No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Sublethal effects of D‐limonene on the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis
Abstract
Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis Bouché) that survived an LC 75 treatment with D-limonene had reduced fecundity. When put on hosts after exposure to D-limonene, they had higher mortality rates than control fleas and did not lay any eggs. D-limonene treated fleas also produced less feces and probably fed less while on their hosts.
Effet sublétal du D-limonène sur Ctenocephalides felis
Les puces, C. felis Bouché, qui ont survécu à 75% de la dose létale de D-limonène, ont présenté une fécondité reduite, lorsqu'elles ont été placées sur des chats. Le résultat a été observé en plaçant les puces traitées et les témoins dans des cages fixées par des angles sur les chats. Chaque 24 heures, le nombre d'oeufs, la quantité d'excréments, et le nombre de puces mortes ont été notés. Les puces traitées au D-limonène avaient une mortalité plus élevée que les témoins: au bout de 72 h, 98.3% des puces traitées étaient mortes contre 28.3% pour les témoins. Les puces traitées ont produit moins d'excréments et ont probablement consommé moins sur leurs hôtes; elles n'ont pas pondu. Ces données suggèrent que même si toutes les puces ne sont pas tuées par le traitement, avec le D-limonène, d'un chat contaminé, les survivantes ne peuvent pas se reproduire et ne doivent pas provoquer autant d'irritation, puisque leur alimentation est réduite.
... Hink and Fee [30] considered DL as an excellent insecticide since it quickly knocks down insects within minutes. Collart and Hink [31] investigated the d-limonene against cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and they found a significant mortality rate without any egg laying. Limonene is frequently used as a fragrance and food additive, as well as the major ingredient in at least 15 pesticide and repellent products, due to its low toxicity to mammals [12]. ...
Purpose Ticks infestation has a negative impact against human and animal health through blood sucking, transmission of
blood-borne diseases and also caused economic losses.
Methods In the present study the adulticidal, ovicidal and larvicidal activity of d-limonene nanoemulsion (DLN) were evaluated against two tick species; Rhipicephalus annulatus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Nanoemulsion form of d-limonene
was prepared, and its characteristics were evaluated using a UV spectrophotometer and zeta droplet size measurement.
Acetylcholinesterase activity was determined.
Results The results revealed signifcant adulticidal efect with low LC50 and LC90 for d-limonene pure form (DL) against
both adult tick spp. (R. annulatus and R. sanguineus) ((0.958 and 1.559%) and (2.26 and 3.51%), respectively). DLN LC50
and LC90 values were ((1.277 and 2.396) and (3.97 and 7.28), respectively) against R. annulatus and R. sanguineus, respectively. DL and DLN showed signifcant ovicidal efect against R. sanguineus at high concentrations (10 and 5%). In larval
packet test, LC50 and LC90 values of DL were ((1.53 and 2.22%) and (6.81 and 12.07%), respectively) against R. annulatus
and R. sanguineus, respectively, while LC50 and LC90 values of DLN were ((6.48 and 11.26%) and (7.82 and 13.59%),
respectively) against R. annulatus and R. sanguineus, respectively. Signifcant acetylcholinesterase inhibition percentage
was detected for both ticks spp. which treated by DL and DLN.
Conclusion Pure DL is more efective than DLN form against R. annulatus and R. sanguineus.
... Antirepellent effect is also found when using essential oil of Nepeta cataria against Stomoxys calcitrans [37]. On the other hand, essential oils may be of limited use against fleas when Citrus sinensis essential oil was tested against Ctenocephalidesfelis (cat flea) [38]. Significant effects of essential oils were observed against different types of lice that affect animals. ...
Although essential oils offer an alternative to conventional pesticides in controlling pathogenic agents, agricultural pests, and weeds, their uncontrolled usage has had a detrimental impact on the environment and living things. However, additional research is still required before botanical products may be fully integrated and used safely in agriculture. Additionally, as antimicrobial resistance poses a serious danger to contemporary veterinary care, excessive use of antibiotics has been linked to the establishment and spread of resistant bacteria, rendering the treatment of infectious diseases in animals ineffective. Because plant essential oils provide a safe alternative to growth stimulants and industrial pharmaceuticals, the majority of current studies have focused on their safe and effective application in animal nutrition and illness treatment.
