Article

Seed Size Variation and its Effects on Germination and Seedling Vigour in Rice

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  • Department of Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia
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Abstract

The extent of seed size variations within a rice variety and its effect on germination and seedling vigour were investigated. Seed size was determined by weighing individual grains of randomly selected one hundred panicles. Grains were sorted into four size classes: 11–15, 16–20, 21–25 and 25–30 mg. There was nearly a three-fold variation between the smallest and the largest seeds, which ranged from 11 to 30 mg. Germination rate and seedling vigour index values increased with the increase of seed size suggesting the selection of larger seeds for good stand establishment.

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... Regarded seed size is an indicator for the stored food forming the necessary potential energy for the embryo. This energy requires for the embryo activation and stimulation of germination process (Moshatati & Gharineh, 2012;Roy et al., 1996). The seeds rice treatment before sowing regarded as low-cost technique enhancing the cellular metabolism during germination stage increased seedling vigour and it emergence evenness (Hafeez et al., 2010 ;Basra et al., 2005). ...
... Moreover, seed size and its protein content directly influenced the seed ability to germination and seedling growth that reflected the final yield. The big size seed (25-30 mm) achieved high rate of standard germination percentage , seed vigour index and the field seedling emergence rate (Roy et al., 1996). Therefore, this reasons would increase the problems of rice cultivation especially if planting in the direct dry method. ...
... The strong seeds are the seeds that resist stress condition and produce high rate of natural seedlings .Results of variance analysis indicated significant effect of seed size, seed soaking treatments and their interaction on the germination percentage in ageing acceleration (Table 1) .The largest seeds size achieved the highest germination percentage in ageing acceleration (11.52%) while, smallest seed size recorded lower mean of this feature amounted to 8.90%. These results may be attributed to the fact that the largest seeds contain large store of nutrient which is considered necessary for providing the embryo by the energy to activate and stimulate it for germination and that makes the big size seeds perform a perfect act and homogenous emergence (Roy et al. 1996). This result agreed with Chaffai & Louhich (2013); Zareian et al. (2013) and Hossein et al. (2011) who indicated the concept that explain that largest seeds size have highest vigour then other seeds size. ...
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In order to evaluate the effect of seed size, plant growth regulators and some chemical materials on seed vigour and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) an experiment was conducted in 2015 at Laboratories of Agriculture and Marshes College, University of Thi-Qar. Factorial experiment in CRD was used with four replications in two factors. The first factor included three seed sizes (4.6-5.1, 5.2-5.7 and 5.8-6.3 mm). The second factor was seeds soaking treatments (KNO 3 6 g.l-1 , CaCl 2 20 g l-1 , salicylic acid 20 mg l-1 , cytokinin 40 mg l-1 , gibberllic acid 400 mg l-1 , ascorbic acid 40 mg l-1 and seeds soaked in distilled water). The results showed that the largest seed size influenced significantly and gave the higher averages of germination percentage in ageing acceleration test , germination speed index, germination percentage, radical length, plumule length and seedling vigour. The seeds rice that were soaked with gibberellic acid gave the higher averages of germination percentage in ageing acceleration test, germination speed index, germination percentage, radical length, plumule length and seedling vigour. The largest seed size which was soaked with gibberellic acid gave the higher averages of germination percentage in ageing acceleration test, germination speed index, germination percentage, radical length, plumule length and seedling vigour.
... Nagaraju [32] recorded significantly higher yield and yield trait in sunflower with large seed (retained over 3.00 mm sieve) the higher head diameter (15.08 cm). Grain yield advantages of 4.2% in bread wheat [39] and 16% in durum wheat [40] have been reported from large seeds over small sized ones. Roy et al. [40] also reported that larger seeds resulted in high biomass, green area index, number of spikes per m² and heavier kernels. ...
... Grain yield advantages of 4.2% in bread wheat [39] and 16% in durum wheat [40] have been reported from large seeds over small sized ones. Roy et al. [40] also reported that larger seeds resulted in high biomass, green area index, number of spikes per m² and heavier kernels. Tawaha and Turk [41], in a study with field pea, noted that plants produced from heavier seeds had 100-seed weight that was 12% larger than these produced from lighter seeds. ...
... Large sized seeds gave the highest 100-seed weight (45.26 g) followed by medium sized seeds (37.42 g) while small seed size had the least (23.10 g). The significant effect of seed size on 100-seed weight could significantly influence grain yield/ha[31,38,39,40]. ...
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Pot experiments were conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State in the Southern Guinea savannah ecological zone of Nigeria to evaluate the influence of seed size on plant performance with reference to seedling emergence, seedling growth, development and yield components and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea). The treatment consisted of three different seed sizes: small, medium and large seeds apportioned to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten replications. For seed size, the seeds were initially graded into small, medium and large seeds based on visual assessment for length and diameter and from each group 100-seed weight was determined thus 100-seed weight became the parameter for measuring seed size as used in this experiment. The analyzed data showed no significant effect of seed size on groundnut canopy height, leaf number, leaf area, stem girth, days to first flower, number of pods / plant, pod weight, and shelling percentage, but significantly influenced mean days to seedling emergence, days to 50 percent flowering, 100-seed weight and taproot length. The significant effect of seed size on days to seedling emergence, days to 50 percent flowering, 100-seed weight and taproot length could significantly influence farmers' opinion in the choice of seeds used in planting a field; as this could determine crop maturity, grain yield/ha Original Research Article Iledun and Patience; AJAHR, 6(2): 13-21, 2020; Article no.AJAHR.57585 14 while length of tap root could affect depth of root forage for nutrients and water, thus crop survival. Despite the non-significant effect of the treatment (seed size) on most parameters investigated, generally crop performance increased with seed size and vice versa, thus sowing of larger seeds is recommended for better groundnut performance.
... The oxidative stress phenomenon accompanies nearly all stresses in plants (Demidchik, 2015); therefore, plants have developed mechanisms to sense and ameliorate it. Networks linking respiration, photosynthesis, plant hormones, antioxidant enzymes, antioxidant compounds and chaperone proteins protect the cells against oxidation (Lee et al., 2000;Yamauchi et al., 2012;Luhua et al., 2013;Sah et al., 2016;Mahmood and Dunwell, 2020;Maurya, 2020;Dumanovićet al., 2021). Those same mechanisms may play a role in tolerance to sulfentrazone. ...
... The 100-seed weight was used as a proxy measurement of seed size (e.g. Giles, 1990;Roy et al., 1996;Navarro et al., 2018). ...
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The availability of effective weed management tools against waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is crucial to maintain profitable production of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Preemergence herbicides enable the crop to gain a size advantage over the weed, but the few preemergence herbicides registered in snap bean have poor control of waterhemp. Sulfentrazone, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide, provides significant control of waterhemp and other problematic weeds. However, crop tolerance to the herbicide is poorly known. To quantify snap bean tolerance to sulfentrazone and investigate the underlying tolerance mechanism(s), a genome-wide association mapping study was conducted using field-collected data on a snap bean diversity panel. Response to a preemergence application of sulfentrazone was measured using plant population density and shoot biomass variables. High levels of crop tolerance were found in several entries including Bush Romano 71, Navarro, and Flamata. Snap bean tolerance to sulfentrazone is associated with multiple genomic regions, indicating the trait is likely a non-target site resistance (NTSR). Seed size is partially responsible for the tolerance, thus the genetic factors conditioning sulfentrazone tolerance are likely a combination of those driven indirectly by seed size/weight and those acting directly on the metabolism of the herbicide or ameliorating its damage. In this study, several cytochrome P450 and ABC transporter genes were localized in associated genomic regions. Alleles conditioning snap bean tolerance to sulfentrazone identified in the diversity panel shed light on herbicide metabolism and could be used in snap bean improvement.
... Water uptake rate may be affected by grain size; smaller grains often have faster increase in grain moisture content. For example, Roy et al. [16] using the smallest and largest grains of rice cultivar BR1 with an almost three-fold difference in size, found that the smallest grain class completed imbibition process earlier and started germination earlier than the largest, although the largest grain class had higher germination percentage than that of the smaller grain. ...
... However, the germination speed (germination rate and germination time) of diverse varieties had no significant relationship with 100 grain weight, whereas the smaller grain size Sherpa/IRAT109 genotypes tended to germinate faster than the larger grains. Smaller grains would have completed imbibition of water faster than large grains and started germinating earlier than large grains, as was shown by Roy et al. [16], Krishnasamy and Seshu [23], and Zhao et al. [40]. Krishnasamy and Seshu [23] reported that 100 grain weight of 68 rice varieties, mostly semidwarf indica varieties, had a negative correlation with imbibitional rate and also germination rate. ...
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Rapid germination is important for both direct seeded rice in the field and for the production of germinated brown rice for healthy food. This study aims to evaluate genotypic differences in germination speed and identify characteristics that determine germination speed. Seven experiments were conducted to determine (i) the impact of dehulling on water absorption and germination, (ii) variety consistency in germination speed across crops grown in three years, and (iii) the effect of grain size. Germination speed in both paddy rice and dehulled brown rice was significantly correlated with grain moisture content at early stages of soaking, however significant interaction of genotype and grain type (paddy and brown rice) existed and varieties differed in their response to dehulling. Germination speed of grain from crops exposed to water deficit in the field was slightly slower than those with higher water supply. Sherpa/IRAT109 genotypes with smaller grain size tended to germinate faster than larger grain, however no significant effect of grain size existed among diversity set varieties. It was concluded that genotype ranking in germination speed was consistent across years and water availability conditions, and that barriers to water absorption in hull and pericarp were important determinants of germination speed. The existence of genotypic variation in germination speed has management implications for both field crop establishment and paddy germination in food processing.
... At physiological maturity, the pods of small and medium seeded cultivars accounted for 28-36% of total dry matter, whereas for the large-seeded cultivar, the pods constituted only 12% of total dry matter (Kurdali et al., 1997) [11] . Seed size is positively correlated with seed vigour, larger seeds tend to produce more vigorous seedlings establishment in rice (Roy et al., 1996) [18] . Nagarju (2001) [15] noticed higher germination percentage, seedling length, seedling vigour index, dry weight and field emergence in large size seeds compared to small size seeds in a sunflower. ...
... At physiological maturity, the pods of small and medium seeded cultivars accounted for 28-36% of total dry matter, whereas for the large-seeded cultivar, the pods constituted only 12% of total dry matter (Kurdali et al., 1997) [11] . Seed size is positively correlated with seed vigour, larger seeds tend to produce more vigorous seedlings establishment in rice (Roy et al., 1996) [18] . Nagarju (2001) [15] noticed higher germination percentage, seedling length, seedling vigour index, dry weight and field emergence in large size seeds compared to small size seeds in a sunflower. ...
