Article

The significance of the social identity concept for social psychology with reference to individualism, interactionism and social influence

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

The distinctive metatheoretical and empirical significance of the social identity concept for social psychology is outlined with special reference to social influence and group polarization. ‘Individualism’ and ‘interactionism’ are summarized and contrasted as alternative metatheories of social psychology and it is argued that the social identity concept embodies the latter. A social identity theory of group behaviour (and the individual-group relationship) is introduced and from it are derived further theories of social influence and group polarization. The latter is explained as a special case of normal intragroup influence. It is shown how the social identity theory (theories) of group behaviour, social influence and group polarization explicitly assumes a functional interaction between psychological and social processes, in contrast to individualism, and at the same time generates distinctive, testable, empirical predictions. It is concluded that the social identity concept represents a mechanism of social-psychological interaction and as such demonstrates that social psychology need not be an individualistic science.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... [48] discusses problems that arise with machine learnt models that update over time: when training data is influenced by the treatment, the Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA) is violated, undermining the credibility of the experimental setup. Similar observations have been made in industry settings, where bias and interference complicate reliable measurement of performance [85]. [6] focus on multi-sided experiments, where we, e.g., have item consumers and providers that can interfere and complicate statistical inference -a setup that describes most commercial instances of recommender systems. ...
... To measure how a news recommender system affects political polarization, one could sample the current sentiment of the society on a regular basis (e.g., weekly) over a longer period of time. The theories that inform the choice of the metric could be, for example, the social identity theory [85] (in-group favoritism and out-group hostility) and the cognitive dissonance theory [28] (reject or rationalize information that contradicts people's beliefs). These theories could lead to a choice of metrics, such as measuring the sentiment of people towards in-group and out-group generated posts (can be computed from digital traces in social media) or a questionnaire-based instrument that measures the cognitive dissonance of users when/after being exposed to a certain news item. ...
... Focusing on the long-term impact on exposure, [21] discuss how recommenders may exacerbate the rich-getricher effect, strengthening exposure inequalities. Challenges derived from the presence of feedback loop are also common in industry settings, and [85] show how to address long-term feedback loop emerging issues by using an offline evaluation framework. Content diversity has been at the center of attention of numerous studies due to its relationships with filter bubbles and echo chambers, among the undesired long-term impacts most researched in the recommender system literature [57]. ...
Technical Report
Full-text available
This report documents the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 24211, "Evaluation Perspectives of Recommender Systems: Driving Research and Education", which brought together 41 participants from 16 countries. The seminar brought together distinguished researchers and practitioners from the recom-mender systems community, representing a range of expertise and perspectives. The primary objective was to address current challenges and advance the ongoing discourse on the evaluation of recommender systems. The participants' diverse backgrounds and perspectives on evaluation significantly contributed to the discourse on this subject. The seminar featured eight presentations on current challenges in the evaluation of recom-mender systems. These presentations sparked the general discussion and facilitated the formation of groups around these topics. As a result, five working groups were established, each focusing on the following areas: theory of evaluation, fairness evaluation, best-practices for offline evaluations of recommender systems, multistakeholder and multimethod evaluation, and evaluating the long-term impact of recommender systems. Seminar May 20-24 2024-https://www.dagstuhl.de/24211 2012 ACM Subject Classification Information systems → Recommender systems; Information systems → Evaluation of retrieval results; Human-centered computing → HCI design and evaluation methods License Creative Commons BY 4.0 International license © Christine Bauer, Alan Said, and Eva Zangerle Recommender systems (RS) have become essential tools in everyday life, efficiently helping users discover relevant, useful, and interesting items such as music tracks, movies, or social matches. RS identify the interests and preferences of individual users through explicit input or implicit information inferred from their interactions with the systems and tailor content and recommendations accordingly [13, 16].
... Self-categorisation refers to the assumption that people categorise themselves and others into social groups [86,87]. The self-categorisation theory explains group processes and the processes involved in how people evaluate and categorise themselves into me, us and them [88]. This process is characterised by how people think of themselves and how they compare themselves to others during social interaction. ...
... More specifically, it is proposed that people tend to group the self as identical or similar to others (i.e., ingroup) while differentiating the self in contrast to others (i.e., outgroup). Moreover, self-categorisation exists at different levels of abstraction based on the principle of class inclusion ( [88], p. 241). The latter means that categories differ in their level of inclusion and abstraction. ...
... For instance, dogs and cats are members of the category of animals, while animals and plants are members of the category of life. Three levels of abstraction are distinguished [88]: the first level is self-categorisation as a human being, which is based on the differentiation between humans and animals. The second level is self-categorisation as a member of social categories, which is based on the differentiation between groups of people with regard to defined characteristics (e.g., class, race, nationality, occupation). ...
Chapter
Full-text available
The essence of how social work leaders elicit cooperation has not received much attention even though the social work profession has produced great leaders. Research has questioned the extent to which existing leadership models apply to social work leadership and proposed the development of a leadership model that is embedded in social work ethics, values and goals. However, neither leadership nor followership happens in social vacuum. Thus, to understand social work leadership and its effects, it is necessary to understand the social context in which they occur and how leaders behave within particular social contexts. This analysis suggests that, in order to comprehend the influence of social work leaders on followers (i.e., social workers), we must first understand the nature of the relationship that already exists between leaders and followers and how this relationship or context influences whether the leader’s prototypicality or behaviour makes the followers to be more likely to engage in cooperative behaviour.
... Favouritism for influencers is essential in influencer marketing. investigating this from the standpoint of social identity theory (turner & Oakes, 1986), which investigates the connection between allure and identification, can offer insight into the reasons and repercussions of this attraction. social identity theory describes how people define themselves in relation to others and divides these interactions into three categories: communal, item, and personal. ...
... according to turner (1981), influencer liking leads to identification at the collective tier, comparable to alliances with (turner, 1991), and at the item tier, similar to affiliations with businesses and websites. this affinity-identification relationship, which is based on social identity theory (turner & Oakes, 1986), applies to influencer marketing, which includes both personal and virtual collective layers. turner (1981) proposed that distinctiveness, similarity, and competence, which indicate three needs (homophily, influencer social presence, and influencer physical allure, respectively), are predecessors of collective-level attraction. ...
... according to the study, customer emotional attachment to influencers has a beneficial effect on purchase intention. strong attachment fosters trust in their suggestions, fostering loyalty and openness to product endorsements (turner & Oakes, 1986). in turn, this trust motivates buying intentions. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study investigates the impact of homophily, influencer social presence, and influencer physical attractiveness on affinity in the beauty and fashion industry through influencer marketing. Trust and loyalty mediating roles are also explored in connection with customer purchase intention. The data was collected from 408 respondents via a digital survey questionnaire and analysed the proposed model using Smart PLS 4.0. Results show a positive influence of homophily, influencer social presence, and influencer physical attractiveness on consumer purchase intention, partially mediated by affinity, trust, and loyalty. The significance of affinity suggests that a strong emotional connection with influencers plays a crucial role in shaping purchasing decisions. The current study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by examining the roles of affinity, trust, and loyalty in homophily, influencer social presence, influencer physical attractiveness, and consumer purchase intention within the beauty and fashion industry—a relatively unexplored area. These insights are valuable for industry practitioners aiming to build trust, establish a strong social presence, and enhance customer loyalty. Thus, this study highlights the pivotal role of affinity and offers practical guidance for influencer marketing strategies that can boost customer purchase intention and foster client loyalty within the fashion and beauty industry.
