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A morphometric study of species delimitation in Sternbergia lutea (Alliaceae, Amaryllidoideae) and its allies S. sicula and S. greuteriana
Abstract
The morphological chararacters used to differentiate the species Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng., Sternbergia sicula Tineo ex Guss. and Sternbergia greuteriana Kamari & R.Artelari were found not to possess discrete or consistently different states during an attempt to produce an electronic multi-access key to the genus. Thus, variation in floral and leaf morphology in the three species was further explored to re-evaluate taxon limits using herbarium specimens and statistical methods, including principal components analysis (PCA) and elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA). This confirmed that variation was continuous between the three species. Sternbergia sicula and S. greuteriana are sunk into S. lutea and a revised description provided. It is suggested that cultivar status is the most appropriate rank for the cultivated forms of the S. lutea complex. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 460–469.
... Other taxonomists reported that the differences were not profound and did not support any separation into two taxa. This is the case of molecular and morphometric studies by Açik et al. (1997), Gage & Wilkin (2008), and Gage et al. (2011). ...
... The analysis of plastids and nuclear sequences on the molecular level showed limited divergence in S. lutea and S. sicula, (Açik et al. 1997, Meerow et al. 2006, Gage et al. 2011. It has been suggested that cultivar status was the most appropriate classification for the cultivated forms of the S. lutea complex according to morphological characteristics (Gage & Wilkin 2008). The results of this study do not support this finding. ...
Anatomy of leaf cross sections, karyological studies, and nuclear DNA content analysis by flow cytometry were carried out on the six Sternbergia species from Turkey: S. candida (endemic to the country), S. clusiana, S. colchiciflora, S. lutea, S. sicula and S. vernalis. In karyological analysis, number and morphology of the somatic chromosomes, the ploidy level and karyotype formula of the specimens used in the study were investigated in detail. The measurements of somatic chromosomes were calculated with formula of the relative variation in chromosome lenght (CVCL) and mean centromeric asymmetry (MCA). According to the results of this study, there are two different basic chromosome numbers. i.e. x = 10 (S. candida, S. clusiana, S. colchiciflora and S. vernalis) and x = 11 (S. lutea and S. sicula). Results of karyotype analysis corroborated results of previous studies. The smallest chromosome length was measured as 3.05 μm in S. clusiana while the longest length of 20.89 μm was observed in S. sicula. This is the first study reporting nuclear DNA content results for Sternbergia. Based on results of the nuclear DNA content analysis, there is a great variation within the genus in the interspecific level as 2C DNA content varies between 54.03 and 80.42 pg among the species investigated in the study. Anatomical features of the leaves were good taxonomic markers, especially concerning their palisade cells, ribs, cuticle, laticifer canals, vascular bundles, crystals, stomatal index, and stomata structure. Analytical drawings were presented. Six noteworthy leaf characters were quantified, organized in a data matrix, and analysed with UPGMA methods. In conclusion, cytological characteristics of the Sternbergia species together with their leaf features proved to be quite useful in identification and therefore can provide more clarity for taxonomic revision of the genus.
... He discovered that they in fact formed a single morphological entity and hence all belonged to one species. Gage and Wilkin (2008) used EFA on the outlines of tepals (elements of the outer part of a flower, such as petals and sepals) of three closely related species of Sternbergia to investigate whether they really formed distinct morphological entities. Clark (2009) used linear measurements of bracts, specialized leaf-like organs, in a study of Tilia using selforganizing maps, and Huang, De-Shuang, Du, Quan, and Guo (2006) analyzed bark texture using Gabor filters and radial basis probabilistic neural networks. ...
... They identified both geographic variation between collection sites and also identified intermediate forms of specimens, suggesting various hybridizations had occurred. As mentioned earlier, work by Wilkin (1999), Gage and Wilkin (2008) used morphometric analysis to identify species boundaries. ...
