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ABSTRACT Evidence has accrued to suggest that there are 2 distinct dimensions of narcissism, which are often labeled grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Although individuals high on either of these dimensions interact with others in an antagonistic manner, they differ on other central constructs (e.g., Neuroticism, Extraversion). In the current study, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis of 3 prominent self-report measures of narcissism (N=858) to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the resultant factors. A 2-factor structure was found, which supported the notion that these scales include content consistent with 2 relatively distinct constructs: grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. We then compared the similarity of the nomological networks of these dimensions in relation to indices of personality, interpersonal behavior, and psychopathology in a sample of undergraduates (n=238). Overall, the nomological networks of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism were unrelated. The current results support the need for a more explicit parsing of the narcissism construct at the level of conceptualization and assessment.

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... It is important to clarify that the focus here is on grandiose narcissism, as described above. This discussion does not encompass the two other forms of narcissism: vulnerable narcissism, which represents a neurotic and introverted expression of narcissism (Grijalva et al., 2014), or narcissistic personality disorder, the clinical manifestation of narcissism characterized primarily by grandiosity but also featuring elements of vulnerability (Miller et al., 2011;Miller et al., 2013). However, it is worth noting that narcissistic personality disorder is often considered to exist on the same spectrum as trait narcissism (see Foster & Campbell, 2007;Krueger et al., 2005;Miller et al., 2009). ...
... However, it's important to recognize that narcissism can also manifest in more positive ways, characterized by a heightened performance orientation, a strong need for achievement (Miller & Droge, 1986), a robust drive for professional advancement (Raskin et al., 1991), unwavering confidence in achieving positive outcomes (Sudha & Shahnawaz, 2020), and the ability to make a lasting impact by articulating long-term goals and maintaining high motivation (Brummelman et al., 2016). The narcissistic personality trait can also shape leadership styles (Sedikides & Campbell, 2017;Campbell et al., 2011) just like any other personality trait (Fleeson and Gallagher, 2009), ultimately influencing organizational outcomes. Their enthusiasm, charm, and charisma make them valuable team players and effective task achievers (Grijalva et al., 2015;Nevicka et al., 2011), ultimately leading to enhanced performance (Sudha et al., 2020). ...
... Furthermore, because transformational leadership entails formulating and communicating a compelling vision and fostering intellectual engagement (Bass, 2006), narcissistic leaders can project a bold and lucid vision of the organization's future, inspiring subordinates to elevate their expectations and motivation toward shared objectives. Narcissists possess the ability to advocate for immediate changes or even disruptive innovations within the organization while exuding confidence in their capacity to manage challenging transitions (Campbell et al., 2011). ...
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This study examines the complex relationship between narcissism and leadership effectiveness, offering a novel perspective on the mediating role of political skill. Data were collected from 238 supervisors and 1,531 followers across multiple organizational levels. Using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping analyses, we tested our hypotheses and explored the potential for an inverted U-shaped relationship between narcissism, follower performance, and abusive supervision. Our findings indicate a significant predictive relationship between leader narcissism and political skill, which, in turn, mediated the effects of narcissism on key follower outcomes. Specifically, political skill enabled leaders to channel narcissistic traits into behaviors that enhanced follower performance, increased job satisfaction, and reduced abusive supervision. However, when political skill was excluded from the model, narcissism was associated with lower job satisfaction and diminished follower performance. Keywords: narcissistic leadership, political skill, job satisfaction, performance, abusive supervision
... The difference between these narrow narcissism traits is reflected in their associations with general personality traits (e.g., five factor model). It has been shown that both traits are associated with lower agreeableness, which points to interpersonal antagonism and aggressiveness; however, they have almost opposite associations with extraversion and neuroticismwhile the grandiose dimension is mostly positively associated with the extraversion and negatively with neuroticism, the opposite stands for vulnerable narcissism (Edershile et al., 2019;Hart et al., 2023;Miller et al., 2011). Therefore, when examining narcissism, it is important to analyze both components because they clearly represent traits with substantial differences in their content. ...
... However, previous data suggest that the costs of reproduction associated with insecure attachment, problems in establishing long-term romantic relationships, lower relationship satisfaction, and probably lower reproductive motivation (although there is no existing empirical data on the latter) can be attributed more to vulnerable narcissism. This is also in line with the data showing that vulnerable narcissism is related to neuroticism and various forms of psychopathology; on the contrary, the grandiose dimension shows an overlap with extraversion (Edershile et al., 2019;Hart et al., 2023;Miller et al., 2011). The existing data in human personality ecology shows that neuroticism is mostly negatively associated with fertility while the opposite stands for extraversion (Penke & Jokela, 2016). ...
... Finally, the distinction between the two narcissism dimensions is consistent with the data obtained in the evolutionary ecology of general personality traits. Vulnerable and grandiose narcissism share a predisposition for antagonistic behavior (low agreeableness), but they are distinct because the vulnerable dimension is associated with neuroticism and grandiose dimension with extraversion (Edershile et al., 2019;Hart et al., 2023;Miller et al., 2011). The existing data frequently shows that neuroticism is under negative directional natural selection, while conversely, extroversion is under positive directional natural selection (Penke & Jokela, 2016). ...
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The main goal of the present research was to explore the links between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and fertility (number of children) due to its conceptual significance in estimating the adaptiveness of narcissism in an evolutionary sense. Furthermore, we aimed to explain these links via mating behavior (attachment in romantic relationships, short and long-term mating, and relationship satisfaction) and reproductive motivation (positive and negative childbearing motivations, and age of first reproduction) in participants from Serbia (N = 953). Correlation analysis showed similar associations between the two narcissism dimensions, mating and reproduction: negative associations are found between narcissism components and fertility, and long-term mating, followed by positive correlations with insecure attachment and negative childbearing motivations (although grandiose narcissism had positive associations with positive childbearing motives as well). Therefore, correlation analysis together with the structural model where narcissism is analyzed as a single trait showed that narcissism as a whole is associated with lower fitness. However, a structural model where two subdimensions are modeled separately revealed substantial differences between the two forms of narcissism in regard to mating and reproduction. The link between vulnerable narcissism and fertility was completely mediated by lower reproductive motivation (both types of motives), shorter duration of romantic relationships, and diminished relationship satisfaction. On the other hand, grandiose narcissism was positively associated with positive childbearing motives and relationship satisfaction; hence, it was positively indirectly associated with fertility via these links. The present findings may shed some light on differences between the narcissistic traits in their links with fertility—while both narcissistic dimensions seem to be largely maladaptive in an evolutionary sense, the distinctive features of grandiose narcissism may have some benefits for fertility.
