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Connective tissue and aging
Abstract
Human skin is composed of epidermal and dermal layers, each of which has its own functional importance. Dermis consist of a fine network of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and other components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM consist primarily of proteins and complex sugars, which form fibrillar networks and a ground substance. Collagen is an important structural component of skin connective tissue and provides the tensile strength of skin.
Approximately 70–80% of the dry weight of skin consists of collagen. The most abundant collagen types in skin are types I and III; the former accounts for 80% of the total collagen content of skin and the latter for approximately 15%. The other collagen types present in skin include type IV collagen, which is abundant in the basement membrane (BM); type V collagen, which is located pericellularly; type VI collagen, which plays a role in matrix assembly and is present as microfibrils between collagen fibers; and type VII collagen, which is a structural component of anchoring fibrils. Elastin accounts for only about 1–2% of the dry weight of skin but is important for the maintenance of skin elasticity and resilience. Glycosaminoglycans are of central importance for the maintenance of a water balance in skin, even though the quantities in ECM are small (0.1–0.3% of the dry weight of skin).
In the dermis fibroblasts are responsible for the synthesis of ECM proteins. The fibroblasts in the dermis spend majority of time in quiescent state. However in response to activation, the fibroblasts can be reactivated, and certain pool of cell is able to differentiate into myofibroblasts which have important role in repairing skin defects such as during wound healing. During aging the number of fibroblasts is markedly reduced.
Also the response of fibroblasts to various growth factors and mechanical or pathological stimulates (wound healing) is diminished.
Skin collagen synthesis declines with aging and as the result of such external factors as long-term sun exposure and medications, for example, topical corticosteroids. In aging skin, collagen fibers become thicker and less soluble and the synthesis of collagen declines. Skin thickness remains quite constant between 20 and 70 years of age, after which a marked decrease in skin thickness occurs. During aging the expression of collagenases are increased and inhibitors of collagenases are reduced leading to increased proteolysis of connective tissue. Recent studies have shown that collagen synthesis is declined in the skin of heavy smokers, while collagenases are increased inducing premature skin aging.
The elastic properties of skin are also affected by aging. Along with increasing age, dermal elastic fibers become thicker and fragmented and oxytalan fibers appear fragmented and shortened. Disintegration of elastic fibers is already seen in a minority of fibers between ages 30 and 70, but the changes become more profound after the age of 70 years, affecting a majority of the fibers. As a result of the decreased number of elastic fibers in aged skin, the elastic recovery of skin decreases in elderly people. Even though the content of GAGs and proteoglycans is relatively small, they have significant role in collagen fibril formation, water content of dermis and in mechanical properties. During aging there are marked alterations in different proteoglycans. The amount and synthesis of versican (high molecular size) is decreased and small molecular size decorin is increased. In photoaged skin versican is increased and is closely associated to elastin while decorin is decreased.
... This weight varies through the course of the pregnancy, with a collagen dry weight of 54% -77 % in non-pregnant woman, a collagen dry weight of around 48.4% at the 10th week of pregnancy, and a collagen dry weight of 23% -40% during the third trimester of pregnancy [18]. In human skin, collagen represents around 70% -80% of the dry weight, where collagen of type I represents around 80% of the total collagen content and collagen of type III around 15% [19]. Arteries have different layers (intima, media, adventitia), each with a different arrangement of collagen fibers (see, e.g., the diagrammatic artery model of Fig. 1 of [20]). ...
... The second term on the right side of Eq. (19) is the fiber addition term, which is taken in the form [296]: ...
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals, often serving as the main load bearing constituent in soft tissues. Collagen undergoes continuous remodeling processes in which present collagen degrades, and new collagen is formed and deposited. Experiments find that modestly strained fibrillar collagen is often stabilized to enzymatic degradation, a mechanism that is essential in approaching and maintaining a homeostatic balance in the tissue remodeling process for healthy tissue. At larger strains this decline in the collagen degradation rate may be reversed. This article reviews different modeling approaches that seek to account for the effect of straining on collagen remodeling, both with respect to collagen amount and to resulting mechanical properties. These models differ in the considered length scale starting from the molecular scale up to the larger continuum scale.
