotiation.com/
Cross-Cultural-Management: https://www.global-iq.org/
Original title as submitted to International Journal of Conflict Management (IJCM):
‘Getting to yes’ in the cross-cultural-context: ‘One size doesn’t fit all’ –
A critical review of principled negotiations across borders
... In other words, getting valuable information about the other priorities may be supported in most cultures around the globe, but whether this is done via reciprocal question and answering or by the design of offers without exchanging important verbal information across the table is subject to cultural frames. Bearing in mind that the lower end of the IND scale is mostly populated by countries of "non-western regions", i.e., Latin-America, Asia, and Africa (Hofstede 2001), where getting information of the other parties' priorities might be associated with non-direct information exchange, as shown, for example, by Adair et al. (2007) for Japan. ...
... In negotiation stage four, both parties move forward to close the deal: The final agreement is prepared, and decisions are made whether to accept or reject final offers. Cross-cultural-research already pointed to differences in decision-making processes around the globe, mainly along the IND and G-I-COLL scales (Hofstede 2001;House et al. 2004). Negotiation research found a higher likelihood of decisions made by consensus in negotiations in high G-G-COLL and low G-PDI cultures (Metcalf et al. 2006). ...
... As well as the G-AS dimension that harbors a similar potential due to its competition vs. cooperation attribution in Cross-Cultural-Research (House et al. 2004). Finally, Hofstede's UAV dimension may help to find additional support within this ambiguous finding with its 'competition is acceptable' vs. 'against competition' cultural attribution (Hofstede 2001). Another area of contradicting findings delivered by the use of IND is the investigation of possible cultural preferences using integrative information exchange in negotiations. ...
Re-Published article to refine/ refocus the article for practitioners use.
Keywords:
• Cost-effective negotiations
• Practical negotiation strategies
• Supplier negotiations
• Procurement best practices
• International negotiation tactics
Since this research field focuses on the cross-sections of Negotiations and Cross-Cultural-Management
further Information/ Articles/ Data concerning further research and application in practices of both fields can be found here:
Negotiations: https://www.schoen-negotiation.com/
Cross-Cultural-Management: https://www.global-iq.org/
Original title as submitted to Management Review Quarterly (MRQ):
Lacking pluralism? A critical review of the use of cultural dimensions in negotiation research
... The research, was conducted between 2019 and 2022 among employees and final-year primary school students who were 14 or 15 years old at the time of the study. Responses from 764 students and 550 employees were analyzed 14 . The students are representatives of the late Generation Z and Alpha (Artist and Prophet Archetypes). ...
... The last two questions were open-ended and were subjected to qualitative analysis, involving the identification of categories describing the value of work. 14 More on the methodology of the research conducted among employees can be found in: Andrałojć, 2023b. ...
... In this article, I analyze various perspectives on the essence of work (what work is for an individual) and the value of work (what makes work perceived as important/valuable), which together constitute the perception of the meaning of work. By overlaying this ontological-axiological concept of work with the cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism(Hofstede, 2001), a theoretical model of the perception of the meaning of work was developed ...
... В съвременните социални науки съществуват различни определения за ценностите. Сред световноутвърдените концепции и модели са тези на Милтън Рокич (Rokeach, 1973), Хеерт Хофстеде (Hofstede, 2001) и Шалом Шварц (Schwartz, 1992). Рокич разглежда ценностите като трайни убеждения за предпочитани начини на поведение или крайни цели. ...
... За Хофстеде ценностите представляват общата склонност да се предпочита определено състояние на нещата пред друго. Ценностите изграждат ядрото на културата и са част от колективните умствени програми или софтуера на ума (Hofstede, 2001). Шварц определя ценностите като желани, трансситуационни цели, които варират по значимост и функционират като ръководни принципи в живота на хората или групата. ...
... Хофстеде). Нидерландският изследовател Хеерт Хофстеде предлага шестдименсионален модел, чрез който националните култури могат да се подреждат и сравняват (Hofstede, 2001): 1) дистанция от властта; 2) индивидуализъм -колективизъм; 3) мъжественост -женственост; 4) избягване на несигурността; 5) дългосрочна -краткосрочна ориентация и 6) индулгенция -ограничение. Дистанцията от властта описва степента, в която послабите членове в една държава очакват и приемат, че властта в институциите и организациите е неравномерно разпределена. ...
Учебно-методическо помагало за учители от гимназиален етап
... Teachers working in Siirt province were specifically selected for the study because it is one of the provinces where empowering leadership behaviors of school principal are needed the most for the psychological resilience of teachers. Moreover in the Turkish society with a patriarchal structure [65] and the Turkish education system where school administrators can work at a school for a maximum of eight years [66], the moderating effect of gender and the length of time spent with the school principal on the relationship between empowering leadership and psychological resilience of teachers can provide significant insights to practitioners and policy makers. ...
... For example, cultural factors are context-specific. Türkiye is an eastern country where the patriarchal approach is dominant [65]. In such societies, the role of men is emphasized as being assertive, durable, and focused on material success, while women are more modest, sensitive, and concerned with quality of life. ...
The psychological resilience of teachers has gained significant attention due to its positive effects on schools and students. This cross-sectional quantitative study investigates the moderating roles of gender and the length of time spent with the school principal in the relationship between principals' empowering leadership behaviors and teachers' psychological resilience. Data were collected from 362 teachers working in public primary, secondary, and high schools in Siirt, Türkiye. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and moderation analysis using the bootstrapping method were applied to analyze the data. The findings reveal that the empowering leadership behaviors of school principals positively correlate with teachers' psychological resilience, with variations based on gender and time spent with the principal. Specifically, the relationship is stronger for female teachers compared to male teachers and for those who have spent more time with the school principal. These results offer theoretical insights and practical recommendations for enhancing teacher resilience through leadership practices, highlighting the importance of understanding contextual and demographic factors.
... In the digital economy, cross-cultural consumption researchers have expanded the nation-level construct of power distance to encompass the individual-level concept, including power distance beliefs [23]. Power distance (PD) at the national level refers to "society's expectations and acceptance of unequal distribution of power" [24], while power distance beliefs at the individual level reflect the individual's expectations and acceptance of unequal distribution of power [21,25]. ...
... Power distance beliefs encompass the individual's perceptions and responses towards inequality in social interactions, specifically pertaining to status (power, wealth, and prestige) disparities [21,24]. Extensive research has indicated that consumers with high power distance beliefs exhibit heightened inclination towards status-oriented thinking [56], possess an intensified need for status [57], and perceive status products as potent symbols of social standing [58]. ...