... First, Brownell et al. (2021) call for further examination of the different forms of narcissism, which may lead to varying results regarding key employee-level outcomes. More specifically, we examined the differences between the facets of grandiosity and vulnerability (Miller et al., 2011;Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010). Although the differences in the types have been well established in the psychology literature (Hart et al., 2017;Malesza & Kaczmarek, 2018), we extend this research within the organizational realm by examining environmental, behavioral, and individual factors, which have the potential to mitigate the negative effects and enhance the positive effects and better reconcile and explain the inconsistent findings in the current literature. ...
... Empirically, measuring narcissistic grandiosity alone in leadership research may seem intuitive, given this dimension of narcissism's positive relationship with leader emergence . However, when studying narcissism across all levels of employees, we argue that neglecting to measure multiple dimensions of narcissism, in some cases, ignores the empirical support for an explicit parsing of the narcissism construct (Miller et al., 2011), specifically within organizational contexts (Fatfouta, 2019). Thus, it is imperative to simultaneously capture the vulnerability dimension to develop a more nuanced view of the complex attitudinal and behavioral manifestations of trait narcissism in the workplace. ...
... Further, the psychology literature has examined the positive relationship between narcissism and selfesteem (personal evaluation of one's value or worth; Miller et al., 2011) quite extensively, noting the subsequent outcomes of difficulty with interpersonal relationships (Richardson et al., 2021) and aggressive behavior (Hart et al., 2019). Arguably, due to the inconsistent findings on the directions of the relationships between narcissism and self-esteem (see Bosson et al., 2008, for a review), recent scholars have begun exploring narcissism's relationship with self-efficacy (Brookes, 2015), which is focused on individuals' beliefs about their ability to perform or accomplish tasks (Chen et al., 2001). ...
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This study examines cognitive and behavioral mechanisms that explain why narcissism leads to positive and negative workplace outcomes. By sampling 296 working adults in the United States at three time points, we tested the model using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Drawing from social cognitive theory, we explore how grandiose and vulnerable narcissism influence workplace attitudes and behaviors, including organizational commitment, citizenship behavior, and workplace deviance. Our findings reveal that these differences are mediated through the serial mechanisms of self-efficacy and political skill. By highlighting the role of self-concept and social effectiveness skills in shaping narcissistic employees’ workplace behaviors, this study contributes to a deeper theoretical understanding of the factors motivating their engagement in positive workplace contributions versus unethical workplace behaviors.
... Though traditionally distinct, theoretical conceptualizations of narcissism from personality science, clinical psychology, and psychiatry have been meaningfully integrated in recent years (see Cain et al., 2008). These efforts suggest that narcissism can be differentiated into at least two domainsgrandiosity and vulnerability-with partially overlapping nomological networks (Cain et al., 2008;Miller et al., 2011;Pincus et al., 2009;. Grandiosity is characterized by high self-esteem, overconfidence, sociability, assertiveness, and exhibitionism. ...
... Grandiosity is characterized by high self-esteem, overconfidence, sociability, assertiveness, and exhibitionism. In contrast, vulnerability typically involves lower and contingent self-esteem, shame-proneness, social withdrawal, and emotional instability (Back et al., 2013;Crowe et al., 2019;Krizan & Herlache, 2018;Miller & Campbell, 2008;Miller et al., 2011). At the trait level, grandiosity and vulnerability are positively associated (e.g., r = .42; ...
... Crowe et al., 2019), reflecting commonalities between the two domains. In particular, vulnerability and grandiosity share interpersonally antagonistic attributes, such as egotism and entitlement (Back et al., 2013;Krizan & Herlache, 2018;Miller & Campbell, 2008;Miller et al., 2011). ...
Article
This study explored narcissistic states using a hierarchical, trifurcated structure, examining state variability and trait-state associations of agentic extraversion, self-centered antagonism, and narcissistic neuroticism. The primary objective was to investigate whether the structural composition of narcissism, well-established in trait data, could be replicated in state data. We examined this structure at both between- and within-person levels in state data, including situation-specific structures of narcissism. The study used data from an experimental study where participants ( N = 189) met in groups of up to four people weekly over six weeks. Multilevel confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the narcissism structure was largely the same at both levels. However, within-person compositions of narcissism differed across affiliative versus controversial situations. In affiliative contexts, grandiosity manifested exclusively through agentic extraversion, with no expression through self-centered antagonism. In controversial settings, agentic extraversion and narcissistic neuroticism exhibited a slight negative association, contrasting the positive association observed across all group meetings. Our results show that narcissistic states exhibited less variability compared to the Big Five and rarely varied above their corresponding trait levels. This research contributes to a refined understanding of narcissism, highlighting the interplay between trait tendencies and situational factors in shaping narcissistic state expressions.
... The tendency to harm intimate partners may be amplified by certain personality configurations, such as psychopathy or narcissism (Branson & March 2021;de Jesus Costa et al., 2023). Narcissistic individuals are hostile and aggressive toward others (Miller et al., 2011). However, only a few studies have examined the relationship between dual-factor narcissism (vulnerability/grandiosity) and CDA in adults (Branson & March 2021;Zerach, 2016). ...
... Narcissism includes varying degrees of vulnerable and grandiose traits that reflect self-importance and entitlement (Krizan & Herlache, 2018). Narcissistic grandiosity is characterized by dominance, overconfidence, a desire for superiority, excessive ambition, and aggression (Krizan & Herlache, 2018;Miller et al., 2011;Sedikides et al., 2019). Individuals with grandiose traits often struggle to have meaningful relationships and may cause distress to their partners (Miller et al., 2011;Sedikides et al., 2019). ...
... Narcissistic grandiosity is characterized by dominance, overconfidence, a desire for superiority, excessive ambition, and aggression (Krizan & Herlache, 2018;Miller et al., 2011;Sedikides et al., 2019). Individuals with grandiose traits often struggle to have meaningful relationships and may cause distress to their partners (Miller et al., 2011;Sedikides et al., 2019). Vulnerable narcissism is a type of narcissism characterized by low self-esteem, shyness, envy, and an inability to accept criticism (Salazar et al., 2021). ...