... Despite these valuable insights, there remains a notable gap in the literature concerning the potential disparities in social support between team sports players and individual sports players. Social Identity Theory, proposed by Tajfel and Turner (1986), suggests that team sports, by fostering a shared group identity, may cultivate a stronger social support network. However, empirical evidence supporting this theoretical framework in the context of sports is limited. ...
... A person's identity can be linked back to their social groups and the roles they play within those groups. This perspective of view aids in the formation of social identity (Turner & Oakes, 1986). It is possible to find job for almost every population, including students, athletes, and many more. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Several studies have linked this pandemic to an increase in psychological problems among student-athletes and a loss of athletic identity due to the sudden cessation of sports and events. However, now that we are gradually returning to old normalcy and sporting events, primarily those initiated by the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, are no longer restricted, the researcher seeks to know if student-athletes’ athletic identity and psychological well-being are still a concern. Furthermore, this study attempted to examine whether athletic identity differs by gender and sport type, as well as whether athletic identity significantly predicts psychological well-being and whether social support moderates their relationship. A total of 154 student-athletes from a university were studied. Results showed that university athletes have high athletic identity, moderate social support, and psychological well-being levels. Furthermore, it was discovered that while athletic identity and social support are positively connected, psychological well-being is not substantially correlated with social support or athletic identity. Moderation and regression analysis also demonstrated that, while athletic identity does not directly predict psychological well-being, social support can moderate their relationship only for university student-athletes with high athletic identity. The findings emphasize the need for deeper research into the multifaceted nature of these relationships and their implications for student-athlete well-being, and additional research is strongly recommended.
... For example, compared to the relatively homogenous negative effects of strategy framing on governmental trust in Western domestic politics, strategy framing in international politics could reduce trust through elevated anxiety while also having a direct positive effect on government trust, resulting in a nonsignificant total effect (see Figure 1). The complicacy of national-level strategy framing's effects can be explicated through social identity theory, which advocates that an individual's self-concept is shaped by their group memberships, alongside the associated emotional, evaluative, and other psychological aspects (Turner and Oakes, 1986). Specifically, self-concept can function at three levels of abstraction: self-categorization as human beings (the superordinate category), in-group versus out-group categorization (the self as a social category), and personal selfcategorizations (the subordinate level). ...
... Meanwhile, in international politics, in-group versus out-group categorization such as a robust national identity may also be at play (Rivenburgh, 2000). A strategically framed message that highlights the competition between their own country and another country might reinforce in-group identification, inter-group differentiation, and in-group bias (Turner and Oakes, 1986), thereby increasing governmental trust (i.e., a country's political representation) and nationalist sentiments. This suggests a nuanced interplay between group identity and the effects of strategy framing, which deserves further investigation. ...
Article
Full-text available
Climate change is often used as a bargaining chip for global powers to achieve political goals. Strategy framing, particularly within international political contexts, can serve as a lens to unpack the relationship between countries' substantial climate policy and underlying political appeals in news coverage. A survey experiment (n = 331) was conducted to investigate the effects of strategy framing in international politics on trust in government , nationalist sentiments, and climate action intentions against the backdrop of China-U.S. climate relationship. Results showed that perceived strategy framing had a direct, positive association and an indirect, negative association with trust in government through anxiety. Additionally, in comparison to issue framing, exposure to strategy framing incited heightened nationalist sentiments, which in turn promoted public engagement in climate-related activities. Moreover, internal and international political efficacy moderated the effects of strategy framing perceptions on outcomes. Findings offer insights for possible cognitive, emotional, and ideological mechanisms of strategy framing's effects in international politics.
... To increase the predictive power of agent-based models and their capacity to capture the psychological link between belief and action in the "real world", social psychological theory can be used to provide more robust and nuanced theoretical foundations for these models. Building on emerging work in this area 17,24,25,55,56 , this approach would enable researchers to deduce the key characteristics and behavior of agents as group members to test specific propositions relating to intergroup and intragroup behavior, and social identity 57,58 . ...
... Moreover, these social identities help create a context within which individual members of a society may interact as group members with agency, enabling them to be influential (and be influenced) in their capacity as either ingroup or outgroup members. Thus, mutual social influence and change can occur both within groups, driven by expected consensus with ingroup members in an intragroup context 57,58 , and between groups, driven by expected dissent with outgroup members in an intergroup context. Table 1 shows the process of polarization underpinned by group fragmentation and changes to collective identity, as collective narratives are transformed within camps, splinter factions, and cells. ...
Article
Full-text available
We propose a framework integrating insights from computational social science, political, and social psychology to explain how extreme polarization can occur in deeply divided societies. Extreme polarization in a society emerges through a dynamic and complex process where societal, group, and individual factors interact. Dissent at different levels of analysis represents the driver of this process, where societal-level ideological dissent divides society into opposing camps, each with contrasting collective narratives. Within these opposing camps, further dissent leads to the formation of splinter factions and radical cells—sub-groups with increasingly extreme views. At the group level, collective narratives underpinning group identity become more extreme as society fragments. At the individual level, this process involves the internalization of an extreme group narrative and norms sanctioning radical behavior. The intense bonding within these groups and the convergence of personal and group identities through identity fusion increase the likelihood of radical group behavior.
... The process of assigning a name to a camel may be viewed as a form of social classification that serves to symbolize both the relationship between the owner and the animal, as well as the owner's position within their society. The selection of names frequently reflects the attributes that are valued within a given society, such as physical prowess or aesthetic appeal, and thus serve as symbolic representations of an individual's social persona (Tajfel & Turner, 1979;Turner & Oakes, 1986). ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper examines the concept of camel naming in the context of the Omani Bedouin community. It goes beyond the existing research on camels, their owners, and the naming protocol and suggests that camel naming serves the purpose of shaping social structures, preserving identity, cultural heritage, and the community’s well-being. The data have been collected through face-to-face interviews conducted with 24 camel owners and via the social media platform (Snapchat) used to gather the responses from 2000 camel owners. The findings confirm the significance of the role that the camel naming construct plays in shaping and sustaining the individual and collective identities of the Omani Bedouins. As a novel contribution, this study offers a nuanced perspective on the hidden mechanisms and logic pursued by the camel owners in their attempt to preserve ancestral heritage and social order within and across their neighboring tribes. This research could be of interest to the scholars of cultural anthropology and ethnography concerned with indigenous communities and human-animal interaction. Furthermore, this analysis underscores the significance of ephemeral social media platforms in shaping social and cultural identities.
... Temporal comparison theory suggests that self-improvement can be driven by reflections on one's past self and the desire to progress or maintain a positive trajectory over time (Bonus 2021;Reed 2004). Social identity theory and group membership preferences may also invoke motivation to consider one's current social group identity and the status and power they enjoy (or lack) because of membership (Turner and Oakes 1986). Predictive temporal comparison may somewhat resolve unfavorable, immediate consequences of social discrimination, depersonalization, and related intergroup differentiation if it allows individuals to adopt and assess consumption symbols of desired or aspirational social categories. ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper extends an adjacent perspective to social comparison theory: temporal comparison theory, which refers to intraindividual comparison over time (i.e., comparing the present self with past or future selves), and develops this theory in the context of virtual consumer identity. Building on existing literature on social comparison theory, temporal comparison theory, identity theory, and self‐concept theories, and advancements in technology‐driven virtual self‐expression, we propose a preliminary theoretical framework that outlines the mechanisms, processes, and consequences of reflective and predictive temporal comparison and their relationship to social comparison theory. We elucidate how temporal comparison influences consumers' development of self, emotional regulation, pursuit of wellbeing, and associated consumer behavior, particularly in virtual contexts. Insights resulting from our integrated theoretical approach suggest that predictive temporal comparisons serve motivations (e.g., assessing personal growth or decline) that may not be addressed by comparisons with social others. By examining the role of social and temporal comparison in contemporary consumer behavior, particularly in digitally mediated experiences, our study provides deeper understanding of the relationship between comparison and self‐concept. We present implications for researchers, marketers, and society, and suggest research directions to explore temporal and social comparison as complementary theories in understanding the digital consumer.