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Harvest yield relies on the quality of seed sown. To get the best returns, the quality of the seed should be of top priority. Seed physical, biochemical characters contribute to the success of seed. If the crop is taken in fallow conditions, the ultimate success of the crop depends on seed characters and quality. The present investigation was undertaken to characterize the relationship between the seed characters and quality of lentil WBL-58, at the department of plant physiology, B.C.K.V during the year 2017-18. Concerning physiological standpoint, seed screening is most important to mitigate the stress for late sown lentil in West Bengal field condition and to develop an effective protocol to grow a healthy crop with better yield. Introduction Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is an important pulse crop grown during rabi season in the Indian subcontinent and spring season in the temperate regions of the world. Lentil is a highly nutritious legume with an ample quantity of carbohydrates and the right amount of proteins. In west Bengal, condition lentil is mainly grown as a fallow crop in the rice fields. For this reason, seed quality is the most important parameter as a seed with higher storage stuff can support the emerging seedling with greater assimilate and better seedling vigour. Presence of lower quality seeds in seed lots reduces the seedling emergence percentage in the field leading to non-uniform and lowered plant population and uneven maturity. Seed quality is an amalgamation of several seed components like physical, biochemical and physiological characters. Seed quality parameters are to be studied in detail concerning seed germination and vigour and establish their character association. Seed germination is an essential process in plant development to obtain optimal seedling numbers that result in higher seed yield (Kaydan and Yagmur, 2008) [9]. Although seed size is an important parameter for plant growth and yield (Al-Karaki, 1998) [4]. Few studies explained that seed size highly influenced seed yield and seed yield components such as plant stand, plant height, seed weight, and the number of seeds per spike (Singh and Kailasanathan, 1976; Stougaard and Xue, 2004 and Royo et al., 2006) [21, 23, 19]. Similarly, Weimarck (1975) [24] reported that large seeds germinated better than medium and small seeds, and seedlings from large seeds had a higher survival rate than smaller seeds under field conditions. Moreover, seed size is positively correlated with seed vigour, and larger seeds tend to produce more vigorous seedlings (Ries and Everson, 1973) [17]. Larger seeds produced vigorous seedlings, taller plants with higher levels of dry matter (Manga and Yadav, 1995; Lopez et al., 1996 and Westoby et al., 1996) [13, 12, 25]. The present work was carried out to determine the effects of seed size on germination and seedling growth in laboratory condition.
... Phenotypic correlation analysis showed that seed size/ weight was positively correlated with traits related to early growth vigor in rice (Roy et al. 1996;Fauzi et al. 2021), and the genetic basis analysis of these traits also indicated that seed size/weight was closely associated with seedling vigor (Lu et al. 2007;Cui et al. 2002b). However, there is few direct genetic evidence to elucidate their correlation. ...
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Strong early growth vigor is an essential target in both direct seeded rice breeding and high-yielding rice breeding for rice varieties with relatively short growth duration in the double-cropping region. Shoot dry weight (SDW) is one of the important traits associated with early growth vigor, and breeders have been working to improve this trait. Finding stable QTLs or functional genes for SDW is crucial for improving the early growth vigor by implementing molecular breeding in rice. Here, a genome-wide association analysis revealed that the QTL for SDW, qSDW-5, was stably detected in the three cultivation methods commonly used in production practice. Through gene-based haplotype analysis of the annotated genes within the putative region of qSDW-5, and validated by gene expression and knockout transgenic experiments, LOC_Os05g09520, which is identical to the reported GW5/GSE5 controlling grain width (GW) and thousand grain weight (TGW) was identified as the causal gene for qSDW-5. Five main haplotypes of LOC_Os05g09520 were identified in the diverse international rice collection used in this study and their effects on SDW, GW and TGW were analyzed. Phenotypic comparisons of the major haplotypes of LOC_Os05g09520 in the three subpopulations (indica, japonica and aus) revealed the same patterns of wider GW and higher TGW along with higher SDW. Furtherly, the haplotype analysis of 138 rice varieties/lines widely used in southern China showed that 97.8% of the cultivars/lines carry Hap2LOC_Os05g09520. These results not only provide a promising gene source for the molecular breeding of rice varieties with strong early growth vigor, but also elucidate the effect of the LOC_Os05g09520 haplotypes on SDW, GW, and TGW in rice. Importantly, this study provides direct genetic evidence that these three traits are significantly correlated, and suggests a breeding strategy for developing high-yielding and slender grain-shaped indica cultivars with strong early growth vigor. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12284-024-00728-6.
... Larger seeds mobilize food reserves better to the growing seedlings (Creech, 2012). Roy et al. (1996) reported that germination rate and seedling vigour index values increased with increase in seed size of rice. Though Kanannado seeds had the significantly highest GP at early storage, this did not translate to highest vigour in Kanannado seeds. ...
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Cowpea is the most important grain legume in Nigeria but its yield has remained low. Inappropriate sowing date as well as use of poor quality seeds by farmers have been identified as part of the factors responsible for the low yields obtained on famers' fields. A field and laboratory study was conducted to determine the yield and quality of seeds harvested from cowpea varieties planted at different dates within the growing season of 2017. The study was a two factor experiment consisting of nine planting dates (planting at 2 weekly intervals from 19 th May to 8 th September, 2017) and three cowpea varieties (IT93K-452-1, Oloyin and Kanannado). Data were collected on seed yield, 100-seed weight, germination percentage, germination speed, seedling weight and seedling vigour index. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and the treatments means were separated using least significant difference at 5% level of probability. Results revealed that Oloyin variety had the highest seed yield when sown on 19 th May. The value was however at par with the seed yield of plants sown on 11 th August. Kannanado variety had the highest seed yield when sown on 28 th July which was equally at par with the yield obtained when sown on 11 th August. IT93K-452-1 equally had the highest seed yield when sown on 19 th May which was similar to value obtained in plants sown on1st July followed by the seed yield obtained in plants sown on 14 th June and 11 th August which had similar values. Seeds obtained from plants sown on 11 th and 25 th of August had significantly higher germination percentage, germination speed, seedling weight and seedling vigour index before and during storage than the seeds sown earlier or later in the three varieties. Among the varieties, Kanannado produced the heaviest seeds followed by Oloyin but IT93K-452-1 had the highest seed yield followed by Oloyin and the least seed yield was recorded in Kanannado variety. Though Kanannado variety had significantly higher germination percentage and seedling weight at early storage, IT93K-452-1 had significantly higher germination speed, seedling vigour index and stored better. Oloyin variety had the least values of all the quality indices measured. Therefore, for maximum seed yield and quality, planting around 11 th of August is recommended for farmers in the study area and among the varieties tested, IT93K-452-1 is recommended for higher seed yield and quality.
... Previous research has indicated that seed size and seedling vigor are positively correlated in cotton (Snider et al., 2014), wheat (Ries & Everson, 1973), and rice (Roy et al., 1996). Larger seeds tend to have greater oil and protein content than smaller seeds, which provide the seed with greater energy for germination and emergence. ...
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the top economic crops in South Carolina, and growers make many important decisions prior to planting each year including variety selection, planting date, seed size, and seeding rate. As input costs continue to rise, greater detailed information is needed so that growers can make better informed decisions for their individual operations. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of seed size, seeding rate, and planting date on the growth, development, lint yield, and fiber quality for cotton grown in South Carolina. Two seed sizes large (≤9460 seed kg⁻¹) and small (≥12,100 seed kg⁻¹) were planted at four seeding rates (61,775; 86,485; 111,195; and 135,905 seeds ha⁻¹) on two different planting dates (early [late April/early May] and late [late May/early June]) in 2020, 2021, and 2022 in Florence and in 2020 and 2021 in Blackville, SC. Data collection included stand counts, biomass at multiple growth stages, plant height, lint yield, fiber quality, and overall net returns. Results showed no difference in lint yield for any of the factors in either location in 2020; however, the small‐seeded variety lint yield was 20% more than the large‐seeded variety in Florence in 2021 and 2022 and 5% higher in Blackville in 2021. In Florence, seeding rates over 100,000 seed ha⁻¹ resulted in higher lint yield than the lower two seeding rates. In both locations, delaying planting until after May 22 increased lint yield by approximately 15% in 2021 and 2022. The large‐seeded variety consistently had greater dry biomass (12%–52% greater) than the small‐seeded variety, indicating that it produced larger, more vigorous seedlings. While seed size may not be a reliable predictor of lint yield, it has proven to be an accurate predictor of seedling vigor. Therefore, it may be beneficial to plant a high‐yielding, larger seed size variety when unfavorable planting conditions are expected.
... The 100-seed weight of the seed lots of both years were averaged to represent the seed weight of each genotype. Seed weight was used as a proxy measurement of seed size (e.g., Giles, 1990;Roy et al., 1996). ...
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Introduction Effective weed management tools are crucial for maintaining the profitable production of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Preemergence herbicides help the crop to gain a size advantage over the weeds, but the few preemergence herbicides registered in snap bean have poor waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) control, a major pest in snap bean production. Waterhemp and other difficult-to-control weeds can be managed by flumioxazin, an herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). However, there is limited knowledge about crop tolerance to this herbicide. We aimed to quantify the degree of snap bean tolerance to flumioxazin and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods We investigated the genetic basis of herbicide tolerance using genome-wide association mapping approach utilizing field-collected data from a snap bean diversity panel, combined with gene expression data of cultivars with contrasting response. The response to a preemergence application of flumioxazin was measured by assessing plant population density and shoot biomass variables. Results Snap bean tolerance to flumioxazin is associated with a single genomic location in chromosome 02. Tolerance is influenced by several factors, including those that are indirectly affected by seed size/weight and those that directly impact the herbicide's metabolism and protect the cell from reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Transcriptional profiling and co-expression network analysis identified biological pathways likely involved in flumioxazin tolerance, including oxidoreductase processes and programmed cell death. Transcriptional regulation of genes involved in those processes is possibly orchestrated by a transcription factor located in the region identified in the GWAS analysis. Several entries belonging to the Romano class, including Bush Romano 350, Roma II, and Romano Purpiat presented high levels of tolerance in this study. The alleles identified in the diversity panel that condition snap bean tolerance to flumioxazin shed light on a novel mechanism of herbicide tolerance and can be used in crop improvement.
... Thus, the seeds of L. hyssopifolia are many times larger than those of L. perennis. Since large seeds are said to be more vigorous than small ones (Roy et al., 1996;Cookson et al., 2001) and more tolerant of stress conditions (Donaldson, 1996;Canak et al., 2020), it could be assumed that large seeds of L. hyssopifolia survive better under hypoxic conditions compared to smaller seeds of L. perennis. However, the opposite was observed, where smaller seeds of L. perennis tolerated hypoxic conditions better than L. hyssopifolia seeds. ...