... to moult and the nymphs died. Also, a significant reduction of the nymphal survival of Sch. gregaria was observed with the effect of limonene. In harmony with these results, Dlimonene had higher mortality rates than control fleas and did not lay any eggs. D-limonenetreated fleas also produced fewer feces and probably fed less while on their hosts (Collart, and Hink. 1986). Limonene is a naturally occurring monoterpene found in citrus and other fruits. The toxicity and neurotoxic effects of limonene are discussed by Coats et al. 1991, and the suitability of limonene for the control of insect pests has been reviewed by Ibrahim et al. (2001). Several reports mention using limonene for the control of plant ...
... ine with a study on Carum copticum and Vitex pseudo-negundo on Tribolium castaneum by Sahaf and Moharramipour (2009). In fact, insects exposed to sub lethal doses of insecticides may display a variety of symptoms including reduction in growth rate, life span, pupa weight and adult fecundity and fertility (Ansari, et al., 2000., Bazzoni et al., 1997., Collart and Hink, 1986., Gurusubramanian andKrishma, 1996., Huang et al., 2000). Oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis was toxic to T. confusum (Hamzavi et al., 2015., Negahban andMoharramipour, 2007). Our result showed that Cardamom oil did not affect the insects' growth (RGR), food consumption (RCR) and utilization (ECI) in both adults and larvae of T. ...
Fatemeh Hamzavi and Saied Moharramipour (2017). Chemical composition and antifeedant activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Callistemon viminalis on Tribolium confusum. International Journal of Agriculture Technology 13(3): 413-424. Absract In order to assess the antifeedant activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh) and Callistemon viminalis Gaertn the plant essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and then tested against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Several experiments were designed to measure the nutritional indices such as relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI). Treatments experiments were evaluated by the method of flour disc bioassay in the dark, at 27±1 °C and 60±5 % R.H. Aliquots of 10 µl of acetone (controls) or an acetone solutions of essential oils (750-2500 ppm) were spread equally on the flour discs. The solvent was evaporated and after this stage 10 adult (1-3 days old) insects were involved into each treatment. After 72 h, nutritional indices were calculated. Results showed that essential oils concentrations had significant effect on nutritional indices. Essential oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis decreased RGR, RCR and ECI activity significantly. Essential oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis decreased RGR from the amount of 0.0347 and 0.0344 in control to 0.0067 and 0.0031 percentage respectively. Furthermore the amount of RCR decreased from 0.161 and 0. 149 to 0.073 and 0.074 percentage in control treatment. ECI of control decreased from 21.62% to 9.34% and 23.10% to 4.12% in 2500 ppm concentration in comparison to control respectively. Moreover, essential oils of C. viminalis and E. camaldulensis increased FDI from 1.100 to 51.37 percent and 26.03 to 50.24 percent in highest concentration respectively. on the other hand,, GC/MS analysis of the oils showed that p-cymen (18.86%) and alpha-pinene (16.56%), alloaromadendrene (12.26%) and 1,8-cineole (11.79%) in E. camaldulensis oil, 1,8-cineole (41.26%), alpha-pinene (15.01%),Limonene (10.45%), and alpha-terpineol (10.30%) in C. viminalis. overally, it was concluded that antifeedant activity is highly affected by feeding deterrency against T. confusum.
... Essential oils are also effective against various fleas infecting animals. It has been observed that essential oil of the Citrus sinensis (citrus) oil is harmful to Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) (Collart & Hink, 1986). Furthermore, essential oils containing carvacrol and its derivatives caused death of flea in an in vitro study (Panella et al., 2005). ...