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It is important to identify significant psychological predictors of cyber dating abuse because their knowledge may be valuable to researchers, practitioners, and the general public. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of two narcissistic traits, vulnerability and grandiosity, on the perpetration of cyber dating abuse. We examined whether basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness mediate this effect. The study sample consisted of 300 working adults (48.66% men; mean = 39.49 years). Participants completed the Vulnerable Narcissism Scale, the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale, the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire, and the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale. Path analysis models indicated that both types of narcissism significantly predicted cyber dating abuse. The need for competence partially mediated the effect of narcissistic grandiosity on cyber dating abuse. Competence frustration partially mediated the effect of narcissistic grandiosity on cyber dating abuse (b = .013; p = .019). Competence satisfaction partially mediated the effect of narcissistic grandiosity on cyber dating abuse (b = .021; p = .017). There was no significant effect of basic psychological needs on the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and cyber dating abuse. Adults with higher levels of narcissistic grandiosity may be protected from cyber dating abuse by the need for competence. Future research could examine the effect of the intervention program (e.g., basic psychological needs affirmation) on cyber dating abuse.
... Vulnerable narcissism is characterized by a fragile sense of self-worth, heightened sensitivity to criticism, and a persistent need for external validation [5]. Many studies examining the developmental origins of pathological narcissism, such as childhood maltreatment, have predominantly focused on its overt form [6]. Nonetheless, research indicates that vulnerable narcissism can be equally detrimental [7]. This highlights the importance of investigating potential risk factors for vulnerable narcissism in individuals who have experienced childhood maltreatment [6]. ...
... The decision to concentrate on vulnerable narcissism in this study is also based on its distinct link to CEA. Evidence suggests that individuals exposed to prolonged invalidation and criticism during childhood are more likely to develop the fragile self-esteem and increased emotional sensitivity associated with vulnerable narcissism [7]. Therefore, the connection between CEA and vulnerable narcissism is arguably more aligned with the emotional damage and persistent invalidation that characterize emotional abuse. ...
... For those with vulnerable narcissistic tendencies, who are especially prone to intense emotional fluctuations, binge watching can provide a temporary sense of relief and emotional regulation. In fact, this behavior mirrors other impulsive coping mechanisms seen in vulnerable narcissism, potentially reinforcing the role of emotional dysregulation as a key factor linking vulnerable narcissism to binge-watching behavior [6,7]. Vulnerable narcissists may struggle with interpersonal relationships and experience social isolation. ...
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Individuals who have faced childhood emotional abuse (CEA) may develop vulnerable narcissistic tendencies and experience difficulties in regulating their emotions. These psychological vulnerabilities can contribute to the adoption of binge watching as a maladaptive coping mechanism. The present study aimed to investigate the potential mediating role of vulnerable narcissism and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between CEA and binge watching. Additionally, this study examined whether this model was gender-invariant. A sample of 1082 emerging adults, aged 18 to 25 (50% women), completed self-report questionnaires. The results revealed significant direct and indirect relationships among all the variables of interest, and the model was found to be invariant across genders. Notably, both men and women who experienced CEA and exhibited higher levels of vulnerable narcissism and emotion dysregulation reported engaging in higher levels of binge watching. These findings highlight the importance of the early identification of CEA, the implementation of targeted interventions, and the provision of trauma-informed care to address the negative consequences of CEA and mitigate the development of binge-watching behaviors. Moreover, the results emphasize the need for tailored prevention and intervention programs that address vulnerable narcissism and emotion dysregulation as potential pathways to inform effective therapeutic strategies.
... Grandiose narcissism is typically thought to be characterized by more overt expressions of superiority, entitlement, dominance, and a lack of empathy (Miller et al., 2011). Individuals with personality traits typical of grandiose narcissism tend to exhibit high self-esteem and often seek attention and admiration from others. ...
... Individuals with personality traits consistent with vulnerable narcissism often harbor deep-seated insecurities and are highly reactive to perceived slights or criticisms. Unlike their grandiose counterparts who may occasionally present themselves as fairly charming, individuals with vulnerable narcissistic traits may exhibit social withdrawal, anxiety, and a preoccupation with their own perceived shortcomings (Miller et al., 2011). Vulnerable narcissism is typically characterized by a tendency to oscillate between extreme feelings of grandiosity and shame, leading to low and unstable self-esteem as well as chronic self-doubt (Atlas & Them, 2008). ...
... Individuals with these traits often have social interactions characterized by a need for reassurance and validation, and they may use passive-aggressive tactics or emotional manipulation to garner sympathy and support (Cain et al., 2008). This form of narcissism is frequently associated with other undesirable personality traits, such as neuroticism and introversion (Miller et al., 2011), which are thought to reflect the more covert and fragile nature of these individuals' overly inflated self-views. Essentially, like their grandiose counterparts, individuals with vulnerable narcissism believe they too are special, but they are often unable to convince others of this fact, and it may create a sense of internal turmoil and defensiveness. ...
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Objective: Although much of the research literature has found that individuals tend to perceive their friends as similar to themselves, we hypothesized that individuals with strong narcissistic traits may be less likely to do so because of their tendency to view themselves as unique. Method: We used self-reports and friend-reports in two studies with 129 participants from Germany and 131 participants from the US to examine the moderating effects of narcissistic personality features on the tendency to perceive one’s friends as having similar humor styles. Results: The results revealed that individuals generally tend to view themselves as similar to their friends in terms of humor styles. As expected, we found a moderating effect of narcissism such that higher levels of narcissism were associated with lower levels of perceived similarity. Interestingly, individuals high in grandiose narcissism tended to devalue their close friends’ humor, and individuals high in vulnerable narcissism tended to enhance their friends’ humor compared with themselves. Conclusion: The results suggest that narcissistic individuals may tend to view their friends through a particular lens, regardless of their friends’ actual traits. This mechanism may be related to the narcissistic need to feel unique.
... Narcissism is increasingly understood as a complex construct encompassing two distinct dimensions: Grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism. Whereas both dimensions share a cognitive and emotional preoccupation with fantasies of success and recognition, as well as a heightened sense of self-importance, they differ in some important respects, and in how they are expressed (Miller et al., 2011;Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010). Whereas grandiose narcissists increase their self-image by overestimating their objective abilities and by presenting dominance and superiority over and exploitation of others (Zajenkowski et al., 2018), vulnerable narcissists are characterized by a fragile selfesteem, hypersensitivity to criticism, and high emotional reactivity that cause them to become aggressive toward others or avoiding social interactions (Sen & Pakyürek, 2023). ...
... The self-positive view and awareness of their grandiosity may explain the lack of significant association between mothers' grandiose narcissism and children's maladjustment, as grandiosity may be perceived as beneficial in their social and emotional adjustment. In this sense, the current finding adds support to previous studies that indicated that vulnerable narcissism exhibit stronger links to psychopathology than does grandiose narcissism (Kaufman et al., 2020;Miller et al., 2010Miller et al., , 2011, highlighting the different implications of vulnerable and grandiose narcissism within the context of parent-child interdependence. ...