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We aimed to determine seed germination responses and flood tolerance of Ludwigia hyssopifolia and L. perennis that grow in rice fields in Rajgir, India. Freshly-matured seeds were incubated in 12 hr / 12 hr light / dark and complete darkness at constant 25 o C and natural daily fluctuating temperatures. Seeds exposed to different light durations were then incubated in complete darkness. Seeds exposed to different flooding durations were incubated in continuous flooded or non-flooded environments. Seeds of both species germinated within four days in light/dark but failed to germinate in complete darkness, revealing their nondormant and positive photoblastic behavior. Some seeds of both species (10-20 %) germinated in complete darkness after exposure to light for 24h. Seeds failed to produce normal seedlings in a continuously flooded environment. Seeds of the two studied species tolerate at least one week of flood. Seeds of L. perennis have a higher tolerance to flooding than those of L. hyssopifolia, which survived four weeks in a flooded environment. The two species have the same germination behaviour but differ in ability to tolerate flooding. Since seeds of both species are nondormant, positively photoblastic, and have different degrees of flood tolerance, a flooding regime of rice fields will not be sufficient to control these weeds.
... There are several reports on various field and vegetable crops about the influence of grain size to seedling vigour contributing for better crop establishment which ultimately result in high yield (Ellis 1992;Elliott et al. 2008;Zaidman et al. 2010;Magagula and Ossom 2011;Jung et al. 2012;Adebisi et al. 2013;Ankaiah et al. 2013;Amin and Brinis 2013;Tabakovic et al. 2020;Rathinavel et al. 2021;Andrade et al. 2023;Kristo et al 2023). Previous research stated a significant increase in seed size associated with high germination percentage and seedling vigor in rice (Pandey et al. 1994;Roy et al. 1996;Ambika et al. 2014;Kaldate et al. 2023). Jung et al. (2012) reported that seed size influenced mean emergence time and maximum emergence rate index and percentage of emergence of seedlings. ...
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Detection of beneficial genes from wild accessions of cultivated crops is becoming increasingly important for crop improvement, especially for traits lost during domestication. A set of wild introgression lines derived from advanced back cross breeding of Swarna with Oryza nivara species were characterized for grain size and seedling vigor related traits. Grain length in the population varied between 7.23 and 8.22 mm, while width varied from 2.66 to 3.13 mm. The length-to-width ratio (LWR) ranged from 2.41 to 3.06 mm, showing various grain shapes in the population. Simultaneously, seedling vigor-related traits were studied, and a significant correlation was observed between seedling vigor traits and grain size parameters. Further mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping identified 18 QTL for seedling vigor- and grain size-related traits. Among these QTL, three major QTL (qAS7.1, qPL7.1 and qL7.1) were detected for grain size-related traits on chromosome 7, explaining 21.44%, 19.11% and 22.60% of phenotypic variation, respectively. Similarly, for seedling vigor traits, seven major QTL, viz., qSDW3.1, qTDW3.1, qSVI2-3.1, qSL3.1, qTL3.1, qSVI1-6.1, and qRDW8.1, were detected, explaining 18.3–26.38% of phenotypic variation. These QTL were on chromosomes 6 and 7 for seedling vigor and grain size traits and were collocated with common flanking markers. Hence, the results are useful for marker assisted breeding programmes for introgression and simultaneous improvement of seedling vigor and grain size, and further fine mapping of the related genes.
... Several reports have demonstrated a positive correlation between plant morphologic and physiologic traits. For instance, it was observed that larger seed size is associated with increased seedlings vigor and that germination rate and seedling vigor index contribute to plant yield improvement (Cookson et al. 2001;Aparicio et al. 2002;Khan 2004;Roy et al. 1996). Other reports have demonstrated that agronomic traits like plant height, harvest index, total biomass and physiological traits such as canopy temperature, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and water-soluble carbohydrates play important roles in enhancing grain yield in wheat (Tshikunde et al. 2019). ...
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The optimization of germination rates and seedling performance is of utmost importance in the agricultural practices. Ultrasound treatment have emerged as a promising technique for seed treatment due to their efficiency and eco-friendliness, but improvements and optimizations are still needed to meet the demands of industrial sector. Here, the optimization and performance of a prototype sonicator was tested on four economically important seed species (tomato, turnip, maize, and watermelon) subjected to 19.8 kHz of frequency and a power output of 200 W. The ultrasound effects and the optimal sonication time varied among the seed species, resulting in significant stimulations in tomato, turnip and maize. In tomato and maize, the sonication consistently stimulated the germination and seedling development: increased the germination percentage (43 and 20%, respectively) and reduced the mean germination time (19 and 17%, respectively); increased the seedling emergency percentage (41% in maize) and reduced the mean emergency time (10 and 7%, respectively). Measurement of the seedling vigor index revealed a remarkable stimulation in tomato, turnip, and maize (up to 121%), reflecting a stimulation in both seedling height and biomass gain of turnip (121 and 188%, respectively) and maize (26 and 23%, respectively). Bivariate correlation rank coefficients showed strong positive correlations between different germination and seedling growth parameters for all tested species. The promising results of sonication on seed germination and seedling growth in tomato, maze and turnip emphasizes the technology’s immense potential within the seed industry and might lead to the enhancement of agricultural productivity and sustainability in the near future.
... The better performance of sinker over floater might be attributed to better filling and maturity of the seeds (Fergusan and Turner, 1971) which provided the higher initial capital (Hewston, 1964). Roy et al. (1996) found that in rice, mean seed weight, germination rate and seedling vigour increased with increasing seed weight and therefore suggested to select larger seeds to achieve good stand establishment. ...
Article
Studies were under taken to standardize the concentration of salt solution for upgrading CORH 3 hybrid rice and its parental line seeds through floatation technique in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore. Considering the various seed quality attributes such as seed recovery (68.6 %, 93.6 % and 71.4 % in A line, R line and hybrid respectively), separation of split husk seeds (1.2 %, 0.06 % and 4.2 % in A line, R line and hybrid respectively), seed germination (85 %, 93 % and 92 % in A line, R line and hybrid respectively) and vigour (2822, 3352 and 3329 in A line, R line and hybrid respectively), grading the seeds by floatation method using six per cent sodium chloride salt solution was found to be the optimum for seed quality up gradation in CORH 3 hybrid rice and its parental lines for various physical and physiological attributes studied.
... This negative impact of Bv colonization on grain weight can be related to the more invasive colonization patterns we previously described in hydroponic conditions 14 . This could be related to a reduced fitness, indeed grain size is correlated with higher germination rate and seedling vigour in rice 24 . Nonetheless, the inoculation of Bv induced a significant increase of rice root biomass. ...
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The plant microbiome has recently emerged as a reservoir for the development of sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, the response of plants to beneficial microbes emerges as a critical issue to understand the molecular basis of plant-microbiota interactions. In this study, we combined root colonization, phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses to unravel the commonalities and specificities of the response of rice to closely related Burkholderia s.l. endophytes. In general, these results indicate that a rice-non-native Burkholderia s.l. strain, Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, is able to colonize the root endosphere while eliciting a markedly different response compared to rice-native Burkholderia s.l. strains. This demonstrates the variability of plant response to microbes from different hosts of origin. The most striking finding of the investigation was that a much more conserved response to the three endophytes used in this study is elicited in leaves compared to roots. In addition, transcriptional regulation of genes related to secondary metabolism, immunity, and phytohormones appear to be markers of strain-specific responses. Future studies need to investigate whether these findings can be extrapolated to other plant models and beneficial microbes to further advance the potential of microbiome-based solutions for crop production.
... In certain tropical tree species in Southern India, smaller seeds were observed to germinate at a faster rate compared to larger seeds [22]. This view was found to contrast [2], [43] and [44] who related increase in germination rate with larger seeds. According to [2], in each of the germination trials of Hairy vetch, it was repeatedly observed that larger seeds had a higher germination rate compared to medium and small-sized seeds. ...
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Size is one of seed quality that determines the rate of seed germination while seed source presents the best genetic materials carried by the mother tree and transferable to the offspring. This study investigated the effects of seed size and seed source on germination percentage of Anacardium occidentale. 81 viable seeds of different seed sizes (large, medium, and small) collected from mother trees at three different sources (Funaab, Camp and Obantoko) in Abeokuta, Ogun State were sown in polythene pots. Seeds of the same size were sown at the rate of 3 seeds per pot with 3 replicates for each of the sizes sown. The experiment was laid out in 3 x 3 factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Daily record of new sprouts was taken, and the germination percentage was calculated, collected data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SAS. Germination percentage (98%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Small sized seeds which was not different from medium sizes seed (92.67%) while seeds sourced from Camp had the highest germination (98%) at (P<0.05). Highly significant interactions (p<0.05) were recorded between seed size and seed source. The smaller the size of Anarcadium occendalis seeds the higher the germination within different sources of collection. Keywords: Anacardium occidentale, Germination percentage, Seed size, Seed
... In certain tropical tree species in Southern India, smaller seeds were observed to germinate at a faster rate compared to larger seeds [22]. This view was found to contrast [2], [43] and [44] who related increase in germination rate with larger seeds. According to [2], in each of the germination trials of Hairy vetch, it was repeatedly observed that larger seeds had a higher germination rate compared to medium and small-sized seeds. ...
Article
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Size is one of seed quality that determines the rate of seed germination while seed source presents the best genetic materials carried by the mother tree and transferable to the offspring. This study investigated the effects of seed size and seed source on germination percentage of Anacardium occidentale. 81 viable seeds of different seed sizes (large, medium, and small) collected from mother trees at three different sources (Funaab, Camp and Obantoko) in Abeokuta, Ogun State were sown in polythene pots. Seeds of the same size were sown at the rate of 3 seeds per pot with 3 replicates for each of the sizes sown. The experiment was laid out in 3 x 3 factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Daily record of new sprouts was taken, and the germination percentage was calculated, collected data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SAS. Germination percentage (98%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Small sized seeds which was not different from medium sizes seed (92.67%) while seeds sourced from Camp had the highest germination (98%) at (P<0.05). Highly significant interactions (p<0.05) were recorded between seed size and seed source. The smaller the size of Anarcadium occendalis seeds the higher the germination within different sources of collection.
... The correlation studies among laboratory vigour tests and field emergence were performed to predict the potential field emergence ( Table 2). The test weight showed positive and significant correlation (r = 0.859** for finger millet and r = 0.807** for barnyard Roy et al. 1996 in rice, Cookson et al. 2001 in wheat, Peksen et al. 2004 in pea andNdor et al. 2012 in pumpkin. The seed density and first count showed non-significant relationship with field emergence. ...
... This negative impact of Bv colonization on grain weight can be related to the more invasive colonization patterns we previously described in hydroponic conditions 14 . This could be related to a reduced tness, indeed grain size is correlated with higher germination rate and seedling vigour in rice 24 . Nonetheless, the inoculation of Bv induced a signi cant increase of rice root biomass. ...