The global economic integration in the digital era, crafting marketing messages that resonate across diverse cultural landscapes poses a significant challenge for businesses. This study examines how consumers’ power distance beliefs and the use of exclusivity and authenticity in marketing communications influence their preferences. Through Study 1a and 1b, we find that the interaction between power distance beliefs and marketing appeals significantly impacts consumer purchase intentions. Further, Study 2 demonstrates these results and sheds light on the underlying psychological mechanism. This research contributes to the extant literature by elucidating the complex dynamics between power distance beliefs, advertising appeal, and cross-cultural consumer behavior in the digital economy. Additionally, it offers practical insights for firms aiming to craft effective marketing messages for culturally diverse audiences through digital marketing and e-commerce.
... Pakistan's education system faces unique challenges due to its socio-cultural context. For instance, Pakistan's collectivist culture tends to prioritise community over individual achievement, which can limit personal growth and achievement in educational settings (Hofstede, 2001). Additionally, the centralisation of decision-making in Pakistan's educational system often creates barriers to decentralising authority, thus hindering innovation and reform. ...
... The traditional emphasis on maintaining existing structures and relationships has prevented the system from fully embracing innovation or adjusting to global educational trends. This is in line with findings from Hofstede's (2001) cultural dimensions theory, which suggests that societies with high uncertainty avoidance tend to resist changes that introduce risk or ambiguity. ...
This research investigates the impact of modern educational management practices on school transformation in Pakistan. It explores how leadership and management practices in schools influence educational outcomes, particularly in the context of Pakistan's socio-political and cultural environment. The study identifies key practices such as transformational leadership, distributed leadership, and effective resource management as vital for driving positive change within schools. Additionally, it examines the challenges faced by school leaders in Pakistan, including resistance to change, lack of professional development opportunities, and socio-cultural factors that hinder the implementation of modern management practices. The research further discusses how school leadership can balance institutional goals with the individual needs of students and staff, ensuring a holistic approach to educational reform. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and interviews with school leaders, the study highlights the importance of context-sensitive leadership and offers recommendations for overcoming the challenges in implementing modern management practices. The findings contribute to the broader understanding of how educational leadership can shape the future of schools in Pakistan, fostering a more dynamic and responsive education system.
... In Hofstede's framework, culture is understood as the shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices of societies. Societies are studied along six dimensions (Hofstede, 1984(Hofstede, , 2001Hofstede & Hofstede, 2015;Minkov, 2007). The dimensions are power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, short-term/long-term orientation and indulgence/restraint. Cultural dimensions change very slowly over time (Hofstede, 1984), so there is no annual data on them. ...
... (2) appreciate more those values that focus on and originate from loss-aversionsuccess, money, power, authority, tradition and conformityand especially, security; and (3) Secondly, an alternative hypothesis between the links of values and polarisation refers to the interplay of values and their socio-economic context. Hofstede posits that norms mainly change due to shifts in ecological conditions (Hofstede, 2001), which implies that societies that face similar problems would form similar value systems. The priority of experience in the formation of values is also mirrored in the works of Schwartz (1994) and Inglehart (1997), both arguing that the importance dedicated to material well-being and security is strongly linked to experiencing (the lack of) well-being and security. ...
The paper aims to put political polarisation in a value perspective. It introduces a new empirical finding on the relationship between European countries' level of polarisation and their cultural, ideological, and value characteristics. The analysis relies on data from the European Social Survey (ESS) collected between 2002 and 2022, resulting in 232 country-year observations from 32 countries. It demonstrates that more polarised societies are more firmly attached to anxiety-based values, have more conservative value profiles, and are especially concerned about security. The results open up a novel perspective in the research of polarisation, which, until now, has remained understudied in the literature. While the paper does not make causal claims, as culture and values change slowly over time, the hypothesis emerges that heightened security concerns may be risk factors for polarisation. The results could help us to understand better the background of the political dividedness of contemporary European societies. Competing Interests The author declares none.
... Emphasizing harmony and tolerance makes teachers less willing to confront management directly to reduce excessive workloads and the interpersonal stress. However, this pursuit of harmony may lead to more unresolved stress and exhaustion, resulting in greater fatigue and burnout, threatening their occupational well-being (24,96). This aligns with the JD-R model's "health impairment process" (57). ...
Purpose
The occupational well-being of early childhood teachers, as a crucial measure of the stability of the early childhood workforce, is increasingly becoming a core topic of interest within the education system. Work-related stressors, particularly work–family conflict, have drawn significant attention for their impact on the occupational well-being of early childhood teachers, becoming a prominent issue in the education field. However, current research rarely explores the relationship between these factors and the underlying mechanisms involved. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between work–family conflict and the occupational well-being of early childhood teachers and the mediating role of psychological empowerment and job crafting.
Methods
This study conducted a survey involving 1,200 early childhood teachers from Guangdong Province, China, using personal information forms and four scales. The collected data were processed and analyzed using SPSS 27.0.
Results
Work–family conflict showed a significant negative correlation with early childhood teacher’s occupational well-being ( β = −0.268, p < 0.001). Psychological empowerment (indirect effect size = −0.049) and job crafting (indirect effect size = −0.019) partially mediated the relationship between work–family conflict and occupational well-being. Furthermore, psychological empowerment and job crafting played a chain mediating role between work–family conflict and occupational well-being (indirect effect size = −0.036).
Conclusion
This study reveals the underlying mechanisms by which work–family conflict affects early childhood teachers’ occupational well-being. The findings demonstrate that work–family conflict has a direct and negative impact on the occupational well-being of early childhood teachers. Psychological empowerment and job crafting both partially mediate the relationship between work–family conflict and occupational well-being among early childhood teachers, and they also function in a serial mediating role within this association. The study provides crucial evidence supporting the significant impact of work-related stressors on early childhood teachers’ occupational well-being, serving as a reference for policymakers and educators in developing interventions targeting occupational well-being.
... Masculinity/femininity as a cultural factor according to Hofstede 6D framework which has an impact on SRI market development and according to Scholtens and Sievänen (2013); Shkura (2019) the more feminine the society is, the more developed SRI is. Because feminine societies could be expected to have leaders who emphasize the need for personal relationships, quality of life and caring for the elderly and conserving the environment (Hofstede, 1991(Hofstede, , 2001. And, on the other hand, masculinity significantly and positively affects trade, with higher masculinity score tend to be more willing to consume foreign--imported goods (Yeniyurt & Townsend, 2003). ...