... Elastase, an enzyme belonging to the matrix metalloproteinase family, plays a crucial role in the breakdown of elastin, a key connective tissue protein responsible for skin elasticity. In the skin, elastase acts as a tissue remodeling enzyme, regulating the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix (Oikarinen 2004;Fulop et al. 2012). Its activity is particularly important in wound healing and tissue repair, where it aids in restructuring damaged elastic fibers. ...
The biological activities of marine algae have attracted the attention of researchers due to their distinctive functional phytochemicals, often absent from terrestrial plants. This study aims to investigate, for the first time, the mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) found in the red alga Gracilaria gracilis from the Oualidia lagoon in Morocco. Our research focuses on the extraction and analysis of MAAs, exploring their potential as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional chemical sunscreens. The study underscores the bioactive efficacy of these compounds. Using three distinct solvents for extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and mass spectrometry (HPLC/UV/MS), we identified five mycosporines: shinorine, palythine-glutamine (bostrychine-A), porphyra-334, palythine, mycosporine-GABA, and one unidentified compound in G. gracilis extracts. MAAs extracts were evaluated for their anti-collagenase and anti-elastase properties, showing IC50 values of 0.095 to 0.20 mg mL⁻¹ for anti-elastase activity and 0.028 to 0.059 mg mL⁻¹ for anti-collagenase activity. The sun protection factor (SPF) of the extracts was determined via an in vitro spectrophotometric method, yielding SPF values ranging from 5.55 ± 0.22 to 9.34 ± 0.59, depending on the solvent used. Additionally, the extracts significantly extended the half-life of chlorophyll under UV radiation, from 11.55 ± 1.2 to 46.21 ± 1.3 min, as measured by a photoprotection assay based on chlorophyll degradation.
... Collagen fibers are hierarchical structures composed of collagen molecules, which assemble into fibrils, fibers, and fascicles. Collagen type I fibers are a major constituent of cervical soft tissue [41], skin [38], and blood vessels [20]. The function of these fibers is to bear mechanical loading, restrict the extension of the material, and store energy [29,42]. ...
Properties of soft tissue change with time due to ongoing processes of growth and remodeling, which are governed by biochemical factors and physical mediation. The enzymatic degradation of collagen is regulated by mechanical stretch such that a modest amount of fiber stretch decreases the rate of collagen turnover. At larger stretches, this process is reversed, and the fiber degradation rate is increased. The present work studies such fiber-strain dependent remodeling processes in a pressurized cylinder for a fiber remodeling process in homeostasis. The natural configuration of the constituents may differ, for example, when fibers are synthesized so as to have an initial pre-stretch. This difference in the natural configuration of the constituents affects how a homeostatic fiber remodeling process responds to external disruption.
... 12 Elastin fibers constitute approximately 1-2% of the dry weight of skin, but these fibers become fragmented and reduced with aging. [13][14] Due to their usefulness in mimicking human tissues, mouse models have enabled breakthroughs in clinical trials and basic research. Eighty percent of human genes have a counterpart in the mouse genome. ...
Elastic fibers consist of an insoluble inner core of elastin, which confers elasticity and resilience to vertebral organs and tissues. Desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDES) are potential biomarkers of pathologies that lead to decreased elastin turnover. Mice are commonly used in research to mimic humans because of their similar genetics, physiology, and organ systems. The present study thus used senescent accelerated prone (SAMP10) and senescent accelerated resistant (SAMR1) mice to examine the connection between aging and histological or biomolecular changes. Mice were divided into three groups: SAMP10 fed a control diet (CD), SAMP10 fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and SAMR1 fed a CD. The percent liver to total body weight ratio (%LW/BW), desmosines (DESs or DES/IDES) content, and histological alterations in skin samples were evaluated. DESs were quantified using an isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with isodesmosine-13C3,15N1 as the internal standard (ISTD). The assays were repeatable, reproducible, and accurate, with %CV values ≤ (1.90, 1.77, and 3.03), ISTD area %RSD of (1.54, 0.92, and 1.13), and %AC of (99.02 ± 1.86, 101.00 ± 2.30, and 101.30 ± 2.90) for the calibrations (equimolar DES/IDES, DES, and IDES, respectively). The average DESs content per dry-weight abdominal skin and %LW/BW were similar between the three groups. Histological analyses revealed elastin fibers in five randomly selected samples. The epidermis and dermal white adipose tissue layers were thicker in SAMP10 mice than SAMR1 mice. Thus, characteristic signs of aging in SAMP10 and SAMR1 mice could not be differentiated based on measurement of DESs content of the skin or %LW/BW, but aging could be differentiated based on microscopic analysis of histological changes in the skin components of SAMP10 and SAMR1 mice.