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The goal of the present study was to examine the association between a mother’s narcissistic traits (grandiose or vulnerable) and her child maladjustment, while exploring the possible mediating role of the mother’s parenting style (i.e., accepting or rejecting) and her perception of the child as difficult. Results from a three-step regression model using a sample of 252 mother-child dyads indicated that only mother’s vulnerable narcissism, but not grandiose narcissism, was significantly associated with child maladjustment. This association, however, was mediated by mother’s perception of her child as difficult, suggesting an intricate interplay between mothers’ personality traits and children’s psychological characteristics. In addition, rejecting parenting did not significantly mediate the association between maternal vulnerable narcissism and child maladjustment but rather, also seemed to be by itself mediated by mother’s perception of her child as difficult, calling for further consideration of mechanisms that may underlie the long documented direct association between parenting behaviors and child outcomes. Theoretically, our findings imply that previous assumptions about direct influences of parenting styles on child outcomes may be explained by underlying mechanisms, such as a mother’s perception of her child. Clinically, our findings have implications for developing interventions aimed at improving child well-being, particularly in families where maternal vulnerable narcissism exists, by focusing on maternal perceptions and providing emotional support.
... According to the Narcissism Spectrum Model (Krizan & Herlache, 2018), narcissism can be distinguished into grandiose and vulnerable traits. They share the same phenotype in terms of feelings of self-centeredness (i.e., self-absorption and self-importance), hyper-competitiveness, exploitation, and entitlement (Brown et al., 2016;McGregor et al., 2023;Miller et al., 2011). However, while grandiose narcissism mainly involves an approach-dominant orientation with high sociability, assertiveness, and exhibitionism, vulnerable narcissism builds on a reactive orientation focused on "fight or flight" responses, chronic shyness, inhibition, low self-esteem, withdrawal, and negative emotionality (Krizan, 2018). ...
... Therefore, the pursuit of a muscular body becomes a means through which individuals with grandiose narcissism can show their physical superiority, status, and power. Second, as individuals with highly vulnerable narcissism usually show chronic feelings of insecurity, inferiority, inadequacy, and vulnerability underpinned by low self-esteem (Miller et al., 2011;Morrison, 2014), they may engage in problematic muscularity-oriented eating to mitigate and overcome their fragile feelings about their self-image. Consequently, the first research hypothesis was advanced as follows: ...
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The negative effect of problematic muscularity-oriented eating has been well-documented in the current literature. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the primary factors that could lead to the beginning and pursuit of such practices. The current research explored the association between narcissism (grandiose and vulnerable) and problematic muscularity-oriented eating, addressing the mediating effect of self-esteem and muscle dysmorphia as reflected in functional impairment (i.e., feelings of guilt when skipping exercise and avoiding social situations because of body image concerns), desire for size (i.e., preoccupations about the inadequate size), and appearance intolerance (i.e., appearance anxiety or body exposure avoidance). The study was carried out with 151 competitive bodybuilders of the category men’s and women’s physique. Results indicated that the association between grandiose narcissism and problematic muscularity-oriented eating was mediated only by appearance intolerance. In addition, only functional impairment mediated the interplay between vulnerable narcissism and problematic muscularity-oriented eating. These findings yield relevant theoretical implications about the main factors underpinning eating practices that are particularly risky for individual health. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.
... Two distinct, but related subtypes of narcissism are discussed in the literature, grandiose, and vulnerable narcissism. Whereas grandiose narcissism is characterized by the feelings of grandiosity, aggression, and dominance, vulnerable narcissism goes along with the negative affect, and feelings of inadequacy or incompetence (Miller et al., 2011). According to the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Concept, grandiose narcissism can be further decomposed into two subfacets: admiration and rivalry (Back et al., 2013). ...
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Previous research reported that different subtypes of narcissism lead to stronger or weaker stress responses, due to narcissistic individual’s sensitivity to social evaluation. However, evidence remains mixed. In the current preregistered study, we investigated psychological and physiological stress response indicators (self-reports, salivary cortisol levels, blood pressure, and heart rate) of N = 161 male participants exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or a control condition. Narcissism subtypes (i.e., grandiose and vulnerable) and the two facets of grandiose narcissism (i.e., narcissistic admiration and rivalry) were assessed via self-report questionnaires. Results suggest that the TSST led to stronger stress responses as compared with the control condition. However, we found no compelling evidence of any narcissism subtype or facet being associated with stronger stress responses. These results question the proposal that narcissism is a way to compensate for an ultimately weak, or fragile, self.
... These mean scores are higher than those of Jones and Paulhus (2014) but of similar magnitude and rank-order to those of Konrath et al. (2016). Since extroversion and openness are known predictors of grandiose narcissism (Miller et al., 2011;Paulhus & Williams, 2002;Zajenkowski & Szymaniak, 2019), these findings lend support to our hypothesis H2that personality types that associate strongly with narcissism are more common in the direct exposure group. ...
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We investigate whether conspicuous participation in online social media campaigns is associated with narcissism and whether this association results in apathy, and free riding. We address these questions in the context of the Ice Bucket Challenge (IBC) campaign by examining the relationship between degree of participation (exposure), personality traits (Big Five and grandiose narcissism), and measures of apathy (unaware of the social cause) and free riding (letting others donate). In a two-stage survey quasi-experiment that decouples personality tests from behavioural questions we find significant associations between conspicuous behaviour (direct-exposure) and grandiose narcissism, particularly amongst female respondents. However, we find no significant association between this relationship and apathy for the campaign’s social cause, nor did we find conclusive evidence of free riding. These results suggests that narcissistic prosociality (the combination of personal gratification and social concern) was a significant motivation for participating in this social media campaign.
... Vulnerable narcissism is assessed by several measures and has several names (e.g., covert narcissism and hypersensitive narcissism). Most importantly, grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism reflect distinct cognitive styles and interpersonal difficulties (e.g., Given-Wilson et al., 2011;Miller et al., 2011). Furthermore, vulnerable narcissism is associated with greater shame and distrust, vindictiveness, and aggression (Given-Wilson et al., 2011;Krizan & Johar, 2015), as well as jealousy and a hypersensitivity to perceived threat and rejection (Krizan & Johar, 2012;Spivak et al., 2014). ...