... based what is rewarded and punished in our environment, social groups, and media (Bandura & Walters, 1963;Bandura, 2002). Our self-concept is derived from group membership, which motivates us to maintain a positive group image (Tajfel & Turner, 1986;Turner & Oakes, 2011). ...
Thesis
Full-text available
The White Genocide Myth (WGM) is one of the most popular conspiracy theories among White supremacists and other antisemites, yet narratives derived from it are regularly featured in mainstream immigration discourse in the United States. To safely attract followers and advance political agendas, White supremacists often reframe their beliefs into more neutral and media-friendly language. I designed a 3X2X2 conjoint experiment to explore whether changing the target (Mexico, Iraq, or England), the tone (ambiguous or explicitly negative), and the source (White nationalist or patriot) of an anti-immigrant argument derived from WGM would significantly influence agreement and perceptions of factual accuracy. Perceptions of WGM’s factual accuracy increased when participants reported higher homophily (perceived similarity to another) to the source, and the source self-identified as a patriot. Participants were more likely to agree with WGM if they viewed the argument as factual and viewed it in the patriot condition, an ambiguous condition, an Iraq condition, or a Mexico condition. Agreement was also positively related to both explicit and implicit prejudice against immigrants, with explicit prejudice being the stronger correlate and predictor. A closer look at the source’s impact on agreement and perceptions of factuality revealed that the patriot condition elicited higher ratings on both from only White participants. Participants of color found WGM equally unpersuasive and lacking factuality, regardless of source condition. Moving forward, activists, scholars, policymakers, and counterterrorism efforts should be aware of these biases and the opportunities they provide for extremists to influence mainstream politics.
... The second outcome is the enculturation of scientific identity in students, which according to the TIMSI model happens when people accept influence from others or groups in order to form or sustain a satisfactory self-defining relationship with them [30]. Here, acceptance is more likely when people share a social identity or self-concept with the relevant group, which leads to the development of a sense of belonging [40]. Studies show that when students develop this scientific identity and perceive themselves as scientists, it is associated with improved academic performance, increased retention and persistence in a science career [41]; [42,43]. ...
... The Social Identity Theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Tajfel and Turner [29] assumes that people identify with different social groups. Organizational identity is one of the specific forms of social identity. ...
Article
Full-text available
Building employee loyalty is a prerequisite for a company to achieve a competitive advantage, high organizational performance, and sustainability. The lack of voluntary leaves does not result in recruitment costs or reduced efficiency during the adaptation period of a new employee. It helps retain knowledge and experience within the organization. The article aims to explore employees' loyalty in terms of voluntary employment continuity during the pandemic slowdown of COVID-19, when employee loyalty was put to an exceptional test, and identify the factors that have had the most significant impact. This empirical study was carried out for Germany, mainly due to the strength and position of the German economy in Europe and the availability of a large, detailed micro dataset necessary for in-depth econometric analyses. The dataset used in the survey is the fifth wave of the German Linked Personnel Panel-LPP in 2020/21 (N = 7397). A multinomial logit model was used as a research tool. Loyalty appears as an explained variable in four ordered logit models that differ in the set of explanatory variables. The explanatory variables include demographics, job title, working conditions, compensation and rewards, job content, training and career development, teamwork, and relationships with colleagues and superiors. The results confirm the influence of extra-organizational factors, such as age and living in a four-or five-person household, on employee loyalty. However, age seems to be a factor of decreasing importance. Too much complexity of work, manifested by great task variety, working in multiple teams, and the requirement to perform work remotely, harmed employee loyalty during the pandemic. Findings justify building loyalty based on sustainable human resource policies to increase income satisfaction, reasonable workload, competence development, and greater autonomy at work. It is also clear that leadership issues (fairness in contact with superiors and recognition for work) mattered during this challenging time and have a high potential to improve employee loyalty in the future.
... Although some studies have not found support for the effect of credibility on advertising value (An and Kim 2008), generating inconclusive results in the literature, the majority of previous studies have found that credibility is a significant predictor of advertising value (Abbasi et al. 2021;Brackett and Carr 2001;Falcão and Isaías 2020;Hamouda 2018;Martins et al. 2019), contributing to a positive attitude toward advertising (Gaber, Wright, and Kooli 2019;Sigurdsson et al. 2018;Wang and Sun 2010). This may be explained by the fact that only reliable information has a true impact, which can alter personal attitudes and behaviors (Turner and Oakes 1986). So, in the current study, we posit that the more trustworthy the advertisement is, the more valuable it will be. ...
... Related to AIANNH identity centrality, social identities emerge from groups (e.g., Turner and Oakes 1986). Although groups are often porous and flexible, groups cannot exist without some boundaries. ...
Article
Appropriation of American Indian cultures and stereotypical pseudo‐culture is widespread in contemporary U.S. society. Yet, little is known about American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian (AIANNH) perceptions of this appropriation. In this study, we asked two questions. First, what are AIANNH experiences with, attitudes toward, reasoning for attitudes toward, feelings when encountering and behavioural responses to multiple types of appropriation? Second, does connection to one's AIANNH nation/community relate to attitudes toward and behavioural responses to appropriation? We are the first to report statistical survey results on these questions. Although we found a diversity of reactions to this appropriation among our participants ( n = 600), mean scores and mean percentages on our measures indicate that most oppose appropriation, believe that it is harmful and experience negative feelings when encountering it. The majority also reported taking at least one action to eliminate appropriation. In alignment with social learning theory, we found that opposition to appropriation was associated with more connections to AIANNH nations/communities in regard to residency, cultural involvement and identity centrality. Using tribal critical race theory, including situating our findings in their settler colonial context, we discuss the implications of our findings.
... In most case, the categorization is based on observable features displayed by people including age, gender, ethnicity, and social status. The proponents of the theory Turner and Oakes (1986) shared that categorization is for purposes of social identity and inform on attitudes, practices, behaviors and social interaction with the general public. Initially, the theory was adopted to explain the formation of psychological groups, but recently, it has been used to explain the general functioning of groups of people based on categorization, interaction and social perceptions (Hogg, 2001). ...
Article
Faith-based organizations community members who perform a significant part in the economic prosperity and progress of their neighborhoods; however, these faith-based organizations have also reported low-performance outcomes and inefficiencies in delivering on its mandate. There has been cases of biases, stereotypes, and disagreements which make the workplace unfit and record poor performance. This study focused on workplace diversity to improve organizational performance. The main objective was to assess how workforce diversity affects organization performance in the faith-based organizations in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by the following objectives to examine the effect of gender diversity, age diversity, ethnic diversity and educational diversity on organization productivity of the faith-based organizations. The study was grounded on balanced scorecard and supported by social categorization theory, similarity-attraction theory and institutional theory. The study used descriptive research design and cross-sectional approaches. The target population entailed the 18 registered faith-based organizations that operate in Nairobi City County. Through purposive sampling method, the study obtained a sample size of 90 respondents which includes one head of human resource, head of programs, regional/branch coordinator and two field officers for each of the faith-based organizations. From the 90 respondents, only 74 filled and returned the semi-structured questionnaires such that the response rate 82.2%. The questionnaire was first pilot tested using 9 employees working at The National Council of Non-Government Organizations headquarter offices.