Plants are of fundamental importance to life on Earth. The shapes of leaves, petals and whole plants are of great significance to plant science, as they can help to distinguish between different species, to measure plant health, and even to model climate change. The growing interest in biodiversity and the increasing availability of digital images combine to make this topic timely. The global shortage of expert taxonomists further increases the demand for software tools that can recognize and characterize plants from images. A robust automated species identification system would allow people with only limited botanical training and expertise to carry out valuable field work.We review the main computational, morphometric and image processing methods that have been used in recent years to analyze images of plants, introducing readers to relevant botanical concepts along the way. We discuss the measurement of leaf outlines, flower shape, vein structures and leaf textures, and describe a wide range of analytical methods in use. We also discuss a number of systems that apply this research, including prototypes of hand-held digital field guides and various robotic systems used in agriculture. We conclude with a discussion of ongoing work and outstanding problems in the area.
... An effective method for detecting morphological variations is morphometry, widely used in various disciplines including systematics (Asmussen et al., 2006;Gage and Wilkin, 2008;Goldman et al., 2004;Henderson, 2006) along with multivariate methods. An advantage of morphometry is objectivity in data handling, especially when many variables are involved (Manly, 1994). ...
... The illustration from Clusius (1601: 164) and the herbarium specimen at UPS completely agree with the protologue and with the current application of the name (Webb 1980, Mathew 1983, 1984, Kamari & artelari, 1990, artelari & Kamari 1991, Morales & Castillo 2004, Gage & Wilkin 2008, aedo & Morales 2013, while the specimen at l (with barcode l 0052816 and No. 897.324-58) agrees with the protologue, but represents material identifiable as Sternbergia lutea cv. 'angustifolia' and may be confused with S. sicula Tineo ex Gussone (1845: 811) [S. ...
The genus Sternbergia Waldstein & Kitaibel (1804: 172) (Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil.) consists of 8 species, most of them
having yellow flowers and autumnal flowering (Mathew 1983, Kamari & Artelari 1990, Artelari & Kamari 1991). The
genus is distributed from the Mediterranean to the Caucasus, North Persia and mountains of Central Asia (Webb 1980,
Mathew 1983). Sternbergia lutea (Linnaeus 1753: 292) Ker-Gawl. ex Sprengel (1825: 57) is a bulbous perennial plant
with leaves up to 15 mm wide, subentire to minutely crenulate, appearing before or during anthesis, scape 4–10 cm
at anthesis, the upper part not concealed, hypanthial tube (2–)5–8 mm, obconical, perianth-segments 4–15 mm wide,
linear to oblong-elliptical (Webb 1980, Morales & Castillo 2004, Gage & Wilkin 2008, Aedo & Morales 2013), it is
distributed from S. Europe, North Africa to W. Asia (Webb 1980, Conti et al. 2005, Aedo & Morales 2013). This plant
is cultivated since ancient times as ornamental, but its cultivation is not very common (Morales & Castillo 2004).
Sternbergia lutea was described by Linnaeus (1753: 292) in the genus Amaryllis Linnaeus (1753: 292), and the
name A. lutea was previously typified by Kamari & Artelari (1990: 375) and Morales & Castillo (2004: 124) in both
cases from the same specimen preserved at LINN, Herb. Linn. No. 416.1. However, this specimen is not original
material, and therefore these two designations could be considered as neotype (Art. 9.7 of the ICN, McNeill et al.
2012). However, as exist Linnaeus’s original elements, according to Art. 9.12 of the ICN, the lectotype must be chosen
from among these elements.
... These different numbers of species highlight the complexity of species delimitation in Sternbergia, especially within S. lutea complex. For some authors, the lack of phylogenetic resolution (Gage & al., 2011), combined with the absence of morphological characters with diagnostic value (Gage & Wilkin, 2008), supports the idea that both S. sicula and S. greuteriana are conspecific with S. lutea, forming a species complex. For other authors, the morphology based on stable criteria -verified in natural, as well as in cultivated specimens (Kamari & Artelari, 1990;Pasche & Kerndorff, 2002;Peruzzi & al., 2008;Tison & Delaigue, 2010)-justify the recognition of 3 species in the complex. ...