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Three studies explored the influence of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism on negative responsibility attributions and unforgiveness following a conflict in an intimate relationship. We tested Morf and Rhodewalt’s (2001a, 2001b) Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model of Narcissism. In the first two studies, participants were primarily heterosexual college students in a serious dating relationship and both types of narcissism were examined. The first study involved participants’ self-nominated biggest conflict. The second study involved an agreed-upon conflict. The third study attempted a conceptual replication of the actor effects found in the first two studies by testing mediation models with narcissism, negative responsibility attributions, and unforgiveness in a larger, convenience sample of MTurk workers. The first two studies showed gender differences suggesting that responsibility attributions either partially or fully mediated the relationship between grandiose narcissism and unforgiveness in males. The pattern of results for females was different in the first two studies. The third study showed that responsibility attributions partially mediated the relationship between all three forms of narcissism (grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, and entitlement) and unforgiveness in males and females supporting the Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model of Narcissism.
... While individuals with covertly narcissistic traits tend to express more hypersensitiveness, anxiety, timidity, and insecurity, individuals with overtly narcissistic traits tend to express extraversion, aggressiveness, self-assuredness, and the need to be admired by others. However, both groups share common characteristics related to conceit, self-indulgence, and disregard for the others' needs [3][4][5][6]. ...
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Background In medicine, empathy refers to a predominantly cognitive attribute (rather than an emotional one), which is important as a foundation for positive physician–patient relationships. Physicians with a narcissistic personality trait have an assortment of characteristics that undermine their interpersonal functioning in clinical encounters with their patients. Evidence suggests an inverse relationship between empathy and certain characteristics of a narcissistic personality trait in general population. The aim of this study was to characterize the relationship between cognitive empathy and covert narcissistic personality trait in newly enrolled medical students. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Mexican school of medicine during the COVID-19 lockdown. The study sample included first-year medical students attending on-line classes. The Spanish version for medical students of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE-S), and the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS), were used as measures of cognitive empathy and covert narcissism, respectively. In addition, gender, age, speciality interest, and semester of enrolment were collected. Comparative, correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed among the variables analysed. Results In a sample of 283 students (207 females), differences in cognitive empathy and covert narcissism were observed by gender (p < 0.001). Comparison analyses showed that covert narcissism was greater in students enrolled after one semester attending on-line classes than those who were starting their first semester (p = 0.01). A correlation analysis confirmed an inverse association between empathy and covert narcissism (ρ=–0.23; p < 0.001). Based on this, a multiple regression model was created explaining 12% of the variance of covert narcissism based on a lineal regression with empathy (p < 0.001), gender (p = 0.01), and semester (p = 0.003). This model complied with the necessary conditions for statistic inference and showed an effect size from medium to large. Conclusions These findings provide novel information of the relationship between cognitive empathy and covert narcissism in newly enrolled medical students.
... primary subtypes: the grandiose (overt) and the vulnerable (covert), each characterized by distinct features such as dominance and feelings of inadequacy, respectively Twenge & Campbell, 2001;Miller et al. 2011;Ronningstam, 2011). Individuals exhibiting narcissistic tendencies orient their psychological processes around themes of self-worth, often anchored in competition and status, leading to potential existential voids and confusion in the absence of these elements. ...
... That might depend on the form of narcissism: grandiose or vulnerable (Sedikides, 2021;Thomaes et al., 2018). These are either unrelated or weakly and positively related (Jauk et al., 2017;Miller et al., 2011). According to recent theorizing, they share a common core of entitlement and self-importance (Krizan & Herlache, 2018) or interpersonal antagonism (Miller et al., 2016(Miller et al., , 2017. ...
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Do narcissists enjoy better or worse wellbeing than others? Psychological theories disagree. In an attempt to reconcile them, we conducted a comprehensive cross-cultural meta-analysis testing the core hypotheses that grandiose narcissism would be associated with better wellbeing and vulnerable narcissism with worse wellbeing. We also hypothesized that these associations would be explained by self-esteem and would be stronger in countries higher on individualism. First, as hypothesized, grandiose narcissism was associated with better wellbeing and vulnerable narcissism with worse wellbeing. Second, as hypothesized, both associations became nonsignificant after controlling for self-esteem, suggesting that they are explained by self-esteem. Third, partly as hypothesized, the association between grandiose—but not vulnerable—narcissism and wellbeing was stronger in more individualistic countries. Results held across wellbeing forms (hedonic, eudaimonic) and methods (cross-sectional, longitudinal). Advancing psychological theory, we demonstrated that only grandiose narcissists enjoy better wellbeing, especially in individualistic countries, a phenomenon accounted for by their higher self-esteem.
... Narcissism, in turn, is characterized by an inflated self-image, often accompanied by a strong need for attention from others. It is commonly distinguished into two forms: Grandiose narcissism, characterized by dominance and immodesty, and vulnerable narcissism, characterized by introversion and need for recognition (Miller et al., 2011). An excessive need to matter may therefore be associated with narcissism, although research has indicated mixed evidence in the relationship between the two constructs, possibly exacerbated by measurement issues. ...
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Mattering and purpose-in-life are key aspects of individuals’ perception of who they are and their relationships with others. However, their associations with personality, as well as sex differences within these associations, remain relatively unexplored. Three studies investigated, respectively, the correlation between mattering and purpose-in-life across sexes (N1 = 906), their measurement invariance by sex and associations with the Big-Five (N2 = 400), and with antagonistic traits (N3 = 178), including potential sex differences in these associations. Study 1 found lower purpose-in-life in women compared to men, but no difference in mattering. Additionally, a positive and moderate correlation between mattering and purpose-in-life was observed, but no sex differences. Study 2 found higher factor covariance in men than women. Moreover, it showed that conscientiousness positively predicts mattering and purpose-in-life, neuroticism negatively predicts both, and agreeableness positively predicts purpose-in-life. Study 3 showed that primary and secondary psychopathy negatively predict mattering, grandiose narcissism positively predicts mattering and purpose-in-life, and secondary psychopathy negatively predicts purpose-in-life, in all cases showing no sex differences. These results highlight the importance of mattering and purpose-in-life in personality research and intervention, offering insights for personality development by addressing dysfunctional perceptions and fostering personal and professional growth across various applied settings. For instance, in counseling, leveraging mattering and purpose-in-life could help clients strengthen their resilience and coping skills. In educational settings, mattering and purpose-in-life could support learners’ self-efficacy and improve educational outcomes. In organizational settings, they could drive change by enhancing individuals’ confidence, productivity, and leadership.
... Narcissism is probably best described as a personality construct characterized by an inflated self-image, entitlement, and a craving for attention (e.g., Krizan & Herlache, 2018;Campbell & Foster, 2007;Morf et al., 2017;Miller et al., 2017). Emphasized in clinical literature since long (e.g., Cain et al., 2008;Pincus et al., 2009;, recent research in personality psychology has advanced the understanding of narcissism by differentiating it into at least two domains: grandiosity and vulnerability (Cain et al., 2008;Miller et al., 2011;Pincus et al., 2009;Wink, 1991). More recently, a refined conceptual framework has emerged, which divides the two higher-order domains-grandiosity and vulnerability-into a trifurcated lower-order structure. ...