... It is also argued that influencer endorsements significantly impact consumer perceptions of brand reputation, particularly when influence is perceived as authentic and aligned with the brand's nature as well [54]. Social identity theory comprehensively explains the nexus between social media marketing and brand reputation as it posits that consumers derive part of their identity from brands with, which they are associated [55]. Luxury brands engage in leveraging social media to create a strong and positive brand identity, and thus it can enhance brand reputation and foster customer loyalty. ...
Article
This study employs an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression approach to investigate the impact of digitalization, innovation, marketing, and social media presence on the brand reputation of Chinese luxury fashion brands listed on the Shenzhen and Shanghai Stock Exchanges from 2012 to 2022. The findings of this study reveal that digitalization, marketing, and social media presence positively influence brand reputation, while innovation negatively affects it, suggesting that certain innovative designs may mislead consumers. Heterogeneity analyses based on fashion cycle, industry group, and firm size further indicate that these factors have varying impacts depending on the brand’s specific characteristics. For example, digitalization and social media are more impactful for small-sized and footwear brands, while marketing has a stronger effect on large-sized apparel brands. Policy implications suggest that luxury fashion brands should align their strategies with these findings, particularly by emphasizing digitalization and social media presence to enhance brand reputation, and cautiously approach innovation to align with consumer expectations.
... Others have attempted to provide a framework for interactions in teams. The idea of belonging (Foor et al., 2007;Rainey et al., 2021;Wilson and VanAntwerp, 2021) is similar to social fit while social identity theory (Tajfel, 1979;Turner and Oakes, 1986), which uses context to explain intergroup relations is similar to self-concept fit. Work by Ridgeway (1991) and Ridgeway and Markus (2022) suggested these self-concepts drove behavior in teams. ...
Article
Full-text available
In engineering as with many STEM spaces, the environment delivers many cues that affect psychological fit, which affects choices students make. Teamwork experiences can be particularly challenging for equity-deserving students. Using focus groups at a medium-sized multi-cultural Canadian university, we examined how engineering students navigated and experienced teamwork and how that interacted with social determinants (e.g., money and time constraints) and identity, including gender, race, and sexuality. We used the framework of State Authenticity as Fit to Environment to develop themes of teamwork choices, experiences, and outcomes. Social fit (respect from peers) and self-concept fit (whether self-image matches stereotype) affected many choices and experiences including selection of teammates with similar identities or allies. Women and low socio-economic status students sought self-concept fit by avoiding coding within teams. Visibly under-represented students felt pressure to excel to validate self-concept fit. The team environment itself sent messages about social and self-concept fit to many students, though the focus on collaboration and applications with social benefits often aligned with goal fit. These fit-guided choices and threats to fit nudged many students away from engineering careers. Interventions to address factors that cause negative experiences for marginalized students include strategic group composition, supporting mentorship and affinity groups, rotating group roles, structured collaboration, inclusive teamwork training and increasing diversity.
... Consequently, they are more influenced by the relational component of norm sources (Zhu et al., 2021;Zmigrod, 2022). When the norm source aligns with their identity, it triggers a stronger conformity response, as predicted by social identity and conformity theories (Tajfel, 1982;Turner et al., 1987;Turner & Oakes, 1986). These theories emphasize the guiding role of group norms in shaping behavior (Gifford & Nilsson, 2014). ...
... Individuals take a multitude of identities throughout their social lives, all embedded in societal structures (Burke & Stets, 2009). Thus, the social identity approach focuses on interrelationships between the social self and society (Turner & Oakes, 1986). Identities can be conceptualized as stereotypes that are both descriptive (self-description) and prescriptive (description of others). ...
... In addition, specialist managers hold a distinctive communicative advantage over their nonspecialist counterparts due to their dual role as both managers and members of a professional group (Noordegraaf, 2007). Drawing from social identity theory (Turner & Oakes, 1986), individuals form strong affiliations with social groups, such as professions, constructing a profession-specific mental map and orientation system. This fosters in-group favoritism, cultivating high levels of trust and cohesiveness among professionals, while simultaneously generating out-group discriminatory bias and distrust (Khalili et al., 2013, p. 448). ...
Article
Full-text available
An important question in public management is whether public organizations should prefer or avoid specialist managers (i.e., managers whose professional backgrounds match the work they oversee). Research has shown that specialist managers are associated with better field‐specific performance in public organizations, and theory suggests that they lead differently than nonspecialist managers. However, there is no empirical evidence to support this latter claim. To remedy this, we investigate whether specialist managers prioritize core service provision more and communicate better than nonspecialist managers. Through multilevel regressions of employee reports of leaders' behaviors in the contexts of schools, eldercare, daycare, and employment, we find that specialist managers prioritize core service provision more in all contexts but schools and communicate better in eldercare and employment but not elsewhere. These findings are consistent with the theoretical expectations and thus emphasize the importance of educational background in shaping managerial behavior.
... SIT outlines that social categorization leads individuals to see others as "us" or "them," influencing their behavior within organizational settings (Turner & Oakes, 1986 (Randel et al., 2016). This positive climate is essential as it makes employees feel psychologically safe to express their ideas and engage in innovative behaviors (Nishii & Mayer, 2009). ...
Article
Full-text available
This research investigates the influence of inclusive leadership on innovative work behavior, emphasizing the mediating roles of emotional commitment and inclusive climate within the context of Turkish public schools. Utilizing a sample of 364 teachers from Kocaeli, the study employed various scales to measure inclusive leadership, emotional commitment, inclusive climate, and innovative work behavior, and analyzed the data using descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that inclusive leadership positively affects innovative work behavior. However, the impact is significantly amplified when an inclusive climate and high levels of emotional commitment are present. The results suggest that while inclusive leadership is necessary for fostering innovation, it is the combination of an emotionally supportive and inclusively diverse environment that truly enhances innovative behaviors among teachers. This comprehensive approach not only bolsters the innovative capacity of individuals but also contributes to a more dynamic and creative educational atmosphere. This study highlights the importance of adopting a holistic leadership strategy in educational institutions. It underscores the need for school administrators to not only practice inclusive leadership but also actively cultivate an environment that values diversity and fosters emotional commitment. By doing so, schools can become fertile grounds for innovation, benefiting educators and students alike. The research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms through which leadership can influence organizational behavior and offers a framework for fostering innovation in educational settings.
... The theoretical basis for examining the issue mentioned above is provided, among others, by the theory of social identity (Henri Tajfel (Tajfel, 1981), John Turner and Penelope J. Oakes (Turner, Oakes, 1986), which allows us to understand the importance of the national language for the formation of Ukrainian identity under conditions of conflict. The importance of the national language for state security, on the other hand, stems from the securitization theory (Barry Buzan (Buzan, 1998), Ole Waever (Buzan, Waever, 2003) et al.). ...
