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Governmental Mismanagement and Symbolic Violence: Discourses on Corruption in the Yucatán of the 1990s1
Abstract
Abstract — Departing from a conceptualisation of corruption as a form of symbolic violence, this article analyses the character and impact of the discourses about corruption which were produced in Yucatán in the beginning of the 1990s. The discourses produced by official and oppositional forces are scrutinised against the background of the federal government's neoliberal policies and the sociopolitical situation in the region during 1992 and 1993. The analysis gives some insights into the character of Mexican's and Yucatecan's experiences with corruption in their own setting. It explores some of the conflictual processes involved when social forces turn this form of symbolic violence into the object of moral critique in public discourses, drawing in this way also attention to how the state is imagined by those who exercise state power and those who are subject to it.
... En Tijuana, la formación del sistema de comunicaciones políticas contiene por lo menos tres dimensiones: i) recurre a las racionalidades de la "administración" y la "globalización", lo que facilita la introducción en el sector público de las nociones elaboradas en el sector privado; ii) contextualiza dichas racionalidades en términos de una serie de condiciones locales y una narrativa de fracasos del pasado, es decir, como un "discurso de corrupción" que también ha sido identificado en otras partes de México (p. ej., Hansen, 1998) y en el nivel nacional (p. ej., Morris, 1992); iii) ofrece una serie de tecnologías gubernamentales que legitiman la presencia institucional y las intervenciones del gobierno local en el área. ...
... Por otra parte, la adopción local del administrativismo depende de que se identifiquen y conceptualicen los fracasos del pasado, es decir, la mala administración del régimen burocrático, su ineficiencia, la falta de disposición y, en algunos casos, incluso la presencia de corrupción (p. ej., Gupta, 1995;Hansen, 1998). En otras palabras, el administrativismo se contextualiza contra el trasfondo de un discurso local o nacional de mala administración del gobierno. ...
... El administrativismo implica claramente una crítica al estado burocrático. No obstante, al provocar esa crítica, también puede terminar por ayudar a los pueblos a definirse a sí mismos no sólo como "clientes-consumidores", sino también como "ciudadanos" con ciertas exigencias al Estado y su desempeño: más transparencia, más responsabilidad y, en regiones donde el sistema judicial es corrupto, menos impunidad (Hansen, 1998). ...
... Andersson and Holm, 1998;Edes, 2000;Chan and Chiu, 2002) or case studies (e.g. Grønbech-Jensen, 1998;Hansen, 1998); ...
Purpose
Literature about transparency in public-sector organizations has been attracting the attention of scholars for the last two decades. This study reviews the existing literature with the intention of creating a description of the state of the art, categorized by geographical areas, levels of government, topics, and methodologies.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors have developed a structured literature review following a rigorous protocol. The initial search was launched on 25 April 2022 on Scopus and Web of Science, resulting in 3,217 articles. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet all the inclusion criteria specified in the review protocol, the final sample includes 956 articles from 1991 to 2021.
Findings
The analyses show a considerable increase in studies since 2005, especially in the last two years, when 30% of the publications have been produced. Most of the studies analyze the national/central level of government. Many authors compare different countries, while other scholars focus on specific countries, overall, the USA and the UK. The local level of government has also been widely studied, especially in the Spanish and Chinese contexts. The most frequently used methodologies are quantitative and empirical techniques, and the most common topics are those associated with accountability.
Originality/value
This study uses a huge sample (956 articles over the period 1991–2021), which has never been used before, to examine the literature on transparency. The structured literature review facilitates the identification of gaps that can be filled by future studies. These include analyzing transparency in specific geographical areas like Africa, Asia, and Latin America, studying transparency at different levels of government, especially at the regional and federal levels, and providing comparative studies and case study collections.
... Varios de estos estudios apuntaban hacia la percepción de la corrupción por nivel socioeconómico, por rangos de edad y, a veces, acotados por ciudades (Morris, 1991(Morris, , 2009Del Castillo & Guerrero, 2004;Bailey & Paras, 2006). También están los que analizaban el discurso, ya fuera para explorar redes de corrupción entre políticos, funcionarios y empresarios (Ramírez, 2000), para rastrear la violencia simbólica que utilizaban los grupos que se disputaban el poder (Krausen Hansen, 1998), o para examinar el discurso ideológico de las campañas anticorrupción de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil (Coronado, 2008). En esta línea hay un trabajo que investigó la relación entre los refranes sobre corrupción y su uso cotidiano en tres sectores socioeconómicos (Tapia Tovar & Zalpa, 2011), e incluso uno sobre la corrupción como motor de la movilidad ascendente en el curso de vida de un sujeto (Nuget, 2000). ...