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Emotion Recognition Accuracy (ERA) is vital for social functioning and social relationships, yet empirical support for a positive link with well-being has been sparse. In three studies, we show that the Assessment of Contextualized Emotions (ACE) which distinguishes between accurately perceiving intended emotions and bias due to perceiving additional, secondary emotions, consistently predicted personal and social well-being. Across thirteen world cultures, accuracy was associated with higher well-being and life satisfaction, and bias linked to loneliness. A social interaction study in Czech Republic found accuracy (bias) was positively (negatively) associated with social well-being. The effects of accuracy and bias on well-being were partially mediated by social interaction quality in a third study. These findings further our understanding of ERA's social functions.
... These negative characteristics caused by narcissism also cause significant interpersonal problems (Ogrodniczuk et al. 2009). For instance, studies indicated that pathological narcissism has detrimental effects on interpersonal relationships such as hostility (Bushman and Baumeister, 1998), an oppressive style (Dickinson andPincus 2003, Besser andPriel 2010), coldness and emotionally detached attachment behaviors (Smolewska and Dion 2005), and vindictiveness (Miller et al. 2011). These negative experiences in close relationships negatively affect other individuals (Foster and Campbell 2005). ...
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Objective: This study aims to examine the mediating role of self-criticism in the relationship between narcissistic traits perceived from the mother in childhood and symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders in adulthood. Method: A total of 512 adults aged between 18 and 45 years (mean age= 31.47, SD= 10.37) were included in the study. Participants completed the Socio-demographic Information Form, Scale of Narcissitic Traits Perceived from Mother, Forms of Self-Criticism and Self-Relief Scale, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Results: In the model tested using Structural Equation Modeling, perceived maternal narcissism during childhood predicted self-criticism, depression and anxiety disorder symptoms. In addition, self-criticism predicted both depression and anxiety disorder symptoms. Indirect effects were examined with the bootsrap method and self-criticism was found to have a mediating role. Conclusion: The results suggest that self-criticism mediates the relationship between narcissistic traits perceived from the mother in childhood and symptoms of depression and anxiety disorders. These findings suggest that a mother's narcissistic traits may have a negative impact on mother-child interaction and influence the child's development of a self-critical style. Moreover, high maternal narcissistic traits may increase the risk of depression and anxiety disorder symptoms by contributing to a self-critical thinking style.
... The concept of the Seven Deadly Sins has its origins in medieval theological studies and has always been a so-called "organizing metaphor" for studies of consumer behavior (Kaplan & Schwartz, 2008). These vices-representing the inability to restrain selfish impulses that harm oneself and society-are associated with the following behaviors: anger (i.e., a feeling of uncontrollable frustration accompanied by thoughts of revenge; Veselka et al., 2014); envy (i.e., an overwhelming resentment that leads people to want to deprive others of something they themselves lack; Ninivaggi, 2010); gluttony (i.e., excessive consumption of food, alcohol and drugs, and wasteful spending ;Miller et al., 2011); greed (i.e., the habit of manipulating others for one's own economic gain; Krekels & Pandelaere, 2015); lust (i.e., overwhelming thoughts of a sexual nature; Blackburn, 2004); pride (i.e., excessive self-esteem and simultaneous contempt for the actions of others; Kaplan & Schwartz, 2008); and sloth (i.e., inertia to put one's abilities into action; Veselka et al., 2014). ...
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The aim of this study is to analyze whether disvalues—that is, undesirable traits and emotions that have a negative impact on the individual and are reflected in the Seven Deadly Sins (anger, envy, gluttony, greed, lust, pride, and sloth) and the Dark Triad traits (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy)—have a predictive power for pathological and uncontrollable shopping behavior (compulsive shopping). Two studies were conducted on as many consumer samples to examine the relationship between disvalues and compulsive shopping behavior and the influence of personality traits on this relationship. The results of Study 1 confirmed that anger, envy, gluttony, and pride, as well as psychopathy directly influence compulsive shopping behavior. In addition, two types of consumers were identified: those who are guided by values (Sober and Light consumers) and those who are guided by disvalues (Vicious and Dark consumers). Only the latter exhibit a high levels of compulsive shopping behavior. Study 2 found that personality traits (in terms of the Big Five factors) moderate the relationship between disvalues and compulsive shopping behavior. More specifically, this relationship is negatively moderated by conscientiousness and agreeableness, and positively moderated by neuroticism.
... However, both theoretical and empirical literature suggest that narcissism is a complex and heterogeneous construct [47]. The two apparently contradictory dimensions of "grandiosity" and "vulnerability" deserve the greatest attention as they may manifest largely discrepant behavioral correlates [125], [88] and share only the tendency to interact with other people in a cold, hostile, and antagonistic manner. Grandiosity is exhibited by narcissists who, for instance, view themselves and what they accomplish as superior to their peers, augment positive and discount negative feedback received, or tend to describe their past experiences as better than reality [89]. ...
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The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate computational cognitive models of Theory of Mind (ToM) and Machiavellian behavior embedded in a humanoid robot. Machiavellianism, together with psychopathy and narcissism, is part of the Dark Triad (DT), three constructs that correspond to socially aversive yet not necessarily pathological personalities. The motivations of the present work are both theoretical and application-oriented. In the long term, we aim to: (i) Provide researchers with new insights into the Machiavellian as well as other DT constructs through simulated and robotic setups; (ii) Provide a tool to train psychologists to deal with social and antisocial behavior in a controlled setup; (iii) Help people become aware of the behavioral mechanisms that they may expect from people with DT traits in social and affective relationships; (iv) Assist robotic engineers in developing better robots by identifying behaviors that should be avoided. To this end, we explored a computational model of ToM in the popular Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL), and defined a domain with the necessary elements to induce Machiavellian behavior during planning and execution. Subsequently, we implemented our computational model in a software architecture controlling the behavior of a humanoid robot and recorded videos of the robot interacting with two actors. Finally, we conducted experiments with 300 participants divided into 6 conditions to verify whether the implemented framework is versatile enough to generate behaviors that participants would rate as either more Machiavellian or less Machiavellian based on their observations of the recorded videos.