PURPOSE: of the paper is to explore the reaction of sustainable investment markets to the Russian- -Ukrainian war. DESIGN/METHOD: The event study methodology was used within 30 countries, grouped by the regions – Asia, Europe, North and Central America, South America (Americas), Africa, and Oceania. The cross- -sectional regression analysis was applied to identify country-driven factors which influence SRI markets during the war. RESULTS/FINDINGS: It was confirmed that the Russian-Ukrainian war generated negative cumulative abnormal returns for 70% of the analyzed SRI markets. The cross-sectional regression analysis suggests that such country-driven factors as trade-to-GDP and pension assets-to-GDP have an impact on cumulative abnormal returns of sustainable stock indices and are influenced by the levels of masculinity/femininity dur- ing the Russian-Ukrainian war. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: These findings inform policymakers, investors, and researchers about economic and cultural factors that influence SRI markets amid negative geopolitical events. There are two main innova- tions brought by the model: a similar analysis of SRI markets during the war conducted for the first time, and the model that includes financial and cultural factors. KEYWORDS: sustainable investment, Russian-Ukrainian war, event study. JEL: G140, G150, O16.
... Generally, men are less inclined to seek help for mental health issues, irrespective of their background, age, or social status. One possible explanation for this trend could be that gender-specific underutilization of mental health services due to perceptions of stigma (Hofstede 2001). This underscores the need for recovery colleges to dedicate more efforts to developing services tailored to reach men. ...
Recovery Colleges offer an innovative educational model focused on collaborative learning, emphasizing the lived experiences of individuals facing mental health challenges. The Recovery College Guetersloh-OWL (RC GT-OWL) exemplifies this approach, supporting and empowering participants through collective learning to enhance their mental well-being. This study aims to explore the subjective experiences and perceived value of participating in RC GT-OWL programs, with particular attention to their influence on students’ knowledge acquisition and individual recovery journeys. Forty-four students (N = 44) who engaged in RC GT-OWL courses participated in this study. Data collection involved an online survey informed by a modified version of the RECOLLECT Fidelity Measure, adapted and translated using Beaton et al.’s framework. Findings highlight RC GT-OWL’s role in fostering meaningful interpersonal relationships within and beyond the college setting. Participation was associated with personal growth, increased self-awareness, and significant contributions to students’ recovery processes. This study underscores the potential of recovery colleges to support mental health recovery through educational, peer-driven models. Continued research is recommended to further understand the mechanisms by which educational interventions, such as those implemented in recovery colleges, foster sustainable recovery and personal development.
... However, the subjective norms factor was found to insignificantly influence the individual's intention. This finding could be explained by the cultural dimension theory (Hofstede, 2001), where there is a high-power distance oriented between the government and individuals that exists in the societal norm (Chang & Chou, 2018). This may lead to the fact that societal norm on minimal usage of plastic bags was already established but did not significantly affect the intention of reducing the usage of plastic bags. ...
Plastic bags consist of synthetic organic polymers that are produced for one-time usage to carry things around. They are lightweight, cheap for mass production and often distributed at no cost in places such as supermarket and shopping malls. There might be numerous factors that affect this increasing usage of plastic bags among the public. The overall objective of this study was to identify factors that influence plastic bag consumption among Malaysians using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Data were collected by distributing an online questionnaire to the local community. Non-probability purposive sampling method was adopted to select the three states in Malaysia. The path analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between predictor factors (i.e., attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention) and minimal plastic bag usage. A total of 386 people from different ages and backgrounds in Malaysia participated in the research. The findings showed that an individual's attitude (β = 0.331) and perceived behaviour (β = 0.414) significantly influenced the intention to use plastic bags. The perceived behavioural control (β = 0.329) and intention (β = 0.486) have also significantly influenced the behaviour to minimise plastic bag usage. However, subjective norms did not significantly influence the intention (β = 0.060). This study showed that perceived behavioural control and intention are important predictors towards minimal usage of plastic bags. Therefore, it is recommended to enhance education and awareness programmes among the public in order to change the attitude, perceived behavioural control and intention towards minimal usage of plastic bags. High generation and mismanagement of plastic bag waste, which may lead to a negative impact on environmental health, are the main issues that should be addressed properly by the Malaysian population.
... However, thus far, this syndrome of pandemic disengagement has only been investigated in Western industrialized countries that are typically individualistic in orientation, such as the United States, Italy, Sweden and Norway [14]. Because samples from such Western countries have distinctive characteristics, often described as Western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD [15]), an important next step is to examine whether such a syndrome also appears in Eastern countries that are typically more collectivist in orientation [16]. In the present studies, we translated an existing scale of pandemic disengagement into Chinese. ...
Background
In contrast to abundant research on the various acute mental effects of COVID-19, the long-term influences of the pandemic are still underexplored in China owing to the paucity of assessment tools. The Pandemic Disengagement Syndrome Scale (PDSS) assesses people's social disengagement as a lasting psychological consequence in Western countries during the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. However, its generalizability across cultures is untested.
Objectives
The present studies aimed to validate Chinese PDSS and compare disengagement syndrome levels among China, the United States and Italy.
Method
In Study 1, a Chinese version of the PDSS was developed, psychometric properties including factor structure, internal consistency, measurement invariance across gender and country, discriminant validity, and test-retest reliability were tested. Study 2 examined demographic differences in the pandemic disengagement syndrome in China and compared Chinese PDSS scores and those in the United States and Italy (Ns = 415US, 455Italy, 826China).
Results and Conclusion
The findings indicated that disengagement syndrome may exist among Chinese people even substantially after the acute phases of the pandemic. Meanwhile, the Chinese PDSS demonstrating acceptable psychometric features can be a valid instrument to assess the syndrome. Several possible reasons for the persistence of disengagement in China are discussed.
... Power distance is defined as the extent to which people anticipate and concur with the unequal distribution of power within an organization or society (Hofstede, 2001). In a higher power distance culture, individuals are more likely to advocate an internal hierarchy and hold on to the belief that they should not challenge or question the decisions of those in charge (De Luque and Sommer, 2000;Tyler et al., 2000). ...
The literature on the antecedents and consequences of knowledge hiding remains fragmented, limiting its practical applications. Social exchange theory (SET), one of the most widely adopted sociological frameworks, offers unique insights into the dynamics of knowledge hiding. This study synthesizes the application of SET in analyzing the nomological framework of knowledge hiding through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. A meta-analysis was conducted based on the random-effects model and the meta-analytic structural equation modeling method, incorporating 66 primary studies with a total of 20,603 participants. Additionally, we examined the mediating role of knowledge hiding by linking key antecedents and consequences. Moreover, an exploratory analysis was conducted to investigate the moderating effects of national culture and research methodology, providing evidence to justify the true heterogeneity in the pairwise relationships between knowledge hiding and its antecedents. The research results generally support most pairwise relationships between knowledge hiding and its correlates, which were theoretically developed based on SET. This study is the first attempt to explore the explanatory power of SET in analyzing the knowledge-hiding phenomenon, and whether the establishment of a knowledge exchange loop contributes to a deeper understanding of this dyadic construct.