En las últimas dos décadas el tema de corrupción ha tomado relevancia a nivel mundial, ya que es un problema que daña la economía y la legitimidad en las instituciones del Estado, entre otras cosas. Varias investigaciones se han focalizado en la investigación macro de la corrupción, profundizando en sus causas y consecuencias. Sin embargo, la corrupción a pequeña escala no ha sido investigada con la misma intensidad. El presente documento propone un marco teórico-metodológico para el análisis dramatúrgico de la corrupción a pequeña escala, con el objetivo de mostrar que es una interacción estratificada, es decir, que la corrupción es una experiencia desigual entre los ciudadanos ya que depende de su posición social.
... The attitude in culture and behaviour could include the shift in attitude or ideology from good to bad (Nye, 1967). Researchers also tend to look at corruption as an indication of the failure of the system in a given society (Hansen, 1998). Bayley (1966) looks at some of these differences in his discussion of the effect of corruption in a developing nation. ...
... at neoliberal forces comprise the sole driving force behind anti-corruption (see for example Sampson, this issue). To contribute to a more nuanced account of corruption and corruption, critical studies should therefore seek to go beyond unmasking the dominant understandings, by studying and building alternatives and by exploring the untold stories. Hansen (1998), for instance, identified several actors and interests in corruption and anti-corruption practices and could thus broaden the understanding of the (power) relations embedded in differences between dominant or accepted meanings of corruption and more peripheral or subordinate meanings. Similarly, Breit (2010) has focused on how the discu ...
... The attitude with regard to culture and behaviour could include the shift in attitude or ideology from good to bad (Nye 1967). Researchers also tend to look at corruption as an indication of the failure of the system in a given society (Hans 1998). ...
This article examines the reporting of corruption in the Nigerian press. The purpose of the article is to develop a thesis that explains the factors that influence the practice of journalism in Nigeria using the reporting of corruption as a yardstick. The article stems from in-depth interviews with Nigerian journalists in 2007 in which they were asked about the way they report corruption, and whether the regional divide in the country is apparent in reporting stories about corruption. Following the work of Hallin and Mancini (2004, Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press), this article suggests that what exists in Nigeria is regional parallelism, which implies a modification of Hallin and Mancini's framework of political parallelism. The findings of the research suggest that regionalism is a key factor in Nigerian journalism. However, it is much more complex than the simple assumption of north-south dichotomy; rather, there are intra-regional factors in the nature of ownership in the Nigerian press. The regional parallelism thesis identified six factors that explain the character of the Nigerian press. The article recommends that courses on corruption and the media should be introduced in Nigerian and other African universities teaching journalism and mass communications, so that future journalists will understand the challenges ahead. The article also recommends that an independent commission for the protection of journalists in Africa should be established.
The chapter sets the context for the research and argues that there is a need for the introduction of an intranational framework for comparative media research in Africa, using the reporting of corruption scandals. It provides a detailed discussion about the definition of corruption from different disciplines and defines what a scandal is and how media exposure to stories of wrongdoing constitute what is known as scandal. Other issues discussed in the chapter include the fourth estate role of the media, the need for investigative journalism and its various definitions and how it should be applied. The chapter then concluded by reviewing seminal works on comparative media research, such as the Four Theories of the Press by Siebert, Peterson and Schramm (University of Illinois Press, Urbana/Chicago, 1956), The Crisis of Public Communication by Blumler and Gurevitch (Routledge, London/New York, 1995), and discusses how Hallin and Mancini (Comparing media systems: three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press, 2004) reviewed their frameworks, and then suggests a new paradigm for comparative media research. The chapter argues that the Hallin and Mancini models have a more Western background; therefore, they need to be modified before they can be applied in an African context. The chapter therefore proposes a modification of the framework suggested by Hallin and Mancini from political parallelism to regional parallelism. The book will test the application of this framework within the Nigerian press, and by extension in Kenya and South Africa.
