Article

Adaptive radiation on an isolated oceanic island: The Cryptorhynchinae (Curculionidae) of Rapa revisited

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Abstract

Rapa Island in SE Polynesia hosts a remarkable adaptive radiation of small, flightless weevils in the genus Miocalles. Sixty-seven species are known at present, of which 26 are described as new. One new name, two new combinations, and two new synonyms are established. The paradoxical occurrence of a large adaptive radiation on a small (40 km2), isolated, oceanic island is analysed in its evolutionary and ecological aspects: how did so many species of weevils evolve, and how is such a diversity of weevils maintained? Most of the speciation has taken place on Rapa itself. Two principal methods of intra-island isolation of weevil populations have led to speciation: between high mountain ranges, and between Rapa and its satellite islets. Glacial sea level fluctuations aided in speciation by connecting the satellite islets to Rapa at times, and by the downward extension, and connection of high-altitude cloud forests. Some speciational events may have taken place in 15000–150 000 years. Close relatives of Rapan weevils are known from nearby Marotiri, an almost sunken island, and from the neighbouring Austral archipelago, with which some inter-island speciation has taken place. The weevil species are almost all host-plant specific. There are often several species occupying the same host plant, in which case they may inhabit different parts of it. Some plants with a longer history on Rapa host more weevil species than newer arrivals.

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... Timelines for many radiations have been estimated from the ages of islands. On Rapa (Austral Islands), five million years old, 67 species of flightless weevils (beetle subgroup Miocalles) and 45 achatinellid and 24 endodontoid land snail species have evolved (Paulay 1985;Solem 1982). On Tahiti (Society Islands), about one million years old, there are 70 species of endemic beetles (Mecyclothorax) (Perrault 1987). ...
... The fossil reefs of Mauke and Niue (Paulay 1990), all now above sea level, also represent episodes of extinction and recolonization, but reflect cycles of sea level change over periods of six to eight thousand years during the Cenozoic, when large areas of shallow shelf environments were stranded during Ice Age sea level regressions. One-third of Pacific inner reef bivalves may have become extinct during the sea level changes, and the modern fauna is interpreted as resulting from post-Pleistocene recolonization, when rising seas flooded inner reef habitats (Paulay 1990). ...
... The fossil reefs of Mauke and Niue (Paulay 1990), all now above sea level, also represent episodes of extinction and recolonization, but reflect cycles of sea level change over periods of six to eight thousand years during the Cenozoic, when large areas of shallow shelf environments were stranded during Ice Age sea level regressions. One-third of Pacific inner reef bivalves may have become extinct during the sea level changes, and the modern fauna is interpreted as resulting from post-Pleistocene recolonization, when rising seas flooded inner reef habitats (Paulay 1990). ...
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... These individuals were found in shaded and forested stream sections. Also, phytotelmata damselfly larvae are not mentioned in Paulay (1985), all of which point to the fact that this damselfly is in fact aquatic. A lack of time prevented thorough searches or collections for larvae near areas where adults were captured in the stream. ...
... For a small island in French Polynesia, Rapa has received considerable attention related to insect collections and biogeography studies (Cameron 1936, Lieftinck 1966, Clarke 1971, Paulay 1985), perhaps because it is one of the most isolated and beautiful islands in the Pacific, and unlike many other islands still contains a highly significant albeit increasingly threatened native cloud forest at the summit of Mt. Perau. ...
... Even though monographic studies have been conducted on Lepidoptera (Clarke 1971) and Miocalles weevils (Paulay 1985), many undescribed species of insects were collected from Rapa during this expedition (Table 5). Although intensive work has been done on the Lepidoptera and the Miocalles weevils, it appears that other large insect groups such as the Diptera (N.L. Evenhuis, pers. ...
... A number of putative examples of adaptive radiation by insects onto different host-plant taxa on oceanic islands are known (Gagné, 1968(Gagné, , 1997Gressitt, 1978;Zimmerman, 1978;Paulay, 1985;Asquith, 1995;Percy, 2003;Jordal & Hewitt, 2004;Magnacca et al., 2008;Goodman, 2010;Bennett & O'Grady, 2011;Polhemus, 2011). In contrast, few examples exist of specialized host associations being conserved among oceanic archipelagos or between oceanic archipelagos and continents (Wiebes, 1994;Garin et al., 1999;Staddon et al., 2010). ...
... In contrast, numerous putative adaptive radiations onto different host-plant families have been reported, primarily from the Hawaiian insect fauna. These include Hawaiian Drosophila (Magnacca et al., 2008), Hawaiian Plagithmysus beetles (Cerambycidae; Gressitt, 1978), Hawaiian Nesophrosyne leafhoppers (Cicadellidae; Bennett & O'Grady, 2011), Hawaiian leaf-mining Philodoria moths (Gracillariidae; Zimmerman, 1978), multiple clades of Hawaiian plant bugs (Miridae: Nesiomiris, Cyrtopeltis, Sarona, Orthotylus; Gagné, 1968Gagné, , 1997Asquith, 1995;Polhemus, 2011), Nesosydne planthoppers in Hawaii and the eastern Pacific (Delphacidae; Goodman, 2010), Miocalles weevils on Rapa, Austral Islands (Curculionidae; Paulay, 1985) and Liparthrum bark beetles in the Canary Islands and Madeira (Curculionidae; . ...
... These apparent patterns of many adaptive radiations in certain archipelagos and a few examples of niche conservatism in others may, however, also result in part from investigator bias. Hawaii and the Canaries have been well studied because of their proximity to North America and Europe, and extremely isolated islands such as Rapa have long attracted a great deal of interest from entomologists (Clarke, 1971;Paulay, 1985). It is likely that there are unreported and unrecognized adaptive radiations of phytophagous insects in south-eastern Polynesia. ...
Article
Aim To determine whether a community of phytophagous insects on oceanic islands (the fauna of insects feeding internally on G lochidion trees in south‐eastern P olynesia) was assembled predominantly through niche conservatism or adaptive radiation. Location The islands of south‐eastern P olynesia (southern C ook, A ustral, S ociety, T uamotu‐ G ambier and M arquesas archipelagos) in the C ook I slands and F rench P olynesia. Methods Internally feeding insects were collected as larvae from 23 endemic species of G lochidion ( E uphorbiaceae s.l., P hyllanthaceae: P hyllanthus s.l.) trees on 20 islands in south‐eastern P olynesia, reared and identified. Rearing records were compared with host records previously known from the literature and museum collections of closely related taxa in A sia and A ustralasia. Results Ninety per cent of insect specimens collected fall into five taxa previously known to attack G lochidion in A sia and A ustralasia (≥ 6000 km distant), indicating a strong role for niche conservatism in the assembly of this community. Three of these taxa, two seed‐feeding moths ( G racillariidae: E picephala ; T ortricidae: T ritopterna ) and a leaf‐mining moth ( G racillariidae: D iphtheroptila ) are only known from Phyllanthaceae or Euphorbiaceae s.l. on continents. Two more taxa, another leaf‐mining moth ( G racillariidae: C aloptilia ) and a leaf‐rolling moth ( T ortricidae: D udua ), contain many species known only from P hyllanthaceae on continents, and are also very likely to represent examples of niche conservatism. Conversely, many numerically dominant insect taxa known from G lochidion on continents (such as parasitoid H ymenoptera) are not reported from south‐eastern P olynesia. This indicates that the insular community represents a subset of those taxa from the continental community, consistent with the well‐established P acific diversity gradient. Main conclusions These findings indicate that niche conservatism can play an important role in the assembly of phytophagous insect communities on oceanic islands, despite the constraints that specialization might be expected to pose on successful establishment. As a result of this niche conservatism, these communities may represent less species‐rich versions of continental tropical communities rather than non‐analogue insular ecosystems.
... While intra - island speciation in birds requires an island the size of Madagascar , for small land snails and flightless insects a few square kilometers can be sufficient ( Dia ? mond , 1977 ; Paulay , 1985 ...
... ation . Thus on isolated Rapa , a 40 km2 , 650 m high , 5 My old island in SE Polynesia , local radiations resulted in 67 flightless Miocalles weevil , and 45 achatinellid and 24 endodontid land snail species ( Solem , 1982 ; Paulay , 1985 ) . Many of these species have restricted ranges on Rapa , some remarkably so ( i . ...
... g . , Zimmerman , 1948 ; Paulay , 1985 ; BahnandFlenley , 1992 ; Kirch et al , 1992 ...
Article
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Explores the origin of island biotas through dispersal and in situ diversification, and examines the fate of these biotas since human contact. Island biotas start out depauperate and disharmonic, facilitating survival of relict taxa and stimulating adaptive radiations. The often highly restricted range and small population size of insular species, together with their limited diversity of defenses, make island biotas particularly vulnerable to extinction, largely through habitat loss or interactions with introduced species. -from Author
... Adult Molytinae frequently feed on living leaves. Paulay (1985) recorded adult feeding habits of species of Miocalles Pascoe on Rapa Island in Polynesia, where the genus has undergone a spectacular radiation. Many of the species were observed chewing holes in the leaves of live plants [trees, shrubs, and ferns, but not monocotyledons other than Pan danus (Pandanaceae)]. ...
... In this context, regular discovery of other species only on dead branches, in suspended leaf litter within Asplenium ferns, or on dead fern fronds, suggest adult feeding on these materials, although Paulay did not observe it. Paulay (1985) did note that most of the Rapan Mio calles are host-specific, although a few occurred on two or more plant species. He also observed that in some cases, a single plant species hosted more than one species of Miocalles and noted a degree of resource partitioning by the weevils between, e.g., young and old fern fronds. ...
... Islands represent ideal settings for addressing fundamental questions on origin, diversification and extinction of biotas (Paulay 1985;Gillespie et al. 2008, Vitousek et al. 1995. The taxonomic description of species on islands is central to determining their evolutionary biology, as many insular biotas are endemic and highly susceptible to environmental change (Paulay 1985;Coote and Loeve 2003). ...
... Islands represent ideal settings for addressing fundamental questions on origin, diversification and extinction of biotas (Paulay 1985;Gillespie et al. 2008, Vitousek et al. 1995. The taxonomic description of species on islands is central to determining their evolutionary biology, as many insular biotas are endemic and highly susceptible to environmental change (Paulay 1985;Coote and Loeve 2003). ...
Article
Filicicoris gen. nov., a mirine true bug from Tahiti, and six species, F. huahine sp. nov., F. meyeri sp. nov., F. raiatea sp. nov., F. rubramaculus sp. nov., F. tatarnici sp. nov. and F. viridis sp. nov., are described as new to science. Digital images, scanning electron micrographs, maps of distribution, and drawings of male and female genitalia are provided for all species, except for F. viridis, where the female is unknown. The new species represent the first fern record of the subfamily Mirinae.