... The collagen is synthesized during the granulation tissue production and matrix remodeling phase [40]. Collagen plays a major role in reepithelization, homeostasis and provides tensile strength to skin [60]. Fig. 8 shows increased collagen deposition observed in Duoderm® and quercetin incorporated NFs compared to PCL/GLN NFs. ...
Quercetin is a potential phytochemical with high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities known to treat numerous ailments. In this study, quercetin loaded polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin (GLN) electrospun nanofiber was synthesized and their wound healing efficiency was evaluated. The results showed that the quercetin loaded nanofibers had a continuous, smooth and bead-free morphology with improved surface hydrophilicity. The quercetin incorporated nanofibers exhibited greater mechanical strength with bactericidal activity. The biocompatibility of the synthesized nanofibers on 3T3 fibroblast cells was examined by MTT assay and AO/EtBr staining. Further, the wound healing efficiency was evaluated in vivo on male Wistar rats. The in vivo study revealed a significant contraction of the wounds within 18 days with increased angiogenesis, reepithelization and collagen synthesis for quercetin nanofibers treated wounds. Overall, as synthesized nanofibers provided desired integrity and hydrophilicity to develop the therapeutic system for wound dressing applications.
... Antioxidants have ability to maintain the structural integrity of skin and thus, its use has been adopted as an important strategy for skin glowing mechanism in order to develop anti-aging products. Bose et al. [52] reported that methanolic leaf extract showed anti-collagenase activity with IC 50 [53]; therefore, M. acuminata could be used as one of the potential rejuvenators and antiaging agents. ...
Malaxis acuminata is one among the 300 species of the genus with medicinal properties and hence used in traditional Indian medicine system. The species is a perennial, monopodial, threatened terrestrial orchid distributed in moist ground and in rocks laden with mosses in south Asia including, Himalaya and southern Indian hills, Australia, and western region of South America. Medicinally, the species is used in Ayurvedic formulations in the preparation of energetic tonic with adaptogenic, immunomodulating, rejuvenating, and other health benefits. Various essential nutrients and pharmacological compounds are identified and detected in the pseudobulb of the species. The species has been successfully validated for antioxidant, antiaging, UV-A blocking, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activities, which supported its traditional use also. Propagation methods for large-scale multiplication of the species are available but need further refining for robustness for farming purposes. Various research gap areas and possible research areas for harnessing the potential of the species have been highlighted in the end of the chapter.
... Antioxidants have ability to maintain the structural integrity of skin and thus, its use has been adopted as an important strategy for skin glowing mechanism in order to develop anti-aging products. Bose et al. [52] reported that methanolic leaf extract showed anti-collagenase activity with IC 50 [53]; therefore, M. acuminata could be used as one of the potential rejuvenators and antiaging agents. ...
Malaxis acuminata is one among the 300 species of the genus with medicinal properties and hence used in traditional Indian medicine system. The species is a perennial, monopodial, threatened terrestrial orchid distributed in moist ground and in rocks laden with mosses in south Asia including, Himalaya and southern Indian hills, Australia, and western region of South America. Medicinally, the species is used in Ayurvedic formulations in the preparation of energetic tonic with adaptogenic, immunomodulating, rejuvenating, and other health benefits. Various essential nutrients and pharmacological compounds are identified and detected in the pseudobulb of the species. The species has been successfully validated for antioxidant, antiaging, UV-A blocking, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antimicrobial activities, which supported its traditional use also. Propagation methods for large-scale multiplication of the species are available but need further refining for robustness for farming purposes. Various research gap areas and possible research areas for harnessing the potential of the species have been highlighted in the end of the chapter.
... The hSCFs used in this experiment are responsible for the structure of human skin despite being fat-producing adipocytes, and function as brown adipose tissue to maintain thermogenesis [37][38][39]. As such, hSCFs are more suitable for anti-skin aging experiments than cells derived from white adipose tissue in visceral fat, which increases with age and is a site of inflammation [40,41]. Cellular changes caused by TF or TFDG treatment were accompanied by altered expression of lipogenesis-related genes and adipokine release (Figure 4). ...