Article
Full-text available
Students from Ukraine choose Poland as a place to study because of its geographical proximity and cultural and linguistic similarities. Their numbers increased after the Russian Federation annexed Crimea, military action in the Donbas in 2014 and the large-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The Russian regime justified the aggression with the alleged protection of the Russian-speaking population, which stripped Russian – the daily communication language for a sizable portion of Ukraine’s citizens – of its neutrality and turned it into a geopolitical tool. In Ukraine, there have been changes in the perception of the role of language and national identity and their impact on security. The article aims to examine the effect of the war and the experience of studying in Poland on perceptions of national identity, language practices and the understanding of security among Ukrainian students at Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin. The results indicate that the majority of students perceived an increase in the importance of the Ukrainian language after the Russian invasion and noted the connection between language, national identity and security. Many respondents have changed their language habits, abandoning the use of Russian in favor of Ukrainian. The survey results testify to the increased importance of language as a unifying element and key to a sense of national identity in the face of an external threat.
... The theory provides a key assumption that people normally classify other people as in-group members or out-group members (Tajfel and Turner, 2004). In-group members are perceived as those who are similar to the observer, whereas out-group members are perceived as those who are different from the observer (Fu and Charoensukmongkol, 2023;Tajfel, 1978;Turner and Oakes, 1986). The ...
Article
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of political skills of faculty members in Chinese universities on their tendency to obtain knowledge shared by their colleagues, as well as their tendency to share knowledge with their colleagues. Moreover, this study investigated the role of collectivistic culture in a workplace as the moderating variable that may influence the effect of political skill on knowledge sharing. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were obtained from 387 faculty members across six universities located in the northern and the central cities of China. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used as the statistical method for data analysis. Findings The results provided significant evidence that supported the positive effect of political skill on knowledge sharing. Furthermore, the moderating effect analysis showed that in the workplaces that had strong collectivist culture, the degree to which employees obtained knowledge shared by others, as well as the willingness of employees to share their knowledge to others, was more likely to happen as compared to that in the workplaces that had a weak collectivist culture. Practical implications As part of human capital development policies, political skill training could be an intervention to promote knowledge sharing among faculty members. The training may be particularly helpful to promote knowledge sharing in a workplace that adopts individualistic culture more than in a workplace that adopts collectivistic culture. Originality/value This study provided new evidence that extended previous studies by unveiling the moderating effect of collectivist culture in a workplace that was found to reduce the effect of political skill on knowledge sharing.
... Individual minds become interdependent when social identities are salient and, conversely, collective influence can be diminished when only personal identities are at stake. In this manner, people act as individuals or as group members and Self-categorization theory endeavors to explain the circumstances that shift people along this continuum of identification, as well as some of the consequences of these shifts (Turner & Oakes, 1986). Additionally, the theory distinguishes between social and personal identity as two distinct levels of Self-categorization. ...
Article
Full-text available
The present study analyses the character of Juliet from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (1965) through the lens of Turner's Self-categorization Theory, focusing on transformation of her identity. The method of data collection of this research is qualitative method. The study finds that initially, Juliet's personal identity as an obedient daughter aligns with her social identity as a submissive individual of an inferior social group. However, her romantic involvement with Romeo initiates a shift in her personal identity. She develops into a courageous individual determined to control her own fate and her personal identity becomes salient over her social identity. By steadfastly asserting her personal identity, Juliet's actions begin to conflict with the rigid norms dictated by her social group. Moreover, Juliet is unable to undergo the process of depersonalization-where she would conform her personal identity to group norms-plays a critical role in her character development and the tragic events that ensue. Hence, the integration of Turner's Self-categorization in this study provides a deeper understanding of the socio-psychological processes underlying Juliet's identity conflict.
... The social identity theory (SIT; Tajfel & Turner, 1986) offers a theoretical framework to support the argument about why universal orientation and ingroup identification may coexist. The SIT suggests that in interpersonal and intergroup contexts, people are motivated to form perceptions of themselves at three levels: the superordinate level of the self-being a human being, the intermediate level of the self being a member in a specific social group, and the subordinate level of the self being a distinct individual (Turner & Oakes, 1986). From this theoretical perspective, universal orientation is relevant to the superordinate group perceptions while ingroup identification pertains to intermediate group perceptions. ...
Article
Emerging research suggests that entertainment media consumption may elicit meaningful emotions that can be leveraged for social good. This study combines theories of eudaimonic media and social identity to test the outward-focused mechanism explaining how meaningful media experiences might influence health persuasion outcomes. Two experiments were conducted to examine the efficacy of meaningful media experiences in changing vaccine-hesitant individuals' vaccination attitudes and intentions in the context of entertainment social media consumption and incidental exposure to vaccination messages embedded in user comments. Results showed that viewing meaningful music videos was associated with elevation, ingroup identification, and universal orientation. Elevation and ingroup identification mediated the association between media consumption and vaccination attitudes and intentions. Results offered theoretical and practical insights concerning the outward-focused mechanism underlying the impact of media-induced elevation on health persuasion.
... Much of the literature on affective polarization is based on Social Identity Theory (SIT). SIT states that individuals derive positive self-esteem from a group membership which often comes along with the need to distinguish from other groups leading to ingroup bias and stereotyping (Hornsey 2008;Tajfel and Turner 1979;Turner and Oakes 1986;Turner and Reynolds 2003). These core elements of the SIT are a "fundamental aspect" of partisanship and crucial to the phenomenon of affective polarization as well (Greene 2004, p. 136;Huddy et al. 2015). ...
Article
Full-text available
Economic inequality and affective polarization are regarded as crucial factors impacting democratic resilience. However, studies on how the two phenomena are intertwined remain scarce and rely primarily on objective measures of economic inequality, overlooking the important role of subjective perceptions. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by empirically testing the link between perceptions of income inequality and affective polarization. In addition, we examine whether perceptions of income mobility moderate this relationship in such a way that perceptions of higher income mobility substitute the effect of perceived income inequality on affective polarization. To do so, we conducted a survey experiment (N = 2,717) with a factorial 2 (high vs. low income inequality) × 2 (high vs. low income mobility) design, in which we successfully modified income inequality and mobility perceptions. We find no significant effect of inequality perceptions on affective polarization and, as a consequence, no moderating role of income mobility perceptions in this relationship. Nevertheless, when income inequality is regarded to be high, the perceived level of income mobility seems to matter for the degree of affective polarization: Respondents are significantly more polarized in the high inequality and low mobility treatment than in the high inequality and high mobility treatment.
... Several experienced being bullied throughout primary and secondary school and some also dropped out, which was consistent with the studies that strongly related dropping out and bullying to ADHD (Bunting & Moshuus, 2016). The long continuance of such situations indicated the surroundings were not able to capture the child's situation, which should have been important for the individual to develop 'the I' through processes about their environment in the silent transition from childhood to adulthood (Hertz, 2008;Turner & Oakes, 1986;White, 2007). ...
... First, the use of "we" is perceived as a positive and friendly behavior, and a leader who possesses this type of behavior will increase employees' liking for him or her, leading to positive perceptions and associating the leader with leadership effectiveness. Based on social identity theory, individual identification with a group is the basis for group behavior [46]. By using the first-person plural pronoun "we", the leader stimulates the group attributes of the employees, which makes the social ties between individuals stronger, strengthens the collective identity, and makes the employees willing to support the leader and cognitively trust the leader's abilities. ...
Article
Full-text available
The first-person pronoun is an indispensable element of the communication process. Meanwhile, leadership effectiveness, as the result of leaders’ leadership work, is the key to the sustainable development of leaders and corporations. However, due to the constraints of traditional methods and sample bias, it is challenging to accurately measure and validate the relationship between first-person pronouns and leadership effectiveness at the implicit level. Word Embedding Association Test (WEAT) measures the relative degree of association between words in natural language by calculating the difference in word similarity. This study employs the word and sentence vector indicators of WEAT to investigate the implicit relationship between first-person pronouns and leadership effectiveness. The word vector analyses of the Beijing Normal University word vector database and Google News word vector database demonstrate that the cosine similarity and semantic similarity of “we-leadership effectiveness” are considerably greater than that of “I-leadership effectiveness”. Furthermore, the sentence vector analyses of the Chinese Wikipedia BERT model corroborate this relationship. In conclusion, the results of a machine learning-based WEAT verified the relationship between first-person plural pronouns and leadership effectiveness. This suggests that when leaders prefer to use “we”, they are perceived to be more effective.