... Research on Cryptorhynchinae has mainly focused on selected faunas (Lyal, 1993) or individual taxa, e.g. on the Miocalles Pascoe of Rapa, Polynesia (Paulay, 1985), the group of genera related to west Palearctic Acalles Schoenherr (Astrin & Stüben, 2008;Astrin et al., 2012), and on Indo-Australian Trigonopterus Fauvel Riedel et al., 2013Riedel et al., , 2014. Studies on evolution and biogeography greatly benefit from knowledge of the systematic placement of a given taxon in a wider context, especially when secondary calibrations of molecular clocks might be desirable. ...
... All of them are endemic to New Zealand except for the genus Miocalles, which is spread over large parts of Asia and the West Pacific. This genus probably originated in New Zealand to later colonize remote Pacific islands (Paulay, 1985) as well as migrating back to Australia, finally reaching Asia ( Fig. 3; ARC1552 from Java). ...
Article
The monophyly of the highly diverse weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae is tested with a dataset of 203 taxa representing 159 genera of Curculionoidea, 105 of them Cryptorhynchinae s.l. We construct a phylogeny based on an alignment of 5523 bp, consisting of fragments from two mitochondrial genes (two fragments of COI, 16S) and seven nuclear genes (ArgK, CAD, EF1α, enolase, H4, 18S, 28S). Analyses of maximum likelihood and Bayes inference recovered largely congruent results. Groups with different morphology of the rostral furrow (e.g. Aedemonini, Camptorhinini, Cryptorhynchini, Ithyporini) are not closely related to each other. However, most taxa with a mesosternal receptacle are monophyletic and here defined as Cryptorhynchinae s.s., comprising Cryptorhynchini, Gasterocercini, Torneumatini and Psepholacini, but also Arachnopodini and Idopelma Faust. The genus Phyrdenus LeConte is excluded from Cryptorhynchinae and transferred to Conotrachelini of Molytinae. Thus defined, the group still comprises several thousand species with centres of its diversity in South America and Australia. The early lineages we find in America and the Palearctic, while the extremely diverse faunas of Australia and neighbouring islands mainly belong to a more recent, species-rich radiation. This also includes a clade comprising the majority of litter-inhabiting species of New Zealand and the genus Miocalles Pascoe. Flightlessness was attained repeatedly and resulted in convergent evolution of a similar habitus in different zoogeographic regions, mainly exhibited by the polyphyletic genus Acalles Schoenherr.
... The relative importance of dispersal versus in situ speciation in generating diversity on islands varies predictably with a number of characteristics particular to each archipelago. The contribution of in situ diversification increases with island size (Losos and Schluter 2000;Parent et al. 2008;Rabosky and Glor 2010), age (Emerson and Oromí 2005), and remoteness (Gillespie and Roderick 2002), whereas dispersal dominates in archipelagos with numerous small and young islands that are near continental sources (Paulay 1994). Organismal traits also mediate the contributions of dispersal and in situ speciation to overall rates of diversification within an archipelago. ...
... Organismal traits also mediate the contributions of dispersal and in situ speciation to overall rates of diversification within an archipelago. Organisms with typically low dispersal abilities but a tendency for passive long-distance dispersal display high rates of interisland colonization and diversification (e.g., land snails; Chiba 1999;Parent et al. 2008), whereas those with limited vagility or potential for divergence in secondary sexual traits provide more opportunities for divergent ecological or sexual selection to drive speciation within an island (Paulay 1985;Mendelson and Shaw 2005). Most in situ diversification on islands proceeds via allopatric speciation and is therefore typically limited to larger islands (Coyne and Price 2000;Losos and Schluter 2000;Parent and Crespi 2006;Kisel and Barraclough 2010) because of increased opportunities for geographic isolation (Endler 1977;Rosenzweig 1995) and typically greater altitudinal variation and habitat diversity (Ricklefs and Lovette 1999; Ackerman et al. 2007;Losos and Parent 2009). ...
Article
Oceanic islands accumulate endemic species when new colonists diverge from source populations or by in situ diversification of resident island endemics. The relative importance of dispersal versus in situ speciation in generating diversity on islands varies with a number of archipelago characteristics including island size, age, and remoteness. Here we characterize inter-island dispersal and in situ speciation in frogs endemic to the Gulf of Guinea islands. Using mitochondrial sequence and genome-wide SNP data we demonstrate that dispersal proceeded from the younger island (São Tomé) to the older island (Príncipe) indicating that for organisms that disperse overseas on rafts, dispersal between islands may be determined by ocean currents and not island age. We find that dispersal between the islands is not ongoing, resulting in genotypically distinct but phenotypically similar lineages on the two islands. Finally, we demonstrate that in situ diversification on São Tomé Island likely proceeded in allopatry due to the geographic separation of breeding sites, resulting in phenotypically distinct species. We find evidence of hybridization between the species where their ranges are sympatric and the hybrid zone coincides with a transition from agricultural land to primary forest, indicating that anthropogenic development may have facilitated secondary contact between previously allopatric species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... In a list of insects known to feed on living ferns, Hendrix (1980) included only fourteen Coleoptera in the families Scarabaeidae, Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae, excluding cryptophagids and mycetophagids based on the mycophagous habits of known members of these groups. Kirk (1982) reported several Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae from bracken fern (Pteridium aqui/inum (Linnaeus) Kuhn) in Papua New Guinea, while Paulay (1985) described a large radiation of Miocalles weevils associated with a variety of fern species on the island of Rapa. The records provided to D. Furth for inclusion in the Balick et al. paper were based on a series of specimens beaten from ferns by C. W. and L. B. O'Brien on Mas a Tierra, Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. ...
... A similar fern-angiosperm ratio (1:2.75) occurs on Rapa, where numerous fern specialists have evolved among the cryptorhynchine weevils (Paulay, 1985). A second factor mentioned by Hendrix is the high endemicity and extensive adaptations of Hawaiian insects. ...
Article
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. Fern sporophagy is reported in species of Cryptophagidae, Mycetophagidae and Anthribidae occurring on the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. The following taxa are described and/or discussed: Cryptophagidae: Cryptothelypterus gen.n., with five species: C.obrieni sp.n., C.pteropilosus sp.n., C.selkirki (Bruce) comb.n., C.skottsbergi (Bruce) comb.n., and C.splendens (Bruce) comb.n.; Mycetophagidae: Filicivora gen.n., with one species, F.chilensis (Philippi & Philippi) comb.n.; and Anthribidae: Opisolia lenis Jordan. A key to the species of Cryptothelypterus is provided. Convergent adaptations for fern sporophagy in these groups are discussed, hypotheses are given for the evolution of this habit, and comments are made on wing atrophy.
... The tendency of some groups to adaptively radiate on islands could indicate that particular families have an appropriate set of traits to disperse, establish, and speciate in relatively isolated environments [7,10,62], and that members of these families have capabilities to quickly adapt and fill ecological niches. As an example, the basis of ecological versatility for Curculionidae (snout weevils) is associated with their capacity to feed on different plant hosts [69][70][71][72], whereas a 'weedy' life history might benefit radiation in the Asteraceae. The high potential for particular traits . ...
Article
A recurring feature of oceanic archipelagos is the presence of adaptive radiations that generate endemic, species-rich clades that can offer outstanding insight into the links between ecology and evolution. Recent developments in evolutionary genomics have contributed towards solving long-standing questions at this interface. Using a comprehensive literature search, we identify studies spanning 19 oceanic archipelagos and 110 putative adaptive radiations, but find that most of these radiations have not yet been investigated from an evolutionary genomics perspective. Our review reveals different gaps in knowledge related to the lack of implementation of genomic approaches, as well as undersampled taxonomic and geographic areas. Filling those gaps with the required data will help to deepen our understanding of adaptation, speciation, and other evolutionary processes.
... For example, by a landscape that seems to be continuous at present, but was fragmented in the past. This is the case for the adaptive radiation of Miocalles Pascoe, 1883 weevils on the small island of Rapa, where the mechanism for intra-island speciation was owing to past geographical configurations [13]; or, by a sympatric speciation process, as in the Howea Beccari palms on Lord Howe Island, which was driven by the expression plasticity on flowering genes in response to local variations in soil chemistry [14]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Early in the process of adaptive radiation, allopatric disruption of gene flow followed by ecological specialization is key for speciation; but, do adaptive radiations occur on small islands without internal geographical barriers? Island populations sometimes harbour polymorphism in ecological special-izations, but its significance remains unclear. On one hand, morphs may correspond to 'cryptic' species. Alternatively, they could result from population , developmental or behavioural plasticity. The spider Wendilgarda galapagensis (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) is endemic to the small Isla del Coco and unique in spinning three different web types, each corresponding to a different microhabitat. We tested whether this variation is associated with 'cryptic' species or intraspecific behavioural plasticity. Despite analysing 36 803 loci across 142 individuals, we found no relationship between web type and population structure, which was only weakly geographically differentiated. The same pattern holds when looking within a sampling site or considering only F st outliers. In line with genetic data, translocation experiments showed that web architecture is plastic within an individual. However, not all transitions between web types are equally probable, indicating the existence of individual preferences. Our data supports the idea that diversification on small islands might occur mainly at the behavioural level producing an intraspecific niche partition without speciation.
... The reduced dispersal abilities associated with flight loss are expected to reduce gene flow between populations and increase speciation [31][32][33][34][35]. Thus, flightless species are expected to speciate more rapidly than flying species. Analytical evidence for such a role of radiation has, thus far, however, not been compelling [15,16,36,37], though large radiations of flightless taxa suggest that the process may be important [38][39][40]. ...
Article
Full-text available
Terrestrial species on islands often show reduced dispersal abilities. For insects, the generality of explanations for island flight loss remains contentious. Although habitat stability is considered the most plausible explanation, others are frequently highlighted. Adopting a strong inference approach, we examined the hypotheses proposed to account for the prevalence of flightlessness in island insect assemblages, for a region long suspected to be globally unusual in this regard—the Southern Ocean Islands (SOIs). Combining comprehensive faunal inventories, species' morphological information, and environmental variables from 28 SOIs, we provide the first quantitative evidence that flightlessness is exceptionally prevalent among indigenous SOI insect species (47%). Prevalence among species which have evolved elsewhere is much lower: Arctic island species (8%), species introduced to the SOIs (17%), and globally (estimated as approx. 5%). Variation in numbers of flightless species and genera across islands is best explained by variation in wind speed, although habitat stability (thermal seasonality proxy) may play a role. Variables associated with insularity, such as island size, are generally poor predictors of flightlessness. The outcomes redirect attention to Darwin's wind hypothesis. They suggest, however, that wind selects for flightlessness through an energy trade-off between flight and reproduction, instead of by displacement from suitable habitats.