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Plant microbiome recently emerged as a reservoir to develop sustainable alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. However, the response of plants to beneficial microbes appears as a critical issue to understand the molecular bases of the interaction of plants with their microbiota. In this study, we combined root colonization, phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses to decipher the commonalities and specificities of the response of rice to closely related Burkholderia s.l. endophytes. In general, these findings suggest that a rice non-native Burkholderia s.l. strain, Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, is able to colonize the root endosphere while triggering a markedly dissimilar response compared to rice-native Burkholderia s.l. strains. This shows the variability of the response of plants to microbes from different hosts of origin. The most staggering finding from the investigation was that a much more conserved response to the three endophytes used in this study is triggered in leaves compared to roots. Additionally, the transcriptional regulations of genes related to secondary metabolism, immunity and phytohormones appears as markers of the strain-specific responses. Future studies must investigate if these findings can be extrapolated to other models of plants and beneficial microbes to further advance the potential of microbiome-based solutions for crop production.
... Ramanadane y Ponnuswamy (2007) señalaron que los parámetros de calidad fisiológica de las semillas podrían mejorarse significativamente mediante métodos específicos de separación por gravedad ya que las semillas de densidad media y alta fueron mejores en la germinación y el vigor. Apoyando esta tesitura, Roy et al. (2008) revelaron que en el cultivo de arroz la tasa de germinación y los valores del índice de vigor de las plántulas aumentaron con el incremento del tamaño de las semillas, lo que sugiere la selección de semillas más grandes para un buen establecimiento. ...
... vigorous seedlings, providing more plant material to express injury symptoms. 31 M-206 was observed to emerge later, and is slower to mature compared with weedy accessions. 32 This is likely why reduced stunting injury was observed in this cultivar compared with rapidly growing weedy accessions under the same conditions. ...
Article
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BACKGROUND Weeds are a significant barrier to rice production in California, exacerbated by lack of chemical control options and herbicide‐resistance in persistent aquaphilic species. Oxyfluorfen‐tolerant rice, created at the Rice Experiment Station (RES) in Biggs, California, was developed to provide an agronomic program for managing problematic grass and sedge rice‐weeds including Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev. (weedy ‘red’ rice). Hand‐pulling is the most common removal method for O. sativa spontanea because there are no herbicides registered for this pest in California. Oxyfluorfen was used in combination with oxyfluorfen‐tolerant rice in 2019 and 2021 field studies to evaluate rice injury and weed control efficacy on prevalent rice‐weed species. Additional studies were conducted in 2021 on University of California Davis campus to determine pre‐emergent oxyfluorfen efficacy on four California O. sativa spontanea accessions. RESULTS Fields studies indicated minimal crop injury in the first 28 days after seeding (DAS), but no observable injury at 60 DAS in both years. Weed control with oxyfluorfen alone was 87% or greater for all weeds rated with the exception of Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla (ricefield bulrush), and Leptochloa fascicularis (Lam.) A. Gray (bearded sprangletop) in both years. All O. sativa spontanea exposed to soil‐applied oxyfluorfen successfully emerged through the soil surface, but became completely necrotic 28 days after flooding. CONCLUSION Oxyfluorfen‐tolerant rice system was demonstrated to be a viable management strategy for California rice growers who struggle with grass‐ and sedge‐weed control as well as provide a novel herbicide option for California O. sativa spontanea management. © 2022 University of California, Davis. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
... Krishnaveni et al. (2001) stated that medium and larger sizes of seeds achieved 8% higher germination compared to smaller one, and also pointed out that the genotype itself influenced the realization of statistically highly significant differences. The value of energy and germination of seed increased with increasing seed size, according to Roy et al. (1996). Sunflower plants originating from seeds with seed size above # 3.0 mm achieved a higher plant height, number of leaves, stem circumference and germination of the produced seed, Nagaraju et al. (2001). ...
Conference Paper
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Agricultural production especially seed production, is highly important due to the fact that 95% of food is produced from plants that reproduce with seeds. For successful seed production, it is necessary to use certi ed seed with high germination. Seed size is one of the components of seed quality, which has a high e ect on seed germination. e aim of this research was to determine the in uence of seed size, obtained during seed processing, originating from the same location, on the germination of seeds of sun ower inbred lines and to assess the in uence of substrate on seed germination. e study included larger and smaller seed size fractions of nine inbred lines of sun ower on three di erent substrates (lter paper, sand and soil substrate). e seed material for this research was produced in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. e results indicate that germination depended on the seed size, but also statistical analysis determined highly signi cant in uence of substrate and genotype and their interaction. It was also found that larger seeds achieved a higher germination rate by 2% than smaller seeds, regardless the substrate and inbred line, and the di erence was statistically signi cant. erefore, it is recommended to sow larger seeds and achieve better seed germination which directly a ects the number of plants per unit area.
... The overlapping QTL region also colocated with a region for seed size in both the ICC4958/ICC1882 (Varshney et al., 2014;Sivasakthi et al., 2018) and Rupali/Genesis836 recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations Nguyen et al., 2021). A positive impact of seed size on vigor has been reported in both cereal and legume species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Sloane, 1999;Zhao et al., 2019), rice (Oryza sativa L.) (Roy et al., 1996), maize (Zea mays L.) (Yusuf et al., 2014), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Massimi, 2018), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (Carleton and Cooper, 1972), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) (Kamboozia, 1994), and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) (Fatichin et al., 2013). It is therefore plausible that Ca4_Vqtl contains a single causative factor with a pleiotropic effect on both vigor and seed size. ...
Article
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Plant vigor is a complex trait for which the underlying molecular control mechanisms remain unclear. Vigorous plants tend to derive from larger seeds and have greater early canopy cover, often with bigger leaves. In this study, we delimited the size of a major vigor quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chickpea chromosome 4–104.4 kb, using recombinant association analysis in 15 different heterogeneous inbred families, derived from a Rupali/Genesis836 recombinant inbred line population. The phenotypic and molecular genetic analysis provided evidence for a role of the gene Ca4_TIFY4B, in determining leaf and seed size in chickpea. A non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the high-vigor parent was located inside the core motif TIFYCG, resulting in a residue change T[I/S]FYCG. Complexes formed by orthologs of Ca4_TIFY4B (PEAPOD in Arabidopsis), Novel Interactor of JAZ (CaNINJA), and other protein partners are reported to act as repressors regulating the transcription of downstream genes that control plant organ size. When tested in a yeast 2-hybrid (Y2H) assay, this residue change suppressed the interaction between Ca4_TIFY4B and CaNINJA. This is the first report of a naturally occurring variant of the TIFY family in plants. A robust gene-derived molecular marker is available for selection in chickpea for seed and plant organ size, i.e., key component traits of vigor.
... including M-206 (Table 1). The 1,000-seed weight may account for the reduced dry weight accumulated during early stages of development (Roy et al. 1996). This research highlights the importance of early-season control and seedbank management of these accessions to prevent O. sativa spontanea from gaining a competitive advantage over cultivated varieties (Kanapeckas et al. 2018). ...
Article
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Weedy rice ( Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev.) has recently become a significant botanical pest in California rice ( Oryza sativa L.) production systems. The conspecificity of this pest with cultivated rice, Oryza sativa (L.), negates the use of selective herbicides, rendering the development of non-chemical methods a necessary component of creating management strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted to determine the emergence and early growth responses of O. sativa spontanea to flooding soil and burial conditions. Treatment combinations of four flooding depths (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm) and four burial depths (1.3, 2.5, 5, and 10 cm) were applied to test the emergence of five O. sativa spontanea accessions as well as ‘M-206’, a commonly used rice cultivar in California, for comparison. Results revealed that burial depth had a significant effect on seedling emergence. There was a 43-91% decrease in emergence between seedlings buried at 1.3 and 2.5 cm depending on the flooding depth and accession, and an absence of emergence from seedlings buried at or below 5 cm. Flooding depth did not affect emergence, but there was a significant interaction between burial and flooding treatments. There was no significant difference between total O. sativa spontanea emergence from the soil and water surfaces regardless of burial or flooding depths, implying that once the various accessions have emerged from the soil they will also emerge from the floodwater. Most accessions had similar total emergence compared to M-206 cultivated rice, but produced more dry weight than M-206 when planted at 1.3 cm in the soil. The results of this experiment can be used to inform stakeholders of the flooding conditions necessary as well as soil burial depths that will promote or inhibit the emergence of California O. sativa spontanea accessions from the weed seedbank.
... The effect of seed size on vigour has been described in cereal studies. For example, larger seeds ensure good stand establishment in rice, increasing germination rates and seedling VI (Roy et al. 1996). In wheat, seed size is positively correlated with seedling vigour (Ries and Everson 1973;Maydup et al. 2012). ...
Article
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Key message QTL controlling vigour and related traits were identified in a chickpea RIL population and validated in diverse sets of germplasm. Robust KASP markers were developed for marker-assisted selection. Abstract To understand the genetic constitution of vigour in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), genomic data from a bi-parental population and multiple diversity panels were used to identify QTL, sequence-level haplotypes and genetic markers associated with vigour-related traits in Australian environments. Using 182 Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) derived from a cross between two desi varieties, Rupali and Genesis836, vigour QTL independent of flowering time were identified on chromosomes (Ca) 1, 3 and 4 with genotypic variance explained (GVE) ranging from 7.1 to 28.8%. Haplotype analysis, association analysis and graphical genotyping of whole-genome re-sequencing data of two diversity panels consisting of Australian and Indian genotypes and an ICRISAT Chickpea Reference Set revealed a deletion in the FTa1–FTa2–FTc gene cluster of Ca3 significantly associated with vigour and flowering time. Across the RIL population and diversity panels, the impact of the deletion was consistent for vigour but not flowering time. Vigour-related QTL on Ca4 co-located with a QTL for seed size in Rupali/Genesis836 (GVE = 61.3%). Using SNPs from this region, we developed and validated gene-based KASP markers across different panels. Two markers were developed for a gene on Ca1, myo -inositol monophosphatase (CaIMP), previously proposed to control seed size, seed germination and seedling growth in chickpea. While associated with vigour in the diversity panels, neither the markers nor broader haplotype linked to CaIMP was polymorphic in Rupali/Genesis836. Importantly, vigour appears to be controlled by different sets of QTL across time and with components which are independent from phenology.
... Seeds sown at 3cm depths had the highest significant percentage germination. The earliness in germination and the establishment of germinated seedlings on the ground of small seeds over larger and medium seeds is also reported in different wheat cultivars and rice by Lafond and Baker (1986) and Roy et al. (1996) respectively. These researchers stated that large seeds have slower germination rates than small seeds. ...