... Previous work has furthermore shown that personal characteristics affect the likability of DVAs. Respective studies draw on the social identity theory as a foundation to explain differences among user's gender identities [58], where the majority of the work indicates differences in people's DVA preferences depending on whether they identify as male or female [22,59,60]. Thus, we may hypothesize: ...
Article
Full-text available
Due to the wide adoption of digital voice assistants (DVAs), interactions with technology have also changed our perceptions, highlighting and reinforcing (mostly) negative gender stereotypes. Regarding the ongoing advancements in the field of human–machine interaction, a developed and improved understanding of and awareness of the reciprocity of gender and DVA technology use is thus crucial. Our work in this field expands prior research by including a nonbinary voice option as a means to eschew gender stereotypes. We used a between-subject quasi-experimental questionnaire study (female voice vs. male voice vs. nonbinary voice), in which n=318 participants provided feedback on gender stereotypes connected to voice perceptions and personality traits. Our findings show that the overall gender perception of our nonbinary voice leaned towards male on the gender spectrum, whereas the female-gendered and male-gendered voices were clearly identified as such. Furthermore, we found that feminine attributes were clearly tied to our female-gendered voice, whereas the connection of masculine attributes to the male voice was less pronounced. Most notably, however, we did not find gender-stereotypical trait attributions with our nonbinary voice. Results also show that the likability of our female-gendered and nonbinary voices was lower than it was with our male-gendered voice, and that, particularly with the nonbinary voice, this likability was affected by people’s personality traits. Thus, overall, our findings contribute (1) additional theoretical grounding for gender-studies in human–machine interaction, and (2) insights concerning peoples’ perceptions of nonbinary voices, providing additional guidance for researchers, technology designers, and DVA providers.
... For example, studies [43,44] have linked identity-related measures, such as country of origin, to levels of terrorist activity and co-offending, while more general studies of crime [45][46][47] have found that co-offending is greater among people of the same age, gender, and ethnicity. Individuals typically seek content and meaning when connecting [48,49]. Shared characteristics provide this and they are interwoven with collective narratives, which have been found [50] to provide a strong rationale in extremist networks for an individual's evolution toward violent action. ...
Article
Full-text available
Prior research suggests that members of terrorist groups prioritize forming network ties based on trust to improve their organizational and operational security. The homophily principle, which postulates that individuals tend to form relationships based on shared characteristics, can be a key mechanism through which people identify trustworthy associates. Next to homophily, the mechanism of establishing interconnected relationships through transitivity is also well-known to serve this purpose and shape community structures in social networks. We analyze the community structures of the Islamist co-offending network in the United States, which is highly violent, to assess whether homophily and transitivity determine which extremists form co-offending ties. We rely on a new database on the individual attributes and the co-offending relationships of 494 Islamist offenders radicalized in the United States between 1993 and 2020. Using community detection algorithms, we show that the US Islamist co-offending network is highly clustered, modular, and includes many small but only a few large communities. Furthermore, results from exponential random graph modeling show that transitive relationships as well as spatial proximity, ideological affiliation, and shared socio-cultural characteristics drive co-offending among US Islamist extremists. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the processes of homophily and transitivity shape violent social networks.
Article
Full-text available
This article explores Social Identity Theory (SIT) as a framework for understanding group behavior and intergroup dynamics. Developed by Tajfel and Turner (1979), SIT examines the psychological processes of social categorization, social identification, and social comparison, which underpin how individuals form group identities and perceive out-group members. The article delves into the core mechanisms of SIT, including the ways in which social categorization shapes in-group/out-group distinctions, social identification strengthens group cohesion, and social comparison drives behaviors aimed at maintaining or enhancing group status. Through the lens of SIT, the article highlights the complexities of loyalty, prejudice, and intergroup conflict, offering insights into the factors that promote cooperation or rivalry between groups. Modern extensions of SIT, such as self-categorization theory, are also discussed to emphasize the evolving nature of group dynamics in contemporary society. The implications of SIT are examined in various contexts, including nationalism, workplace dynamics, and community integration, demonstrating its relevance in both local and global phenomena. Ultimately, the article underscores the importance of SIT in understanding group behavior and provides directions for future research on the evolving nature of group identities in an increasingly interconnected world.
Article
Purpose This study leverages theories of social influence to explore how “likes” for consumption-related content on social media fulfill consumers’ needs for social acceptance, subsequently affecting their repurchase and word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions. It aims to understand the extent to which social media engagements, specifically likes, serve as markers of social validation in the context of consumer behavior. Design/methodology/approach Our mixed-methods approach incorporated two experiments and an analysis of an archival dataset from a popular Chinese social media platform. This comprehensive methodology allowed for empirical validation of our hypotheses, combining experimental control with real-world relevance to scrutinize the impact of likes on consumption behavior. Findings The results of Studies 1 and 2 revealed that the number of likes significantly enhanced behavioral intentions regarding repurchase and positive word-of-mouth by fulfilling consumers’ need for social acceptance. Moreover, this effect was observed only under conditions of high (vs low) ideal social self-congruity. Study 3, conducted in a natural social media context, further validated these findings, demonstrating that likes positively influenced behavioral intention, with ideal social self-congruity acting as a boundary condition. Originality/value This study provides a novel perspective by directly linking social media likes to consumer behavioral intentions, specifically repurchase and WOM, through the mediating role of social acceptance and the moderating effect of ideal social self-congruity. By focusing on user-generated content (UGC) rather than marketer-generated content (MGC), it addresses a critical gap in the literature, emphasizing how receiving likes on consumer-shared content impacts content creators’ post-purchase behaviors, with practical implications for marketers on leveraging aspirational self-congruity to optimize promotional strategies.
Article
This article seeks to understand the mechanisms through which professional baseball players of diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds create bonds with each other. Utilizing interviews with 22 individuals including players, coaches, and team personnel, the study aims to elucidate the nuances of cultural navigation and comprehension within the baseball context. Employing social-identity theory as a framework, the authors underscore the necessity for players to adopt a mindset conducive to linguistic experimentation and humor, viewing each other as individuals beyond cultural labels and embracing the diversity inherent in their respective backgrounds. The pivotal role of cultural understanding in fostering camaraderie among teammates is highlighted, emphasizing the significance of mutual respect and empathy in transcending language and cultural barriers in the professional baseball realm.
Article
Full-text available
Recently, Succar and Porfiri (Nature Cities 1(3):216–224, 2024) reported sublinear scaling for firearm ownership in the United States. Their analysis hinted at a causal role of prevalence of homicides and firearm accessibility on firearm ownership, supporting self-protection as a driver of firearm ownership. In this study, we propose a microscopic, individual-level model to explain these macroscopic, city-level findings. In the model, individuals dwell in a city and buy a gun if they experience a violent interaction and know a dealer. We examine the model from a network science perspective and show the emergence of sublinear scaling with an exponent matching empirical observations. Beyond scaling, the model provides accurate predictions of city rankings in terms of firearm ownership, underscoring the explanatory power of the self-protection theory.