... For French Polynesia, which makes up the majority of the area of south-eastern Polynesia and for which we have good data, Coleoptera is the most speciesrich insect order with about 66% of its currently recognized 780 species being endemic (Ramage, 2017). Many of these species belong to a relatively small number of genera, with two large radiations containing over 100 species each: Mecyclothorax Sharp, 1903 (Carabidae) with over 100 species on the island of Tahiti alone (Liebherr, 2013) and Miocalles Pascoe, 1883 (Curculionidae) widely distributed in the region, but with 67 species known from the Austral island of Rapa (Paulay, 1985). In contrast, the endemic fauna of French Polynesia to date did not include cleroids, because the only indigenous species, Parallelodera parallelus (Fairmaire, 1850), also occurs in New Caledonia, and all of the other seven species of Trogossitidae, Cleridae and Thanerocleridae listed by Ramage (2017) are cosmopolitan or autochthonous to continental regions and likely introduced to the area. ...
Article
A new subgenus of Tenebroides, Polynesibroides subgen. nov., is established for six potentially extinct beetles, Tenebroides atiu, T. moorea, T. raivavae, T. rimatara, T. tubuai and T. mihiura spp. nov., described from the Cook, Austral and Society Islands based on subfossil fragments, and the extant T. tahiti sp. nov. from the island of Tahiti, Society Islands. Here we present the first detailed time-scaled phylogeny of the superfamily Cleroidea inferred from our four-gene dataset, including T. tahiti. Bayesian tip-dating, incorporating 17 fossils, estimated that Cleroidea appeared at the end of the Triassic (~210 Mya). The split of Biphyllidae + Byturidae + Phloiophilidae was reconstructed at ~204 Mya, followed by Early Jurassic separation of Trogossitidae (~200 Mya), Acanthocnemidae (~197 Mya), stem Cleridae–Thanerocleridae–Chaetosomatidae (~194 Mya), Peltidae, Lophocateridae, Decamerinae and the melyrid lineage (~191 Mya). Trogossitidae diversified by separation of Kolibacia (~136 Mya) in the Cretaceous, followed by parting Temnoscheila + Nemozoma and Airora + Tenebroides lineages (~113 Mya). Tenebroides radiated ~75 Mya and T. tahiti diverged from Panamanian taxa in the Middle Eocene (~40 Mya). Fourteen morphological characters of Pacific trogossitids were analysed. Parallelodera, including the Panamanian species, is nested within Tenebroides being sister to Polynesibroides. Therefore, Parallelodera is classified as a subgenus of Tenebroides. Tenebroides fairmairei is placed in the subgenus Parallelodera. A Neotropical origin for Parallelodera and Polynesibroides is inferred.
... Genetic drift, like the leaf beetle Chrysomela aeniculis (Schaeffer 1928) (Rank 1992) or selective pressures from environment, i.e. the dung beetle Canthon quinquemaculatus Castelnau 1840 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) when affected by transgenic toxins (Alves & Hern andez 2017). In C. latruncularius' case, this greater distance found in pronotum among ecosystems, could be evidence of a population differentiation by parapatry (Paulay 1985; Astrin & Stüben 2011) which will be discussed further into the discussion, along with elytra. Unlike the pronotum, elytra have a smaller amount of variation, pointing out that the environment does not act homogeneously on structures' shape. ...
Article
Cydianerus latruncularius (Perty, 1832) is a broad-nosed weevil (Entiminae) with South American distribution. In the past few years, some cases were observed where morphological modifications can occur on different populations of widely distributed species in various animal groups, including insects. Currently, geometric morphometrics is one of the most reliable and substantial ways to analyze shape variation among organisms. This technique is based on analysis of landmarks and their deviation on different individuals, identifying or not, conspicuous changes among them. It is a very useful tool to test shape variation among groups of organisms under different environmental pressures, whatever they might be. Knowing about the wide distribution and environmental diversity (Rainforests, Cerrado, Caatinga) occupied by C. latruncularius, the following research aims to discover if there are any shape patterns among sexes and individuals from different Brazilian ecosystems. Images of males and females' pronotum, elytra and ventrite were landmarked in order to obtain morphological data which was then analyzed through MorphoJ software. Variations were found in all structures, which presented different results throughout the analysis. Pronotum proved to be a determinant structure to separate Amazonian populations from the others. The elytra formed groups only among males from Cerrado and Rainforests, while all females were overlapping. Also, the ventrites proved to be the best structures to describe sexual dimorphism. Geometric morphometrics of C. latruncularius allowed us to verify that the shape of different body parts varies in an independent way among them and are possibly influenced by the environment.
... For example, it is estimated that 68% of the Coleoptera species from the Hawaiian Islands are endemic (Eldredge & Miller 1995), and a similar situation happens in the Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile, where 70% of insects are considered endemic (Haberle 2009). Associated with the degree of endemism and due to the geographic isolation, islands are the most suitable scenario for several evolutionary phenomena as adaptive radiations (e.g., Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorhynchinae from Rapa, French Polynesia (Paulay 1985)), insular gigantism (e.g., weta crickets (Orthoptera) from New Zealand (Morgan-Richards 2001)), among others. At the same time, all this biodiversity is highly threatened by direct anthropic disturbances and climate change, therefore it is of high priority to know the local fauna in order to create better protection plans, or at least document it before it goes extinct (New 2008). ...
Article
We provide a list of coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) species from the island territories of Chile. We report a total of 68 records, coming from ten islands, including 42 species corresponding to more than 35% of the species of the country. This paper presents the first Coccinellidae records for the Islas Desventuradas, Isla Mocha and Isla Tenglo. Contrary to what has been reported on other islands and other taxonomic groups in Chilean islands, the level of coccinellid endemism is low (8%), with only one and two species endemic to the Juan Fernández archipelago and Isla de Chiloé, respectively, and probably a fourth species from the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. The presence of species with worldwide distribution and of agricultural relevance is strong in the Chilean oceanic islands, particularly in Rapa Nui. The fauna of the continental islands is very similar to the one in the nearby continental areas and composed of native species. Further surveys of Coccinellidae and other insects are required for the islands of Chile, especially for several of them in which there are no records.
... For French Polynesia, which makes up the majority of the area of south-eastern Polynesia and for which we have good data, Coleoptera is the most speciesrich insect order with about 66% of its currently recognized 780 species being endemic (Ramage, 2017). Many of these species belong to a relatively small number of genera, with two large radiations containing over 100 species each: Mecyclothorax Sharp, 1903 (Carabidae) with over 100 species on the island of Tahiti alone (Liebherr, 2013) and Miocalles Pascoe, 1883 (Curculionidae) widely distributed in the region, but with 67 species known from the Austral island of Rapa (Paulay, 1985). In contrast, the endemic fauna of French Polynesia to date did not include cleroids, because the only indigenous species, Parallelodera parallelus (Fairmaire, 1850), also occurs in New Caledonia, and all of the other seven species of Trogossitidae, Cleridae and Thanerocleridae listed by Ramage (2017) are cosmopolitan or autochthonous to continental regions and likely introduced to the area. ...
Article
A new subgenus of Tenebroides, Polynesibroides subgen. nov., is established for six potentially extinct beetles, Tenebroides atiu, T. moorea, T. raivavae, T. rimatara, T. tubuai and T. mihiura spp. nov., described from the Cook, Austral and Society Islands based on subfossil fragments, and the extant T. tahiti sp. nov. from the island of Tahiti, Society Islands. Here we present the first detailed time-scaled phylogeny of the superfamily Cleroidea inferred from our four-gene dataset, including T. tahiti. Bayesian tip-dating, incorporating 17 fossils, estimated that Cleroidea appeared at the end of the Triassic (~210 Mya). The split of Biphyllidae + Byturidae + Phloiophilidae was reconstructed at ~204 Mya, followed by Early Jurassic separation of Trogossitidae (~200 Mya), Acanthocnemidae (~197 Mya), stem Cleridae-Thanerocleridae-Chaetosomatidae (~194 Mya), Peltidae, Lophocateridae, Decamerinae and the melyrid lineage (~191 Mya). Trogossitidae diversified by separation of Kolibacia (~136 Mya) in the Cretaceous, followed by parting Temnoscheila + Nemozoma and Airora + Tenebroides lineages (~113 Mya). Tenebroides radiated ~75 Mya and T. tahiti diverged from Panamanian taxa in the Middle Eocene (~40 Mya). Fourteen morphological characters of Pacific trogossitids were analysed. Parallelodera, including the Panamanian species, is nested within Tenebroides being sister to Polynesibroides. Therefore, Parallelodera is classified as a subgenus of Tenebroides. Tenebroides fairmairei is placed in the subgenus Parallelodera. A Neotropical origin for Parallelodera and Polynesibroides is inferred.
... In addition, volcanic uplift during the late Miocene and early Pliocene may have promoted elevational partitioning on Borneo where endemic species are restricted to both high and low elevations, a similar scenario to in situ diversification observed in the Gulf of Guinea . In addition, larger and more complex islands contain greater niche variation, which may allow for ecological speciation (2017); Paulay (1985)). ...
Article
Full-text available
Catastrophic events, such as volcanic eruptions, can have profound impacts on the demographic histories of resident taxa. Due to its presumed effect on biodiversity, the Pleistocene eruption of super‐volcano Toba has received abundant attention. We test the effects of the Toba eruption on the diversification, genetic diversity, and demography of three co‐distributed species of parachuting frogs (Genus Rhacophorus) on Sumatra. We generate target‐capture data (~950 loci and ~440,000 bp) for three species of parachuting frogs and use these data paired with previously generated double digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRADseq) data to estimate population structure and genetic diversity, to test for population size changes using demographic modelling, and to estimate the temporal clustering of size change events using a full‐likelihood Bayesian method. We find that populations around Toba exhibit reduced genetic diversity compared with southern populations, and that northern populations exhibit a shift in effective population size around the time of the eruption (~80 kya). However, we infer a stronger signal of expansion in southern populations around ~400 kya, and at least two of the northern populations may have also expanded at this time. Taken together, these findings suggest that the Toba eruption precipitated population declines in northern populations, but that the demographic history of these three species was also strongly impacted by mid‐Pleistocene forest expansion during glacial periods. We propose local rather than regional effects of the Toba eruption, and emphasize the dynamic nature of diversification on the Sunda Shelf.