Sternbergia is a genus containing mostly remarkable autum flowering taxa within Amaryllidaceae. Its distribution ranges from the Mediterranean region through the Irano-Anatolian region to Caucasus and Central Asia. In Flora of Iraq, the information about the occurrence, habitat, and distribution of its species is outdated or incomplete. The main aim of this study has been to contribute with new data from the field in order to update its status in the Kurdistan Region. Botanical field surveys were mostly carried out between 2013 and 2015 in autumn and spring. The main result of this study has been the occurrence of 3 species of Sternbergia: S. colchiciflora, which is reported in this study for the first time for the Kurdistan Region and therefore for Iraq; S. clusiana, which has been rediscovered in Iraq; and S. vernalis, which has been found again in the Berwarya Mountains, after being considered a lost species in Iraq over the last 80 years. These 3 observed species occur in the mountains of Amadiya District, making this area the richest territory for Sternbergia in the country. Due to certain factors that currently threaten their natural habitats, they are rare species and could be regarded as potentially endangered at regional level according to the IUCN criteria.
... En contradiction avec les résultats précédents, Gage & Wilkin (2008) arrivent, par biométrie, à la conclusion que le complexe de S. lutea s.l. n'est pas dissociable et se ramène donc à une seule espèce. ...
... Sternbergia lutea is a species native to southern Europe and southwestern Asia. It is known from Spain, through the south of France, Italy, the Balkans, Greece and across North Africa east from Morocco extending into Asia as far as the Caucasus and Iran (Gorshkova 1935;Wendelbo 1970;Webb 1980;Davis and Stuart 1984;Gage and Wilkin 2008). This range is somehow artificially extended by cultivation and introduction as an ornamental plant. ...
The paper presents new records for 28 vascular plant species from 14 Eurasian countries. Five taxa (Catabrosa capusii, Poa albertii, Poa intricata, Poa pseudoaltaica, Poa sergievskajae) are reported from Kazakhstan, three (Ranunculus pseudomonophyllus, Ranunculus smirnovii, Ranunculus turczaninovii) from Mongolia, three (Panicum barbipulvinatum, Stipa eriocaulis, Tragopogon pratensis subsp. minor) from Poland, three (Euphorbia subtilis, Corydalis grubovii, Thymus callieri) from Russia, two (Atriplex ornata, Corispermum dutreuilii) from Afghanistan, two (Orobanche grenieri, Ranunculus mongolicus) from Kyrgyzstan, two (Erigeron annuus, Sternbergia lutea) from Tajikistan, two (Orobanche baumanniorum, Orobanche kotschyi) from Turkey, one (Polygonum subaphyllum) from China, one (Orobanche bartlingii) from Georgia, one (Rubus slavonicus) from Germany, one (Cenchrus spinifex) from Montenegro, one (Rubus canadensis) from Slovenia and one (Bolboschoenus yagara) from Switzerland. For each species, synonyms, general distribution, habitat preferences, taxonomy with remarks on recognition and differentiation of the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given country as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas) are presented.
... El análisis multivariado representa una herramienta útil para abordar esta problemática. Así lo muestran los trabajos sobre especies de diferentes familias de plantas como: Alliaceae (Gage y Wilkin, 2008), Boraginaceae (Peruzzi y Passalacqua, 2008), Brassicaceae (Salariato, Zuloaga y Al-Shehbaz, 2012), Bromeliaceae (De Faria, Wendt y Brown, 2010;Pinzón, Ramírez-Morillo y Fernández-Concha, 2011), Cactaceae (Baker, 2006;Sánchez, Arias y Terrazas, 2013), Hedwigiaceae (De Luna y Gómez-Velasco, 2008), Lamiaceae (Otieno, Balkwill y Paton, 2006), Leguminosae (Estrella, Aedo y Velayos, 2009;Egan, 2015;Fritsch, Schiller y Larson, 2009;Mascarenhas, Silveira y Paganucci, 2014;Pometti, Cialdella, Vilardi y Saidman, 2007), Lentibulariaceae (Domínguez, da Silva, Panfet-Valdés y de Miranda, 2014), Myristicaceae (Janovec y Harrison, 2002), Oleaceae (Hong-Wa y Besnard, 2014), Orchidaceae (Pedersen, 2010;Ponsie, Johnson y Edwards, 2009), Plantaginaceae (Sosa, Panseri y Dematteis, 2012), Poaceae (Gonzalo, Aedo, Nickrent y García, 2012;Harrison y Hebda, 2011), Potamogetonaceae (Kaplan y Marhold, 2012), Rosaceae (Joly y Bruneau, 2007), Sapindaceae (Pierre, le Moguédec, Lowry y Munzinger, 2014), Simaroubaceae (Schrader y Graves, 2011), Solanaceae (Fajardo, Castillo, Salas y Spooner, 2008) y Violaceae (Hodálová, Mered'a, Mártonfi, Mártonfiová y Danihelka, 2008). En estos casos, el análisis morfométrico permitió determinar con objetividad los límites entre complejos de especies, incluso en casos de hibridación o poliploidía, dando testimonio del valor que posee este método para solucionar diversas situaciones que la práctica taxonómica tradicional resuelve con dificultad. ...