Ectoparasitism in animals has become an issue of great concern that needs to be resolved to prevent huge economic losses occurring to livestock industry all over the world. Synthetic adrugs have been playing a major role in controlling ectoparasites, but their frequent and irrational use has resulted in drug resistance to routinely used chemicals and their residual effects on food and environment. Therefore, this approach of using chemical acaricides and insecticides is losing its popularity and effectiveness in controll ing ectoparasites. So, the development of alternative approaches in ectoparasite management is currently required. Among alternative protocols, plants and their essential oils have played remarkable role in controlling different ectoparasites (ticks, flies, mites, lice) of veterinary importance. Essential oils have been proved to be cheaper, more effective and safer therapeautic agents against different ectoparasites of livestock importance.
... Essential oils are also effective against various fleas infecting animals. It has been observed that essential oil of the Citrus sinensis (citrus) oil is harmful to Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) (Collart & Hink, 1986). Furthermore, essential oils containing carvacrol and its derivatives caused death of flea in an in vitro study (Panella et al., 2005). ...
Ectoparasitism in animals has become an issue of great concern that needs to be resolved to prevent huge economic losses occurring to livestock industry all over the world. Synthetic adrugs have been playing a major role in controlling ectoparasites, but their frequent and irrational use has resulted in drug resistance to routinely used chemicals and their residual effects on food and environment. Therefore, this approach of using chemical acaricides and insecticides is losing its popularity and effectiveness in controlling ectoparasites. So, the development of alternative approaches in ectoparasite management is currently required. Among alternative protocols, plants and their essential oils have played remarkable role in controlling different ectoparasites (ticks, flies, mites, lice) of veterinary importance. Essential oils have been proved to be cheaper, more effective and safer therapeautic agents against different ectoparasites of livestock importance. Resumen: En los animales el ectoparasitismo se ha convertido en un tema de gran preocupación que debe resolverse para evitar que se produzcan grandes pérdidas económicas para la industria ganadera en todo el mundo. Los aditivos sintéticos han desempeñado un papel importante en el control de los ectoparásitos, pero su uso frecuente e irracional ha dado como resultado la resistencia a los fármacos utilizados habitualmente y efectos residuales sobre los alimentos y el medio ambiente. Por lo tanto, el enfoque basado en el uso de acaricidas e insecticidas químicos está perdiendo popularidad y efectividad en el control de los ectoparásitos. Por lo tanto, actualment e se requiere el desarrollo de enfoques alternativos en el manejo de ectoparásitos. Entre los protocolos alternativos, las plantas y sus aceites esenciales han jugado un papel notable en el control de diferentes ectoparásitos (garrapatas, moscas, ácaros, piojos) de importancia veterinaria. Se ha demostrado que los aceites esenciales son agentes terapéuticos más baratos, más efectivos y más seguros contra diferentes ectoparásitos de importancia ganadera. Este artículo puede ser citado como / This article must be cited as: A Abbas, RZ Abbas, S Masood, Z Iqbal, MK Khan, MK Saleemi, MA Raza, MS Mahmood, JA Khan, ZD Sindhu. 2018. Acaricidal and insecticidal effects of essential oils against ectoparasites of veterinary importance. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat 17 (5): 441-452 Abbas et al. Acaricidal and insecticidal effects of essential oils against ectoparasites of veterinary importance
... To the authors' knowledge, no specific studies on the efficacy of whole essential oils against fleas have been reported in the primary scientific literature. However, it has been suggested that the citrus oil component limonene is toxic to the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) (Collart & Hink, 1986;Hink & Fee, 1986) and the essential oil constituents carvacrol and nootkatone have been shown to cause high flea mortality in vitro (Panella et al., 2005). However, essential oils may be of limited use against fleas as they may not have a residual on-host phase that is sufficiently sustained to prevent re-infestation from the environment. ...
... Consequently, in such experiments it is not enough to estimate only the LC 50s ; possible sublethal effects must also be thoroughly explored, because it is well known that many target insects do not receive the lethal dose during fumigation. Insects exposed to sublethal doses of insecticides may display a variety of symptoms, including reduction in growth rate, life span, pupal weight and adult fecundity and fertility (Collart and Hink, 1986;Ansari et al., 2000;Huang et al., 2000). Therefore, the consequences of sublethal exposure have important implications for insect management, and from this point of view it is worthwhile elucidating the effects produced by essential oil vapours (Kerns and Stewart, 2000). ...