... Rapa (27.37°S 144.17°W, Fig. 1), along with six other volcanic islands make up the Austral Islands archipelago, which has a subtropical to temperate climate (Paulay 1985, Meyer & Salvat 2009. Rapa is the coldest and the wettest island of French Polynesia (Meyer 2014) and possesses the highest summit of the Austral Islands, Mount Perau reaching 650 m (Meyer & Salvat 2009, Meyer 2014. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study reports, based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and a morphological assessment, the second species of Pacifigeron, an endemic genus of Rapa Island in French Polynesia. Detailed morphological and ecological descriptions, illustrations, IUCN Red List assessment, and a distributional map are provided. Our results support the exclusion of Pacifigeron from the Celmisia group and also allow the re-circumscription of the Celmisia group. The new species Pacifigeron indivisus can be differentiated from P. rapensis, among other characters, by its larger leaves, larger number of capitula per capitulescence, corollas lacking long uniseriate multicellular trichomes, style of the disc florets undivided, and absence of twin trichomes on the cypsela epidermis. Molecular data indicates that Pacifigeron is related to South American Andean genera rather than to the Celmisia group as was previously proposed. The Celmisia group is here re-circumscribed to include ca. 159 species distributed in Australasia within the following genera: Celmisia, Damnamenia, Olearia pro parte, Pachystegia, and Pleurophyllum. Given the taxonomic complexity and polyphyletic nature of Olearia, its taxonomy is briefly reviewed based on history, morphology, and phylogenetic evidence, which in turn allows delineation of its species composition within the Celmisia group. None of the Olearia species in the Celmisia group can be retained in Olearia since the type species, O. tomentosa, does not belong to the Celmisia group.
... Cryptorhynchinae (s.s.) appear largely absent from the Afrotropics, where they seem to be replaced by the tribe Aedemonini (Molytinae). Even small isolated islands may host substantial radiations (Paulay, 1985). Based on the high percentage of new species added by recent taxonomic revisions, a total of > 15 000 Cryptorhynchinae species can be anticipated (e.g. ...
Article
Full-text available
The first dated phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae is presented within a framework of Curculionoidea. The inferred pattern and timing of weevil family relationships are generally congruent with previous studies, but our data are the first to suggest a highly supported sister‐group relationship between Attelabidae and Belidae. Our biogeographical inferences suggest that Cryptorhynchinae s.s. originated in the Late Cretaceous (c. 86 Ma) in South America. Within the ‘Acalles group’ and the ‘Cryptorhynchus group’, several independent dispersal events to the Western Palaearctic via the Nearctic occurred in the Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene. A second southern route via Antarctica may have facilitated the colonization of Australia in the Late Cretaceous (c. 82 Ma), where a diverse Indo‐Australian clade probably emerged c. 73 Ma. In the Early Eocene (c. 50–55 Ma), several clades independently dispersed from Australia to proto‐New Guinea, i.e. the tribe Arachnopodini s.l., the ‘Rhynchodes group’ and the genus Trigonopterus. New Zealand was first colonized in the Late Palaeocene (c. 60 Ma). Divergence time estimations and biogeographical reconstructions indicate that the colonization of New Guinea is older than expected from current geological reconstructions of the region. The first dated phylogeny of the weevil subfamily Cryptorhynchinae is presented within a framework of Curculionoidea. Cryptorhynchinae originated c. 86 Ma in South America. Dispersal via Antarctica may have facilitated colonization of Australia in the Late Cretaceous, where a diverse Indo‐Australian clade emerged c. 73 Ma. At 50–55 Ma several clades dispersed independently from Australia to proto‐New Guinea, indicating that the colonization of New Guinea is older than expected from current geological reconstructions of the region.
... geographically inspired speciation models emerged, such as peripatric (Mayr 1982), stasipatric (White 1969), centrifugal (Brown 1957), microallopatric (Smith 1965;Paulay 1985) or allosympatric speciation (Coyne and Orr 2004;Mallet 2005). However, this geographical classification does have its limitations (Butlin et al. 2008), and other ways to classify speciation models have been proposed (Templeton 1981;Kirkpatrick and Ravigne 2002;Gavrilets 2004). ...
Chapter
What is a species? This seemingly simple question has occupied the minds of numerous biologists and philosophers, resulting in the formulation of many species concepts. From a theoretical point of view, the species problem has been resolved by equating species with independently evolving lineages (i.e. the evolutionary species concept or the general lineage concept). However, the practical issues with describing and delineating species remain. The origin of species is a gradual process that typically requires thousands to millions of years, creating a grey zone of species delimitation in which taxonomy is often controversial. To account for this, an integrative taxonomy has been proposed in which different taxonomic concepts and methods are integrated in the delimitation of species. In this chapter, I argue that genomics provides another line of evidence in this pluralistic approach to species classification. Indeed, genomic data can be combined with classical species criteria, such as diagnosability, phylogeny and reproductive isolation. First, genomic data can provide an extra diagnostic feature in species delimitation. Compared to ‘old-school’ genetic markers, the use of genome-wide markers leads to a significant rise in statistical power. Second, phylogenomic analyses can resolve the evolutionary relationships within rapidly diverging or hybridizing groups of species while taking into account gene tree discordance. Third, genomic data can be used to pinpoint the genetic basis of reproductive isolation and provide a detailed description of the speciation process. All in all, the genomic era will supply avian taxonomists with a new tool box that can be applied to old concepts, leading to better informed decisions in cataloguing biodiversity.
... We also recovered a relationship between in situ diversification and endemism, a pattern observed in many other island taxa (Blackburn et al., 2013;Gomez-Diaz, Sindaco, Pupin, Fasola, & Carranza (2012); Kubota, Kusumoto, Shiono, & Tanaka (2017);Paulay (1985)). ...
Article
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Aim This study seeks to understand the geological and climatological processes that have promoted biodiversity on the Sunda Shelf in Southeast Asia. Using the parachuting frog genus Rhacophorus , we estimate divergence times and quantify the respective contributions of between and within‐island diversification to species richness and endemism. Location East and Southeast Asia, the Sunda Shelf. Methods We generated a concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence alignment for 40 species of Rhacophorus . We estimated phylogenetic relationships and divergence times, constructed lineage‐through‐time (LTT) plots and reconstructed ancestral ranges. Results We found that Rhacophorus originated 33.0 Ma (95% HPD 27.0–38.0 Ma), and that the diversification rate slowed towards the present. Dispersal was important in early Rhacophorus evolution, but subsequent in situ diversification produced most species diversity on Sumatra and Borneo. Clades that diversified via in situ processes contained higher proportions of endemic species. Main conclusions Species diversification on the Sunda Shelf is ancient and has occurred slowly. Both dispersal and in situ diversification have promoted Sundaland species accumulation, but within‐island phylogenesis has produced a greater proportion of endemic species on Sumatra and Borneo. Species richness and endemism are most influenced by the size of an island, rather than connectivity.
... We show that the endemic diversity of the focal lineages in the Caribbean region is largely the outcome of in situ diversification. Many weevil lineages have diversified extensively on islands or island-like habitats (Girón and Franz, 2012;Paulay, 1985;Riedel et al., 2014;Samuelson, 2003;Sequeira et al., 2008;Setliff, 2007;Tänzler et al., 2014;Toussaint et al., 2015;Van Dam and Matzke, 2016), and thus are highly suitable for future research on island evolution and biogeography. ...
Article
Statistical historical biogeographic methods rely on models that represent various biogeographic processes. Until recently model selection in this domain was not widely used, and the impact of differential model selection on inferring biogeographic scenarios was not well understood. Focusing on Neotropical weevils in the Exophthalmus genus complex (EGC) (Insecta: Curculionidae: Entiminae), we compare three commonly used biogeographic models - DIVA (Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis), DEC (Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis) and BayArea (Bayesian Analysis of Biogeography), and examine the impact of modeling founder-event jump dispersal on historical biogeographic reconstructions. We also investigate the biogeographic events that have shaped patterns of distribution, diversification, and endemism in this weevil lineage. We sample representatives of 65 species of the EGC and 26 outgroup terminals from the Neotropics, including Caribbean islands and the mainland. We reconstruct a molecular phylogeny based on six genes and apply molecular dating using a relaxed clock with three fossil calibration points. Historical biogeographic estimations and compare alternative biogeographic models are computed with the R package BioGeoBEARS. Model selection strongly favors biogeographic models that include founder-event jump dispersal. Without modeling jump dispersal, estimations based on the three biogeographic models are dramatically different, especially for early-diverging nodes. When jump dispersal is included, the three biogeographic models perform similarly. Accordingly, we show that the Neotropical mainland was colonized by Caribbean species in the early Miocene, and that in situ diversification accounts for a majority (∼75%) of the biogeographic events in the EGC. Our study highlights the need to assess wide-ranging historical biogeographic processes - including founder-event jump dispersal - for best-fitting statistical Caribbean biogeography reconstructions. Moreover, colonization of the Neotropical mainland from the Caribbean islands reinforces the notion that islands can be an important source of continental diversity.
... The geographical classification of speciation models has been useful and is still widely applied today (Harrison, 2012). In addition, some more refined geographically-inspired speciation models emerged, such as peripatric (Mayr, 1982), stasipatric (White, 1969), centrifugal (Brown, 1957), microallopatric (Smith, 1965, Paulay, 1985, or allosympatric speciation (Mallet, 2005, Coyne andOrr, 2004). However, this geographical classification does have its limitations (Butlin et al., 2008) and other ways to classify speciation models have been proposed (Gavrilets, 2004, Kirkpatrick and Ravigne, 2002, Templeton, 1981. ...
... Although Rapa is a small (40.5 km2) and low (≤ 650 m elevation) island by comparison with islands of northern and southwestern Polynesia (e.g., Hawai'i and New Zealand), in the context of southeastern Polynesia, the Rapa flora is exceptionally rich in endemics (Florence, 1987;Meyer & al., 2014), with 20 endemic taxa of pteridophytes and more than 54 of angiosperms (Funk & Wood, 2014), including the endemic genera Apostates Lander (Compositae), Pacifigeron G.L. Nesom (Compositae), and Metatrophis F.Br. (Urticaceae), and appears to reflect a diversity of source areas. The Rapa fauna is also diverse for such a small island (Gillespie & al., 2012b), with a radiation of 67 species of flightless weevils (Miocalles; Paulay, 1985) and 100 species of endemic land snails in Tornatellidinae/Achatinellidae ...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences indicate that the rediscovered Apostates, known only from Rapa in the Austral Islands of southeastern Polynesia, represents an example of extreme long-distance dispersal (> 6500 km) from southwestern North America and one of at least four disjunctions of comparable magnitude in the primarily New World Bahia alliance (tribe Bahieae). Each of the disjunctions appears to have resulted from north-to-south dispersal since the mid-Miocene; three are associated with such marked morphological and ecological change that some of the southern taxa (including Apostates) have been treated in distinct genera of uncertain relationship. Phyllotaxy within the Bahia alliance, however, evidently has been even more conservative evolutionarily than reflected by previous taxonomies, with alternate-leaved and opposite-leaved clades in Bahia sensu Ellison each encompassing representatives of other genera that share the same leaf arrangements. A revised taxonomic treatment of the Bahia alliance is proposed to recognize morphologically distinctive, monophyletic genera, including the critically endangered Apostates.