The scholarly literature on corruption has developed in separate disciplines, each of which has produced important insights, but each of which also has some crucial limitations. We bring these existing approaches together, and then we confront them against an ethnographic literature on corruption that over the last two decades has become extensive, but has never before been synthesized into an overarching framework. We argue that any corruption reform must meet three challenges. First, corruption persists because people need to engage in corruption to meet their needs. This is the resource challenge. Second, corruption persists because there is uncertainty over what constitutes a gift and what constitutes a bribe, as well as confusion over what is private and what is public. This is the definitional challenge. And third, corruption persists because of pressure to behave in ways that are considered moral according to alternative criteria, such as taking care of one’s kin, or standing up to legacies of racism and oppression. This is the alternative moralities challenge. We examine the strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches to corruption in meeting these three challenges.
Exploring the poor capital base of the Nigerian media and the corruption within the media itself could help in understanding the major challenges faced by the media in that country and in Africa at large. This chapter studies the nature of the poor capital base of the Nigerian media by means of qualitative interviews. It dwells on issues of poor capitalisation by situating this study within the context of the recapitalisation of Nigerian banks and provides a critique of using a corporate approach in recapitalising the media industry in Nigeria. The chapter discusses the findings according to three major themes: corruption within the Nigerian press, poor capitalisation and bad working conditions under which the press operates. The study then suggests alternative sources of financing for the Nigerian and African media.
This article offers the first comprehensive review of the interdisciplinary state of knowledge regarding anti-corruption policies, with a particular focus on reducing corruption among civil servants. Drawing on the work of economists, political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists, we examine seven policy categories: (1) rewards and penalties; (2) monitoring; (3) restructuring bureaucracies; (4) screening and recruiting; (5) anti-corruption agencies; (6) educational campaigns; and (7) international agreements. Notably, rigorous empirical evaluation is lacking for the majority of commonly prescribed anti- corruption policies. Nevertheless, we find growing evidence of the effectiveness of policies based on monitoring, including anti-corruption audits and e-governance. In addition, adequate civil service wages seem to be a necessary but insufficient condition for control of corruption. An emerging skepticism regarding the effectiveness of anti-corruption agencies also is apparent in the literature. We conclude with broader lessons drawn from our review, such as the recognition that when corruption is a systemic problem, it cannot be treated in the long term with individual-level solutions.
This article offers the first comprehensive review of the interdisciplinary state of knowledge regarding anti-corruption policies, with a particular focus on reducing corruption among civil servants. Drawing on the work of economists, political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists, we examine seven policy categories: (1) rewards and penalties; (2) monitoring; (3) restructuring bureaucracies; (4) screening and recruiting; (5) anti-corruption agencies; (6) educational campaigns; and (7) international agreements. Notably, rigorous empirical evaluation is lacking for the majority of commonly prescribed anti-corruption policies. Nevertheless, we find growing evidence of the effectiveness of policies based on monitoring, including anti-corruption audits and e-governance. In addition, adequate civil service wages seem to be a necessary but insufficient condition for control of corruption. An emerging skepticism regarding the effectiveness of anti-corruption agencies also is apparent in the literature. We conclude with broader lessons drawn from our review, such as the recognition that when corruption is a systemic problem, it cannot be treated in the long term with individual-level solutions.
What is Corruption? - The Emergence of Modern Public Administration - Corruption in Developed Societies - Corruption in Underdeveloped Societies - Is Corruption a Problem? - Can Corruption be Controlled? - Corruption, Development and De-Development - Bibliography - Index
Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Sociology, Foucault, and the uses of history 2. Presentist perspectives Excursus: Foucault and Annales 3. Questions of enlightenment 4. Weber, rationality, and the subject 5. A 'specific and peculiar rationalism'? Beyond the rationalisation thesis 6. Absent history and enlightenment dialectics Postscript: the problem with critique 7. Habermas modernist translations 8. Thematics of state and power Excursus: Time, space, and power 9. Governmentality 10. ....and practices of the self Conclusion
Este trabajo explora el papel del ritual polílico en la esfera pública y la relación entre ritual, rumor y corrupción en la dialéctica de la expansión estatal en México. El trabajo considera el desarrollo histórico de las regiones políticas en México, traza los diversos espacios en que se dan "esferas públicas" en el espacio nacional, y luego discute el papel del ritual en la geografía política mexicana. El autor desarrolla una perspectiva teórica novedosa y presenta algunas propuestas metodológicas para el estudio de la mediación cultural en las sociedades nacionales, al tiempo que ilumina los lazos existentes entre el ritual político y la construcción de comunidades políticas en el espacio nacional. /// This paper explores the role of political ritual in the public sphere and the relation between ritual, rumor and corruption in the dialectic of state expansion in Mexico. The article explores the historical development of political regions in Mexico, identifies the various spaces in which "public spheres" occur in the national space and then discusses the role of ritual in Mexican political geography. The author develops a novel theoretical perspective, presenting a number of methodological proposals for the study of cultural mediation in national societies while shedding light on the existing links between political ritual and the construction of political communities in the national space.