... This suggests that those who do not view themselves as highly are more likely to endorse atypical lying features, potentially through the increased perceived rewards of having others seeing them through a more favorable, fantastical lens. This would resemble features of vulnerable narcissism (Miller et al., 2011), but more work is needed to understand this relationship. Regardless, grandiosity, unemotionality, and irresponsibility results should be interpreted with caution given their inconsistency in significance across both elevated classes. ...
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Introduction Most people are generally honest, but around 5% of individuals are prolific liars, some of whom lie for fun or no reason. However, developmental research on atypical lying features (e.g., motives, attitudes, inclinations for dishonesty) and the associated traits and negative outcomes is lacking. We examined how psychopathic traits are related to the development of lying trajectories and whether exhibiting atypical lying features during a developmental period when lies tend to decrease in frequency (i.e., adolescence to adulthood) increases the risk for adulthood antisocial behaviors. Methods Data come from the multisite Pathways to Desistance project, a longitudinal study of serious juvenile offenders in the United States who were interviewed across 11 time points over 7 years from 2000 to 2010. Age‐based trajectory analyses modeled self‐reported atypical lying features from ages 14 to 26 for male participants (N = 1170; 42.1% Black, 34.0% Hispanic, 19.2% White, 4.6% Other), and examined how subscales from the Youth Psychopathy Inventory predicted lying trajectory classes and whether those classes differed in adulthood offending and substance use. Results Around 5% of the sample maintained elevated atypical lying features in adolescence and into adulthood. These individuals were more manipulative, remorseless, impulsive, and irresponsible in adolescence, and were more likely to offend and use substances in adulthood. Conclusions Findings highlight how atypical lying features during the normative developmental desistance period of lying may be elevated for prolific liars and how traits can be used to identify at‐risk individuals. This information will help to inform intervention and prevention programs targeting externalizing behaviors.
... Eine Co-Existenz von grandiosen und vulnerablen Eigenschaften lässt sich bei gesunden Normalpersonen nicht nachweisen, sodass es sich nach Miller et al. [14] um zwei voneinander unabhängige Persönlichkeitseigenschaften handelt. Der grandiose Narzissmus klinisch unauffälliger Normalpersonen mit seinem hohen Selbstwertgefühl ist demnach nicht mit vulnerablen Eigenschaften verknüpft, d. h., es lässt sich bei ihnen kein ausgeprägtes implizites (verborgenes) niedriges Selbstwertgefühl, d. h. ...
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Personality psychology subdivides the narcissism of healthy persons into the grandiose and the vulnerable types (2 factor model), which can be further described in a more differentiated way with the three personality factors extroversion, intolerance/antagonism and neuroticism (3 factor model). The grandiose and the vulnerable types of narcissism can also be found in narcissistically disturbed patients. The narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), which in DSM‑5 is exclusively characterized by the grandiose features also shows vulnerable features; however, these are hidden behind the grandiose features. Grandiose narcissism is relatively rare in the clinical routine. So far vulnerable narcissism could not be diagnosed in DSM‑5 or ICD-10; however, in the future this will be demonstrable in ICD-11 by the dimensional concept of personality disorder even if it does not exist as an official diagnosis in ICD-11.
... To study narcissism more thoroughly, recent theoretical advancements have converged on a set of distinct narcissism characteristics that can be bifurcated into grandiose narcissism (i.e., a more overt aspect of narcissism characterized by arrogance, dominance, social boldness) and vulnerable narcissism (i.e., a more covert aspect of narcissism characterized by defensiveness, insecurity, and social withdrawal; e.g., Jauk et al., 2017;Miller et al., 2011). These two overarching dimensions can be further divided into three specific facets: agentic narcissism (a facet of grandiose narcissism characterized by grandiose fantasies, charmingness, and striving for uniqueness), antagonistic narcissism (a facet that blends elements of both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism characterized by devaluation, aggressiveness, and striving for supremacy; Back et al., 2013), and neurotic narcissism (a facet of vulnerable narcissism characterized by contingent self-esteem, feelings of shame, and hypersensitivity; Miller et al., 2021). ...
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Drawing on signaling theory, the current experimental study (N = 593) investigated the influence of top employer awards on the connections between the full spectrum of narcissistic personality features (i.e., agentic, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) and perceived company prestige. The results of our experiment show that employer awards enhance prestige perceptions and that all narcissism facets are positively related to perceptions of prestige. However, the positive associations between narcissistic personality features and company prestige were less pronounced in the award condition than in the no-award condition. Our study contributes to the recruitment and employer branding literature by demonstrating that, while employer awards generally enhance an organization’s prestige, they may not do so for individuals with particular personality features.
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The term dark triad is an assemblage of the three dark personality traits, that is, Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy. Recently, these traits have gained prominence as both direct and indirect antecedents of consumption‐related constructs in marketing literature, signalling heightened scholarly interest in marketing and consumer behaviour. This study adopts a hybrid systematic review methodology, considered a two‐pronged approach comprising framework‐based systematic review and bibliometric review methods, analysing 251 articles sourced from two of the largest citation and abstract databases: Web of Science and Scopus. We offered a panoramic overview of the domain of dark triad in marketing and consumption research, using selected techniques from the bibliometric toolbox (e.g. cartographic analysis, charting of publication‐related metrics, mapping of citation‐related metrics and visualisation) and TCM framework‐based content analysis. First, we uncovered the performance trends depicting key trends in the domain. Second, we deciphered the intellectual structure by delineating and elaborating on themes such as (1) Psychopathy, (2) Narcissism, (3) Materialism, and (4) Machiavellianism. Additionally, we charted theoretical perspectives, contextual settings and methodological approaches deployed in the domain of the dark triad in marketing and consumption research. These findings further paved the way for orchestrating a rich future research agenda and interesting insights (implications) for practitioners and academics.
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Spor Bilimleri Alanında Akademik Araştırma ve Değerlendirmeler II başlıklı bu kitap, spor bilimleri alanındaki akademik çalışmaları kapsamlı ve disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşımla bir araya getiren bir koleksiyondur. Kitap, spor bilimlerinin çeşitli yönlerine dair en son araştırmaları ve güncel gelişmeleri içermektedir. Her bölüm, alanında uzman kişiler tarafından titizlikle hazırlanmış olup, spor fizyolojisi, biyomekanik, psikoloji ve spor yönetimi gibi çeşitli konulara dair derinlemesine bilgiler sunmaktadır. Dahil edilen çalışmalar, teori ve pratik arasındaki boşluğu doldurmayı hedefleyerek literatüre değerli katkılarda bulunmakta ve spor bilimleri anlayışımızı ileriye taşımaktadır. Bu kitap aracılığıyla, sadece son gelişmeleri vurgulamakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda spor bilimleri alanındaki ortaya çıkan zorlukları da ele alan zengin bir bilgi mozaiği sunmayı amaçlıyoruz. Bu koleksiyon, spor bilimlerinin dinamik ve gelişen manzarasını keşfetmek isteyen akademisyenler, araştırmacılar, uygulayıcılar ve öğrenciler için hazırlanmıştır.