... Total species richness among the islands is low, likely because of their isolation and age. However, vascular plant endemism is disproportionately high with 550 of 890 (62%; 74% angiosperms only) of species endemic (Meyer & Salvat 2009), while similar levels are also seen in large radiations of some faunal groups, i.e. beetles (Liebherr 2013), blackflies (Craig et al. 2001;Craig 2003), weevils (Paulay 1985) and spiders (Gillespie 2002;Garb & Gillespie 2006). Just two bee families feature the majority of species records: Megachilidae (four species) and Apidae (four species) ( Table 1). ...
Article
Island plant–pollinator networks are typically simpler than their continental counterparts and this can make them less resilient to disturbance from exotic species. French Polynesia has a very low diversity of bees, but their status as either native or introduced species has been largely speculative. We combine previous studies with new DNA sequence data to show that 11 bee species have now been recorded for French Polynesia. Haplotype variation at the ‘barcode’ region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) for four of these species, Ceratina dentipes Freise, Xylocopa sonorina Smith, Braunsapis puangensis (Cockerell) and Amegilla pulchra (Smith), indicates that they all represent very recent introductions. Apis mellifera Linnaeus was a purposefully introduced species, and four megachilid species probably arrived due to human-aided dispersal through maritime activities in the Pacific. The two remaining bee species, an unidentified partial specimen of a halictid bee and the colletid bee Hylaeus (P.) tuamotuensis Michener, are collectively known from only four specimens collected in the 1930s and their provenance is uncertain. French Polynesia therefore comprises a region where recently introduced bee species greatly overwhelm any possible native bee fauna. These introductions are likely to have major ecosystem impacts, including disruptions of existing plant–pollinator networks and facilitating the spread of weedy plant species, as well as positive impacts for agriculture. Future biosecurity initiatives need to consider these potential impacts and the likely routes of dispersal to effectively control any further unintended introductions.
... We furthermore show that the endemic diversity of the focal lineages in the Caribbean region is largely the outcome of in situ diversification. Many weevil lineages have diversified extensively on islands or island-like habitats (Girón & Franz, 2012;Paulay, 1985;Riedel et al., 2014;Samuelson, 2003;Sequeira et al., 2008;Setliff, 2007;Tänzler et al. 2014, Toussaint et al., . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license available under a not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. ...
Article
Full-text available
Statistical historical biogeographical methods rely on the use of models that assume various biogeographic processes. Until recently model selection remains an explored topic and the impacts of using different models on inferring biogeographic history are poorly understood. Focusing on the Neotropical weevils in the Exophthalmus genus complex (Insecta: Curculionidae: Entiminae), we compare three commonly used biogeographic models - DIVA (Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis), DEC (Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis) and BayArea (Bayesian Analysis of Biogeography), and examine the impact of modeling founder-event jump dispersal on biogeographic history estimation. We also investigate the biogeographic events that have shaped patterns of distributions, diversification, and endemism in this group of weevils. We sample representatives of 65 species of the Exophthalmus genus complex and 26 outgroup terminals from the Neotropics including Caribbean islands and mainland. We reconstruct a molecular phylogeny based on six genes and performed molecular dating using a relaxed clock with three fossil calibration points. We conduct biogeographic history estimations and compare alternative biogeographic models with the R package BioGeoBEARS. Model selection strongly favors biogeographic models that include founder-event jump dispersal. Without modeling jump dispersal, estimations based on the three biogeographic models are dramatically different, especially at early diverging nodes. When jump dispersal is modeled, however, the three biogeographic models perform similarly. Accordingly, we show that the Neotropical mainland was colonized by Caribbean species in the early Miocene, and that in situ diversification accounts for a majority (~75%) of the biogeographic events in the Exophthalmus genus complex. Our study highlights the need for testing for wide-ranging historical biogeographic processes in the study of Caribbean biogeography and the importance of comparing and selecting the best-fitting model in statistical biogeographic inferences. We demonstrate that modeling founder-event jump dispersal significantly improves the fit of the biogeographic history estimation of Caribbean and Neotropical mainland weevils. We establish that in situ diversification acts as a dominant biogeographic force in the evolution of the Exophthalmus genus complex. The colonization of the Neotropical mainland from Caribbean islands reinforces the notion that islands can be an important source of continental diversity.
... Some major insect radiations are likely unrecognized; based on their diversity elsewhere (e.g. Rapa), Miocalles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Dichelopa (Lepidoptera: Totricidae) are likely to yield interesting patterns (Clarke, 1971;Paulay, 1985 Finally, there is no strong evidence for a progression rule in the diversification of Societies radiations; only one taxon may be consistent with it. Two major caveats apply to these conclusions. ...
Article
Aim Phylogeographical and modelling studies have suggested that the biotas of oceanic hotspot archipelagos (such as the Hawaiian, Canary and Galápagos islands) diversify in parallel with the formation of the islands on which they live. Here, we review the phylogeography of the native terrestrial biota of the Society Islands, an archipelago formed < 4.6 Ma, to test this model. Location Society Islands, French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean). Methods We reviewed 49 phylogenetic and phylogeographical studies incorporating Society Island terrestrial animal and plant taxa. We ask: (1) Where are the sister groups of Societies lineages distributed? (2) Are Societies‐endemic ‘radiations’ monophyletic or polyphyletic? (3) What between‐island barriers are seen in the phylogeography of Societies taxa? (4) What within‐island barriers are seen in the phylogeography of Societies taxa? (5) How old is the Societies biota? Results Most Societies lineages are closely related to those in other tropical Pacific archipelagos, particularly the Cook, Austral and Marquesas Islands (< 2000 km distant). More genera show strong evidence for polyphyly (13 genera) than for monophyly (4 genera) in the Society Islands. The most common within‐archipelago phylogeographical barrier corresponds to the straits (150 km) between the Windward Society and Leeward Society Islands. Only a few groups, primarily species‐rich invertebrate radiations, show divergence among or within islands. Published divergence time estimates suggest that much of the Societies biota may be much younger than the age of the archipelago. Main conclusions Much of the Societies biota does not appear to have diversified in parallel with the formation of the archipelago, differing from ‘progression rule’ and general dynamic models for the diversification of oceanic archipelago biotas. Rather, many Societies ‘radiations’ may have been assembled via repeated, independent colonizations, which may have entailed extensive macroevolutionary turnover of colonizing lineages. These patterns have implications for the biogeography of other Pacific hotspot archipelagos.
... (F. Brown) St. John (Fosberg et al., 1983 1932-1939 Zimmerman, 1948; Solem, 1976; Cooke& Kondo,1960 (e.g., Zimmerman, 1948; Solem, 1976; Murray & Clarke, 1980; Paulay, 1985), it is unknown on Henderson, with one questionable excep tion. Distant (1913)Fosberg et aL, 1983 Pitcaim and C. b.t. ...
... La evidencia más convincente de especiación por simpatría es la de grupos monofiléticos de especies, confinados en hábitats aislados muy pequeños, como es el caso de los escarabajos (Curculionidae) fitófagos del género Microcryptorhynchus que habitan la pequeña isla de Rapa (42 km 2 ), en la Polinesia Francesa. Probablemente este sea un caso de especiación simpátrica, ya que existen 67 especies endémicas (White, 1978;Paulay, 1985), aunque la topografía de la isla y su historia geológica ha sido compleja, lo cual sugiere que otros modos de especiación podrían estar involucrados. ...
... We show that the endemic diversity of the focal lineages in the Caribbean region is largely the outcome of in situ diversification. Many weevil lineages have diversified extensively on islands or island-like habitats (Girón and Franz, 2012;Paulay, 1985;Riedel et al., 2014;Samuelson, 2003;Sequeira et al., 2008;Setliff, 2007;Tänzler et al., 2014;Toussaint et al., 2015;Van Dam and Matzke, 2016), and thus are highly suitable for future research on island evolution and biogeography. ...
Conference Paper
In the current study, we investigated the biogeographic history of ~100 species of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae) and outgroups, sampled from major Caribbean islands and Central America. Using six gene fragments (28S, 16S, 12S, COI, EF1-alpha and Arginine Kinase; >4,000 bp), we reconstructed a dated molecular phylogeny with fossil calibration points. Our model-based biogeographic analyses suggested a remarkable reverse colonization event of Central America from the Caribbean during the Miocene. We also analyzed inter-island biogeographic scenarios within the Caribbean and the history of the Central American radiation. The findings are discussed in the context of the longstanding debates on the origin of the Caribbean fauna and their relationship to the Neotropical mainland, focusing on two competing hypotheses: over-water dispersal and GAARlandia landspan (Greater Antilles + Aves Ridge).
... One consequence of adaptive radiation, if it occurs in situ, is that the diversity of an island is a result not just of colonization and extinction, but also of the evolutionary input of species resulting from within-island speciation. For example, the small island of Rapa in the South Pacific (size = 40 km 2 ) harbours 67 species of Miocalles weevils, all the presumed descendants of a single ancestral colonist (Paulay 1985). ...
... While the Pacific fauna becomes more and more filtered with distance to the mainland, there are still spectacular examples of radiations on remote, even very small, islands. For example, Rapa Island, French Polynesia, is no larger than 40 km 2 yet is home to more than 60 species of the weevil genus Miocalles (Paulay 1985). ...