Article
How can pro‐American attitudes be measured? What factors influence shifts in these attitudes? Anchored in institutional identity theory, this study constructs a pro‐American attitude scale and posits three hypotheses concerning Taiwanese consciousness, the evaluation of interdependent benefits, and political learning to elucidate the shift in pro‐American attitudes. Targeting Taiwanese students, this study employs a quasi‐experimental design for data collection and linear regression for hypothesis testing. The findings indicate that from February to June 2023, 37.68% of participants demonstrated a decrease in pro‐American attitudes, 36.24% demonstrated an increase, and 26.09% remained unchanged. Participants in the political learning experimental group displayed a shift in pro‐American attitudes in contrast to the control group. The regression model developed in this study accounted for 25.07% of the variance in the shift in Taiwanese students' pro‐American attitudes, and all hypotheses were empirically supported. An increase in Taiwanese consciousness or frequency of political learning corresponds to a decrease in pro‐American attitudes. Conversely, an elevated evaluation of Taiwan–America interdependent benefits correlates with an increase in pro‐American attitudes. This study demonstrates that political learning can mitigate the enhancing effect of political communication on pro‐American attitudes, thus offering a unique contribution to academic and practical fields.
Article
Researchers in psychology and management have recently examined what leads competitors to perceive that they are in a rivalry (e.g., repeated competitions) and what the consequences of rivalry are (e.g., better performance). Other researchers have long focused on the importance of social identity for how people evaluate themselves and others. In two studies, we connect and extend this past work by examining whether having the same identity as an opponent (specifically, gender or nationality) produces rivalry effects. In an online experiment, we found that sport competitors are more likely to perceive their same-gender opponents as rivals than their different-gender opponents (and this was especially the case for men). These stronger rivalry perceptions were predicted by competitors’ greater similarity, greater frequency of past competitions, and greater competitiveness with their same-gender opponents. Then, in an analysis of data from Major League Baseball (MLB), we found that batters from the Dominican Republic and the United States hit better when a same-nationality catcher was behind the plate. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of identity-based rivalry.
Article
Full-text available
The word polarization has gained notoriety both in journalistic headlines and academic publications to explain the social and political conflicts of recent years. Despite its relevance, this concept is used indiscriminately, so its meaning is not always clear. Consequently, this research aims to provide an overview of polarization in the social sciences, in terms of characteristics of polarization, theories, and associated variables that support its academic use. A review of reviews was carried out using the PRISMA methodology. 56 publications from different disciplines and databases were analyzed. The methodological quality of the publications was evaluated using the AMSTAR2 and SANRA instruments. The publications were analyzed by statistical analysis of textual data. Based on these analyses, definitions of three classes and 19 subclasses of polarization were defined. The quality of the reviews was determined, and the variables and theories associated with the phenomenon were specified. Most of the reviews are narratives, which show little methodological systematicity. Similarly, most of the reviews relate to political polarization, and only five variables were found to be inversely related to polarization, which shows how little depolarization has been studied.
Article
Purpose Underpinning social identity theory (SIT) and service-dominant logic (SDL), the current paper seeks to explore the effect of self-presentation on online brand advocacy (OBA). Furthermore, this paper investigates the mediating role of hedonic value and the moderating role of customer interaction with e-commerce websites (i.e. Amazon, Walmart and eBay). Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from customers of three e-commerce platforms (i.e. Walmart, Amazon and eBay) using a structured questionnaire – multi-group analysis applied on SmartPLS 4.4. Findings Self-presentation has a positive role in increasing hedonic value and its impact on OBA. The moderating effect of customer interaction on these relationships is also investigated and found to be significant. Social implications Our findings underscore the significance of fostering inclusive online communities and favorable online settings. Existing findings are consistent with overarching objectives of digital empowerment and enhanced online interaction quality. This paper contributes to harmonious and collaborative digital societies by encouraging personalized experiences that foster a sense of belonging among diverse customers. Originality/value This paper adds to the existing body of knowledge by comparing customer behavior on three major e-commerce platforms, going beyond the traditional focus on a single platform. Drawing on SIT and SDL, this paper provides a distinct nomological framework for OBA that unifies disparate constructs, filling theoretical gaps in our understanding of online customer behavior.
Article
This research investigated the mechanisms and contextual factors influencing the relationship between servant leadership tailored to specific environments and environmental citizenship behavior, considering the Conservation of Resource Theory as a theoretical lens. Data collection was collected from 300 employees and their supervisors, including several organizations within the Pakistani Hospitality and Tourism sector, and the data underwent analysis using PLS-SEM. Empirical findings showed that the relationship between environmental-specific servant leadership and organizational environmental citizenship behavior is mediated by harmonious environmental passion. The green work climate positively moderates the indirect effects of harmonious environmental passion on organizational environmental citizenship behavior, suggesting that this effect is strengthened when employees have a higher green work climate than with a lower green work climate. Guidelines for future research are provided.
Article
Full-text available
Bu çalışmada, Strauss ve Howe kuşak paradigması incelenmiş ve paradigma içinde yer alan kuşak kategorilerinin ve kuşak kimliği tanımlarının hangi kriterlere göre belirlendiği ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmanın analiz bölümünde Strauss ve Howe kuşak denklemi, biçim ve içerik yönüyle kuşak ve sosyal kimlik tanım ve teorileri çerçevesinde analiz edilmiş ve Milenyum Kuşağı, X Kuşağı, Y Kuşağı, Z Kuşağı, Alfa Kuşağı gibi verili kuşak kimliklerinin kuşakları ne ölçüde temsil ettiği değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın teorik çerçevesini kuşak ve sosyal kimlik tanım ve teorileri oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, günümüzde kuşakları tanımlamak için sıkça kullanılan verili kuşak kimliklerinin kuşakları tanımlama sınırlılığını ortaya koymak ve sosyal ve kültürel yapılar temelinde kuşak anlayışının gelişimine katkı sağlamaktır.
Article
This article explores the meaning and importance of hate in intergroup conflict, especially in conflict that moves to genocide or politicide. Review of controversies in defining hate leads to definition of hate as an extreme form of negative identification that includes perception of bad essence . Negative identification is inverse caring for others, as seen in studies of schadenfreude and gluckschmerz . Studies of dehumanization suggest that two forms of bad essence can be distinguished: evil human (entitativity essentializing) and infrahuman animal (natural kind essentializing). Studies also show that those who essentialize more are more ready to punish indiscriminately all members of a rival group—thus essentializing facilitates killing by category. Application of the negative‐identification‐bad‐essence definition of hate in the Nazi, Cambodian, and Rwandan cases indicates that leaders of political mass murder hate their victims, but that hate is relatively unimportant for those who do the killing. For the mass public that leaders and perpetrators claim to represent, the importance of hate as defined here is currently unknown. Implications are considered for measuring hate in texts and polls and for future directions of research on hate.
Article
Full-text available
ESL teachers at the tertiary level need to understand what makes their students attend English classes regularly. As such, this study aims to find factors that affect the intention of undergraduates to attend English classes consistently while reading for a degree. A quantitative study was conducted from the perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by Icek Ajzen (1985), to identify whether there is a relationship between Attitudes, Subjective Norms (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC): the three determiners of the TPB, and students" intention to attend English classes. An online questionnaire was administered among 354 first-year undergraduates of the University of Peradeniya in Sri Lanka. The findings were mainly analyzed employing Minitab. The Pearson Test of Correlation Coefficient and the Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis were conducted to interpret data. The findings illustrate that there is a significant relationship between students" Perceived Behavioural Control of English language learning and their Intention to attend English classes. Furthermore, of the three sub-variables of the Perceived Behavioural Control, only two: External Factors and Autonomy, indicate a substantial relationship with the student"s Intention to attend English classes. This study has implications for all educational institutions, encouraging them to provide physical facilities and the training for teachers they need in order to create a conducive environment where students can learn English. This would also provide a novel perspective on how English education should be reformed.