Five monoterpenoids (terpinen-4-ol, 1,8-cineole, linalool, R-(+)-limonene and geraniol) were tested in vapour form against different stages of Tribolium confusum. Terpinen-4-ol (with LC50 values ranging between 1.1 and 109.4 μl/l air), (R)-(+)-limonene (with LC50 values ranging between 4 and 278 μl/l air) and 1,8-cineole (with LC50 values ranging between 3.5 and 466 μl/l air) were the most toxic to all stages tested, followed by linalool (with LC50 values ranging between 8.6 and 183.5 μl/l air) while the least toxic monoterpenoid tested was geraniol with LC50 values ranging between 607 and 1627 μl/l air. In all cases, except for geraniol, third-instar larvae were the most susceptible stage and 3-day-old eggs most tolerant. Apart from the observed direct toxicity, exposure of females to the vapours led in some cases to lower fecundity and egg hatchability. All monoterpenoids tested revealed insect growth regulator (IGR)-like properties when applied to 3-day-old pupae, producing adultoids and deformed adults.
... It is acutely toxic to Dendroctonus bark beetles (Smith 1965, Coyne & Lott 1976), and it is currently commercially available as the active ingredient of several flea shampoos for pets. The material exhibits topical toxicity to all life stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) (Hink & Fee 1986) and reduces its fecundity (Collart & Hink 1986). Whereas d-limonene has some pronounced benefits as a management tool for ectoparasites on animals (in pmticular, low mammalian toxicity), its potential for use as an insecticide seems lim- ited. ...
The effects of the monoterpenoids d-limonene, linalool, beta-myrcene, and alpha-terpineol on the growth and development of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) were examined. We evaluated the chemicals' attractiveness in cockroach diet, quantified growth effects induced by monoterpenoids, examined embryotoxic properties of the compounds, and examined their effects on reproduction when administered by oral, topical, and vapor routes of entry. Untreated diet was significantly preferred compared with diet treated with high levels of d-limonene, linalool, and alpha-terpineol. The threshold for acceptance was between 1 and 10% (AI). All four monoterpenoids significantly influenced the days required by nymphs to reach the adult stage; in general, higher monoterpenoid concentrations in the diet were associated with a reduction in the days required by nymphs to mature. Application of high doses of d-limonene or linalool to oothecae of gravid female cockroaches significantly decreased the probability of young emerging from them but did not affect female mortality. Feeding on diet treated with monoterpenoids during nymphal development and through the early, premating period of the adult stage did not significantly influence numbers of broods produced per pair, numbers of offspring per brood, days required to produce a brood, total offspring produced by a pair, or female life span. Topical applications of linalool, beta-myrcene, or alpha-terpineol at near lethal rates to adult cockroaches before they mated had no significant influence on the reproductive parameters examined. A single exposure to sublethal levels of monoterpenoid vapors before mating had no significant influence on any reproductive parameters examined.
Acanthoscelides obtectus larvae and pupae were exposed to three levels (LC10, LC40 and LC40) of lavender, rosemary and eucalyptus essential oil vapours. The exposure of larvae and pupae to sublethal doses of essential oil vapours resulted in increased larval and pupal developmental time and reduced longevity and fecundity of the emerged female adults. The observed Effects depended on the insect stage and sex as well as the essential oil tested. In all cases no delayed mortality was observed.
Selected citrus peel oils and oil constituents were tested for toxicity to eggs and larvae of laboratory-reared and wild Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). In general, the responses of both laboratory-reared and wild fly eggs to these agents were quite similar. In contrast, laboratory-reared larvae were more susceptible than wild larvae to all test agents. Possible explanations for the observed difference in larval susceptibility are presented.
Vapors of different monoterpenes from Pinns ponderosa, primary host of the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, varied in their toxicity to this insect: limonene > Δa-carene > myrcene > β-pinene ≍ α-pinene > control.