... Respecting and integrating local values into strategies enhances community acceptance [23]. Vytina's sustainability plan preserved cultural heritage alongside economic and environmental goals. ...
p>This study investigates the critical role of local leadership in sustainable development, focusing on leaders’ behavioral traits and their dynamic interactions with systemic factors. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining System Dynamics Modeling with qualitative and quantitative data collection. Data were gathered through the stratified sampling of residents., focus groups with 35 participants across domains such as agriculture, education, and health, and public consultations in the Vytina Municipality Unit in Greece. Questionnaires addressed topics including sustainability principles, behaviors, cultural norms, and community goals, while focus group discussions explored sector-specific challenges and strategies. The analysis utilized thematic coding for qualitative data and sensitivity analysis for simulation outputs to evaluate leadership effectiveness. Findings highlight the significance of adaptability in dynamic environments, cultural sensitivity in overcoming resistance to change, and community engagement in fostering trust and participation. Simulation results revealed critical feedback loops, such as the reinforcement of trust through transparency and collaboration, which amplified sustainable development outcomes. This research underscores the potential of System Dynamics Modeling to integrate empirical insights and predict the long-term impacts of leadership behaviors. Key challenges include the model’s reliance on simplified assumptions and its context-specific applicability. Future research should further refine the model and expand its validation in diverse communities to enhance its robustness and utility.</p
... This enhancement deepens our understanding of the ways in which the mastery concept-which embodies a person's feeling of competence and control-may influence the choices and behaviours of environmentally aware customers. Moreover, the study's results correspond with Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory [93], which posits that collectivist cultures emphasise group objectives over individual aspirations. This cultural orientation fosters behaviours that enhance communal welfare, including sustainable practices. ...
This study investigates the mediating role of pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs) in the relationship between minimalism, collectivist culture, environmental concern, and green purchase intention (GPI) in emerging economies. This study aims to fill a gap in our understanding of how lifestyle choices, cultural values, and environmental consciousness influence sustainable consumption in collectivist settings. The study presents a new viewpoint on minimalism as an antecedent of pro-environmental behaviours, addressing deficiencies in the current literature regarding sustainability and consumer behaviour. The study utilises data from 385 participants across emerging economies and employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine the links between components. Moreover, stringent validation methods, such as the heterotrait–monotrait ratio (HTMT), guarantee the trustworthiness and validity of the results. The findings indicate that minimalism, collectivist culture, and environmental concern favourably affect pro-environmental behaviours, which considerably mediate their influence on green purchase intention. Private PEBs exert a more significant impact on GPI than public PEBs, underscoring the significance of individual-level sustainable behaviours. These findings enhance the theoretical discussion on sustainability in emerging economies and provide practical insights for fostering sustainable consumer behaviours through culturally adapted techniques.
... First, all participants were drawn from a single cultural context, namely mainland China, where Confucian values are deeply embedded. These cultural norms likely shape students' self-feedback behaviors, as they tend to show deference to teachers' feedback (Hofstede, 2001). In contrast, students from Western cultures may be more inclined to question teachers' feedback and rely on their own learning experiences (Joy and Kolb, 2009;Holtbrügge and Mohr, 2010). ...
Though the importance and benefits of students’ active role in the feedback process have been widely discussed in the literature, an instrument for measuring
students’ self-feedback behavior is still lacking. This paper reports the development
and validation of the Self-feedback Behavior Scale (SfBS), which comprises three
dimensions (seeking, processing, and using feedback). The SfBS items were
constructed in line with the self-feedback behavioral model. One thousand two
hundred fifty-two high school students (Grade 10 to Grade 12) in mainland China
participated in this survey. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor
model reaffirmed in the confirmatory factor analysis. The multi-group CFA supported the measurement invariance of the SfBS across gender. Using the SfBS can help researchers and teachers better understand students’ self-feedback behavior and optimize benefits derived from the self-feedback process.
... To explore this phenomenon, the analysis draws on cognitive linguistic theories, such as the conceptual metaphor theory [6] and blending theory [3], which provide a framework for understanding how polysemous expressions generate humor. Additionally, cultural dimensions are examined using Hofstede's framework [4], which emphasizes how societal norms and values shape the interpretation of humor. Contemporary perspectives on literary humor [1] further contextualize these findings within current linguistic research. ...
Metaforik polisemiya, ya’ni lingvistik ifodalarda so‘zning majoziy va lug‘aviy ma’nolarining birgalikda mavjudligi, inglizcha hazilning, ayniqsa, adabiy kontekstlardagi asosiy mexanizmidir. Ushbu maqola metaforik polisemiyaning hazil imkoniyatlarini, Charlz Dikkens, Oskar Uayld va Jeyn Ostin kabi mashhur ingliz adabiyoti mualliflarining asarlaridagi misollarni tahlil qilish orqali o‘rganadi. Mualliflarning polisemik metaforalardan ironiyaga, satiraga va o‘tkir hazilga erishish uchun qanday foydalanishini tahlil qilgan holda, tadqiqot semantik noaniqlik va o‘quvchi idroki o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro bog‘liqlikni ochib beradi. Natijalar madaniy va interpretatsion doiralar polisemik ifodalardagi hazilni kuchaytirishini, ularning adabiyotda va undan tashqarida davomli jozibasini namoyon qiladi.
... Namun, perusahaan global sering kali dihadapkan pada konflik budaya yang dapat menghambat implementasi strategi. Memahami aspek budaya seperti individualisme versus kolektivisme atau jarak kekuasaan rendah versus tinggi dapat membantu organisasi mengubah cara mereka melihat pengelolaan strategi (Hofstede, 2019) 4. ...
Manajemen strategi merupakan kunci untuk membantu perusahaan mencapai tujuan jangka panjang, mempertahankan keunggulan kompetitif, dan beradaptasi dengan perubahan lingkungan bisnis yang cepat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis literatur terkini tentang implementasi manajemen strategi di berbagai industri di seluruh dunia, termasuk faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan strategi, kesulitan implementasi, dan metode yang berhasil. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tinjauan literatur sistematis terhadap artikel-artikel ilmiah, buku, dan sumber-sumber lain yang relevan. Hasil : penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan teknologi digital, dukungan kepemimpinan, adaptabilitas organisasi, dan budaya perusahaan sangat mempengaruhi keberhasilan implementasi strategi. Kesimpulan : Penerapan manajemen strategi di industri global membutuhkan pendekatan yang fleksibel dan berbasis data. Studi ini juga memberikan pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang praktik terbaik dalam penerapan strategi serta saran untuk perusahaan global yang ingin meningkatkan efektivitas manajemen strateginya untuk menangani tantangan masa depan.
... The perception of high costs can trigger loss aversion, a well-documented psychological phenomenon where individuals tend to prefer avoiding losses to acquiring equivalent gains (Tversky & Kahneman, 1991). Similarly, perceived functional and financial risks activate the human tendency for uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 2001), potentially leading to decision paralysis or avoidance. ...
