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Differences in the tilted room illusion resulting from learning*
Australian Journal of Psychology
Abstract
In the Tilted Room Illusion (TRI) Ss judging verticality use conflicting visual (V) and nonvisual (NV) cues. Consistent individual differences occur and sex differences develop with age. The hypothesis that learning contributes to these differences was tested by attempting to find a training situation which altered the TRI. In the first experiment, five groups of 14 Ss were trained in different judgments. Three groups showed a reduction in the TRI compared to a group of 14 Ss who received no training.In a second preliminary experiment 4 Ss were intensively trained, each in a different task. The TRI was reduced only when the NV cues were positively reinforced in a V-NV cue conflict situation. Intensive training which reinforced either modality, in situations where there was no intermodal discordance, had no effect.
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A series of observations are reported on the effects of repeated presentation of the Müller-Lyer illusion. A number of findings seem to support the thesis that the destruction of the Müller-Lyer illusion by repeated measurements is due to satiation rather than learning. Evidence includes: (1) destruction when Ss have no knowledge of results; (2) destruction when measurements are largely replaced by satiation periods; (3) failure of destruction with some Ss; (4) after effects to be expected if satiation had taken place; (5) failure of destruction in one position to be accompanied by destruction in other positions; (6) failure of destruction with tachistoscopic presentations.
Visual judgments of orientation were investigated during (effect) and after (aftereffect) different body postures. In ExperimentVisual judgments of orientation were investigated during (effect) and after (aftereffect) different body postures. In Experiment
1 four trained Ss made apparent verticality (AV) judgments before and after 2 min in each of seven orientations: head tilt 1 four trained Ss made apparent verticality (AV) judgments before and after 2 min in each of seven orientations: head tilt
left and right, body tilt left and right, trunk tilt left and right and a control condition with head ’and body upright. The left and right, body tilt left and right, trunk tilt left and right and a control condition with head ’and body upright. The
aftereffect was significant for all postures excepting trunk tilt left and the control. The aftereffect from head tilt was aftereffect was significant for all postures excepting trunk tilt left and the control. The aftereffect from head tilt was
greater than that from the same degree of body tilt, and that in the trunk tilt condition was in the same direction as’ predicted greater than that from the same degree of body tilt, and that in the trunk tilt condition was in the same direction as’ predicted
from neck stimulation. In Experiment 2, 30 Ss made AV judgments during tilt in the same seven postures. The E-phenomenon resulted from neck stimulation. In Experiment 2, 30 Ss made AV judgments during tilt in the same seven postures. The E-phenomenon resulted
from both head and body tilts, and an effect was found for trunk tilt in the direction predicted from neck stimulation. The from both head and body tilts, and an effect was found for trunk tilt in the direction predicted from neck stimulation. The
results are discussed in terms of the otolith, neck, and trunk receptor systems. results are discussed in terms of the otolith, neck, and trunk receptor systems.
Asch and Witkin showed that when an observer adjusted a bar on the far wall of a miniature room tilted at 22° laterally, the apparent vertical of the bar was displaced about 10°-14° in the direction of room tilt1. We report here an experiment which shows that earlier exposure to a similarly tilted room produces the same direction of change in apparent verticality when a luminous bar is adjusted in darkness. This experiment included appropriate controls for the occurrence of a spatial after-effect2,3, and so the data suggest that illusory effects persist after the conditions inducing them are removed.
Ss were given several tasks concerned with the adjustment of objects to an upright position while they themselves were in either upright or tilted positions. The experimental group was then given training in space orientation and both groups were retested on the original tasks. In the adjustment of a cube to the upright found no significant improvement in either group with the body upright, but with the body tilted found a significantly greater improvement in the experimental group. With a "rod-in-cube" task noted a significant improvement with training. It appeared that S was able to learn to perceptually reorganize the potency given postural and visual cues.
Studies in perceptual adaptation and its aftereffects
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The effect of training and of structural aids on performance in three tests of space orientation
- H A Witkin
University of Canterbury
- A Donnell
A developmental study of the tilted room illusion . Presented at Paper read at the XIVth Canberra Symposium on Perception
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