Article
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Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is among the oldest crops in the world. Globally, it is the third most important feed grain legume. Currently, 58 countries produce this bean on large scale. Probably faba beans are one of the best-performing crops under global warming and climate change scenarios because of their unique ability to excel under all most all types of climatic conditions coupled with their wide adaptability to a range of soil environments. It is a good source of lysine-rich protein and a good source of levadopa (Ldopa), a precursor of dopamine, can be potentially used as medicine for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, its production is very low due to a number of biotic and abiotic factors. Different agronomic practices also have an effect on germination, growth, yield and yield components of faba bean. Thus, the main objective of this seminar is to review the effect of seed size and sowing depth on faba bean production.
... Seeds sown at 3cm depths had the highest significant percentage germination. The earliness in germination and the establishment of germinated seedlings on the ground of small seeds over larger and medium seeds is also reported in different wheat cultivars and rice by Lafond and Baker (1986) and Roy et al. (1996) respectively. These researchers stated that large seeds have slower germination rates than small seeds. ...
Article
Full-text available
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is among the oldest crops in the world. Globally, it is third most important feed grain legume. Currently, 58 countries produce this bean on large scale. Probably faba beans are one of the best performing crops under global warming and climate change scenario because of its unique ability to excel under all most all type of climatic conditions coupled with its wide adoptability to range of soil environment. It is a good source of lysine rich protein and good source of levadopa (L-dopa), a precursor of dopamine, can be potentially used as medicine for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, its production is very low due to a number of biotic and abiotic factors. Different agronomic practices also have an effect on germination, growth, yield and yield components of faba bean. Thus, the main objective of this seminar is to review the effect of seed size and sowing depth on faba bean production.
... Earliest germination emergence and highest percentage observed in small seed size agrees with the findings of Stamp (1990), Lafond and Baker, (1986), Umeoka and Ogbonnaya, (2016) and Roy et al. (1996) who reported decreased rate of germination for large seeds in Erodium brachycarpum, wheat cultivars, Telfairia occidentalis, and rice respectively, than in small seeds. Similarly, Murali (1997) reported after observing 99 species of Western Ghats that smaller seeds germinated faster than larger seeds. ...
... The success of seedling establishment is determined by the size of the seed and embryo, such as in wheat [13] [14] [15], barley [16] [17], and rice [18] [19] [2]. It was confirmed by the results of the review carried out by Kesavan et al. [20], and Ambika et al. [21] concluded that seed size was one of the crucial indicators of seed quality that affected vegetative growth (plant height and number of tillers) and often related with crop yield. ...
Article
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Rice crop improvement program for direct-seeded has been directed at identifying the quality of seeds with rapid uniform germination and biomass accumulation during the initial phase of seedling establishment. Seed and embryo size are thought as two critical factors in the emergence of faster and vigorous seedlings. For the reason, this study was purposed to evaluate the relationship between the size and shape of rice seed with embryo size and its effects on germination. This study was designed using rice seeds from 55 genotypes, which were grouped in three sizes (medium, long, and extra-long) and two shapes (medium and slender). Germination was conducted with the top of paper method in a controlled germinator (24h lighting, 25 ± 2o C, 95%). We have found that the size and shape of seed significantly affected (α < 0.05) to embryo length, the time of radicles and plumules emergence, and seedling dry weight. Longer seeds tended to have longer embryos and emerged of radicles and plumules faster. Meanwhile, longer seeds with slender shape tend to have greater seedling dry weight. The results informed that the size and shape of rice seeds could be considered important characters for early seedling vigor traits in direct-seeded systems.
... Kernel weight (KW) is one of the components of seed quality that affects crop performance; high seed quality can increase yield by 15-20% (Ambika et al., 2014). Studies have shown that KW is positively correlated with seed vigor (Roy et al., 1996;Gholami et al., 2009;Ghazi and Al-Karaki, 2010). In addition, the difference in yield can be observed for similar kernel number per unit land, indicating that the difference in KW can significantly affect yield determination. ...
Article
Kernel weight (KW) is the key to ensuring seed vigor in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) production, and irrigation is important for ensuring KW in arid regions. Irrigation experiments were conducted in an arid region of Northwest China to investigate the effects of water deficit on KW, plant growth rate per kernel after silking (PGRKAS), lag phase duration (LPD), kernel growth rate during effective grain filling (KGREGF), and effective grain filling duration (EGFD), which included a 50% water deficit at the vegetative stage, and a 50% and 100% water deficit at the flowering and grain-filling stages in 2018 and 2019. A restricted pollination treatment and two defoliation treatments (three and six leaves were removed from the top 14 days after silking) were conducted under each irrigation treatment in 2019 to obtain a wide range of data on grain filling characteristics and aboveground biomass. The results showed that a 50% water deficit at the vegetative stage shortened EGFD and LPD in both years. The 50% and 100% water deficit at the grain-filling stage decreased KW, PGRKAS, EGFD, and KGREGF in 2019, but had no significant differences in each indices in 2018 due to heavy rainfall. We found a bilinear plateau relationship between relative KGREGF (RKGREGF) and relative PGRKAS (RPGRKAS) as well as a logistic relationship between relative EGFD and RPGRKAS/RKGREGF. Combined with the Jensen model to simulate biomass characteristic parameters (the maximum aboveground biomass, the day of year of the maximum absolute growth rate, and the initial growth rate), the KW–water model performed well in predicting the KW of hybrid maize seed production under different irrigation treatments. This research provides a quantitative method for modeling the KW of hybrid maize seed production, which considers the source-sink relationship under different water regimes in arid areas.
... The positive and significant correlation found between the mass of grain and the germination percentage of Red rice (Rho (78) = 0.895**, p <0.01) and Tox 3145-38-2-3 (Rho (78) = 0.903**, p <0.01) corroborate the results obtained by Roy et al. [34], who showed that the rate of germination and the vigor increase with increase in the size (weight) of rice seeds; suggesting therefore sorting of heavy grains for a good field establishment. Teng et al. [35] support this argument by stating that, the best selection criterion for the strength of rice seed is its mass. ...
Chapter
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Effects of Seed Treatments Using Extracts of Oxalis barrelieri L. and Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, Coupled with NaCl Sorting on Seed Health, Germination, Emergence and Seedlings Vigor, of Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) Seeds Nguefack Julienne Fouelefack François Romain Dongmo Lekagne Joseph Blaise Azah Udom Rene Dongmo Nanfack Albert Djoufack Metis Molière Nkengfack Augustin Ephrem Cutting-edge Research in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 6, 5 March 2021 , Page 82-100 https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cras/v6/1917D Published: 2021-03-05 Abstract The extracts of Oxalis barrelieri and Cymbopogon citratus were tested for their antifungal activity against Bipolaris oryzae and Fusarium moniliforme, and use as seed treatment coupled with NaCl treatment to improve the seed germination and the seedlings vigor of treated rice seeds. The significance of the inhibitory activity of the plant extracts against B. oryzae and F. moniliforme was type of extract and concentration dependent. The ethanolic extract of C. citratus at 10000 ppm, showed the highest inhibitory effect, with 58.51% and 55.9% growth inhibition of F. moniliforme and B. oryzae, respectively. The rice seeds sorted in 20% NaCl solution had a greater mass (quantify), a germination percentage of 13% higher as compared to seeds sorted in with water and 20% higher than that of unsorted seeds. A moderate positive and significant linear relationship (Rho (78) = 0.427 **, p <0.01) was shown between weight and germination of rice seeds. The ethanol extracts of O. barrelieri and C. citratus stimulated rice seed germination at a comparable degree; 15- 22% from the top of paper method and 11-16% from sand method in green house trials. Rice seed treatments at 1% concentration, exhibited the best germination/emergence and reduced the seed infestation of B. oryzae and F. moniliforme by 25.25% and 9.83%, respectively. Stressed seeds treated with plant extracts showed less pronounced decrease (5 %) in germination compared to untreated stressed seed (26%). The germination and the emergence were each negatively correlated with both the seed infestation of B. oryzae and F. moniliforme; only the correlation between the germination and the infestation of F. moniliforme (r (54) = -0.441**, p < 0.01) and that between the emergence and the infestation of F. moniliforme (r (54) = -0.426**, p < 0.01) were moderately and statistically significant. Sorting of rice seeds with 20% NaCl and/or treatment with 1% ethanol extracts of Oxalis barrelieri and Cymbopogon citratus showed potential green alternative to synthetic fungicides for the control of rice seed-borne infestation, improvement of seedling vigor and increase of seed germination and emergence for the effective field establishment of seedlings . Keywords: Acqueous extract, seed treatmentNaCl sorting ethanolic extract seed infestation bipolaris oryzae Fusarium moniliforme germination seedling vigor
... It is likely that people from the Togo Hills have been selecting, since earlier times, short cycle varieties better suited to a more mobile life (with shifts of location to ensure greater security, but also to eventual delays in planting); the same applies to large grains that assure better germination percentages and better tolerance to poor soils (Roy et al. 1996). This would explain the significantly larger grains of glaberrima varieties from the lower West African coast (collected in the research locations of this study) compared with glaberrima varieties from the upper coast as described in Mokuwa et al. (2013Mokuwa et al. ( , 2014). ...
Article
The Togo Hills borderland between Ghana and Togo is known for its cultural and ecological diversity and dynamic socio-political history. In this setting, African rice (Oryza glaberrima) is cultivated together with other local cultivars of Asian rice (O. sativa), and smallholders are keen innovators. This article presents the results of participatory variety selection (PVS) trials, in four different cultural and ecological settings within the Togo Hills, designed to understand farmers’ innovation and variety choice. Farmers belonging to different ethnic groups organized their trials and evaluated fourteen farmer varieties from six West-African countries and one Nerica variety. The way the PVS trials took shape and evaluation was conducted reflected the socio-cultural and economic differences between the settings. Despite these differences, farmers showed a broad interest and preference for different varieties based on different criteria, related to agroecological conditions, household consumption needs, market demands and/or ritual purposes. We contend that ― in a period of climate crisis, bio- and agrobiodiversity depletion, rapid social change and market instability ― plant breeding in West Africa must be participatory, decenter from a focus on high external input agriculture and include farmers’ varieties, better contributing to food security, quality, and nutrition, while strengthening agroecological practices.
... Earliest germination emergence and highest percentage observed in small seed size agrees with the findings of Stamp (1990), Lafond and Baker, (1986), Umeoka and Ogbonnaya, (2016) and Roy et al. (1996) who reported decreased rate of germination for large seeds in Erodium brachycarpum, wheat cultivars, Telfairia occidentalis, and rice respectively, than in small seeds. Similarly, Murali (1997) reported after observing 99 species of Western Ghats that smaller seeds germinated faster than larger seeds. ...