Smart home technology (SHT) offers numerous economic, social, and environmental benefits, positioning it as a sustainable option for individuals and families seeking eco-friendly living solutions. Despite these advantages, adoption rates for SHT remain paradoxically low. Recognizing the ecological potential of SHT, this study investigates the psychological processes that influence the perceived sustainable value of SHT offerings within website content and how these perceptions affect adoption behavior. By integrating innovation diffusion theory with perceived value theory, this research provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the adoption of complex innovations like SHT. Empirical findings reveal that imagery processing during the online purchasing experience significantly enhances the perception of sustainable benefits and reduces the perceived sacrifices associated with adopting SHT, highlighting the importance of visual content in promoting sustainable technology adoption.
... The rising understanding that the globe is interrelated and that global challenges including education for displaced populations need cooperative solutions is facilitated by initiatives like the Global Village Project. The demand for creative educational approaches that cater to the unique requirements of migrant and refugee groups is growing as population mobility increases Hofstede, G. (2001). ...
Intercultural communication has become essential in today's globalized world to promote respect and understanding amongst many civilizations. Effective cross-cultural communication is crucial for cooperative and peaceful cohabitation as globalization brings people from diverse cultural origins closer together than in the past. In addition to being a means of idea and information exchange, intercultural communication acts as a link in the construction of relationships across societies that have different customs, values, and beliefs. Societies have historically developed as a result of contacts between civilizations, whether via trade, education, or diplomacy. For example, the Silk Road facilitated trade between the East and the West, allowing for the transmission of information, technology, and cultural customs in addition to the movement of products. These exchanges have enhanced civilizations and show the great influence cross-cultural communication can have on understanding and development. 1Effective cross-cultural communication is not without its difficulties, though. Misunderstandings and disputes can result from communication style differences, cultural prejudices, and language limitations. People and cultures need to approach communication with empathy, openness, and a desire to learn from each other in order to overcome these obstacles. Active listening, cultural awareness, and the use of inclusive language are just a few tactics that can greatly enhance communication and ease conflict. Mutual respect for civilizations depends on appreciating diversity and appreciating cultural differences. Societies may go beyond surface-level exchanges and establish deeper relationships through genuine intercultural discourse, which will promote global cooperation and collaboration. In the end, intercultural communication is about creating understanding bridges that enable civilizations to coexist in harmony and mutual respect rather than only exchanging words.
... Recommendation systems can benefit from cultural adaptation by highlighting products or content that align with a user's cultural background, seasonally pertinent goods, or region-specific preferences (Zanker & Jannach, 2010). A culturally aware LLM might, for example, emphasize gift ideas during culturally significant holidays or tailor product descriptions using linguistic frames or promotion lines that appeal to collectivist or individualist values (Hofstede, 2001 ...
As large language models (LLMs) rapidly integrate into business and commerce environments, the ability to accommodate cultural nuances and linguistic variations has become increasingly critical. Hyper-personalization—tailoring system outputs to individual consumers and cultural contexts—can enhance customer trust, engagement, and effectiveness in areas such as marketing, customer service, and product recommendations. This literature review synthesizes studies published through early 2024 that consider the fine-tuning of LLMs to reflect cultural and linguistic attributes. We assess theoretical frameworks for cultural adaptation, approaches to data curation and representation, methods for language model fine-tuning, and the implications of these techniques for business and commerce. Additionally, we address ethical, fairness, and bias considerations, as well as the challenges and future directions in this emerging field. The evidence suggests that culturally nuanced fine-tuning can unveil unseen levels of hyper-personalization in business applications, though continued research is still warranted to handle data scarcity, examine cultural appropriateness, and alleviate risks of stereotyping and bias.
... While the time-lagged design and multi-sourced data serve as strengths of our study, limitations concerning generalizability remain as our study was conducted in China. Chinese culture is characterized by a highly collectivist society and a strong assertiveness value (Hofstede, 2001(Hofstede, , 2010. Based on previous studies, these cultural factors may influence how individuals approach time management as a norm, as well as how organizations and supervisors view their role in providing support for employees in managing work-family boundaries (French et al., 2018). ...
A polychronic time management (PTM) approach (i.e., juggling and switching between multiple task demands) is considered a norm in today's fast-paced work environment and therefore encouraged by organizations. However, there is a lack of understanding of how this temporal approach may negatively impact employees and how human resource management practices can support the appropriate use of this time management approach. To enhance the literature's understanding of this phenomenon, we conceptualize PTM as an overarching temporal approach that spans multiple life domains (as opposed to existing studies that have only examined it within the work-domain). Using a multisource time-lagged research design and a sample of employees with family commitments, we examine the relationship that PTM has on employee's experience of work-family conflict, a form of psychological strain that emerges from competing role demands, and its subsequent relationship to employee well-being. In addition, we examine when workplace supportive practices from the organization and the supervisor are more effective at alleviating these pressures. Our results emphasize the important roles that both organizations and supervisors have in creating a supportive work environment for employees to succeed, thereby offering insights for HRM practitioners and researchers.
... This goes hand in hand with Al-Khawaldeh's (2016) assertion that Jordanians avoid confrontation when filing complaints. The results are also consistent with Hall's (1976) assessment of the Islamic World as strongly valuing strong interpersonal ties and Hofstede's (2001) collectivist approach, which suggests that Muslims frequently show allegiance to and support for others. The notable high use of modification categories (internal and external) and Islamic phrases to soften the negative impact of complaints emphasises this tendency even more. ...
The current study is looking into the realization patterns of complaints being fulfilled in the Moroccan SouthEastern Amazigh variety via adopting a dialogue analytical approach. To get a better understanding of how the speech act of complaining works in Moroccan SouthEastern Amazigh, 60 participants were involved in four role-plays. The results revealed that the most chosen complaint strategies were directive acts and blaming (modified blame). The findings indicate that a considerable number of participants chose not to make the complaint to avoid embarrassment and causing damage. Moreover, the subjects overused the lexical downgrader /ṣaḥa/ 'please' alongside religious expressions. Participants as well appear to use more cooperative persuasion methods during complaints than confrontational ones to maintain harmony and solidarity.
... The extant literature demonstrates that social trust and cooperative behaviour exert a significant influence on economic performance, thereby underscoring the imperative for the implementation of policies that foster social cohesion and trust (Fukuyama, 1996;Putnam, 2000). Furthermore, the part played by cultural values and social norms in influencing economic outcomes emphasises the importance of taking psychological factors into account in development strategies (Hofstede, 2001). In light of these observations, the concept of learned helplessness is considered in the context of economic underdevelopment in the following section. ...
