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Rules in industrial relations theory: a discussion*
Industrial Relations Journal
... Uma dicotomía clássica é encontrada na literatura de relações industriais pelo menos desde Dunlop e Flanders. Estes autores, qtte são considerados os dois mais proeminentes representantes da assimchamada 'escola das normas' (rules school), propuseram uma distinção entre normas substantivas e normas de procedimento (WOOD et al., 1975). Em seu trabalho seminal de 1958, Industrial Relations Systems, Dunlop define a esfera de aplicação das normas substantivas através de uma lista de aspectos da relação de emprego (Wood et al. denominam-na 'definição descritiva'), ao passo que as normas de procedimento se ocupariam do estabelecimento e administração das normas substantivas (DUNLOP, 1993, p.51-52). ...
... Já Flanders, em sua discussão teórica sobre as negociações coletivas de trabalho, sugere uma dicotomía similar ao expor que: "Os agentes das negociações coletivas negociam acordos substantivos e de procedimento a fim de regular suas próprias relações de modo disfinto da relação de emprego de, seus constititintes" (FLANDERS, 1970, p. 222). Wood et al. (1975) discutem o papel e a classificação de normas no âmbito da teoria de relações industriais com ênfase nos trabalhos de Dunlop e Flanders. Uma demarcação é apresentada entre normas substantivas e normas de procedimento nos seguintes termos: ...
Resumo: A partir de fins da década de 1970, as negociações coletivas de trabalho adquiriram uma importância para a regulação da relação de emprego e das relações entre sindicatos de trabalhadores, empresas e sindicatos de empresas no Brasil que não haviam apreciado até então. Um dos indicadores desta maior importância regulatória das negociações coletivas reside exatamente na ampla expansão de seu escopo temático. Neste artigo, examino o alargamento do escopo temático dos acordos coletivos em 17 unidades de negociação na indústria de transformação do Rio Grande do Sul entre 1978 e 1995. | Abstract: Collective bargaining in Brazil has been on the increase since the late 1970s. An enlargement of the bargaining scope has been suggested as evidence of a greater role collective bargaining has performed in regulating both the employment relationship and the relationship between trade unions, employers and employers’ associations. In this article, I address the issue of the enlargement of the bargaining scope in 17 bargaining units in manufacturing in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre between 1978 and 1995.
... Those properties for a normal speckle (for independent scatterers, for example) are well established, theoretically and experimentally 94,98 in the regime where g → ∞ where there are no correlations between intensities. The parameter g is the dimensionless conductance. ...
In this thesis, we investigate the coherent scattering of light propagating in a random medium. We are interested in phenomena like the super- and subradiance and Anderson localization that are related to waves interferences and spatial disorder. However, the fundamental difference between subradiance and Anderson localization still needs to be clarified. This thesis gives new elements for the understanding of these phenomena and we present a new method to observe Anderson localization. A mean-field model that does not contain disorder is developed, and we show that super- and subradiance do not require disorder whereas Anderson localization does. In this theoretical work, the coupling between the light and many atoms is reduced to a coupling matrix between the atoms by tracing over the degrees of freedom of the light, which results in a linear problem for the atomic dipoles. The study of the eigenvalues and eigenmodes of this matrix then allows to determine the super- and subradiant modes, and to probe the Anderson localization phase transition with a scaling analysis. Furthermore, the link to the experiment is realized by showing that the intensity fluctuations present an increase at the localization transition. The system is studied in the steady-state regime when the medium is continuously charged by a laser until reaches a stationary regime, and the decay dynamics, when the laser is switched off, so the cloud releases the energy stored. Finally, we present a preliminary work that shows that the diagonal disorder might be a good strategy to reach Anderson localization.
... Limitam-se aos instrumentos normativos disponíveis no website do sistema mediador do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (MTE). A metodologia se baseia naquela desenvolvida por Horn (2004), também inspirada nos estudos de Dunlop (1993) e Goodman et al. (1975, ou seja, na análise do escopo temático das negociações coletivas. Em relação aos trabalhadores, o número de sindicatos envolvidos nas unidades de negociação totaliza catorze. ...