Ha existido una confusión taxonómica entre Cestrum guatemalense Francey, C. mexicanum Francey y C. pacayense Francey, especies distribuidas en el sur de México, Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador. La dificultad para reconocer estas especies se debe en parte a la plasticidad de algunos de sus caracteres morfológicos, por lo que incluso se han propuesto como sinónimos. Para tratar de diferenciar estas especies, se revisaron 158 ejemplares del acervo de los herbarios F, IEB, MEXU, MO, NY, TEX y US, evaluando 21 caracteres morfológicos vegetativos y florales, de los cuales 15 pasaron pruebas de normalidad, homocedasticidad y presentaron diferencias significativas. Con esta información se realizaron análisis de componentes principales y discriminante canónico. Las características que tuvieron más importancia en los análisis fueron las relacionadas con el cáliz y filamentos de los estambres. El análisis de componentes principales presenta 2 agrupamientos, uno de estos es exclusivo de especímenes identificados como C. mexicanum, lo cual fue corroborado con el análisis discriminante. Por todo lo anterior, consideramos adecuado restablecer C. mexicanum como una especie válida y los individuos de las otras especies permanecen como un complejo que necesita estudios adicionales para determinar su delimitación.
... These different numbers of species highlight the complexity of species delimitation in Sternbergia, especially within S. lutea complex. For some authors, the lack of phylogenetic resolution (Gage & al., 2011), combined with the absence of morphological characters with diagnostic value (Gage & Wilkin, 2008), supports the idea that both S. sicula and S. greuteriana are conspecific with S. lutea, forming a species complex. For other authors, the morphology based on stable criteria -verified in natural, as well as in cultivated specimens (Kamari & Artelari, 1990;Pasche & Kerndorff, 2002;Peruzzi & al., 2008;Tison & Delaigue, 2010)-justify the recognition of 3 species in the complex. ...
... Floral characters are here analyzed using a combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Variant Analysis (CVA), Discriminant Analysis (DA), and Cluster Analysis (CA) in a four-step approach for detection of the most informative characters (James & McCulloch, 1990;Henderson, 2006). These methods offer sufficient sensitivity to differentiate floral shape variation, and have been used in recent morphometric studies (Naczi et al., 1998;Borba et al., 2002;Henderson, 2004Henderson, , 2006Gage & Wilkin, 2008;Costa et al., 2009;Pinheiro & Barros, 2009;Sharma & Pandit, 2011;Castelo & Galetto, 2013;Dom ınguez et al., 2014;Renner et al., 2013;Rodrigues et al., 2013;Menezes et al., 2014). Using previously recognised qualitative characters, the current study attempts to establish morphological limits among entities assigned to U. sect. ...
Utricularia sect. Foliosa Kamiénski comprises three recognized species, U. amethystina Salzm. ex A.St.-Hil. & Girard, U. tricolor A.St.-Hil., and U. tridentata Sylvén, delimited based mainly on shape and structure of the corolla. In comparison with the two latter members of the section, U. amethystina forms a complex of morphological variants, reflected taxonomically by the previous recognition of 31 synonyms. In his monograph of the genus, Taylor synonymized these taxa based primarily on his observation of continuous morphological variation of the flowers. In the same treatment he also suggested a future taxonomic re-evaluation could re-establish two, three or more taxa. Here we examine this question utilizing morphometric analyses of floral variation across most of the synonyms mentioned above, within populations from across their Neotropical distribution. Based on both morphological and geographic characters we identify strongly differentiated morphotypes. Our data provide support for both the maintenance of taxa previously recognised as synonyms under U. amethystina, and the resurrection of taxa to species status, namely U. bicolor, U. damazioi, U. lindmanii and U. hirtella, and four other putative new taxa.