1. Bir Kültür Aktarım Aracı Olarak Kuzey Makedonya Türk Tiyatrosu
2. The Interrelation Between Culturally Learned Helplessness and Economic Underdevelopment
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4. Antik Yunan’dan Viyana Kongresi’ne Avrupa Diplomasi Tarihinde Elçiler
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... 3). Cultural values refer to the shared beliefs, norms, principles, and moral standards that distinguish one group of people from another group (Hofstede, 2001). This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) evaluates the findings of empirical studies on factors contributing to the effectiveness of cross-cultural negotiations. ...
The purpose of this rapid evidence assessment is to investigate the determinants of effective negotiation in cross-cultural settings. For methodology, a systematic review of empirical evidence based on a thematic synthesis was performed following an evidence-based management approach. The findings reveal that the interplay of cultural intelligence and cultural values significantly influences the dynamics of the negotiation process. The negotiation styles employed by negotiators are profoundly shaped by these factors, subsequently impacting the overall effectiveness of cross-cultural negotiations. Notably, developing the metacognitive dimension of cultural intelligence emerges as a pivotal factor in enhancing adaptability, consequently elevating one’s proficiency as a negotiator within the complex landscape of cross-cultural interactions. For practitioners, the implications drawn from this assessment suggest a two-fold approach. Firstly, there is a need to underscore the development of the metacognitive facet of cultural intelligence among negotiators. By enhancing their capacity for self-awareness, reflection, and adaptation in cross-cultural contexts, negotiators can bolster their effectiveness. Secondly, a deeper understanding and consideration of the cultural values held by other parties involved in the negotiation process is paramount. Recognizing and accommodating these values can foster better communication, trust, and ultimately, more successful cross-cultural negotiations. In summary, this rapid evidence assessment offers valuable insights into the intricacies of cross-cultural negotiations by shedding light on the influences of cultural intelligence and cultural values.
... The rapid growth of SFBT in Iran over the past 15 years reflects its cultural responsiveness, resonating with Iranian values that underscore family connectedness and future aspirations (Fatemi, Khodayari, and Stewart 2015). The Iranian community is a collectivist society where individuals show strong loyalty to their families (Ghorbani et al. 2003;Hofstede 2001;Tavakoli and Tavakoli 2010). SFBT can enhance family connectedness by helping families identify concrete, realistic, and measurable goals that align with Iranian values. ...
Despite the popularity of Solution‐Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) in Iran, the existing literature synthesis has limitations due to the reliance on studies published primarily in Farsi. This systematic review addresses these gaps by synthesizing and evaluating the effectiveness of SFBT on the marital outcomes of couples in Iran, incorporating both Farsi and English sources. The search for this review yielded 1523 records, from which 26 randomized controlled trials were included. The participants across the included studies ( n = 1110) were predominantly married women and couples experiencing marital discord, from varied educational backgrounds across multiple Iranian cities. SFBT, primarily delivered in a group format, demonstrated medium to large effect sizes in improving marital outcomes such as dyadic adjustment, satisfaction, and intimacy. However, the presence of bias in study design and reporting necessitates caution in interpreting findings. This review highlights the potential of SFBT to improve marital relationships within the Iranian context.
... Individualistic cultures emphasize personal freedom, autonomy, and self-expression, potentially leading to OIB for self-gratification and selfenhancement [72]. Conversely, in collectivistic cultures, where social harmony, interdependence, and conformity are prioritized, OIB may be more influenced by social norms, group pressures, and the desire to maintain relationships [73]. Understanding culture as a moderator helps contextualize and interpret how cultural factors impact OIB behavior [74,75]. ...
This study provides a comprehensive understanding of online impulse buying (OIB) by integrating multiple theoretical frameworks through meta-analytic structural equation modelling approach. We identified the most influential antecedents of OIB and highlighted the significant role of urge to buy impulsively (UBI) as a key mediator with a strong R² value of 0.75. Our findings reveal that UBI and OIB are distinct, with UBI serving as a major predictor rather than actual impulse buying behavior. By focusing on online environments, our research addresses gaps in the literature and offers a tailored framework for digital contexts. Additionally, the study explores the moderating effects of cultural factors and sample types, providing new insights for future research. For practitioners, our findings emphasize the importance of creating personalized and engaging online shopping experiences that align with consumer psychology and cultural nuances, enabling marketers to design more effective strategies for driving OIB. This research advances both theoretical and practical understanding of OIB, paving the way for future investigations into the evolving nature of consumer behavior in digital environments.
... Em parte, a dificuldade de entender como CI se integra à CO pode estar relacionada às complexidades individuais de CI e CO; que começam com a própria definição de cultura (Johnson, 1997;Hofstede, 2003;Schein;Schein, 2022), e é ampliada com a adição dos adjetivos "informacional" e "organizacional", ambos carregando e impondo inúmeros outros desafios hermenêuticos, que apontem para outros dois universos igualmente tomados de complexidades: "informação" (Choo, 2013;Woida, 2016;Cumbane;Borges, 2024) e "organização" (Robbins; Judge; Sobral, 2011; Daft, 2014). Entender a função CI e da CO pode ser um ponto de partida para compreender como essas duas culturas específicas se integram. ...
Existe uma grande quantidade de trabalhos científicos dedicados a compreensão e explicação da cultura organizacional (CO) e da cultura informacional (CI); porém, a maioria desses estudos não aborda a integração entre CO e CI; e aqueles que tentam lançar luz ao problema da integração o fazem de forma pouco pragmática; isto é, abordam apenas em tese, a correlação entre CO e CI. Este trabalho quer incentivar a realização de pesquisas com foco mais pragmático na integração entre CO e CI, propondo uma discussão teórica para auxiliar no alcance do objetivo. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica não abrangente, do tipo qualitativa, descritiva e com corte transversal, fundamentada em artigos científicos e livros de referência no estudo da cultura, cultura organizacional e cultura informacional. Os resultados demonstraram a necessidade de novas pesquisas sobre CI e CO com foco integralista, visto existirem muitos estudos dedicados à análise individual dessas culturas, vários dedicados a entender influência da CI e da CO e as relações entre ambas; porém, não sendo encontrados estudos com viés mais pragmático, isto é, que demonstrem, de modo prático, como as organizações podem promover a integração entre CI e CO. A crítica apresentada por este trabalho é que há excesso de “o que fazer” e de “porque fazer”, mas escassez de “como fazer”.