Chemical inhibition of feeding has been studied in detail for only a few insect species, but inhibitory chemicals play a considerable part in host-plant selection by a wide range of phytophagous insects from several orders. Many different chemicals are involved, some of them amongst the normal constituents of plants. A few have a general effect, preventing feeding by all the insects which have so far been tested, but the majority are effective only against some species.
Inhibition may function by blocking the input from receptors normally responding to phagostimulants or by stimulating specific ‘deterrent’ cells. The former may have a general effect on all insects, but chemicals in the latter category will only be effective if the insect has neurones capable of responding to them. Hence these will have more specific effects.
Inhibitory chemicals may be applied to plants in the same way as insecticides, their advantage being that the parasite/predator complex of species not feeding directly on the plant will be unharmed. An alternative approach is to breed resistant varieties of plants by selecting for inhibitory attributes. Although many varieties of crops are known which are insect-resistant, the basis of the resistance is generally unknown. A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved in inhibition of feeding by chemicals would enable a more logical approach to be made to the development of resistant plants.
Limonoids are a group of chemically related bitter tetranortriterpene derivatives found predominantly in Rutaceae and Meliaceae plants (Ourison et al., 1964). Interest in the Rutaceae limonoids has centered around limonoid removal from consumable citrus products. For example, bitterness in citrus juices (as well as in other citrus products) due to limonoids has become an increasingly serious economic problem (Wilson & Crutchfield, 1968; Sinclair, 1972). Interest in the Meliaceae limonoids, on the other hand, has centered on their efficacy as pest control and/or antitumor agents (Kubo & Klocke, 1981, 1982; Nakanishi, 1977, 1980). For example, azadirachtin, isolated from several Meliaceae trees, has proven to be a potent natural product against a myriad of insect and nematode pests (Warthen, 1979). In fact, we have isolated azadirachtin from the fresh fruit of Azadirachta indica as a potent insect ecdysis inhibitor against four agricultural pest insects with artificial diet feeding assay (Kubo & Klocke, in litt).
Resistance of citrus fruit to attack by the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), was attributed to allelopathic essential oils in the flavedo region of the peel. Hatchability of eggs laid between peel oil glands was significantly greater than that of eggs laid into glands. Mortality occurred principally in the 1st larval instar, and most larvae died before reaching the albedo (the non‐oily region of the peel). Grapefruit were more susceptible to larval development than oranges, and lemons were virtually immune to successful attack by this fly. Fruit that were allowed to remain on the tree until overripe were somewhat more susceptible than early‐season fruit. Fruit resistance was correlated with (1) flavedo thickness, (2) a high concentration of linalool in relation to limonene in the peel oil, and (3) the absolute amount of oil per unit area of peel. Volatile components of the peel oil rather than high boiling fractions appear to account for oil toxicity. Possible applications of these findings are discussed.
RÉSUMÉ
Résistance biochimique des agrumes aux mouches des fruits. Démonstration et étude de la résistance à Anastrepha suspensa
Nous avons trouvé que la résistance des fruits de Citrus aux attaques d' Anastrepha suspensa Loew est due aux huiles essentielles allélopathiques de la zone flavedo du zeste. Le taux d'éclosion des œufs pondus entre les glandes essentielles du zeste était significativement plus élevé que celui des œufs pondus dans les zones glandulaires. La mortalité se produisait essentiellement au premier stade larvaire, et beaucoup de larves mouraient avant d'atteindre l'albédo (la zone sans huile essentielle du zeste). Les pamplemousses sont plus sensibles au développement larvaire que les oranges, et les citrons ne portent virtuellement pas d'attaques réussies de cette mouche. Les fruits qui étaient laissés sur l'arbre après la maturation étaient un peu plus sensibles que les fruits de début de saison.