ABSTRACT - Contribution to floristic knowledge of Matese Massif: excursion report of the “Gruppo di Floristica” (S.B.I.) held in 2007 - Excursion results of the “Gruppo di Floristica” of the Italian Botanical Society, held in 30 may-1 june in the Matese Massif in Campania region, are here presented. During the research a total of 660 units were recorded; 16 units resulted new records for Campania, 17 were confirmed for the regional flora. 256 units are new for the Campanian side of Matese Massif.
In human's life plant plays an important part to balance the nature and supply food-&-medicine. The traditional manual plant species identification method is tedious and time-consuming process and requires expert knowledge. The rapid developments of mobile and ubiquitous computing make automated plant biometric system really feasible and accessible for anyone-anywhere-anytime. More and more research are ongoing to make it a more realistic tool for common man to access the agro-information by just a click. Based on this, the chapter highlights the significant growth of plant identification and leaf disease recognition over past few years. A wide range of research analysis is shown in this chapter in this context. Finally, the chapter showed the future scope and applications of AaaS and similar systems in agro-field.
The phylogenetics of Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) were studied using DNA sequences of the plastid ndhF and matK genes and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal region for 38, 37 and 32 ingroup and outgroup accessions, respectively. All members of Sternbergia were represented by at least one accession, except S. minoica and S. schubertii, with additional taxa from Narcissus and Pancratium serving as principal outgroups. Sternbergia was resolved and supported as sister to Narcissus and composed of two primary subclades: S. colchiciflora sister to S. vernalis, S. candida and S. clusiana, with this clade in turn sister to S. lutea and its allies in both Bayesian and bootstrap analyses. A clear relationship between the two vernal flowering members of the genus was recovered, supporting the hypothesis of a single origin of vernal flowering in Sternbergia. However, in the S. lutea complex, the DNA markers examined did not offer sufficient resolving power to separate taxa, providing some support for the idea that S. sicula and S. greuteriana are conspecific with S. lutea. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 166, 149–162.
The authors show that a horticultural strain of Sternbergia sicula Tineo ex Guss., taken, up until now, for S. lutea (L.) Ker-Gawler ex Spreng, escapes from cultivation in the Lyon area. They go on to review the regional distribution of the species.
In human's life plant plays an important part to balance the nature and supply food-&-medicine. The traditional manual plant species identification method is tedious and time-consuming process and requires expert knowledge. The rapid developments of mobile and ubiquitous computing make automated plant biometric system really feasible and accessible for anyone-anywhere-anytime. More and more research are ongoing to make it a more realistic tool for common man to access the agro-information by just a click. Based on this, the chapter highlights the significant growth of plant identification and leaf disease recognition over past few years. A wide range of research analysis is shown in this chapter in this context. Finally, the chapter showed the future scope and applications of AaaS and similar systems in agro-field.
De nos jours, l’identification automatique des espèces de plantes par l’analyse d’images, devient incontournable pour faire perdurer, standardiser voire approfondir les connaissances relatives à la communauté végétale. Cette thèse aborde le problème d’identification automatique des espèces de plantes en utilisant les images de feuilles. Elle s’attaque à deux principaux challenges: Le premier challenge est le grand nombre et la large variabilité de la morphologie foliaire des espèces et le deuxième challenge est la variabilité intra-espèces qui se manifeste localement au niveau de régions particulières des feuilles. Pour pallier à ces deux problèmes, un retour à la botanique et notamment aux concepts botaniques foliaires a été établi pour définir une structuration automatique des feuilles à deux niveaux: Le premier niveau concerne un schéma de catégorisation selon les deux concepts botaniques “arrangement” et “lobation”. Le deuxième niveau consiste à définir les parties sémantiques qui composent la feuille. L’approche de la thèse s’articule autour de deux principaux volets: Dans le premier volet, nous nous intéressons à mettre en place cette structuration guidée par la sémantique botanique en définissant des propriétés géométriques simples corrélées avec les définitions et les observations botaniques. Dans le deuxième volet, nous étudions la faisabilité et la pertinence d’intégrer cette structuration dans la chaîne d’identification. Particulièrement, nous établissons des recherches ciblées dans les catégories et nous définissons des modèles de parties à significations botaniques. Nous établissons notre évaluation sur les deux bases d’images de Scans de feuilles ImageCLEF 2011 et ImageCLEF 2012. Nous comparons notre approche par rapport à un schéma d’identification de référence, appliqué sur la totalité de la base et en utilisant l’image entière, et par rapport à plusieurs méthodes référencées dans la littérature.