Article
Abstact This study was carried out to determine the effect of seed size on germination and early seedling growth of Dennettia tripetala. Three seed size classes: small (Diameter range = 4.04-5.88 mm; Length range = 9.14-11.07mm); medium (Diameter range = 6.00-7.01 mm; Length range = 11.63-12.96 mm); and large (Diameter range = 7.03-8.10 mm; Length range = 13.05-15.21 mm), were used for the experiment which was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replicates per seed size class. Evaluation of early seedling growth was based on height, collar diameter, leaf number and biomass. Observation on seedling growth performance commenced two months after sowing and continued monthly thereafter for another three months. Results showed that small seed size had the earliest germination (plumule) emergence (21 days) followed by medium seed size (22 days) and large seed size (24 days). Germination duration ranged from 7 days (large seed size) to 8.25 days (small seed size) and did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) among the three seed sizes. Germination percentage ranged from 71% (large seed size) to 74% (small seed size). The large seed size had better growth characteristics in terms of seedling height, collar diameter, and biomass, than the medium and small seed sizes, with the small seed size showing the least growth potential. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in number of leaves among the three seed size classes. The large seed size class is recommended for the propagation of D. tripetala as its seedlings have the potential to reach maturity earlier than those of the medium and small seed size classes.
... Earliest germination emergence and highest percentage observed in small seed size agrees with the findings of Stamp (1990), Lafond and Baker, (1986), Umeoka and Ogbonnaya, (2016) and Roy et al. (1996) who reported decreased rate of germination for large seeds in Erodium brachycarpum, wheat cultivars, Telfairia occidentalis, and rice respectively, than in small seeds. Similarly, Murali (1997) reported after observing 99 species of Western Ghats that smaller seeds germinated faster than larger seeds. ...
Research
Abstact This study was carried out to determine the effect of seed size on germination and early seedling growth of Dennettia tripetala. Three seed size classes: small (Diameter range = 4.04-5.88 mm; Length range = 9.14-11.07mm); medium (Diameter range = 6.00-7.01 mm; Length range = 11.63-12.96 mm); and large (Diameter range = 7.03-8.10 mm; Length range = 13.05-15.21 mm), were used for the experiment which was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replicates per seed size class. Evaluation of early seedling growth was based on height, collar diameter, leaf number and biomass. Observation on seedling growth performance commenced two months after sowing and continued monthly thereafter for another three months. Results showed that small seed size had the earliest germination (plumule) emergence (21 days) followed by medium seed size (22 days) and large seed size (24 days). Germination duration ranged from 7 days (large seed size) to 8.25 days (small seed size) and did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) among the three seed sizes. Germination percentage ranged from 71% (large seed size) to 74% (small seed size). The large seed size had better growth characteristics in terms of seedling height, collar diameter, and biomass, than the medium and small seed sizes, with the small seed size showing the least growth potential. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in number of leaves among the three seed size classes. The large seed size class is recommended for the propagation of D. tripetala as its seedlings have the potential to reach maturity earlier than those of the medium and small seed size classes.
... Moreover, seeds with higher SPC showed a faster rate of transfer of dry matter and N reserves from the endosperm to the embryo to enhance seedling vigor [69][70][71]. On the other hand, larger seeds tend to produce more vigorous seedlings than smaller seeds [72][73][74]. Therefore, increases in SPC and KW caused by water deficit at the flowering stage may have increased GI SG , SL SG and RL SG in both years. ...
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Research is imperative to predict seed vigor of hybrid maize production under water deficit in arid areas. Field experiments were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in arid areas of northwestern China to investigate the effects of different irrigation strategies at various growth stages with drip irrigation under film mulching on grain yield, kernel weight, seed protein content, and seed vigor of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). Water deficit at vegetative, flowering, and grain-filling stages was considered and a total of 16 irrigation treatments was applied. A total of 12 indices of germination percentage, germination index (GI), shoot length (SL), and root length (RL) under different germination conditions (standard germination and accelerated aging); electrical conductivity (EC) of the leachate; and activities of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase in seeds were measured and analyzed using the combinational evaluation method (CEM). Furthermore, five water production functions (Blank, Stewart, Rao, Jensen, and Minhas) were used to predict seed vigor evaluated by CEM under water deficit. The results showed that leachate EC was higher under water deficit than that under sufficient irrigation. The SL, RL, and GI of different germination conditions increased under water deficit at the flowering stage. The Rao model was considered the best fitted model to predict the vigor of hybrid maize seeds under water deficit, and an appropriate water deficit at the flowering stage is recommended to ensure high seed vigor of hybrid maize production with drip irrigation under film mulching. Our findings would be useful for reducing crop water use while ensuring seed vigor for hybrid maize production in arid areas.
... The seed size of clonal herb Convallaria majalis L. has no influence on probability and timing of germination (Eriksson, 1999). It has been reported in rice and oat (Avena sativa L.) that decreasing seed size increased germination time, due to faster imbibition (and consequently earlier germination) of small seeds than of large seeds; meanwhile, germination rate and SVI values increased with the increase of seed size, suggesting the selection of larger seeds for good stand establishment (Roy et al., 1996;Willenborg et al., 2005). The low-temperature STIs of DWR, DWS, and TDW showed significant positive correlations to thousand-seed weight. ...
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Low temperature is a main adverse factor affecting successful seedling establishment in the Yangtze River basin, and thus low‐temperature stress tolerance at the germination and seedling emergence stages is an important attribute for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the low‐temperature stress tolerance indices (STIs) of a large conventional rapeseed genotype population at the germination and seedling emergence stages. Twelve seed germination‐ and seedling emergence‐related indices were investigated under normal and low‐temperature conditions, and the broad‐sense heritability of these indices ranged from 25.4 to 57.6%. Therefore, the selection of genotypes with strong low temperature tolerance is a feasible way to guarantee seedling establishment. Using principal component analysis, the STIs during the seed germination and seedling emergence stages have been divided into three main categories: dry matter weight, germination speed and final germination percentage, and root length with a seedling vigor index. The top three genotypes ranked by comprehensive STI score were Huayou No. 2, SWU44, and 2012‐K8053; the bottom three genotypes ranked by comprehensive STI score were Chuanyou18, wx1025, and 97096. The results of the present study could provide valuable information for breeders to utilize the rapeseed germplasm resources in the Yangtze River basin to achieve the goal of low‐temperature resistance breeding.
... Dolan (1984) also noted that smaller seeds have thinner coats and higher relative surface which ensures greater permeability in small seeds and less time for germination. The result of this study is in line with the report of Roy et al. (1996) who stated that large seed size has slower germination rate than small seed size. This also agrees with Nabi et al. (2011);Ali and Idris, (2015) and Chima et al., (2017) who in their studies on cotton (Gossypium spp), faba beans (Viciafaba L.) and Annona muricata respectively, reported that germination rate reduced with increase in sowing depth. ...
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Information on the effect of sowing depth on the germination and early growth of different seed sizes of A. heterophyllus has not been documented. Therefore, this study examined the effect of sowing depths on the germination and early growth of different seed sizes of A. heterophyllus. It specifically evaluated the effect of different sowing depths on the emergence, duration of emergence, germination percentage, total height, number of leaves, collar diameter, seedling biomass and moisture content of three seed size classes of A. heterophyllus. Viable seeds of A. heterophyllus were obtained from a single mother tree and separated into three seed size classes using their diameters. The diameter classes are small (0.90-1.26 cm), medium (1.30-1.55 cm) and large (1.60 -1.80 cm). The seed diameter varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among the three size classes. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Seeds from each seed-size class were sown at three depths (2, 4 and 6 cm) with ten replicates for each of the sowing depths. The results of the study showed that emergence started from 2cm depth for all the seed diameter classes; 13 days after sowing (DAS) for the small and medium size classes and 14 DAS for the large seed-size class. Increase in sowing depth slightly delayed emergence for one day (4cm depth) and two days (6cm depth), for all the seed sizes. Germination was 100% for the small and medium seed sizes at all the sowing depths and 100%, 90% and 80% for the large diameter seed class at the 2cm, 4cm and 6cm depths, respectively. Germination duration was shortest at the 2cm sowing depth except for the small seed size. At twelve weeks after sowing (WAS) seedlings from the large seed-size class performed better in the evaluated growth variables despite the generally slight delay in emergence. Biomass and fresh weight were higher in large and small seed sizes sown at 2cm with the exception of the medium size where biomass was highest at 6 cm depth. This study revealed that sowing A. heterophyllus seeds at a depth of 2 cm is most appropriate for better germination and growth.
... Other studies have provided some information on photosynthesis (Cook and El-Zik, 1992), development of an early true leaf (Ortiz and Bourland, 1999), and biomass and leaf area production (Liu et al., 2015(Liu et al., , 2019 during early growth based on limited samplings, but these studies lack detailed growth analyses. So far, there is still no universal agreement on a definition of seedling vigor; however, shoot or total dry weight during early plant development has been used as criterion for seedling vigor in cotton (Liu et al., 2015(Liu et al., , 2019Snider and Oosterhuis, 2015;Snider et al., 2016) and other crops, including rice (Roy et al., 1996), wheat (Gan and Stobbe, 1996), and maize (Zea mays L.) (Fakorede and Ojo, 1981). ...
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In comparison with other annual crops, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings develop slowly after emergence. More rapid seedling development can provide advantages in limiting disease, insect, and weed impacts on cotton seedlings. Information on the mechanisms determining early vigor in cotton is limited. Therefore, three genotypes previously identified to differ in seedling vigor and one commercial cultivar were selected for detailed characterization of early growth in greenhouse and field conditions. Growing environment and genotype effects were significant for many of the measured traits. Environmental conditions prevailing in field and greenhouse conditions differentially affected seedling growth, including cotyledon biomass, root weight ratio (RWR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and specific leaf area (SLA). Genotypic differences were found in one or both environments for cotyledon area, area of the first leaf, total leaf area, and leaf, stem, root, and total biomass. Leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR), RWR, LAR, and SLA differed among genotypes at most stages, but this was not the case for relative growth rate and NAR. The high‐vigor genotype generally had longer roots, larger cotyledons, greater cotyledon, stem, and total biomass, and greater SWR and RWR than the low‐vigor genotype. The low‐vigor genotype had the greatest LAR, SLA, and LWR among the four genotypes. Results obtained in this study suggest that factors such as the efficiency of photoassimilate conversion into biomass, energy density of the biomass, root carbon exudation, and/or photosynthetic rates differ between the low‐vigor and high‐vigor genotypes.
... Seed size represents the amount of reserve that an embryo contains to start its first life stage (Quero et al., 2007). Large seeds germinate earlier and emerge faster on soil surface as compared to small size seeds (Roy et al., 1996;Larsen and Andreasen, 2004;Willenborg et al., 2005;Kaydan and Yağmur, 2008). Seed harvested from crop sown on November 10 and 25 were large and showed earlier emergence, plant height, higher tillering capacity and other components of yield (Table 1). ...