Skin provides the first defense line against the environment while preserving physiological homeostasis. Subcutaneous tissues including fat depots that are important for maintaining skin structure and alleviating senescence are altered during aging. This study investigated whether theaflavin (TF) in green tea (GT) has skin rejuvenation effects. Specifically, we examined whether high ratio of TF contents can induce the subcutaneous adipogenesis supporting skin structure by modulating lipid metabolism. The co-fermented GT (CoF-GT) fraction containing a high level of TF was obtained by co-fermentation with garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium) and the conventionally fermented GT (F-GT) fraction was also obtained. The effects of the CoF-or F-GT fractions on adipogenesis were assessed using primary human subcutaneous fat cells (hSCF). Adipogenesis was evaluated based on lipid droplet (LD) formation, as visualized by Oil Red O staining; by analyzing of adipogenesis-related factors by real-time quantitative polyperase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); and by measuring the concentration of adiponectin released into the culture medium by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TF-enriched CoF-GT fraction did not adversely affect hSCF cell viability but induced their adipogenic differentiation, as evidenced by LD formation, upregulation of adipogenesis-related genes, and adiponectin secretion. TF and TF-enriched CoF-GT fraction promoted differentiation of hSCFs and can therefore be used as an ingredient in rejuvenating agents.
... Meanwhile, the normal wrinkling transforms into abnormal fat deposition in the cheek, chin, and neck. Constriction of the small vessels and reduced circulation result in reduced freshness and darkening of the skin (1,2). There are many therapeutic approaches for rejuvenation or resolving facial wrinkles. ...
Introduction: Beauty is an important concern of today’s people and the facial wrinkles are among these cosmetic problems. Recently, non-invasive treatments such as using microcurrents in treatment of wrinkles and skin renewal have been recommended. This study aimed to determine the effect of micro-current's on the improvement of facial wrinkles. Materials and Methods: In this before and after clinical trial, thirty subjects were recruited with three inclusion criteria: having less than 45 years of age, significant facial wrinkles and no other skin problems.Facial wrinkles were treated with micro-currents for twenty minutes for thirty consecutive sessions. Photos were taken from patients’ face at the beginning, end and one month after treatment. Three independent and blinded reviewers scored the wrinkles according to the photos. Results: The most improvement was seen in the forehead area with about 18.37% in the first step (before and after treatment) and 21.18% in the second step (after treatment and one month later) and the least improvement was observed at the nose and mouth regions (7.61% in first step and 5.85% in second step). The patients’ satisfaction about treatment was reported to be over 70%. Conclusion: Microcurrents could improve the facial wrinkles and this improvement is more significant at the frontal compared with the nose and mouth areas. Besides, according to the scores given to the photos, immediately after treatment and one month later, not only the effect of treatment was acceptable but also the improvement sustained for at least a month post-treatment.
... The characteristics of skin aging is caused by hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation of skin cells [20,21]. As the most commonly used oral anti-diabetic drug, metformin was reported to be protective against hyperglycemia [8]. ...
Metformin is the most widely used anti-diabetic drug in the world. It reduces advanced glycation end product (AGEs)-induced ROS generation in high glucose condition. Protein glycation contributes to skin aging as it deteriorates the existing collagen by crosslinking. The progressive increase of AGE during aging not only causes oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules but also modulates the activation of transcription factors nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-kB). However, it is still unclear whether metformin can change collagen production and NF-kB activity induced by high glucose conditions in 3T3 fibroblast. The effects of metformin on proliferation, apoptosis, and collagen levels and NF-kB activity of in vitro cell aging model of 3T3 fibroblast cells in high glucose conditions. At first, we investigated the effects of 50 mM high glucose concentration, with or without metformin, on 3T3 fibroblast proliferation, by BrdU immunostaining for cell proliferation. Apoptotic levels were analyzed by flow cytometric assay. NF-kB(p65) activity was measured by transcription factor assay kit and collagen I and III levels by Collagen Estimation Assay through ELISA. We observed that metformin exposure leads to decreased apoptosis levels and increased proliferation of 3T3 fibroblast in high glucose media. We also determined that metformin exposure leads to increased production of collagen I–III and decreased activation of NF-kB(p65) activity. The data are consistent with the observation that metformin has a protective effect in this in vitro model of aging 3T3 fibroblasts under high glucose conditions inducing cell proliferation, collagen I and III production, protection from apoptosis, and reducing NF-kB(p65) activity.