Bringing together papers written by Norman Fairclough over a 25 year period, Critical Discourse Analysis represents a comprehensive and important contribution to the development of this popular field.
In this article I attempt to do an ethnography of the state by examining the discourses of corruption in contemporary India. I focus on the practices of lower levels of the bureaucracy in a small north Indian town as well as on representations of the state in the mass media. Research on translocal institutions such as “the state” enables us to reflect on the limitations of participant-observation as a technique of fieldwork. The analysis leads me to question Eurocentric distinctions between state and civil society and offers a critique of the conceptualization of “the state” as a monolithic and unitary entity. [the state, public culture, fieldwork, discourse, corruption, India]
In treating memory as a cultural rather than an individual faculty, this book provides an account of how bodily practices are transmitted in, and as, traditions. Most studies of memory as a cultural faculty focus on written, or inscribed transmissions of memories. Paul Connerton, on the other hand, concentrates on bodily (or incorporated) practices, and so questions the currently dominant idea that literary texts may be taken as a metaphor for social practices generally. The author argues that images of the past and recollected knowledge of the past are conveyed and sustained by ritual performances and that performative memory is bodily. Bodily social memory is an essential aspect of social memory, but it is an aspect which has until now been badly neglected. An innovative study, this work should be of interest to researchers into social, political and anthropological thought as well as to graduate and undergraduate students.
Studies of the informal economy in the Third World have evolved toward defining the informal sector in relationship to the state. This article analyzes some activities that escape the control of the state, with special attention to centrally planned economies. Informal exchanges include bureaucratic favors (“connections”), clientelism, different forms of corruption, and the “parallel” system of production and marketing. I show that economic laws are not sufficient to understand the logic of these economies.
Over the last three decades, the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has produced one of the most imaginative and subtle bodies of social theory and research of the post war era. Yet, despite the influence of his work, no single introduction to his wide-ranging oeuvre is available. This book, intended for an English-speaking audience, offers a systematic and accessible overview, providing interpretive keys to the internal logic of Bourdieu's work by explicating thematic and methodological principles underlying his work. The structure of Bourdieu's theory of knowledge, practice, and society is first dissected by Loic Wacquant; he then collaborates with Bourdieu in a dialogue in which they discuss central concepts of Bourdieu's work, confront the main objections and criticisms his work has met, and outline Bourdieu's views of the relation of sociology to philosophy, economics, history, and politics. The final section captures Bourdieu in action in the seminar room as he addresses the topic of how to practice the craft of reflexive sociology. Throughout, they stress Bourdieu's emphasis on reflexivityâhis inclusion of a theory of intellectual practice as an integral component of a theory of societyâand on methodâparticularly his manner of posing problems that permits a transfer of knowledge from one area of inquiry into another. Amplified by notes and an extensive bibliography, this synthetic view is essential reading for both students and advanced scholars.
Gabriel Zaid (1934-), poeta y ensayista mexicano nacido en Monterrey, Nuevo León. Es miembro de la Real Academia de Letras Mexicanas desde 1989. Entre sus obras se encuentran Reloj de sol, que reúne sus mejores creaciones poéticas; Poesía en la práctica, ensayo crítico a la Ilustración y el romanticismo; Omnibús de poesía mexicana, es una antología de textos; Los demasiados libros; De los libros al poder; Cómo leer en bicicleta; El progreso improductivo; Hace falta empresarios creadores de empresarios; y La economía presidencial. El presente libro es una crítica al modo de conducir la economía desde el poder político, cuyas consecuencias es un estancamiento en el desarrollo económico. En la presente obra el autor traza un panorama de la economía de México de los años setentas y ochentas, dirigida por un presidencialismo mexicano sui generis.
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