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To cite this paper: Hussian, I., R. Ahmad, M. Farooq and A. Wahid, 2013. Seed Priming improves the performance of poor quality wheat seed. Int. J. Agric. Abstract Late sowing of wheat experiences terminal heat stress which affects the grain development process and the harvested grains are of poor quality if used as seed for next crop. This study investigated the role of sowing time and seed priming on seed vigor and crop performance in wheat. Seed harvested from the crop sown on November 10, 25, December 10 and 25 were primed with CaCl 2 for 12 h, or not. The primed and non-primed seeds were sown under field conditions for two consecutive years. Seed harvested from late sown crop (December 10 and 25) caused poor stand establishment. However, seed priming improved stand establishment, allometric traits, yield contributing parameters, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Although, the grain yield was higher in seeds harvested from November 10 planted crop owing to more number of productive tillers per unit area, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight; seed priming also improved the grain yield of seeds harvested from late sown crop (December 10 and 25). These results suggest that seed priming can improve the field performance of poor quality wheat seeds.
... The positive and significant correlation found between the mass of grain and the germination percentage of red and Tox rice varieties corroborate the results obtained by Roy et al. (1996), who showed that the rate of germination and the vigor increase with an increase in the size (weight) of rice seeds; suggesting therefore sorting of heavy grains for a good field establishment. Teng et al. (1992) support this argument by stating that, the best selection criterion for the strength of rice seed is its mass. ...
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The extracts of Oxalis barrelieri and Cymbopogon citratus were tested for their antifungal activity against Bipolaris oryzae and Fusarium moniliforme, and use as seed treatment coupled with NaCl treatment to improve the seed germination and the seedlings vigor of treated rice seeds. The significance of the inhibitory activity of the plant extracts against B. oryzae and F moniliforme was type of extract and concentration dependent. The ethanolic extract of C. citratus at 10000 ppm, showed the highest inhibitory effect, with 58.51 and 55.9% growth inhibition of F. moniliforme and B. oryzae, respectively. The rice seeds sorted in 20% NaCl solution had a greater mass (quantify), a germination percentage of 12.5% higher as compared to seeds sorted in with water and 19.5% higher than that of unsorted seeds. A moderate positive and significant linear relationship (Rho (78) = 0.427 **, p <0.01) was shown between weight and germination of rice seeds. The ethanol extracts of O. barrelieri and C. citratus stimulated rice seed germination at comparable degree; 15.15 to 22.06% from the top of paper method and 11.1 to 16.2% from sand method in green house trials. Rice seed treatments at 1% concentration exhibited the best germination and reduced the infestation of B. oryzae and F. moniliforme by 25.25 and 9.83%, respectively. Stressed seeds treated with plant extracts showed less pronounced decrease (5.08 %) in germination compared to untreated stressed seed (25.5%). Sorting of rice seeds with 20% NaCl and/or treatment with ethanol extracts of O. barrelieri and C. citratus showed potential green alternative to reduce seed-borne infestation, improvement of rice vigor and seed germination. Key words: Rice seeds, NaCl sorting, Cymbopogon citratus, Oxalis barrelieri, Infestation, Bipolaris oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, germination, vigor.
... However, they present fewer reserves. Seed size may influence seedling emergence when sown deeper (Roy et al., 1996). This fact correlates with the soil moisture level, and the amount of water absorbed to complete the seedling emergence depends on each seed size (Kering and Zang, 2015). ...
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Seed size and sowing depth are important factors for an adequate plant stand in soybean crops. This study aimed at assessing the emergence and morphological development of soybean plants, affected by seed size and sowing depth in sandy texture soil. The trial was carried out in a greenhouse with an experimental design of randomized blocks, organized in the factorial scheme 3 x 3. The factors were seed size (sieves 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 mm) and sowing depth (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 cm) with four replications. We assessed the emergence, emergence speed index, mean time of emergence, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, plant height, dry mass of leaves, dry mass of stem, dry mass of root system, dry mass of shoot, total dry mass of plant, leaf area, root system volume, root system density, shoot/root ratio, ratio of leaf area, and ratio of leaf dry mass. The seed size does not influence the emergence of soybean seedlings; however, the seeds of sieve 7.0 mm produce plants with a higher dry mass of stem, dry mass of shoot, and root system volume. The soybean sowing at 4.0 cm depth resulted in the highest morphological development.
... Despite the availability in Togo of improved rice varieties, farmers on the Danyi Plateau in the Togo Hills still cultivate solely O. glaberrima landraces because of good grain quality and palatability as well as better adaptation to soil with low fertility and high acidity (Mokuwa et al., 2014). These landraces produce heavier and larger seeds, which germinate better and produce more vigorous seedlings with deeper initial root system than smaller seeds (Roy et al., 1996). The high genetic divergence of the O. glaberrima accessions from Togo compared with all other countries, except Ghana, is evident from the F ST values presented in Supplementary Table S3 and neighbor-joining tree constructed using the pairwise F ST values (Supplementary Figure S6). ...
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The sequence variation present in accessions conserved in genebanks can best be used in plant improvement when it is properly characterized and published. Using low cost and high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays, the genetic diversity, population structure, and relatedness between pairs of accessions can be quickly assessed. This information is relevant for different purposes, including creating core and mini-core sets that represent the maximum possible genetic variation contained in the whole collection. Here, we studied the genetic variation and population structure of 2,179 Oryza glaberrima Steud. accessions conserved at the AfricaRice genebank using 27,560 DArTseq-based SNPs. Only 14% (3,834 of 27,560) of the SNPs were polymorphic across the 2,179 accessions, which is much lower than diversity reported in other Oryza species. Genetic distance between pairs of accessions varied from 0.005 to 0.306, with 1.5% of the pairs nearly identical, 8.0% of the pairs similar, 78.1% of the pairs moderately distant, and 12.4% of the pairs very distant. The number of redundant accessions that contribute little or no new genetic variation to the O. glaberrima collection was very low. Using the maximum length sub-tree method, we propose a subset of 1,330 and 350 accessions to represent a core and mini-core collection, respectively. The core and mini-core sets accounted for ~61 and 16%, respectively, of the whole collection, and captured 97–99% of the SNP polymorphism and nearly all allele and genotype frequencies observed in the whole O. glaberrima collection available at the AfricaRice genebank. Cluster, principal component and model-based population structure analyses all divided the 2,179 accessions into five groups, based roughly on country of origin but less so on ecology. The first, third and fourth groups consisted of accessions primarily from Liberia, Nigeria, and Mali, respectively; the second group consisted primarily of accessions from Togo and Nigeria; and the fifth and smallest group was a mixture of accessions from multiple countries. Analysis of molecular variance showed between 10.8 and 28.9% of the variation among groups with the remaining 71.1–89.2% attributable to differences within groups.
... (Singh et al., 1972) reported that, large seeds of soybean had greater supply of stored energy to support early seedling growth and subsequently affected plant growth and development. Similar result obtained by Roy et al. (2008) in rice, implied that, germination rate and seedling vigor index increased with the increase of seed size, while Kaya and Day (2008) reported that, the use of large seeds produced more vigorous seedlings under non saline conditions but the superiority was used up under saline conditions. However, seed size has been considered to be a significant factor only during the early stage of plant growth, nevertheless, Amin (1999) reported that, 50% of large-seeded mung bean matured earlier than that of small-seeded type. ...
Article
Affiliation of seed size with germination rate and percentage, seedling emergence rate and percentage, 50% mean emergence time, cumulative emergence rate, through 4 Safflower cultivars (Isfahan, Goldasht, Padideh, and Sina), in three different sizes of seed, were investigated under two separate experimental conditions in the field and laboratory of Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute Karaj-Iran, during 2008 to 2010. Both experiments were conducted in a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design, with three replications. The field results showed that cultivars Goldasht and Padideh were superior compare to other cultivars and large seeds with the highest seedling emergence rate, 1000-SW, and seed yield were superior to control and small. In the laboratory, morphological traits consisted of germination percentage, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot were significantly different, so that cultivars Goldasht and padideh with large seeds displayed better reaction. Thus, due to display better performance by cultivars Goldasht and Padideh, also creating vigorous seedlings by large seeds, using cultivars with adequate food storage as well as selecting large seeds with more germination potential to obtain higher yield and good plant establishment should take into consideration.
... Rice seedling vigour is a varietal trait that has been related to grain size (larger seeds/grains are 310 more vigorous, Roy et al., 1996;Cui et al., 2002). It is also related to enzyme activity (amylase), and specific stem weight more quickly than the closely related IR64 seedlings. ...
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This study examines the potential for silicon soil amendments and nitrogen to reduce apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck, damage to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. A rate of 75 kg/ha of nitrogen applied as (NH4)2SO4 to rice (cv IR64 and cv YTH183) seedbeds increased seedling biomass, allowing the seedlings to gain critical stem thickness and avoid snail herbivory. These seedlings remained relatively large after exposure to snails in pot experiments, mainly because of faster growth rates, but also due to lower damage from snails to >21 day-old IR64 seedlings. Silicon applied as Na2O3Si·9H20 alone (without nitrogen) reduced seedling growth compared to control seedlings. When nitrogen and silicon were applied together, the addition of silicon resulted in reduced seedling growth in YTH183 compared to seedlings treated with nitrogen alone. However, the same effect was not noted for IR64 seedlings, indicating clear variety-specific responses to seedbed inputs. Regardless of variety, silicon-treated seedlings that were transplanted to snail-infested pots at 21 days after seeding (DAS) had lower biomass than seedlings without silicon despite silicon-treated IR64 seedlings having less snail damage than untreated controls. From an experiment conducted in snail-infested ponds, we found no difference between snail damage to silicon (SiO2)-treated and control cv IR50 seedlings. Although we did not determine silicon levels in plant tissues, our results indicate that the effects of silicon soil amendments are largely insufficient to reduce the impact of apple snails to young rice seedlings (≤21 DAS).
... n some species asserted that large seed size is generally assumed to provide individuals with a competitive advantage 2007) reported that in soap nut, the larger size seeds possessed higher percentage (98%) of germination. Also, Nagaraju (2001) noticed higher germination percentage in large size seeds compared to small seeds in sunflower. In rice, Roy et. al., (1996) observed that germination rate and seedling vigour index values increased with the increase in seed size. ...
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The effect of seed size on the germination of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii, a neglected indigenous fruit species in Nigeria was examined in this study. 120 seeds selected from seeds collected from 10 mother plants and were divided equally into three size classes namely: large, medium and small. The morphological parameters of the seeds were examined. The results obtained revealed that morphological variations abound in the seeds of this species and germination varied among the sizes of the seeds sown in the germination trays. Germination was observed to be directly proportional to the size of the seeds thus suggesting that the use of large seeds might be beneficial in the efforts to propagate the seeds of this species. [Tolulope O. Bamigboye, Joshua Kayode and Modupe J. Ayeni. The effect of seed size on the germination of Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf). N Y Sci J 2016;9(5):1-3]. ISSN 1554-0200 (print); ISSN 2375-723X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 1. doi:10.7537/marsnys09051601.