... Collagen fibers, major important components of the extracellular matrix produced by fibroblasts, are responsible for the tensile resistance of the wounds and also play important role in homeostasis and epithelization [33,43]. Collagen accounts for as much as 70% of the weight of the skin and so, new collagen fiber synthesis is essential for healthy and firm skin [44]. Additionally, the tensile resistance of the wounds depends on collagen fibers [43]. ...
Quercetin has role in angiogenesis and proliferation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. So, it was hypothesized that exogenous application of quercetin could be beneficial in wound healing. In present study, experimentally-wounded male rats were equally divided into four groups. Quercetin as a 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0% concentration (w/v) solution was topically applied on the wounds of group 2, 3 and 4, respectively, once daily for 16 days. However, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 75%) alone was applied topically in group 1. Gross evaluation of wound revealed that topical application of 0.1% quercetin caused fastest wound closure, as compared to other treatments in our study. The reduction in wound area and increased wound contraction were fastest in 0.1% quercetin group during the entire study. Histopathologically, the granulation tissue was of better quality and showed appropriate proliferation of fibroblasts in 0.1% quercetin-treated group in comparison to other groups. There was significant collagen deposition, which was better arranged and compacted in 0.1% quercetin-treated group. The 0.1% quercetin-treated group also showed regenerated epithelium layer, which was lacking in other groups. Histological score was significantly higher in 0.1% quercetin-treated group, as compared to DMSO and 10% quercetin-treated groups. Overall, there were no significant differences between the different treatment groups for the values of superoxide dismutase, total thiols, superoxide anion radicals, malondialdehyde levels and total proteins. Only the catalase value was significantly decreased in DMSO-treated group, as compared to 0.1% quercetin treated group. In conclusion, quercetin at 0.1% concentration has pronounced pro-healing potential in male rats.
... Elastin, an extracellular matrix protein found in connective tissues, is responsible for the elasticity and resilience of the skin and lungs [54,55]. Breakdown of elastin by a intracellular serine protease, elastase increases with age and repeated UV-radiation, leading to skin aging Table 1 Total phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannin content in different parts of M. acuminata with respect to different solvent systems (phenolics: mg GAE/g DW; flavonoids: mg QE/g DW: alkaloids: mg AE/g DW: tannins: mg TAE/g DW). ...
Malaxis acuminata D. Don., a small, terrestrial orchid, is endemic to tropical Himalayas at an altitude of 1200-2000 m asl. The dried pseudobulbs are important ingredients of century old ayurvedic drug ‘Ashtavarga’ and a polyherbal immune-booster nutraceutical ‘Chyavanprash’, known to restore vigour, vitality and youthfulness. Considering tremendous medicinal importance of this threatened orchid species, a detailed study was undertaken for the first time to address its antioxidant potential, secondary metabolite contents and biological activities against skin-aging related enzymes (anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase) and anti-inflammatory activity (5-lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase) in different plant parts of wild and in vitro-derived plants of M. acuminata. Methanolic leaf and stem extracts were further evaluated for in vitro photoprotective activity against UV-B and UV-A radiations. Furthermore, secondary metabolite profiling of various plant parts was carried out by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A significantly higher antioxidant potential (DPPH, metal chelating and ABTS•+) with a comparative higher yield of secondary metabolites was observed in in vitro-derived plantlets as compared to the wild plants. Among various solvent systems used, methanolic leaf and stem extracts showed promising inhibitory activity against major skin aging-related enzymes and anti-inflammatory potential. Methanolic leaf and stem extracts of both wild and in vitro-derived plants showed promising photoprotective activity against UV-B and UV-A radiations in vitro with comparatively higher sun protection factor (SPF). Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts of leaves and stems of wild as well as in vitro-derived plantlets revealed presence of many bioactive metabolites such as, dietary fatty acids, α-hydroxy acids, phenolic acids, sterols, amino acids, sugars and glycosides which substantially explain the use of M. acuminata as one of the potential rejuvenator and anti-aging ingredient in many Ayurvedic formulations.