Article
Full-text available
Balke, M., Wewalka, G., Alarie, Y., Ribera, I. (2007). Molecular phylogeny of Pacific Island Colymbetinae: radiation of New Caledonian and Fijian species (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). — Zoologica Scripta, 36, 173–200. We present a molecular phylogeny and taxonomic review of the Pacific island colymbetine diving beetles, focusing on the Fijian and New Caledonian faunas. Four new species are described: Rhantus monteithi and R. poellerbauerae from New Caledonia, and R. kini and R. bula from Fiji. We also describe the 3rd instar larvae of R. monteithi and R. poellerbauerae spp. nov., assigned to adults using mtDNA sequence data and discuss larval characters in the light of phylogeny. The phylogenetic hypotheses derived from both parsimony and Bayesian inference based on 3508 aligned nucleotides from a combination of mitochondrial (cox1, cob and rrnL-tRNALeu-Nad1) and nuclear genes (18S rRNA and H3) reveal a clade comprising R. novaecaledoniae, R. alutaceus, R. pseudopacificus, R. monteithi sp. nov. and R. poellerbauerae sp. nov., which agrees with the R. pacificus group sensu Balke (1993). Carabdytes upin was included within this clade, possibly indicating paraphyly of the genus Rhantus. Rhantus annectens, R. bacchusi, R. supranubicus, R. suturalis, R. simulans, and the Palearctic R. exsoletus, R. latitans and R. bistriatus formed a clade corresponding to the R. suturalis group sensu Balke (2001). Rhantus vitiensis, previously assigned to the R. pacificus group, was included in the R. suturalis clade. We find some support for a scenario where the Pacific was colonized out of the Northern hemisphere only during the past c. 12 million years, rejecting a Gondwanan origin of the morphologically isolated endemics. The new species are all characterized by mtDNA haplotype clusters, the degree of divergence between sister species pairs ranging from 1.3 to 7%, while R. novaecaledoniae individuals from all over New Caledonia apparently form one morphospecies, with moderate genetic diversity (up to 2.3% mtDNA divergence between populations). The sisters R. pollerbauerae sp. nov. + R. monteithi sp. nov. occur sympatrically on Mont Panié but appear ecologically segregated, while the sisters R. vitiensis + R. bula sp. nov. were encountered syntopically on Viti Levu. Comparing genetic and morphological data of Fijian Rhantus and Copelatus diving beetles, we here show that even in island radiations it is not per se possible to know if mitochondrial DNA barcoding would perform well (Rhantus: YES, Copelatus: NO). At the same time we show that fixed cutoff values, as sometimes used to discriminate between barcodes, thus species, might be meaningless. We underpin the importance of morphology for sustainable exploration of global diversity.
... The island is small (48 km 2 ), reaching 650 m (a.s.l.) at the highest peak (Pera'u), and is horseshoe-shaped enclosing Ha'urei Harbour. Rapa is rich in biodiversity with notable high endemism in land-snails and weevils (Paulay, 1985) but also plants including seven endemic genera (e.g. Pacifigeron, Metatrophis and Apostates) and 12 endemic species (Florence, 2003;Meyer, 2002). ...
Article
Palynological records from Holocene wetland deposits in East Polynesia have demonstrated widespread ecological changes following Polynesian arrival after c. ad 1200, but linking inferences of human activities to archaeological records has been limited by equivocal fossil proxies and a lack of chronological controls. To address these limitations, multiple sedimentary profiles were examined from a coastal marsh on the remote East Polynesian island of Rapa. These profiles span 8000 years of ecological change and record mid-Holocene sea-level highstand conditions which receded to modern levels by ad 500. Depositional models were constructed for each profile using Bayesian inferences to characterise the spatial and temporal changes in fossil proxy representation. Just prior to human arrival there are high pollen concentrations of Pandanus and the presence of an extinct palm, both indicative of an extensive lowland swamp forest that developed after ad 500. Indicators of Polynesian arrival and agricultural expansion include unprecedented amounts of charcoal particles and pollen from the introduced cultigen, Colocasia esculenta (taro). The swamp forest was progressively cleared, beginning in the most inland section at ad 1110–1230. The Colocasia-based agricultural system reached its greatest extent from ad 1590 to 1740. The last appearance of the extinct palm was recorded at ad 1520–1660 and the entire area was cleared of indigenous trees soon after European colonisation at ad 1830–1880. By modelling the chronologies of individual fossil proxies across each profile, we have developed a framework for defining the processes behind vegetation change and for matching palynological-based inferences of human activity with archaeological records.
Article
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A documented checklist of the Crustacea (Stomatopoda, Decapoda) is provided for the southern Guianas region (sGuianas), a homogeneous ecoregion including Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and the Brazilian State of Amapá. The history of crustacean collections undertaken there between 1759 and 2022 is summarized. In total, 529 species are listed. Biodiversity varies between countries: 165 species in Guyana; 317 in Suriname, 343 in French Guiana, and 315 in Brazil Amapá, as a direct result of different sampling efforts. There are 22 Stomatopoda and 507 Decapoda, ranked by numerical diversity as Brachyura (206), Caridea (113), Anomura (85), Dendrobranchiata (67) and others (36). The list is analyzed with the species classified by major biotopes, distinguishing those from freshwater, mangroves and estuaries, and frankly marine environments. Regional comparisons are made in the Western Atlantic showing that the sGuianas marine fauna is depauperate compared to that of other regions. This is explained by the influence of the Amazon River plume, carrying desalinated water and fine sediments, which leads to the reduction of coral reef formations in sGuianas. Only a few species of freshwater crabs (genera Kunziana and Microthelphusa) are endemic to the region. The pace of species discovery over the years indicates that the sGuianas fauna remains still imperfectly known and that probably more than 600 species are present in the region.
Chapter
Islands have long provided intriguing insights into almost every aspect of arthropod biodiversity, and indeed have spawned foundational understanding of ecological and evolutionary principles. This chapter covers a broad range of insular systems as they pertain to arthropods. A number of attributes characterize biodiversity on islands, in particular those that are more remote. Biologists have a temporal framework within which to examine ecological and evolutionary processes, and how biodiversity has formed on an island of a given area over time. Loss of dispersal ability is a common feature of organisms on more remote islands, and notably so in arthropods. One of the most crucial issues in island conservation is the lack of knowledge of the biota, coupled with the generally restricted areas of endemism, with associated small population sizes rendering them vulnerable to extinction.
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An annotated checklist for the terrestrial and freshwater arthropods of French Polynesia is presented. Compiled with the help of 48 experts and based on published records, it comprises 3025 valid species names belonging to the classes of Hexapoda Blainville, 1816 (2556 species), Chelicerata Heymons, 1901 (36 7 species), Myriapoda Latreille, 1802 (22 species) and Crustacea Pennant, 1777 (80 species). Reported are 1841 taxa from the Society Islands, followed by the Marquesas Islands with 1198 taxa, the Austral Islands with 609 taxa, the Tuamotu Islands with 231 taxa and the Gambier Islands with 186 taxa. The specificity of this fauna and the analysis of each class and order are discussed. The level of endemism is particularly high, 61% of the known species, with non-native species representing 13% of the overall species count. The threats to the native fauna and flora of French Polynesia and particularly to endemic insect species are detailed.
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Cryptorhynchinae of France (Coleoptera Curculionidae) - 1. West-palearctic analysis of genera. -A morphological analysis of the West-Palaearctic subfamily Cryptorhynchinae based on 65 species, considering more than sixty characteristics, allowed identifying new groups within the subtribe Tylodina. These groups called Acallotylodines, Dichromotylodines and Kykliotylodines contribute to a better understanding of the taxonomic arrangement of this subfamily ; and propose a determinating criterias not strictly based on the aedeagus or molecular standards. A definition of genus Acalles s.str. is presented. Some taxonomic changes are proposed, particularly the moving of the genera Poggionymus towards Cryptorhynchina, Acallorneuma towards Torneumatini and Acallocrates are proposed to form a special group, the Cratotylodines. Several taxonomic changes are proposed for species of genera Acalles : Acalles camelus becomes Onyxacalles camelus n.comb., Acalles pulchellus becomes Coloracalles pulchellus n.comb., Acalles edoughensis becomes Coloracalles edoughensis n.comb., Acalles caucasicus becomes Onyxacalles caucasicus n.comb., Acalles milleri becomes Onyxacalles milleri n.comb. Taxa Somodytes and Palaeoacalles are given the status of genus.
Article
Amorphological analysis of the West-Palaearctic subfamily Cryptorhynchinae based on 65 species, considering more than sixty characteristics, allowed identifying new groups within the subtribe Tylodina. These groups called Acallotylodines, Dichromotylodines and Kykliotylodines contribute to a better understanding of the taxonomic arrangement of this subfamily; and propose a determinating criterias not strictly based on the aedeagus or molecular standards. A definition of genus Acalles s.str. is presented. Some taxonomic changes are proposed, particularly the moving of the genera Poggionymus towards Cryptorhynchina, Acallorneuma towards Torneumatini and Acallocrates are proposed to form a special group, the Cratotylodines. Several taxonomie changes are proposed for species of genera Acalles: Acalles camelus becomes Onyxacalles camelus n.comb., Acalles pulchellus becomes Coloracalles pulchellus n comb., Acalles edoughensis becomes Coloracalles edoughensis n.comb., Acalles caucasicus becomes Onyxacalles caucasicus n.comb., Acalles milleri becomes Onyxacalles milleri n.comb. Taxa Somodytes and Palaeoacalles are given the status of genus.
Article
Insects and flowering plants are among the most diverse macroorganisms on earth, and their mutual interactions provide little doubt that each group is in part responsible for the others' diversity. However, exactly how diversification of flowering plants has affected the diversity of insects, and vice versa, is not well understood for the vast majority of plant and insect groups. Studies of pollination systems illustrate how insects and plants are tightly tied to each others' diversity and show complex patterns of coevolution that can themselves be a locus for diversification. This chapter uses remote oceanic islands to focus on the evolutionary patterns of insect–plant interactions, host-plant use, diversification, and coevolution. It reviews studies that have used the features of remote islands to tease apart factors associated with recent host-associated diversification in an attempt to understand how host plants contribute to the process of insect speciation.
Article
Impacts of invasive species, and of attempts to control them, on the aquatic invertebrate fauna of Hawaii and French Polynesia are reviewed and discussed, as a foundation for determining conservation need. Aquatic insects are poorly documented in the region, with many species undescribed, so that practical conservation must be pursued with highly incomplete basic taxonomic knowledge. The establishment of at least one dedicated reserve for aquatic invertebrates is recommended for each high island in an archipelago, as an aid to safeguarding local endemic species, and other recommendations include increased monitoring for new alien species (particularly of fish), planning for removal of alien species from selected water bodies where alien species are less likely to recolonize, effective protection of key sites with high biodiversity value, and securing sites for future restoration and translocation or rare and endangered species.
Article
Beetles, the most diverse group of insects, are often abundant in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Many species are under threat from human changes to natural environments, and some are valuable tools in conservation, because they respond rapidly to changes that occur. Knowledge of these responses, of both abundance and composition of assemblages, enable use of some beetles to monitor environmental changes. Beetles impinge on humanity on many ways: as cultural objects, desirable collectables, major pests and competitors for resources need by people, as beneficial consumers of other pests, and by ensuring the continuity of vital ecological processes. This book is the first major global overview of the importance of conservation of beetles, and brings together much hitherto scattered information to demonstrate the needs for conservation, and how it may be approached. It is a source of value to students, research workers, conservation biologists and ecosystem managers as an introduction to the richness and importance of this predominant component of invertebrate life.