Curvature and asymmetry are ever present in biological datasets as sources of shape variation, potentially confounded with
other measurements of shape. This chapter examines potential methods for minimizing the impact of curvature on leaf shape
measurement. Specifically: can curvature be ignored, should a curvature reference be included in analyses, or is mathematical
straightening required? Methods used to measure leaf shape are reviewed.
A comprehensive, but simple-to-use software package for executing a range of standard numerical analysis and operations used in quantitative paleontology has been developed. The program, called PAST (PAleontological STatistics), runs on standard Windows computers and is available free of charge. PAST integrates spreadsheettype data entry with univariate and multivariate statistics, curve fitting, time-series analysis, data plotting, and simple phylogenetic analysis. Many of the functions are specific to paleontology and ecology, and these functions are not found in standard, more extensive, statistical packages. PAST also includes fourteen case studies (data files and exercises) illustrating use of the program for paleontological problems, making it a complete educational package for courses in quantitative methods.
Outlines of wings from 127 species of North American mosquitoes were digitized. Comparisons were made among several different methods of reducing the information in the resulting coordinates to a series of descriptors that could be used in multivariate analysis. Methods included Fourier analysis of both radii and tangent angle change functions. In addi- tion, the relatively new method of elliptic Fourier analysis was tried. Cluster and ordination analyses based on the various sets of descriptors summarized well the pattern of similarities and differences in wing shapes, but clusters of similar wings do not agree well with traditional taxonomic groupings. The use of elliptic Fourier descriptors appears to be especially promising for future work. (Fourier analysis; morphometrics; mosquitoes; image analysis; feature extrac- tion.)
The monophyletic,Eurasian clade of Amaryllidaceae,was,analyzed,using plastid ndhF and,rDNA ITS se- quences for 33 and 29 taxa, respectively; all genera were represented by at least one species. Both maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis were,used on each data set and the combined,data. Both sequence matrices,resolve the Central and East Asian tribe Lycorideae as sister to the Mediterranean-centered genera of the clade, and recognize two large subclades within the greater Mediterranean region: Galantheae, consisting of Acis, Galanthus and Leucojum; and Narcisseae (Narcissus and Sternbergia)/Pancratium. However, there are areas of incongruence between the ndhF and ITS trees. When three predominantly monotypic genera, Hannonia, Lapiedra ,a ndVagaria, centered in North Africa, are removed from the alignments, the two sequence matrices produce fully congruent topologies with increased support at many of the nodes, with ILD between partitions rising from,P 5 0.07 to 0.96. We hypothesize,that lineage sorting took place after the divergence,of Galantheae and Narcisseae/Pancratium from a common genepool with Hannonia, Lapiedra ,a ndVagaria retaining a mosaic of the ancestral haplotypes. We also performed,dispersal-vicariance analysis to reconstruct biogeographic,scenarios on several of the generic level phylogenies found with and without these three genera included, as well as on a species-level phylogeny of Galantheae. After the vicariant divergence of the Asian Lycorideae, North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula are the most likely areas of origin for the rest of the clade. The results of the dispersal-vicariance analysis are discussed,in the context of the complex biogeographic,history of the Mediterranean,basin. The Eurasian clade of the Amaryllidaceae contains
The genus Sternbergia is studied in the Iberian Peninsula. Color drawings of the two Iberian species and distribution maps are given for the studied area. Sternbergia lutea has been traditionally cultivated and it is now naturalized in the Iberian Peninsula.