This study investigates the effects of cultural influences and consumer behavior on product branding within the manufacturing sector in Ghana. By employing a comprehensive literature review and thematic analysis, the research identifies how cultural values, beliefs, and practices shape consumer preferences and purchasing decisions. Key findings reveal that communal living and collective decision-making significantly influence consumer engagement with brands. Effective branding strategies must align with these cultural values, incorporating local languages, cultural symbols, and community-oriented benefits to enhance trust and loyalty. The study also highlights the challenges faced in branding, such as language barriers, diverse consumption habits, and varied levels of consumer education, necessitating differentiated marketing strategies for urban and rural consumers. The research contributes to the understanding of how Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory and the Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) model apply in Ghana’s manufacturing sector. It provides actionable insights for practitioners, emphasizing the importance of culturally sensitive branding strategies, the use of digital platforms for real-time consumer engagement, and the role of brand authenticity in building consumer trust. Future research should explore the impact of urbanization and technological advancements on consumer behavior and branding strategies in Ghana.
Competence-based education and professional development have been topics of discussion among social science researchers in the field of educational science since the late 20th century. This article presents the definition of competence in the context of culture. It examines the identity of cultural centre leaders through the lens of social and pragmatic constructivism theories. Two qualitative studies analysed the performance of cultural centre leaders. The links between the identified domains and competences were evaluated, leading to the identification of characteristic competencies. A quantitative survey of cultural centre leaders established their typical activities. The study confirms that the activities of cultural centre heads not only preserve the cultural heritage, mobilise the community, and maintain relationships with society, but also create new meanings of culture. It was determined that the competences of the managers of cultural centres address not only the (re)production of culture, but also the making of sense through its development.
This study explains family ownership of listed firms in developed countries using a holistic perspective that integrates three approaches: the formal institutional context, cultural context, and socio-economic development. We hypothesize that in developed economies, where economic development is robust and formal institutional voids are less pronounced, there is an interaction between culture and the quality of formal institutions that helps explain family ownership. Specifically, culture becomes more important in influencing family ownership of listed firms as the quality of formal institutions increases. We analyse the ownership composition of a large sample of listed firms from 17 European countries over the period 2009–2015. After conducting descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation analysis to screen the data, we employ panel-data Tobit models to test the hypotheses. Overall, our study contributes to the current debate on context theorising in the family business field by demonstrating that family ownership is unevenly distributed due to contextual dimensions.
Big data analytics (BDA) is widely adopted by many firms to gain competitive advantages. However, some empirical studies have found an inconsistent relationship between BDA and firm performance (FP). Therefore, an underlying mediating mechanism may exist that facilitates their relationship. Based on the dynamic capabilities view (DCV) theory, this study aims to investigate the relationships among BDA, organizational agility (OA), and FP through meta-analysis. Additionally, we explore the mediating effect of OA on the BDA-FP relationship and the moderating effect of national culture (NC) on the BDA–OA–FP relationship. Furthermore, we examine potential methodological moderators in the BDA-FP relationship. Using the random-effect model, meta-analytic structural equation modeling, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression, we analyzed 34 studies with 42 independent samples conducted between 2019 and 2024. The results indicate that, firstly, BDA has a positive impact on OA and FP. Secondly, OA partially mediates the BDA–FP relationship, especially at the process level. Moreover, individualism and indulgence moderate the BDA–OA relationship, while uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation moderate the OA–FP relationship at the marginal significance level. Regarding methodological moderators, the time dimension and analytical technique also moderate the BDA–FP relationship. This study contributes to the DCV theory in information system research and provides practical insights for firms.
It is important to identify psychological correlates of vaccine hesitancy, including among people not from the United States (U.S.). College students were recruited between March-June 2023 in the US (n = 330, M age = 20.21, 79.5% female) and in Israel (n = 204, M age = 23.45, 92.6% female) to complete a cross-sectional survey on vaccine attitudes, emotions, and behavior. A 2 (Nation: US, Israel) × 2 (Vaccine Status: Vaccinated, Unvaccinated) factorial design was used. Individual ANCOVAS controlling for sociodemographic factors were conducted to test main effects of nation and vaccine status, and their interaction, across various psychological correlates of health behavior. Consistent with hypotheses, unvaccinated (vs. vaccinated) individuals reported higher perceived ambiguity, reactance, and anger as well as perceived lower susceptibility, severity, worry, positive emotion, and intentions to vaccinate. Contrary to hypotheses, unvaccinated individuals reported greater fear. Israeli (vs. American) participants reported higher perceived ambiguity, worry, fear, and anger, as well as lower perceived susceptibility. Vaccinated Americans reported higher intentions to vaccinate again in the future (M = 2.89, SE = 0.08) compared to vaccinated Israelis (M = 2.36, SE = 0.08). However, unvaccinated Americans reported lower intentions to vaccinate (M = 1.80, SE = 0.15) than unvaccinated Israelis (M = 1.95, SE = 0.21). Findings provide insight into correlates to target for vaccine promotion and emphasize the need for cultural tailoring.
Research objectives (aims) and problem(s): The study aimed to understand how parenting goals have changed across generations, with a focus on the role of mothers in shaping children’s traits. It analyzed shifts in parenting values from Baby Boomers and Generation X to Millennials and their impact on raising daughters and sons from Generation Alpha. Key issues examined included differences in parenting approaches between fathers and mothers and the evolution of parental values in response to societal changes. Research methods: The study employed semantic analysis and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to investigate shifts in parenting goals. Data were collected from 402 mothers through an online research platform. Statistical methods and text analysis tools were used to identify the key personality traits valued by parents and their perception by adult daughters. Structure of the article: The article is organized into several sections. It begins with an exploration of parenting values and their evolution across generations. It then discusses differences in raising daughters and sons, along with the influence of parental goals and cultural factors on shaping a child’s personality. The empirical section presents data analysis, while the final sections discuss the results and provide conclusions. Research findings and their impact on the development of educational sciences: The study found shifts in parenting goals. Traditional values such as courage, often promoted by fathers, have been replaced by mothers emphasizing independence, empathy, and creativity. For sons, mothers focus on practical skills and independence, while for daughters, they prioritize strength of character. These differences reflect changing social realities and a growing awareness of gender equality. Conclusions and/or recommendations: The study highlights the need for a holistic approach to parenting that addresses both emotional and intellectual development in children. The findings indicate that evolving parenting goals play a crucial role in shaping future generations. Further research is recommended to explore how these changes affect education and parenting, considering broader societal expectations.
Leadership and followership are closely intertwined, creating a dynamic relationship within organizations. Toxic leadership has a negative impact on followers’ attitudes, behaviors, and well-being. Followers might contribute to toxic leadership through conformity, dependency, or fear of retaliation, continuing a cycle of dysfunction. Tackling the toxic interplay between leadership and followership necessitates measures at both individual and organizational strata, such as advocating for ethical leadership and establishing a culture of accountability. Future studies should concentrate on process tracing and identifying obstacles to comprehensively outline the factors and catalysts that foster destructive leadership.