Article
Molecular studies reveal highly ordered geographic patterns in plant and animal distributions. The tropics illustrate these patterns of community immobilism leading to allopatric differentiation, as well as other patterns of mobilism, range expansion, and overlap of taxa. Integrating Earth history and biogeography, Molecular Panbiogeography of the Tropics is an alternative view of distributional history in which groups are older than suggested by fossils and fossil-calibrated molecular clocks. The author discusses possible causes for the endemism of high-level taxa in tropical America and Madagascar, and overlapping clades in South America, Africa, and Asia. The book concludes with a critique of adaptation by selection, founded on biogeography and recent work in genetics.
Conference Paper
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Henderson is a recently(<1 Ma) uplifted limestone island. Together with two small atolls and volcanic Pitcairn, it forms the Pitcairn Group.These islands lie at the southeast edge of the Indo-West Pacific region, thus posing both dispersal and climatic limitations for potential colonists. As a result, Henderson has a depauperate and unstable fauna, with unusually high short and long term changes and inter-island variation evident in the coral fauna. Despite the island's easterly location, practically the entire indigenous biota is derived from the west. Endemicity is low (2-3%) for the marine fauna and moderate for the land biota: 18% for plants, 3% for flies, 3% for Lepidoptera, 75% for weevils, 100% for land snails,and 67% for land birds.The youth and topographic uniformity of the island appear to preclude intra-island speciation, and even inter-island speciation between Henderson and Pitcairn is uncommon. Consequently no local evolutionary radiations are known Although briefly inhabited prior to western contact, Henderson lacked human occupation historically and is remarkably undisturbed.
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This depauparate assemblage of Indo-West Pacific species comprises 54 corals, 198 molluscs, and 58 echinoderms. There is considerably variation in species composition among islands as well as through time, indicating that these peripheral islands have an unstable, dynamic fauna. -from Author
Article
The Ectemnorhinus-group of weevils is endemic to the South Indian Ocean Province Islands of the Sub-Antarctic region. Although small (36 species), it is the most diverse monophyletic arthropod taxon in the province. As such it is one of the few groups which allows comparisons of ecological and evolutionary patterns displayed by biotas on the extremely isolated sub-Antarctic archipelagos, with those exhibited by tropical or northern temperate biotas. Current information on habitat use, diet, assemblage structure and the evolution of the group is reviewed and compared with similar studies of tropical or temperate island biotas, as well as with current ideas on the ecology and evolution of island biotas. A recent phylogeny is used as a chronicle on which to base this historical account. The 36 species fall within six genera which have two major lifestyles, viz. angiosperm herbivory or cryptogam herbivory. These feeding habits constrain species in their habitat distributions on the islands and seem to have been a result of climatic forcing associated with Milankovitch cycles, rather than taxon cycles or pulses associated with competition in a centre of origin. At a regional level the influence of climate is pronounced, whereas at a local level the effects of interspecific interactions, or lack thereof, are marked. Circumstantial evidence favours between-island allopatry as the dominant speciation mode in the group, although sympatric speciation in historically young, angiosperm communities may have contributed to rapid diversification in the taxon. In general, the patterns and processes documented for weevils on these isolated islands agree closely with those found in biotas from other islands.
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The islands, 800-1000 km W of the coast of Ecuador, have been available for terrestial colonization for about 3 million years. At least 54 families, 214 genera and 366 species are present. Comparatively few families (10) contain endemic genera (13) that may represent early colonizations. Species flocks occur in usually flightless members of 7 genera. Adaptive radiation is evident in 3 genera of tenebrionids. The species are 24% native (having naturally dispersed from C or S America), 67% being endemic to ≥1 islands, and 9% have been introduced by man. Virtually nothing is known of the bionomics of the species. The fauna of 335 native and endemic species is estimated to have originated from at least 257 successful ancestral colonizations. Over 3 million years this is an average rate of one successful colonization every 11 700 yr, and 1.4 new species per ancestral colonization. Most of the colonists reached the islands either through the air as "aerial plankton' (60%) or by rafting on oceanic flotsam (39%) from C or S America. Extinctions were more prevalent in "glacial-arid' periods, and colonizations more prevalent in "interglacial-humid' periods. Rate of species introduction has increased with human visitation and colonization. Factors suppressing species proliferation in Galapagos beetles, compared with those in other insular areas, seem to be as follows, in probable order of importance: lack of strong ecological diversity, proximity to mainland areas, proximity of main islands to each other, geological youth, and recent development of a more suitable (wetter) climate. An appendix presents new beetle records for the islands. -from Authors
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Evidence obtained from archaeological and ancillary studies of paleoenvironment suggests that the prehistoric Polynesians had a far greater impact on the Hawaiian ecosystem than has heretofore been realized. Such impact began with the introduction, by Polynesians, of exotic plants and animals. The cumulative effects of forest clearance and habitat modification through the use of fire led to major changes in lowland ecology. Among the consequences of this transformation of the Hawaiian landscape were the extinction of endemic species, alteration of vegetation communities, and erosion.
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Thousands of fossil bird bones from the Hawaiian Islands collected since 1971 include remains of at least 39 species of land birds that are not known to have survived into the historic period; this more than doubles the number of endemic species of land birds previously known from the main islands. Bones were found in deposits of late Quaternary age; most are Holocene and many are contemporaneous with Polynesian culture. The loss of species of birds appears to be due to predation and destruction of lowland habitats by humans before the arrival of Europeans. Because the historically known fauna and flora of the Hawaiian Islands represent only afraction of natural species diversity, biogeographical inferences about natural processes based only on historically known taxa may be misleading or incorrect.
Chapter
Grimshaw (1901, 1902) and Perkins (1910) first focused the attention of dipterists on the aberrant characteristics and abundance of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. They described 47 species; additionally, Perkins’ extensive descriptions (1913) of the biotic habitat in which the insects live alerted biologists to the unique but unknown ecology of the flies.
Chapter
V28-239 core from cruise 28 of R / V Vema preserves a detailed oxygen-isotope and paleomagnetic record for all of the Pleistocene Epoch. The entire 21-m-long core has been analyzed at 5-cm intervals. Glacial stage 22, above the Jaramillo magnetic event, may represent the first major Northern Hemisphere continental glaciation of middle Pleistocene character. Prior to this, higher frequency glacial events extend to near the level of the Olduvai magnetic event. Glacial events of less regular frequency extend to the bottom of the core, which represents late Pliocene time. Fluctuations in carbonate dissolution intensity occur throughout the core with a similar frequency to the oxygen-isotope fluctuations.
Article
One species of Apionidae and 59 of Curculionidae are represented in the material studied from the Poor Knights Islands. Species identifications are made for 45; two new genera are proposed and another is reinstated, two specific names are replaced for junior homonyms, 23 new combinations are presented, eight genera and 53 species are reduced to synonymy, and the subfamily concept of Curculioninae is broadened.
Article
Available age data from the Hawaiian, Marquesas, Kodiak-Bowie, Society, Caroline, and Guadalupe chains, all WNW trending Pacific chains, follow patterns of generally increasing ages to the WNW. The inferred rates of volcanic propagation for these chains are not significantly different and apparently offer strong support for the hypothesis that volcanic chains are formed by ‘hot spots’ which do not move with respect to each other. However, age data from the Austral-Cook chain follow no simple pattern: ages are both younger and older than would be expected from the ‘fixed hot spot’ hypothesis. Eocene and Cretaceous ages from along the Hawaiian ridge are inconsistent with the otherwise systematic age progression along this chain. The limited age data from the older NNW trending chains show little evidence of age progression. The best dated of these older chains, the Line chain, could have formed synchronously along most of its length.
Article
An active submarine volcano has been found on a southeastward extension of the Austral Islands chain. Its last eruption, in May 1967, was detected by North Pacific hydrophones. The position computed by sofar was 32 kilometers northwest of that found in a search by echo sounder, 29°01'S, 140°17'W. The minimum depth encountered was 460 meters.
Article
Easter Island is the most isolated piece of inhabited land in the world. It exhibited an unique megalithic culture1–3, involving the sculpting of giant statues (moai) especially between AD ~1400 and ~16804 when, for unknown reasons, the culture suddenly collapsed. The island is also of interest in relation to Pleistocene climatic change as CLIMAP5 predicted no reduction of sea-surface temperatures for this part of the Pacific at 18,000 yr BP. We have obtained fossil pollen records covering the past 37,000 yr from three craters on the island. They suggest that the late Pleistocene climate was cooler and/or drier than the present one. They also suggest the former existence of forest on the island, and its decline in the last millennium. This decline was probably due to deforestation by man and could have caused the cultural collapse.
Article
Three scales of wound-induced chemical responses in plants are identified: (1) highly localised chemical changes associated with disruption of cell compartmentation; (2) changes induced in cells surrounding the damaged area, forming a kind of halo around the damage, and (3) more widely-dispersed changes which may affect an entire organ, branch or plant. A brief review of the literature reveals that such chemical responses are very widespread in plants, and many of the substances formed are known to affect adversely the growth, development, or reproduction of insects. It is argued that wound-induced changes in plant chemistry represent for insects a powerful selective pressure for the dispersal of grazing. Levels and patterns of invertebrate grazing in a range of herbaceous and deciduous woody plants sampled at the end of the growing seasons were examined. Leaves of many species exhibited a strikingly evident over-dispersion of grazing initiations, and in some cases the arrangement of holes appeared close to regularity. The pattern of damage between leaves was, in most cases, heavily biased towards a large proportion of leaves receiving a low level of grazing. These highly dispersed patterns of grazing damage are consistent with the hypothesis that wound-induced responses play an important role in determining patterns of insect feeding. They have important implications for the expected levels of insect exploitation of host plants and for the advantages to the plant of distributing grazing damage evenly through the canopy.
Article
40K-40Ar dating indicates that the Cook-Austral chain contains the island with the oldest exposed volcanic rocks on the Pacific plate (Mangaia, 19.3 ± 0.6 Ma B.P.). We have also determined ages from the previously undated islands of Atiu, Mitiaro, Mauke, and Rimatara and from Mangaia, Aitutaki and Rarotonga, for which only unlocated samples had been previously dated. Dated volcanism on Aitutaki spans an interval of at least 7 Ma. The ages from Aitutaki, Atiu, Mauke, Mitiaro, Rarotonga, and Rarutu are much younger than ages predicted by the “hot-spot” hypothesis, and ages from Rimatara may be older than predicted by the hot-spot hypothesis. However, both new and previously reported age data from Mangaia are consistent with the predicted age for this island. Virtually all age data from island and seamount chains on the Pacific plate are consistent with a “hot-line” hypothesis, which makes less specific age predictions than does the hotspot hypothesis.