O propósito deste artigo é analisar os diferenciais dos pisos salariais nos polos antigos e novos do setor automotivo no período 2011–13. Os resultados revelam que os diferenciais entre os pisos salariais das fábricas da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) e os salários normativos daquelas localizadas no interior paulista são reduzidos. Mas tal diferencial assume valor significativo no cotejo dos pisos salariais das fábricas localizadas no antigo polo automotivo da RMSP e daquelas situadas fora do estado de São Paulo. Cabe ressaltar que os pisos salariais são mais elevados nas fábricas localizadas na RMSP do que naquelas situadas em outras unidades da federação, exceto os valores dos pisos salariais das plantas automotivas do Paraná. Noutras palavras, os resultados sugerem que custo salarial não seria relevante na interiorização do setor automotivo em São Paulo. No caso das empresas automotivas paranaenses, o estudo dos salários normativos indica que tais valores se alteram no tempo e podem atingir ou ultrapassar os pisos salariais das fábricas da RMSP. Assim, os hiatos entre os valores dos salários normativos nos polos automotivos antigos e novos podem se estreitar e alterar as desvantagens salariais de fábricas inauguradas no passado recente. Os menores salários normativos nos novos polos seriam vantagens competitivas temporárias. Tais mudanças nos pisos salariais dependem das estruturas produtivas e do mercado de trabalho regional, bem como das estratégias sindicais adotadas nas negociações coletivas.
... Normas substantivas são aquelas que governam diretamente a relação de emprego e foram definidas por contraste com as normas de procedimento, as quais governam indiretamente a relação de emprego, ao regularem os processos de formulação, mudança e cumprimento das regras. Trata-se de uma dicotomia clássica dos estudos sobre sistemas de relações de trabalho e regulação da relação de emprego (Bamber e Córdova, 1993;Dunlop, 1993;Flanders, 1970;Windmuller, 1987;Wood et al., 1975). Classificamos uma norma coletiva substantiva como adicional se esta norma não encontrar paralelo na legislação estatal do trabalho. ...
This paper analyses the relationship between bargaining outcomes in seventeen units regarding the manufacturing sector in Rio Grande do Sul, and change in the relevant economic environment from 1979 to 1995. Theories on the determinants of bargaining outcomes are discussed in order to provide a basis for hypothesizing about the specific case. Statistical outcomes suggest that collective bargaining have been basically influenced by unemployment, manufacturing relative prices, the stabilization policies starting in 1986, and, specifically for negotiated minimum wages, change in the official rates of minimum wages.
... A definição de cláusula substantiva está enraizada na literatura sobre relações de trabalho, onde forma uma dicotomia com as chamadas normas de procedimento. Assim, Wood et al. (1975), tomando as obras de Dunlop (1993) e Flanders (1970 como sua referência maior, esclarecem a diferença entre as normas substantivas e as normas de procedimento como segue: ...
Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma metodologia para a mensuração da mudança no conteúdo normativo das cláusulas sobre a relação de emprego em acordos coletivos de trabalho. O esquema de classificação das cláusulas proposto tem por objetivo auxiliar na análise longitudinal da continuidade e mudança nas negociações coletivas de trabalho. Discutem-se, ainda, os resultados da aplicação do método a 17 acordos setoriais da indústria de transformação do Rio Grande do Sul no período 1979-1995. | Abstract: This paper puts forward a methodology for measuring change in the contents of substantive rules of collective agreements. A proposed scheme for classifying clauses, which aims at supporting longitudinal analysis on continuity and change in processes of collective bargaining, is developed. This scheme has been applied to collective agreements pertaining to the manufacturing sector in Rio Grande do Sul between 1979 and 1995. A discussion on the outcomes of this application completes the paper.
Axiomatic to posit that the banking sector in Nigeria is yearning for better, skills to reduce distress, and further drive the economy. In recent times, the industry has been bugged by recession, occasioned by mismanagement of funds, inability to adhere to ethical standards, employment of below- average workers, and misplacement of priorities. Many banks have ventured into areas where they lacked the required competence, and, in the process, made traditional, or deposit banking to suffer. One of the major fallouts of this misplacement of priorities is the current pendulum swinging against shareholders as they lose their in vestments, relevance, appeals and contacts to the market. These have occasioned the current job losses in the sector. This article seeks to address the impacts of the economic meltdown on the banking sector and the current job losses triggered by the down turn. The paper concludes by positing that there is a need to redefine the roles banks play in an economy through effective risk management.
DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n4p435
This paper addresses John Thomas Dunlop's Industrial Relations Systems, a book that has exerted enormous influence on research concerning employment relations in the Anglo-American industrial relations tradition for the last 50 years. Following a note on the author and a commentary on the academic context in which the book emerged, the paper revisits "employment relations system" as a key concept and presents the elements of such a system according to Dunlop's analytical framework. Two brief sections complete the paper, one inquiring into the lack of references to Dunlop by Brazilian researchers and the other drawing some essential lessons from the book.
Resumo: Este artigo apresenta uma análise do conteúdo normativo de acordos coletivos em comparação com a legislação estatal, com o objetivo de verificar se, e em que medida, as negociações coletivas de trabalho criaram regras não previstas no amplo conjunto de normas estatais que caracteriza o sistema brasileiro de relações de trabalho. Trata-se de um estudo empírico com base em dados de unidades de negociação da indústria do Rio Grande do Sul, no período entre 1978 e 1995. A evidência sugere que as negociações coletivas fortaleceram-se na sua função regulatória, fazendo crescer o conjunto de direitos dos empregados, ao mesmo tempo em que também propiciaram o ajuste de regras de interesse dos empregadores. | Abstract: This paper analyses normative contents of collective agreements vis-à-vis Brazilian labour legislation in order to assess whether collective bargaining stipulated rules which had not been already fixed in the vast set of statutory rules that characterises the Brazilian industrial relations system. This analysis has been carried out through an empirical study of 17 bargaining units in manufacturing in the state of Rio Grande do Sul between 1978 and 1995. Evidence suggests that collective bargaining increased its importance in job regulation by both enlarging employee rights and setting down some rules of employers' interest.
Indicadores Econômicos FEE (0103-3905) | Resumo: Neste artigo, analisam-se os resultados das negociações coletivas de trabalho na unidade do comércio varejista de Porto Alegre, entre 1978 e2004. O período abrange momentos distintos da história recente dos sindicatos e das negociações coletivas no Brasil, marcada por um vigoroso fortalecimento entre fins das décadas de 70 e 80, seguido de um recuo sindical e da ampliação do poder discricionário dos empregadores nos anos 90. O artigo procura caracterizar os resultados das negociações, tendo como pano de fundo os movimentos mais gerais do sindicalismo brasileiro. A caracterização abrange o modo de solução dos conflitos coletivos, o escopo temático das negociações e a barganha salarial. |
Abstract: This paper analyses the outcomes of collective bargaining pertaining to the retail sector in Porto Alegre between 1978 and 2004. These years cover two distinct phases in the recent history of Brazilian trade unions and collective bargaining. In the first phase, which lasted from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, a salient characteristic was the strengthening of collective bargaining as a method of job regulation. In an opposite direction, the second phase was marked by a weakening of trade unions and an expansion of the discretionary power of employers. These general movements of Brazilian unionism constitute the backcloth for the analysis of bargaining outcomes. In particular, we look at the means for disputes resolution, the bargaining scope and the outcomes of wage bargain.
This paper analyses the relationship between bargaining outcomes in seventeen units regarding the manufacturing sector in Rio Grande do Sul, and change in the relevant economic environment from 1979 to 1995. Theories on the determinants of bargaining outcomes are discussed in order to provide a basis for hypothesizing about the specific case. Statistical outcomes suggest that collective bargaining have been basically influenced by unemployment, manufacturing relative prices, the stabilization policies starting in 1986, and, specifically for negotiated minimum wages, change in the official rates of minimum wages.
This paper is concerned with the growth and development of two fields of study which are customarily separated in both theory and practice. Those who specialize in one area, whether as students, teachers or research workers, are not necessarily familiar with, or required to learn, the state of knowledge in the other, although, as we shall show, there is a considerable commonality of interest. To some extent, this situation is an accident of history and the first part of this paper deals with the events and influences leading to the emergence of each field of study. In the second part, common strands and factors leading to the convergence of the two fields are considered. The third section examines the “state of the art” and evaluates current strengths and weaknesses. Finally, an appraisal is made of the direction of likely future trends.
Presents views on the framework for the analysis of industrial relations behavior. Interaction of the systems of communication in labor and management organizations; Relationship between union representatives and management representatives; Origins of a collective bargaining relationship. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Work Satisfaction and Social Reward in Quota Achievement: An Anelyris of Piecework Incantive Efficiency and 'The Fix Behaviour of lndusrrial Work Groups: Predicrion and Control Bargaining in Grievance Serrlemenr
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