Presentamos una revisión del género Sternbergia para la Península Ibérica. Se incluyen dos láminas a color de las dos especies ibéricas y sus mapas de distribución en el área estudiada. Sternbergia lutea, especie cultivada desde antiguo, se encuentra naturalizada en la Península Ibérica.
Petals are important for Primula sieboldii because of the commercial value of its flowers, and their form is a target characteristic for breeding. An appropriate understanding of petal form in terms of genetic mechanisms and environmental effects is necessary for improvement of this species. The aim of this study was to establish a quantitative evaluation method of petal shape by elliptic Fourier descriptors and principal component analysis (EF-PCA), and thus to investigate genotypic and environmental effects on petal morphology.
EF-PCA describes an overall shape mathematically by transforming coordinate information concerning its contours into elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs) and summarizing the EFDs by principal component analysis. To examine varietal effects on principal component (PC) scores and petal area among commercial varieties, nested ANOVAs were performed (since the samples had a hierarchical structure with four sources, i.e. variety, plant, flower and petal).
Petal shape variation could be evaluated successfully and the symmetrical and asymmetrical elements of the overall shape variation could be detected. The proportions of the variance component due to varietal differences were more than 70 % in the first five PCs of the symmetrical elements and petal area. By contrast, the proportions due to varietal effects of all PCs of the asymmetrical elements were less than 20 %, and the proportions of the variation within a flower were more than 75 %. It was also demonstrated that the yearly variance of petal shape was small, and that of petal area was large.
Within a flower the major source of the symmetrical elements is genotypic and the asymmetrical elements are strongly affected by the environment. With respect to petal area, the contribution of genotypes is also large; it is, however, affected by the macro-environment more notably than is petal shape.
We used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) to identify Sternbergia Waldst. & Kit. species. Two primers of random sequence are used at a low annealing temperature. These primers were useful in identifying six species of Sternbergia. Reaction with two primers, L1 and L2, produced amplified DNA bands whose size allowed the seperations of four species: S. lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. ex Sprengel and S. sicula Tineo ex Guss. from S. colchiciflora Wadst. & Kit. S. fischeriana (Herbert) Rupr., S. candida Mathew & Baytop, and S. clusiana. (Ker-Gawl) Ker-Gawl. ex Sprengel. In contrast. S. lutea and S. sicula were found to be almost indistinguishable.
Introduces an integrated automated outline handling system and compares the relative performance of shape descriptor systems based on 1) landmark and perimeter measurements, 2) chain codes, 3) elliptic Fourier coefficients, and 4) moment invariants. These methods were assessed by their ability to characterize the pattern of variation in a set of Betula leaf silhouettes with a hierarchical sample structure that allowed variation to be partitioned into within-tree, between-tree and between-species components. -from Authors
Cluster analyses and principal components analyses of selected morphological variables in the highly variable and widespread African species Dioscorea quartiniana A. Rich. and three putatively closely-related species were undertaken. The results showed that variation within D. quartiniana is continuous in all characters. D. crinita Hook. falls within this pattern of variation. It is impossible to produce a usable infraspecific classification as previous authors have attempted. D. knuthiana De Wild. and D. retusa Mast. are distinct species relatively easily distinguished in male flowering material.
PAST: palaeon-tological Statistics software package for education and data analysis IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission
- Ø Hammer
- Harper
- Dat
- Ryan
- Pd
Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD. 2001. PAST: palaeon-tological Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4. Available at http:// palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm IUCN. 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzer-land & Cambridge: IUCN.
The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens
- Kew
Kew: The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Published on the Internet. Available at http://www. kew.org.uk/wcsp/monocots/ (accessed 14 August 2007).
Karyosystematic study of the genus Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) in Greece. I. South Aegean Islands
- Kamari
Kamari G, Artelari R. 1990. Karyosystematic study of the genus Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) in Greece. I. South Aegean Islands. Willdenowia 19: 367–388.
The genus Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) in Greece. II. Taxonomy and karyology
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