Article
Western Region, National Park Service
Article
Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Present paper deals with tribes and genera of the subfamily Cryptorhynchinae of the Oriental region west of the Wallace’s line. Tribe Ithyporini auct. and Sophrorhini auct. are combined into Ithyporini of new sense, and a new tribe Mecistocerini is proposed for Mccistocerus-allied genera of Sophrorhini auct. Simulatacalles is described as a new genus, and six genera are sunk as new synonyms as follows: Coelosteridius Morimoto, 1962 = Sybulus Pascoe, 1871 Cryptorrhynchobius Voss, 1965=Cryptorhynchus Illiger, 1807 Deiradocranoides Morimoto, 1962 =Deiradocranus Marshall, 1953 Heterocryptorrhynchus Morimoto, 1962 = Sclerolips Faust, 1895 Paracryptorrhynchus Morimoto, 1962= Sternochetus Pierce, 1917 Sculptosternellum Morimoto, 1962= Rhadinopus Faust, 1897 Key to 93 genera is given together with illustrations of 62 species.
Article
Two sets of evolutionary phenomena find no explanation through current theory. For the static phenomena (such as homology, homonomy, systematic weight, and "Type") there is no causal base, although these principles are responsible for all phenomena of predictable order in the living world. The dynamic phenomena (such as homodynamy, coadaptation, parallel evolution, orthogenesis, Cartesian transformation, typostrophy, hetermorphosis, systemic mutation, and spontaneous atavism) have no causal explanation, although they are responsible for all directed phenomena in macroevolution. These phenomena share one unifying principle which can be explained by a system theory of evolution based on, but extending, the current synthetic theory. This system theory envisages feedback conditions between genotype and phenotype by which the chances of successful adaptation increase if the genetic units, by insertion of superimposed genes, copy the functional dependencies of those phene structures for which they code. This positive feedback of the adaptive speed (or probability) within a single adaptive direction is compensated by negative feedback in most of the alternative directions. The negative feedback operates as selection not be environmental but by systemic conditions developed by the organization of the organism. The consequences are an imitatively organized system of gene interractions, the rehabilitation of classical systematics, the reality of the "natural system," and, in general, the resolution of the contradiction between neodarwinists and their critics, between reductionists and holists, between "a priori" and "a posteriori" views, between idealism and materialism, and between the notions of freedom and of purpose in evolution.
Article
Of 103 picture-winged Drosophila species endemic to the high Hawaiian islands, all but three are endemic to single islands or island complexes. They are presumed to have evolved in situ on each island. The banding pattern sequences of the five major polytene chromosomes of these species have been mapped to a single set of Standard sequences. Sequential variation among these chromosomes is due to 213 paracentric inversions. An atlas of their break points is provided. Geographical, morphological and behavioral data may be used to supplement the cytological information in tracing ancestry. Starting at the newer end of the archipelago, the 26 species of the Island of Hawaii (less than 700,000 years old) are inferred to have been derived from 19 founders, 15 from the Maui complex, three from Oahu and one from Kauai. The existence of 40 Maui complex species is explicable as resulting from 12 founders, ten from Oahu and two from Kauai. The 29 Oahu species can be explained by 12 founder events, five from Kauai and seven from Maui complex (summary in Figure 5). Although the ancestry of two Kauai species can be traced to newer islands, the ten remaining ones on this island (age about 5.6 million years) are apparently ancient elements in the fauna, relating ultimately to Palearctic continental sources.
Mangarevan expedition Report of the director for 1934: 36-56 Rapa island coal and its microfossils: a preliminary report Rapid sea level and climate change: evidence from continental and island margins
  • C L C Collenette
  • Montague Cooke Jr
  • Leader
  • H E In
  • C M Gregory Cooke
  • Jr
  • Y Kondo
COLLENETTE, C. L., 1925. Sea-girt Jungles. London: Hutchinson. COOKE, C. M. Jr, 1934. Mangarevan expedition. Report of C. Montague Cooke Jr., malacologist and leader. In H. E. Gregory, Report of the director for 1934: 36-56. Bulletin ofthe Bemice P. Birhop Museum I33. COOKE, C. M. Jr. & KONDO, Y., 1960. Revision of Tornatellinidae and Achatinellidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 221. CRANWELL, L. M., 1964, Rapa island coal and its microfossils: a preliminary report. In L. M. Cranwell (Ed.) Ancient Pactfic F~Mu: 43-47. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. CRONIN, T. M., 1983. Rapid sea level and climate change: evidence from continental and island margins. Quaternary Science Review, I : 177-214.
Mangarevan expedition. Report of C. Montague Cooke Jr., malacologist and leader
  • COOKE
COOKE, C. M. Jr, 1934. Mangarevan expedition. Report of C. Montague Cooke Jr., malacologist and leader. In H. E. Gregory, Report of the director for 1934: 36-56. Bulletin ofthe Bemice P. Birhop Museum I33.
Apionidae and Curculionidae (Coleoptera) from the Poor Knights Islands
  • P V Kirch
KIRCH, P. V., 1982. The impact of the prehistoric Polynesians on the Hawaiian ecosystem. Par@ Science, 36: KUSCHEL, G., 1982. Apionidae and Curculionidae (Coleoptera) from the Poor Knights Islands, New
Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Hawaii
  • Drosophila
Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Socrely, 22: 65-103. 11: 121-143.
Fossil birds from the Hawaiian Islands: evidence for wholesale
  • S L Olson
  • H F James
OLSON, S. L. & JAMES, H. F., 1982a. Fossil birds from the Hawaiian Islands: evidence for wholesale
Marine biological and archeological expedition to Southeast Oceania
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RANDALL, J. E., 1978. Marine biological and archeological expedition to Southeast Oceania. 1969 Research extinction by man before Western contact. Science, 217: 633-635. Contributions in <oologp, 9 3.
Caracteristiques hydroclimatiques de la zone marine polynesienne pendant I'annee
  • F Rougerie
  • L Marec
  • Y Goutiou
ROUGERIE, F., MAREC, L. & GOUTIOU, Y., 1981. Caracteristiques hydroclimatiques de la zone marine polynesienne pendant I'annee 1980. O.R.S. T.O. M. Notes et Documents COceanographie No 81/13. Papeete, Tahiti.
Endodontoid land snails from Pacii islands (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Sigmurethra) Part I. Farnib SOLEM, A., 1982. Endodontoid land snails from PacjtiC i s l d (Mollusca: Pulnwnata: Sigmurethra) Part 11
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  • H John
  • Solem Bishop
SHACKLETON, N. J. & OPDYKE, N. D., 1976. Oxygen-isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific ST JOHN, H., 1982. Marotiri, rock pinnacles in the South Pacific. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop SOLEM, A., 1976. Endodontoid land snails from Pacii islands (Mollusca: Pulmonata: Sigmurethra) Part I. Farnib SOLEM, A., 1982. Endodontoid land snails from PacjtiC i s l d (Mollusca: Pulnwnata: Sigmurethra) Part 11. Families STANLEY, S. M., 1979. Macroevolution: pattern andprocess. San Francisco: Freeman and Co.
East Polynesian species of Frcycinetia Gaudichaud (Pandanaceae). Mirronesica
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STONE, B. C., 1981. East Polynesian species of Frcycinetia Gaudichaud (Pandanaceae). Mirronesica, 17: 47-57.
K-Ar. dating of the Cook-Austral island chain: a test of the VAN DYKE, E. C., 1937. Rhycogonus of the Mangareva expedition
  • D L Turner
  • R D Jarrard
TURNER, D. L. & JARRARD, R. D., 1982. K-Ar. dating of the Cook-Austral island chain: a test of the VAN DYKE, E. C., 1937. Rhycogonus of the Mangareva expedition. Occasional Papers ofthe Bernice P. Bishop WHITE, M. J. D., 1978. Modes ofSficiation. San Francisco: Freeman and Co.
Cryptorhynchinae of the Society islands (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
  • ZIMMERMAN
ZIMMERMAN, E. C., 1936d. Cryptorhynchinae of the Society islands (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 12: (23).
Cyptorrhynchinae of Henderson, Pitcairn, and Mangareva islands (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Occasional Papers of the Bernice P
  • ZIMMERMAN
ZIMMERMAN, E. C., 1936b. Cyptorrhynchinae of Henderson, Pitcairn, and Mangareva islands (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Occm'onal Papers of h Bernice P. Bishofi Museum, 12: (20).
A cryptorrhynchid from Marotiri
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ZIMMERMAN, E. C., 1936c, A cryptorrhynchid from Marotiri. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 12: (21).
Cryptorhynchinae of Rapa
  • ZIMMERMAN
ZIMMERMAN, E. C., 1938. Cryptorhynchinae of Rapa. Bulletin ofh Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 151.
core V28-239 late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene
  • E C Zimmerman
ZIMMERMAN, E. C., 1966. Curculionidae of Marotiri, South-Central Pacific (Coleoptera). Pact@ Insects, 8: ZIMMERMAN, E. C., 1968. Rhynchophorinae of Southeastern Polynesia. Pact& Insects, 10: 47-77. core V28-239 late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene. Geological Society of A d a, Memoirs, 145: 449-464.
Rapa island coal and its microfossils: a preliminary report
  • L M Cranwell
CRANWELL, L. M., 1964, Rapa island coal and its microfossils: a preliminary report. In L. M. Cranwell (Ed.) Ancient Pactfic F~Mu: 43-47. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Comparative breeding site ecology and adaptive radiation of picture-winged MORIMOTO, K., 1978. On the genera of Oriental Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Esakia, of volcanic chains
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KUSCHEL, G., 1964. Insects of Campbell Island. Coleoptera: Curculionidae of the Subantarctic islands of MACARTHUR, R. H. & WILSON, E. O., 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton: Princeton MONTGOMERY, S. L., 1975. Comparative breeding site ecology and adaptive radiation of picture-winged MORIMOTO, K., 1978. On the genera of Oriental Cryptorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Esakia, of volcanic chains. Reuiew of Geophysics and Space Physics, 15: 57-66. 1-14.
Speciation rates in the Hawaiian terrestrial fauna
  • PAULAY
Insects of Campbell Island. Coleoptera: Curculionidae of the Subantarctic islands of New Zealand
  • KUSCHEL
The genus Fitchia (Compositae)
  • CARLQUIST
East Polynesian species of Freycinetia Gaudichaud (Pandanaceae)
  • STONE
Rhycogonus of the Mangareva expedition
  • DYKE