This study includes the extraction of acid soluble collagen (Acetic acid 0.5 M) from fish Oriental sole skin . After the removal of fat and non-collagenous proteins and dialyzed against distilled water, some the chemical properties were studied, that includes chemical composition and the percentage of yield were 12.15 % on the basis of wet weight. According to the electrophoretic patterns, the collagen consisted of two different chains (α1 and α 2), were characterized to be type I, β chain components as well as the observed was larger molecular weight , When estimating amino acid collagen observed that there is variation in the percentage of amino acid major such as glycine , proline , hydroxyproline and hydroxy lysine, When measuring the absorption spectrum of ultraviolet (UV) there was a single peak absorption at 232 nm for collagen fish skin, FTIR showed regions of amides A, B, I, II and III were 3408.57, 2934.89, 1651.73, 1540.85 and 1243.38 cm-1 respectively.
Background
Seed oils have been exploited for an array of purposes with their addition to dietary, cosmetics, or therapeutic products. The process of skin aging is a natural and complex phenomenon in living beings. Skin aging is classified into two independent processes, i.e., chronological aging and premature aging. Aging is observed as a loss of strength and elasticity of the skin, leading to wrinkles on the skin. It is due to a decrease in various components of the skin matrix, like elastin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid. Furthermore, aging is potentiated by excessive exposure to UV radiation (Photoaging) and can be prevented or reduced by using products that combat photoaging.
Objective
Anti-aging and antiwrinkle agents are in demand for maintaining skin tone. Seed oils composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids are traditionally used in cosmetic products as moisturizers and emollients, while palmitic acid and oleic acid are known for their penetration-enhancing effect. With the changing trend for extraction of oils like cold pressed methods, seed oils enriched with polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols are good antioxidants and antimicrobials and therefore have an ever-growing demand for their usage in the treatment of skin diseases. In this review, an attempt will be made to brief the phytoconstituents present in various seed oils and their utilization against skin ailments. Furthermore, a mechanistic approach towards the benefit of oils in skin barrier repair, antiaging, and photo-aging with the help of extensive well-designed clinical trials carried out in the recent past is elaborated.
Method
A literature search in the Scopus database, Pubmed, and Medline was carried out using the terminology “aging, photoaging, antioxidant, UV-protection, sunscreens, skin barrier repair, and fatty acids, formulations” in the study. Data were retrieved over the last twenty years.
Result
The review summarises the mechanistic approach and beneficial application of seed oils for healthy and glowing skin. The oils obtained from olives, sesame, borage, grape seeds, and carrot seeds have multitargeted effects. However, the variation in pharmacological effect may vary based on geographically differing varieties, skin type, and person-to-person variation. The need to standardize the varieties for their phytoactive ingredients and the composition of formulation used for skin care can help utilize the seeds as a potential source of actives against skin diseases.
Conclusion
Conclusion: The potential of seed oils can be increased with appropriate analytical tools, validation protocols, and systematic experimental studies at preclinical and clinical trials for their application to skin care products.
This study includes the extraction of acid soluble collagen (Acetic acid 0.5 M) from fish Oriental sole skin . After the removal of fat and non-collagenous proteins and dialyzed against distilled water, some the chemical properties were studied, that includes chemical composition and the percentage of yield were 12.15 % on the basis of wet weight. According to the electrophoretic patterns, the collagen consisted of two different chains (α1 and α 2), were characterized to be type I, β chain components as well as the observed was larger molecular weight , When estimating amino acid collagen observed that there is variation in the percentage of amino acid major such as glycine , proline , hydroxyproline and hydroxy lysine, When measuring the absorption spectrum of ultraviolet (UV) there was a single peak absorption at 232 nm for collagen fish skin, FTIR showed regions of amides A, B, I, II and III were 3408.57, 2934.89, 1651.73, 1540.85 and 1243.38 cm-1 respectively.