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This review study aims to investigate the correlation between narcissism and schadenfreude (the pleasure gained from the misfortunes of others). In this regard, literature investigating the concepts of narcissism and schadenfreude was reviewed. Despite the similarities among the terms self-esteem, envy, and social comparison in the context of both narcissism and schadenfreude, there exists a paucity of studies investigating the relationship between narcissism, including vulnerable and grandiose, and schadenfreude. This study encompasses definitions of narcissism and schadenfreude, as well as concepts of self-esteem, social comparison, and envy, which elucidate their interrelationship, alongside findings from various studies exploring the connection between narcissism and schadenfreude from multiple perspectives. This review study culminated in an examination of the relationship between narcissism and schadenfreude, discussing the findings and offering recommendations for future research and mental health professionals.
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Previous research linked counternormative tendencies (e.g., conspiracy beliefs, cyberbullying, and catfishing) to narcissism—a personality trait characterized by difficulties in experiencing psychological threats. We argue that avoidance coping with stress favours attitudes and behaviours that allow for deflecting from stressful events and releasing one's stress at the expense of others. Thus, we hypothesized that avoidance coping might explain why narcissism favours counternormative tendencies. We conducted four studies (total N = 2643) in the United States and Poland to examine avoidance coping as a mediator of the relationship between narcissism and counternormative tendencies: conspiracy beliefs (Studies 1–4), willingness to conspire (Studies 2–4), cyberbullying (Studies 3–4) and catfishing (Study 4). All studies found a consistent positive indirect relationship between various forms of narcissism and counternormative tendencies via avoidance coping. These findings suggest that counternormative tendencies might reflect using maladaptive coping strategies.
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Purpose Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) imposes significant costs on organizations, thus antecedents of CWB are of particular interest to both practitioners and academics. The authors examine how one’s own narcissism interacts with co-worker narcissism to influence willingness to engage in retaliatory CWB against a co-worker. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study were obtained from Amazon Mechanical Turk participants and Master of Business Administration students, representing a cross-section of employee representatives. Findings The authors find that employees expect narcissistic co-workers to engage in continuing future CWB and this, in turn, increases employees' willingness to engage in retaliatory CWB. That is, non-narcissistic employees are provoked to engage in organizationally-destructive behaviors by peers perceived as narcissists. This affect is attenuated by the employee’s own narcissism. Relative to non-narcissists, narcissistic employees find a narcissistic co-worker more likeable, which reduces their willingness to engage in retaliatory CWB against the co-worker. Practical implications For corporations and HR managers, this study demonstrates the caution necessary when considering hiring and operational practices. Specifically, non-narcissists demonstrate increased willingness to engage in organizationally-destructive behaviors after interpersonal conflict with a narcissistic co-worker. Originality/value The authors extend prior research about interpersonal drivers of CWB, which primarily considered superior-subordinate dyad, by examining the joint effects of individual and co-worker narcissism in peer-to-peer relationships.
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The article attempts to analyze the relationship between three perfectionism scales, such as rigid perfectionism, self-critical perfectionism and narcissistic perfectionism, and one’s own appearance on social media among a group of emerging adults. The final sample size for the analysis was 174 participants aged 18 to 24 years. Methods used were the Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS) and the Appearance-Related Social Media Consciousness Scale (ASMC) translated into Polish. The conducted reliability analyses showed a satisfactory level of internal consistency. Hypotheses were confirmed using linear regression analysis. The gender of the subjects and time spent on social media were also taken into account. Self-critical perfectionism was shown to explain variation in the social media self-awareness dimension to a greater extent than rigid perfectionism. Lower severity of the narcissistic perfectionism dimension was shown to explain variability in the social media self-awareness dimension to a lesser extent than self-critical perfectionism. Differences were observed between the perfectionism styles manifested in the context of social media appearance awareness among men and women. The presumed mechanisms explaining the results: comparison bias with dissimilar models, satisfaction of the need for self-validation, and differences in goals and motivations for social media usage.
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Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism comprise the dark triad of personality. Primarily based on the self-report of one individual, most research on these personality traits has highlighted their associations with antisociality, aggression, and poor adjustment. The current study aimed to expand the literature by examining the links between emerging adults’ dark triad traits and behavioral health with their primary caregivers’ dark triad traits. We collected data from a sample of emerging adults from a college population and their primary caregivers (N = 448). Structural equation modeling was used to test the unique associations between caregiver reported dark triad traits with emerging adult reported dark triad traits and behavioral health (e.g., depression, anxiety, drug-use). Findings show that narcissism in caregivers was associated with greater narcissism and internalizing symptoms in emerging adults. Caregiver psychopathy was associated with greater Machiavellianism and externalizing symptoms in emerging adults. Caregiver Machiavellianism was associated with more adaptive behavioral health outcomes in emerging adults. Results suggest that in addition to assessing and addressing emerging adults’ personality traits and behavioral health, it is important to target caregiver psychopathology in the treatment context.
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There are few topics so fascinating both to the research investigator and the research subject as the self-image. It is distinctively characteristic of the human animal that he is able to stand outside himself and to describe, judge, and evaluate the person he is. He is at once the observer and the observed, the judge and the judged, the evaluator and the evaluated. Since the self is probably the most important thing in the world to him, the question of what he is like and how he feels about himself engrosses him deeply. This is especially true during the adolescent stage of development.
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Paulhus and Williams (2002) identified a "Dark Triad" comprising the following related personality styles: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The heterogeneity found in narcissism and psychopathy raises the possibility of a second triad made up of emotional vulnerability and dark traits (i.e., the vulnerable dark triad; VDT). Along with vulnerable narcissism and Factor 2 psychopathy, the third member of the hypothesized VDT is borderline personality disorder (BPD). Using a sample of 361 undergraduates, we examine the relations between these constructs and their relations with criterion variables, including personality, environmental etiological factors (e.g., abuse), and current functioning (e.g., psychopathology, affect). The results suggest that the VDT constructs are significantly related to one another and manifest similar nomological networks, particularly vulnerable narcissism and BPD. Although the VDT members are related to negative emotionality and antagonistic interpersonal styles, they are also related to introversion and disinhibition. Ultimately, it seems there is a "dark continuum" of pathological personality traits that differ primarily in relation to negative and positive emotionality and disinhibition.
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