This study explores the factors influencing the development of diversity competence in future primary and preschool teachers, focusing on age, religiosity, background, and sexual orientation. Diversity competence refers to the ability to interact effectively with diverse groups across various dimensions, such as culture, gender, religion, and socioeconomic status, allowing educators to create inclusive classroom environments that respect and value each student’s unique background. Using the DiKo rating scale, data were collected from 170 student teachers at Babeș-Bolyai University. The analysis employed Pearson correlation and regression models to assess the relationship between these demographic factors and diversity competence. The results indicate that religiosity and age have a significant, though modest, influence on diversity competence, with intrinsic religiosity linked to greater openness to diversity. Conversely, sexual orientation and background were found to have no significant impact on diversity competence. These findings have important implications for teacher education programs, particularly the need to promote empathy, self-reflection, and critical engagement with diverse groups. The study also highlights the importance of future research to further investigate the influence of sexual orientation and background on diversity competence, considering the limitations of the current sample size.
Employee job satisfaction is a crucial determinant of organisational success, influencing productivity, retention, and overall workplace morale. This study examines the effects of leadership styles, flexible working arrangements (FWAs), rewards, and organisational culture on job satisfaction among employees at selected commercial banks in Johor, Malaysia. An explanatory quantitative research design was utilised, and data were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The sample included 400 employees across various job roles and levels. The results revealed that leadership styles, rewards, and organisational culture significantly influence job satisfaction, with rewards emerging as the most influential factor. FWAs, while still impactful, showed a weaker effect due to cultural and organisational barriers. Furthermore, organisational culture was found to moderate the relationship between leadership and job satisfaction, enhancing the effect of transformational leadership in more adaptive environments. The findings offer valuable insights into human resource management and organisational strategies, particularly within the competitive banking sector.
Readiness or preparedness can help reduce the risk posed by future hazard events and allow for effective post-event response and recovery. Given the importance of readiness, a key question is, "How can readiness be facilitated?". Community Engagement Theory (CET), developed from over 20 years of research in and across several countries, can contribute to offering answers to this question. The theory suggests that if people believe their personal actions can mitigate risk (outcome expectancy), then they are more likely to engage with others to collectively identify and formulate their risk management needs and strategies (community participation and collective efficacy). The CET continues by proposing that if people perceive their needs as having been met through their relationship with civic agencies (empowerment), they are more likely to trust those agencies and the information they provide and use their information to make readiness decisions. The CET began its development in the city of Auckland in Aotearoa New Zealand and has been tested across diverse hazards with multi-cultural populations, in culturally diverse countries, and in both pre-and post-disaster contexts. Cross-cultural analyses suggest that CET constitutes a universal theory for understanding how to develop readiness irrespective of the hazard or country under consideration. Given its universality, the theory can be used to guide readiness interventions, with the proviso that these are adapted to allow for the specificities of different localities and cultural settings. This paper documents the work undertaken to create, refine, and apply the CET in national and international contexts and discusses its utility in developing natural hazard readiness, with a specific Aotearoa New Zealand focus.
This research investigates the impact of cross-cultural differences on organizational culture in international companies operating in Malaysia, where diverse cultural backgrounds create unique challenges and opportunities for integration. This study identifies the factors influencing cross-cultural differences and ranks these factors according to their significance within the organizational culture. A two-round Delphi method was employed to collect insights from a panel of 30 experts from international companies in Malaysia. Purposive sampling ensured diverse managerial and non-managerial perspectives. In the first round, an open-ended questionnaire identified key dimensions of cross-cultural impact, and in the second round, experts ranked these dimensions. The data was analyzed to establish consensus and verified through Kendall's coefficient of Concordance. The study identified seven critical cross-cultural dimensions impacting organizational culture: communication style, leadership and management style, work-life balance, cultural customs and traditions, employee relationships and interactions, cultural adaptation and training, and technology and communication. Communication style and leadership approach were ranked as the most influential factors, highlighting the importance of effective communication and adaptable leadership in diverse cultural settings. This study offers a structured approach to addressing cross-cultural differences in international organizations, with specific focus on Malaysia's multicultural business environment. The study provides actionable insights for managers to improve integration and align organizational practices with cultural sensitivities by ranking these factors. This research contributes to the limited literature on cross-cultural management in Malaysia and offers a framework that can be adapted for diverse, multicultural settings.
У статті аналізується роль соціальних медіа в сприянні міжкультурній комунікації, що стає особливо актуальним в умовах глобалізації та щораз вищої міграції населення. Соціальні медіа не лише змінюють спосіб взаємодії між людьми з різних культурних контекстів, але й створюють нові можливості для обміну інформацією, культурними цінностями й досвідом. Мета дослідження полягає в оцінці впливу соціальних медіа на міжкультурну адаптацію та формування соціальних мереж, а також у виявленні переваг і недоліків їхнього використання в міжкультурному спілкуванні. Завданням дослідження є аналіз способів, якими соціальні медіа допомагають зменшувати культурні бар’єри та стереотипи, формувати ідентичність та сприяти взаєморозумінню.Методи дослідження включають якісний аналіз контенту, опитування користувачів соціальних мереж, а також аналіз випадків успішної міжкультурної взаємодії через соціальні медіа. Результати дослідження демонструють, що активне використання соціальних медіа позитивно впливає на міжкультурну адаптацію, дозволяючи створювати нові соціальні зв’язки й мережі. Учасники дослідження вказали на значущість соціальних медіа у формуванні відчуття приналежності до спільноти, що зі свого боку сприяє покращенню міжкультурної комунікації.Практичне значення статті полягає в тому, що отримані результати можуть бути використані для розроблення програм підтримки міжкультурної адаптації, а також з метою оптимізації комунікаційних стратегій в освітніх і соціальних сферах. Перспективи подальших досліджень включають вивчення специфіки використання соціальних медіа в різних культурах, а також дослідження впливу нових технологій на міжкультурну комунікацію в контексті швидких соціальних змін. Ця стаття стане корисним ресурсом для дослідження впливу технологій на міжкультурну комунікацію та розуміння ролі соціальних медіа як інструменту побудови міжкультурних мостів.
Organizational culture plays an important role in realizing organizational performance productivity. Each country has its own different characteristics. They also have a unique way of implementing culture to realize the productivity. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of organizational culture in realizing performance productivity with case studies in Singapore, Japan, China, South Korea, and Indonesia. This study uses a literature study method. The results of this study indicate that the organizational culture applied in each of these countries has a significant influence on the productivity. In Singapore, the emphasis is on efficiency and innovation with a contribution to high productivity in the technology and industrial sectors. In Japan and South Korea, a culture that supports discipline, hard work, and teamwork produces performance, especially in the technology sector. While in China, the values of collectivity and respect for authority have improved performance. In Indonesia, with mutual cooperation, it plays an important role in building harmonious work in increasing its productivity. In general, organizational culture with local values has played a role in increasing performance productivity which is realized through collaboration, innovation, and the welfare of its members.
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