... In wheat, larger seeds tend to produce more vigorous seedlings (Ries, Everson 1973). Germination rate and seedling vigour index values increase with seed size suggesting, the selection of larger seeds for good stand establishment in rice plants (Roy et al. 1996). Vishvanath et al. (2006) observed significantly higher seed quality parameters viz. 100 seed weight, field emergence, seedling length, vigour index with the increase in seed size in french bean. ...
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A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seed size on seedling emergence, biological yield and proximate composition of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Matured seeds were graded into three different seed sizes with respect to length. The large seeds were 1.3 to 1.5 cm, medium seeds 1.1 to 1.25 cm and small seeds were equal to or less than 0.83 cm in legth. At 10 days after planting, large and medium seed sizes had higher percentage emergence, 54 and 42%, respectively, when compared with small size seeds with 10% emergence. Growth characteristics such as plant height and number of leaves were higher in plants from relatively larger seeds at various crop stages. Groundnut plants grown from large seed reached their 50% flowering 3 to 5 days earlier than plants grown from medium and small seed sizes. The results of yield components (seed yield and harvest index) followed a similar pattern to that of growth characters. Composition of the seeds of plants grown from large seeds showed significantly higher moisture (6.82%) ash (2.72%), fibre (4.66%) and carbohydrate content (10.42%) when compared to seeds harvested from plants established from other seed sizes. Seeds of plants grown from seeds with small size had significantly higher protein (30.11%) and fat (49.10%) when compared to seeds harvested from plants grown from medium and large seeds. The results of this study revealed that large seed size is associated with improved growth and seed yield with high ercontents of ash, fibre and carbohydrates, but with lower protein and fat.
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Early seedling vigour (ESV) is a complex trait in rice. Detection of QTLs/genes controlling these traits can help us in enhancing the yield potential in rice varieties. Association mapping is a technique based on the principle of linkage disequilibrium that is used to find genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying the complex traits. In this study of haplotype breeding 281 rice genotypes were taken. ANOVA analysis showed P- value for traits and genotypes was found significant. Similarly, P-value for interaction between the traits and genotypes was also found to be highly significant (1.8663*10-208). Further, mean germination data positively correlated with mean shoot length, mean leaf number, mean culm diameter, mean shoot dry weight, and mean shoot area of 21st day among the 281 genotypes. Among the 281 number of genotypes, 111 genotypes are found to be in PCA1 and 170 genotypes are found to be in PCA2 based on the phenotypic analysis. PCA1 component constituted 29.93% and PCA2 constituted the 13.68% of total variation in the analysis. Besides, whole genome phylogenetic analysis showed three major groups of which Group 1 consists of 215 genotypes, group 2 consists of 38 genotypes and group 3 consists of 28 genotypes respectively. Especially, both the subgroups II and III comprised of the unique genotypes from the indica and aus subpopulations of rice. In this analysis, 16 significant associations (LOD Score >7) for different traits were identified using the three different models (MLM, farmCPU, and blink) for GWAS studies Especially, one major QTL was identified for the mean coleoptiles’ emergence for 10 DAS on 11th chromosome (18983591) which explained 49% of the phenotypic variance. Additionally, another major QTL contributing to the shoot length variation of 29.75% was identified in the Chr02 (32954393) for shoot length trait on 28 DAS. A candidate gene namely Os02g0778400 UMP/CMP kinase A/adenylate kinase (LOC_Os02g53790) was located in the significant SNP region of the GWAS analysis. Further characterization of this gene would assist in elucidation of the mechanism regulating the early seedling length in rice under direct seeded rice.
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Seed vigor is an important trait for direct-seeded rice. Many environmental and genetic factors during seed development stages influenced the seed vigor. As a result of limited source during the reproductive stage, the seeds differ in size within a seed lot due to differential seed filling. This may influence the seedling establishment and drought tolerance ability of the genotype which, however, is less studied. In this regard, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of seed size on seed germination, vigor and drought tolerance in rice. Seeds of six rice genotypes were separated into large and small size. Seed length, width and weight showed significant variation between large and small groups within the genotype. The seedling vigor was higher in larger seeds in all the genotypes. Seed reserves content was also higher in large seeds than in small seeds except for two genotypes. In limited nutrient supply conditions, root length was significantly increased in larger seed seedlings. However, under sufficient nutrient supply, shoot length was significantly increased than root length in larger seed seedlings. Under drought conditions, seedlings from larger seeds showed lower superoxide accumulation and membrane damage indicating higher drought tolerance. Higher seed vigor through better root growth and activation of drought tolerance mechanisms was found to be the key factor for survival during seedling establishment stage.
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Huanghuazhan (HHZ) and 9,311 are two elite rice cultivars in China. They have achieved high yield through quite different mechanisms. One of the major features that gives high yield capacity to 9,311 is its strong early vigor, i.e., faster establishment of its seedling as well as its better growth in its early stages. To understand the mechanistic basis of early vigor in 9,311, as compared to HHZ the cultivar, we have examined, under controlled environmental conditions, different morphological and physiological traits that may contribute to its early vigor. Our results show that the fresh weight of the seeds, at germination, not only determined the seedling biomass at 10 days after germination (DAG), but was also responsible for ~ 80% of variations in plant biomass between the two cultivars even up to 30 DAG. Furthermore, the 9,311 cultivar had a larger root system, which led to its higher nitrogen uptake capacity. Other noteworthy observations about 9,311 being a better cultivar than HHZ are: (i) Ten out of 15 genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were much more highly expressed in its roots; (ii) it had a higher water uptake rate, promoting better root-to-shoot nitrogen transfer; and (iii) consistent with the above, it had higher leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. All of the above identified features explain, to a large extent, why the 9,311, as compared to HHZ, exhibits much more vigorous early growth.
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This experiment was carried out at the Plant Physiology Laboratory in Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch, Takestan, Iran in 2011 by a completely randomized design with three replications, seed viability was determined by Tetrazolium test method. The factors studied included different time hydropriming (4, 8 and 12 hours). The results showed that the effect of hydropriming was significant on germination in P ≤ 0.05. Mean comparison showed that the highest seedling vigour, germination percentage and seedling dry weight were achieved by hydropriming came up to 12 hours 13.13, 59.7 percent and 0.22g respectively. Considering that seeds in medicinal plants are mostly the non-corrective, so the using hydropriming can achieve acceptable performance in agriculture.
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In plants encouraged by the proliferation of seed, seed to plant survival factor to maintain the role is very vital and important. In order to evaluate different size effect's on the quality seedling production during germination in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), this experiment was conducted in 2011 at Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University Shahr-e-Qods Branch by a completely randomized design with three replications and the first, seed viability was determined by Tetrazolium test method. The factors studied included different size of wheat seed (small, medium and large). The results showed that the effect of seed size was significant on germination percentage, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour in P ≤ 0.05. Mean comparison showed that the highest germination percentage (97 %), seedling dry weight (1.09 g), seedling vigour (105.73), and seedling length (13.05) were achieved came up to large seeds.
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Natural populations of wild radish harbor 20-fold phenotypic variation in seed weight. Under competitive conditions, the weight of sown seeds is positively correlated phenotypically with final plant stature lifetime flower production, lifetime fruit production, and seed production. Reciprocal crosses were made among individuals from a wild population in Connecticut. Results suggest that natural selection could not operate to effect evolutionary change in seed weight in this experimental population. Maternal environmental effects, non-additive genetic effects, and/or developmental sources of variation are largely responsible for phenotypic variance in seed weight. Additive genetic variance was detected in several life history and fitness components, suggesting that additive genetic variance in total fitness exists within this population.-from Author
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Three strains of corn (Zea mays L.), White Cloud popcorn cultivar, inbred R181, and inbred Ay499, were used to determine the importance of seed size on the ability of seeds to germinate under differing mannitol concentrations. Significant differences among seed size categories were obtained. The small seed size was best.
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Summary Studies on the nature of relationship between grain size (in terms of thousand grain weight), grain number, rate of filling and yield have been worked out with late duration (140–150 days) rice varieties. Grain number per m2, grains per panicle and yield showed a negative relationship with grain size. There was no compensatory balance between grain size and grain number within a range of thousand grain weight of 15 to 30 g. Based on the peaks in grain filling activity, the varieties were classified into four groups. There was no relationship between grain size and rate of grain filling thereby suggesting that grain filling is determined by inherent endogenous factors.
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Seed size variation and its effects on germination and seedling growth were examined in seeds collected from a population of Agropyron psammophilum on a sand dune system along Lake Erie. Seed size varied from 0.8 to 5.1 mg per seed. Total germination of seeds was not affected by seed size, but large seeds germinated significantly faster than did small seeds. The leaf area and absolute dry weight of 10-20-d-old seedlings from large seeds were significantly higher than those from small seeds. These differences disappeared in seedlings harvested 30 and 40 d after emergence owing to a higher initial relative growth rate in seedlings from small seeds but reappeared in seedlings harvested 50 and 60 d after emergence. The relative growth rate of seedlings from both small and large seeds decreased with time. However, the rate of decrease was greater in seedlings from small seeds, which eventually resulted in seedlings of smaller size than those from large seeds at later stages of development.
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Mirabilis hirsuta, a fugitive prairie plant species, occurs only on disturbances (mounds) resulting from the foraging activity of badgers on the Cayler Prairie Preserve in northwestern Iowa, U.S.A. Seedling survivorship and later competitive success are predicated upon the root's rapid extension to and occupation of a moisture-retentive layer of buried vegetation which forms the base of these disturbances. Seed size, which varies from <2 to >6 mg, is a predictor of the likelihood of establishment success through effects upon germination and seedling vigor. Regressions indicated that germination increased by 10.2% per milligram increase in seed weight, leaf area of 30-day-old seedlings increased by 47.8 mm2/mg seed weight, and dry weight biomass of these seedlings increased 40.2 mg/mg seed weight. Germination also occurred more rapidly with heavier seeds. Differences in seedling growth with increases in seed size are largely due to the capital provided by initial food reserves. The instantaneous rate of increase in seedling biomass is nearly identical for seeds of all different weights. Absolute growth rates of seedlings are thus proportional to seed size, at least through the establishment phase. These results are of demographic importance because droughts frequently begin in early summer on this prairie.
Tiller removal and double transplanting effects on yield and grain filling characteristics of rice. Unpublished MS thesis submitted to the Institute of Postgraduate Studies in Agriculture
  • M A Hossain
Tiller removal and double transplanting effects on yield and grain filling characteristics of rice.Unpublished MS thesissubmitted to the Institute of Postgraduate Studies in Agriculture Salna Gazipur Bangladesh
  • M A Hossain
Effect of seed size on seedling vigour in sunflower
  • Raveendranth V.
Seed and seedling ecology in annual legumes. I. Comparison of seed size and seedling development in some annual species
  • Stebbins G. L.