La résistance du fruit était liée à 1) l'épaisseur dur flavedo 2) une forte concentration de linalool en relation avec le limonène dans les essences du zeste et 3) la valeur absolue d'essences par unité de surface de zeste. Les composés volatiles de l'essence de zeste plutǒt que les fractions à point d'ébullition élevé paraissent ětre responsables de la toxicité des essences. Les citrons, qui sont indemnes d'attaques de cette espèce et d'autres de Tephritidae, avaient un flavedo sifnificativement plus épais et avait deux foi plus d'essences par unité de surface de zeste que les oranges et les pamplemousses; l'essence de citron est connue aussi pour ětre riche en terpénoïdes oxygénés, comme le linalool. La discussion porte sur les applications possibles de ces phénomènes dans l'amélioration de la résistance des agrumes aux Téphritidae.
Certain chemicals of plant origin may inhibit food intake in phytophagous insects. Such antifeedants act at low concentrations
and are perceived by specialized deterrent receptors or by their modifying effect on normal chemosensory input. In some cases
habituation to the presence of antifeedants occurs. When we want to find more chemicals which fulfill all requirements of
true and effective antifeedants more research on plant chemistry and insect behaviour is needed. Large scale application only
becomes feasible when a number of biological as well as technical problems will be solved.
Certaines substances d’origine végétale peuvent inhiber la prise de nourriture par les insectes phytophages. De tels phagodissuadants
agissent à de faibles concentrations et sont perçus par des récepteurs spécialisés aux dissuadants, ou par leur effet modificateur
sur les entrées d’informations chimiques. Dans quelques cas il se produit une habituation à la présence de phagodissuadants.
Pour parvenir à trouver plus de substances chimiques qui réunissent toutes les exigences de véritables phagodissuadants efficaces,
il faut plus de recherches sur la chimie végétale et le comportement des insectes. Des applications à grande échelle ne deviendront
possibles que quand de nombreux problèmes, tant biologiques que techniques, auront été résolus.
Certain chemicals of plant origin may inhibit food intake in phytophagous insects. Such antifeedants act at low concentrations and are perceived by specialized deterrent receptors or by their modifying effect on normal chemosensory input. In some cases habituation to the presence of antifeedants occurs. When we want to find more chemicals which fulfill all requirements of true and effective antifeedants more research on plant chemistry and insect behaviour is needed. Large scale application only becomes feasible when a number of biological as well as technical problems will be solved. Aspects biologiques des phagodissuadants Certaines substances d'origine végétale peuvent inhiber la prise de nourriture par les insectes phytophages. De tels phagodissuadants agissent à de faibles concentrations et sont perçus par des récepteurs spécialisés aux dissuadants, ou par leur effet modificateur sur les entrées d'informations chimiques. Dans quelques cas il se produit une habituation à la présence de phagodissuadants. Pour parvenir à trouver plus de substances chimiques qui réunissent toutes les exigences de véritables phagodissuadants efficaces, il faut plus de recherches sur la chimie végétale et le comportement des insectes. Des applications à grande échelle ne deviendront possibles que quand de nombreux problèmes, tant biologiques que techniques, auront été résolus. 1982 The Netherlands Entomological Society
D-limonene was toxic to all life stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. In contact exposure tests, eggs were most sensitive, followed by adults and then larvae; pupae were least affected. D-limonene vapors were also toxic to all stages; vapors are the principal route by which the compound enters the flea's body. Adults were rapidly immobilized when treated with D-limonene, and symptoms of poisoning suggest that this monoterpene acts on the nervous system. D-limonene was synergized by piperonyl butoxide; when combined, these compounds produced a synergistic ratio of 3.2 and more rapid mortality of adult fleas.
Oils were extracted from the peels of 8 different fruits and tested for toxicity to serveral species of stored-product insects. Topical applications showed that lyophilized oils from lemon, grapefruit, lime, kumquat, and tangerine were highly toxic to the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), and that all 8 oils were moderately toxic to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). TLC analyses and topical applications to the insects showed that the active component of the lemon peel was not a residue of the insecticides and acaricides generally used as prehavest treatments, or of the fungicides used as postharvest treatments.
Biochemical resistance of citrus to fruit flies. Demonstration and elucidation of resistance to the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa.
- Greany