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Improved sex attractant for the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. (Lep., Acrolepiidae)
Abstract
Sex attractant traps containing a blend of (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (Z11-16:Ac), in a 10:1 ratio, yielded the highest captures of male Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller moths in comparison with Z11-16:Ald alone or various mixtures of Z11-16:Ald, Z11-16:Ac and Z11-16:OH. Our results at Wageningen could be confirmed by similar findings obtained at other locations in Europe.
Verbesserter Sexuallockstoff für die Lauchmotte, Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. (Lep., Acrolepiidae)
Sexualpheromonfallen, die eine Mischung von (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) und (Z)-hexadecen-1-ol Azetat (Z11-16:Ac) in einem Mischungsverhältnis von 10:1 enthielten, erzielten die höchsten Fänge von männlichen Falter der Art Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller verglichen mit Z11-16:Ald allein oder verschiedenen Mischungen von Z11-16:Ald, Z11-16:Ac und Z11-16:OH. Unsere Ergebnisse in Wageningen konnten durch vergleichbare Ergebnisse an anderen Standorten in Europa bestätigt werden.
... Principally, control strategies for A. assectella consist of insecticide applications on foliage against larvae (Goix 1986;Hommes 1992;Greenword and Halstead 1997) but because of the cryptic habitat of larvae, commercial insecticides are not effective against this insect. Sex pheromone for mating disruption (Isart et al. 1982) or mass trapping of adults (Rahn 1982;Minks et al. 1994;Asman 2002) have also been used in the control of this pest. ...
The susceptibility of larvae of the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) to different concentrations of an autochthonous strain of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) was examined in laboratory experiments using Petri dishes. The efficacy of this strain in
pots and field experiments was also evaluated. High mortality (80%–100%) of leek moth larvae was observed when these larvae
were exposed to low concentrations (3×103 to 1×104IJs/m2) of S. feltiae under laboratory conditions. Foliar application of 30,000 IJs/leek in pot experiments caused a 98% reduction in leek moth
larvae. Field experiments showed a 87.7% reduction of leek moth larvae with the nematode treatment, significantly higher than
the 22% reduction with the Bacillus thuringiensis treatment. The efficacy of the treatments with S. feltiae in relation to the microhabitat of the leek moth larvae between the interfolded leaves of the leek is discussed.
Three monoenyl compounds were detected in GC/MS analysis of a hexane extract of pheromone glands from virgin female Acrolepiopsis sapporensis. They were identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald) and (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), respectively, by chemical derivatization and synthesis of both geometric isomers. The ratio of three components in the sex pheromone gland of female moths was 100: 10: 23 with GC/MS analyses. In field tests, blends of the three components were evidenced to attract male moths in a Welsh onion field. Synthetic (Z)-11-hexadecenal was the principal component to catch more males.
The allium leafminer, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), is a pest of Allium species (Liliaceae) in Asia and Hawaii, USA. We identified candidate sex pheromone components in pheromone gland extracts of female moths and field tested the response of male moths to blends with different components and ratios. Gas chromatographic comparison of abdominal tip extracts from both sexes showed three female-specific components: (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol (Z11-16:OH). These compounds were identified by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyldisulfide adducts, and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. The average ratio of three components, Z11-16:Ald, Z11-16:OAc, and Z11-16:OH, in female extract was 33:100:14. Field trapping experiments indicated that all three components were essential for maximal attraction of male moths. Traps baited with a ternary blend mimicking the blend found in the pheromone gland extracts caught significantly more males than traps baited with caged live females. Increasing doses of the pheromone blend in the lures from 0.01 to 1.0 mg increased catches of male A. sapporensis.
More than 100 multi-component lures consisting of primary straight chain alkenols, their acetates and alkenals were prepared and tested as attractants of male lepidopterous insects. In field trials, male moths of 52 species were specifically attracted to two- or three-component lures. Further 35 lepidopterous species were found to be attracted to single componentlures used as control. The main families captured by the multi-component lures were Tortricidae (24 species), Noctuidae (11 species) and Acrolepiidae (3 species). This successful attraction of so many species indicates the usefulness of systematic field tests using multi-component lures of selected synthetic chemicals.
The main component of the sex pheromone secretion produced by virgin females of A. assectella has been identified as Z-11 hexadecenal (Z11HDal) by GC analysis and mass spectrometry, EAG tests, and behavioural assays. Z11HDal elicited the highest EAG response of all C12 to C18 acetates, aldehydes, formates and alcohols tested, and induced a typical sequence of male sexual behavioural responses in olfactometer tests. In the field, traps baited with 1 mg Z11HDal on rubber septa (with 10% antioxidant) attracted male moths selectively and were competitive with virgin females. The E isomer (E11HDal) was 104 times less attractive, whereas Z11-hexadecenyl acetate and Z11-hexadecen-1-ol, in admixture with Z11HDal strongly inhibited male responses.
Many sex pheromones of Lepidoptera have been isolated and chemically identified. Almost all consist of one or more unsaturated straight-chain alcohols, aldehydres or acetates. More than 270 potential insect sex pheromones have already been synthesized in this institute and form a pheromone bank. Several methods of synthesis, purification and analysis of these compounds will be discussed. Many have been tested, either singly or as mixtures, for their attraction to male Lepidoptera in various biotopes. These experiments have yielded sex attractants for many species, including several of economic significance. Two tortricid species, new to the Dutch fauna, have been discovered using sex attractants.
A description is given of a reliable low-pressure liquid chromatographic system for the analytical and preparative separation of geometrical isomers of alken-1-ol acetates, which are used as insect sex attractants. Baseline separations of 1–600 mg in 1–6 h on columns packed with a macroporous cation-exchange resin treated with silver nitrate are reported. These reusable columns are eluted with methanol and continuously monitored by a differential refractometer, which also allows quantitative analysis.
Rôle de la plante‐hote sur l'attractivité sexuel chez Acrolepia assectella Zeller (Lep. Plutellidae)
- Rahn R.
La teigne du poireau, Acrolepiopsis assectella Z.: possibilité de généralisation des avertissements agricoles par piégeage sexuel à l'aide de produits de synthèse
- Rahn R.