There are so many beauty salons in Metropolis to provide these services to women exclusively [1]. These beauty salons depend mostly on electricity for their services to customers, without it there is no effective means of operation [2]. These beauty salons are definitely leading to women empowerment.It is run by the women for women. Since they fall under the category of micro and small enterprises, these salons may avail so many financial and non- financial advantages from the Government of India. They also provide employment opportunities to the women employees. The development of such beauty salons rests on the clients' satisfaction on the provision of their services. Hence it is essential to measure the clients attitude towards the services offered by the beauty salons, especially electro therapy facial, laser skin whitening and laser hair removal treatments, which are coming under micro current treatment as a cosmetic tool.
Beauty is one of the important today's people concerns; the facial wrinkles are including problems of beauty. Today, new non-invasive treatments such as using micro currents in treatment of wrinkles and skin renewal have been used. This study is aimed to determine the effect of Micro-Current in the treatment of facial wrinkles. in this before and after clinical trial, thirty women with three requirements; 1.having less than 45 years of age 2.wrinkles and 3.no skin problems have participated. The cases were treated with micro current for twenty minutes on their face areas, for thirty consecutive sessions. Photos were taken from patients faces at the beginning, end and one month after treatment. Three independent blinded reviewers have rated wrinkles in photos. Also patients have evaluated their treatment. The best results belonged to forehead 18.37% in first step (before and after treatment) and 21.18% in second step (after treatment and one month later) and the lowest rate in treatment belonged to nose and mouth region; 7.61% in first step and 5.85% in second step . Micro current, recovers facial wrinkles, this recovery was better in the frontal area comparing the nose and mouth. Also comparing the scores of photos, immediately after treatment and one month later shows that not only the effect of treatment has been stable but also the started recovery procedure has been continued after treatment. Treatment satisfaction among patients was over 70%.
During ageing, elasticity of the skin decreases due to enzyme elastase leads to sagging and at the same time hyaluronic acid in the skin also diminishes and skin becomes dry and wrinkled. Hence, there is need to conserve matrix metallo proteins by inhibiting the activity of these matrix metallo proteinases. Certain plant extracts are reported to be good antioxidants. Garcinol and cambogiol present in the fruit rinds of Garcinia indica were reported to be good antioxidants due to presence of phenolic group. Along with this various preparations of G. indica have shown significant antioxidant ability. To check whether fractions separated from fruit rinds of G. indica play a role in prolonging ageing, we fractionated crude Methanolic Extract (ME) into ethyl acetate and Water Fraction (WF) and those fractions were screened for anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase activity. Among tested three fractions, Ethyl Acetate Fraction (EAF) at concentrations as low as 25 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP> showed significant hyaluronidase inhibition while water fraction proved to be good elastase and hyaluronidase inhibitor at 90 μg mL<SUP>-1</SUP>. Water fraction could be further exploited to be used in anti-ageing formulations.
Background/purpose: The aging process has been studied with fervor recently, given our shifting demographics. As age's effects are so manifest in the skin's appearance, structure, mechanics, and barrier function, it is not surprising that much effort has been made in research to better understand them. Quantitative measurements permitted by bioengineering have allowed us to objectively and precisely study aging skin. These overviews piece together the immense amounts of information that have emerged from recent technological advances in dermatological research in order to develop a unified understanding of the quantitative effects of age on skin.
Methods: We performed a literature search on age‐related changes in protein, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), water, and lipid content and structure, searching Pub‐med, Em‐Base, Science Citation Index, and the UCSF dermatological library's collection of books on the topic of aging skin.
Results: Collagen becomes sparser and less soluble in intrinsically aged skin, but is thickened and more soluble in extrinsically aged areas. Elastin is degraded slowly and accumulates damage with intrinsic aging; also, increased synthesis of abnormally structured elastin occurs in photoexposed areas. This leads to an age‐related accumulation of aberrant elastoic material, clumped in the papillary dermis. Generally, age leads to increased folding and decreased interaction of proteins with water. Also, despite increased GAGs in aged skin, these are abnormally deposited on the elastoic material and cannot interact properly with water. Hence, in aged skin, water is found in the tetrahedron form, bound to itself rather than other molecules. Lipid content appears to decrease with age, although the proportion of different lipid classes seems to remain fairly constant.
Conclusion: Much work remains to be carried out to reach a consensus on the effects of age on skin structure and function. Future studies would be benefited by increased standardization of skin sites tested, methodology, and increased sample sizes.
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