Article
Full-text available
Presents a critical analysis of some of the major work in cognitive social, personality, and developmental psychology. It is argued that cognitivism, by virtue of the primacy it gives to the individual knower, to subjective determinants of behavior, and to formal cognitive operations, represents a set of values and interests that reproduce and reaffirm the existing nature of the social order. However, the joining of cognitive psychology with idealogy is not intended simply to unmask the values carried by the cognitivist approach. The issue of values also raises serious questions about the nature of psychological science. Four case examples are examined as the basis for the claims made in the present article: (1) the deficiencies of interactionism, (2) cognitivism's denial of reality, (3) psychological reifications, and (4) cognitive/developmental theory and the technical interest in knowledge. A concluding comment calls for a new and transformative psychology, not of what is, but of what may yet be. (71 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Full-text available
Applies 3 recent criticisms of personality and social psychology—the historical, the dialectical, and the interdependence theses—to a critical examination of existing trends in theory and practice, in particular to concepts of androgyny, mental health, and moral development. The position is developed that existing conceptions in these and other areas emphasize a cultural and historical thesis of self-contained individualism; syntheses of opposing or desirable characteristics are located within the person rather than within an interdependent collectivity. By viewing these and other psychological concepts against this background, it can be better understood that (a) these (e.g., androgyny) are not fundamental psychological principles; (b) alternative conceptualizations are both possible and perhaps even more desirable; and (c) in an era in which collective problem solving is necessary, the perpetuation of self-contained, individualistic conceptions can stifle psychology's effort to contribute to resolving contemporary social issues. (48 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Full-text available
The 1st of a series of 2 papers discussing a theoretical approach to conceptualization of theory and principles in social psychology. The present formulation, an extension of a theoretical approach begun in 1942 (Allport, 1942) and elaborated elsewhere (Allport, 1954, 1955) involves understanding social phenomena as a function of "collective structuring." Such a concept is offered as a substitute for other terms implying the group as a referent point, e.g., social norm, life space, group mind, etc. This formulation is necessitated by a need to explain the empirically-derived influence on individual behavior in and out of groups without resorting to epiphenomena. Collective structuring implies the interrelating of individual frames of reference with those of others, born out of a personal involvement and "heightened probability of satisfactions through integrated behaviors."
Chapter
A series of studies by Taylor and Simard (1975) demonstrated that cross-cultural communication can be, in objective terms, as effective as within-group communication. We should ask then, why this is not always the case, and subjectively too. A major part of the answer, we believe, lies in the role played by stereotypes. We therefore consider the nature of stereotypes, their cognitive foundations and consequences, social functions, resistance to change, and relationship to behaviour.
Article
Originally published in 1966 the author challenges the accepted theories of group conflict of the time, such as frustration and maladjustment. For him conflict and its accompanying aggressiveness are features of interaction between groups and he supports this theory with a detailed experimental study of controlled groups. At the time of publication, Dr Otto Klineberg, Director of the International Centre for Intergroup Relations at the Sorbonne wrote: 'Social scientists everywhere owe a great debt of gratitude to Professor Sherif. The distinguished series of publications for which he and his co-workers are responsible have an honoured place in our libraries. In particular, his contributions to the field of intergroup relations are outstanding; his concept of "superordinate goals", based on a combination of theoretical insight and brilliant experimentation, has become a household word for those concerned with this significant problem. In his new volume, Group Conflict and Co-operation, he carries his analysis much further, not only describing the results of several original investigations, but also building a theoretical appraisal of an extensive research literature. The author has made still another significant contribution toward a better understanding of one of the most complex and disturbing phenomena of our time.'
Article
This paper presents an assessment of the current state of social psychology in the light of its historical and social context. The discipline is viewed as a social system, and an attempt is made to show how the properties of this system have influenced the research techniques, substantive content, and theories of contemporary social psychology. It is suggested that the field's basic mission should be defined as the attempt to understand how society influences the cognition, motivation, development, and behavior of individuals and, in turn, is influenced by them. It is proposed that this definition provides a basis for integrating all of social psychology, including its two main subdivisions and several areas of specialization.
Article
A conformity explanation of group-induced shifts in individual choice has never received careful examination. For conformity to account for groupinduced shifts, it must be shown that (a) movement toward the group produces shifts in predictable directions on given decision problems, and (b) the motive force behind individual changes is group pressure. This article reviews the evidence bearing upon these two propositions and compares conformity with other currently popular explanations of the choice shift. The conclusion drawn is that conformity cannot account for the full choice shift effect, but that it does explain a significant portion of the variance in individual shifts.
Article
The chapter explains the group-induced polarization of attitudes and behavior. The chapter highlights the concept of group polarization with four observations. First, remember that group polarization refers to a strengthening of the dominant tendency, not to increased cleavage and diversity within a group. Second, it denotes an exaggeration of the initial mean tendency derived from data averaged over groups (this includes between-subject designs where baseline choices made alone are compared with choices made by other people following group discussion of group decision.) Note, third, that the polarization hypothesis is a more precise prediction than group extremization, which denotes movement away from neutrality regardless of direction. Finally, group polarization can occur without individual group members becoming more polarized. This could easily happen if a sharply split group of people converged on a decision that was slightly more polar than their initial average. In addition, future study of group interaction seems, therefore, to have the potential of developing a creative synthesis between theory and its social usefulness, thus making this an area that fulfills Kurt Lewin's vision for social psychology.
Article
The study of the self is now of concern to almost every part of social psychology. This chapter attempts to adopt two complementary theoretical perspectives in cognitive psychology and pursue their implications for research and for theory on the structure and function of the self-concept. These implications should be construed as hypotheses rather than conclusions. It concerns with the cognitive aspects of the self, however, there are problems that must be confronted. Self-assessment is represented by a process involving the direct look up of features associated with the self concept. Because of the widespread implications and the great interest in the self throughout the behavioral sciences, research and theorizing in this field have inevitably followed different approaches. In the chapter, the relatively new information-processing perspective and the way the concepts and methods employed in the study of memory and information processing generally contribute in important ways to understand the self-concept is reviewed. The self-concept may be construed as a set of features that are characteristic of the person and also distinguish him or herself from other individuals.
Article
This book presents a new theory of the social group which seeks to explain how individuals become unified into a group and capable of collective behaviour. The book summarizes classic psychological theories of the group, describes and explains the important effects of group membership on social behaviour, outlines self-categorization theory in full and shows how the general perspective has been applied in research on group formation and cohesion, social influence, the polarization of social attitudes, crowd psychology and social stereotyping. The theory emerges as a fundamental new contribution to social psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Most experiments in social psychology are considered defective because the investigators, lacking social perspective, set up their problems within the culture of their own communities. The writer has no sympathy for the controversy between the individual and the social approaches. The individual is regarded as basic, and any valid psychological principle should apply to the individual, alone, in a group, or in relation to his whole culture. Throughout psychology, in perception, in judgment, in affectivity, etc., the frame of reference is shown to be an important determinant of experience. Variations in culture are shown to be variations in frames of reference common to various groups. Social frames of reference (social norms, i.e. values, customs, stereotypes, conventions, etc.) are regarded first as stimuli which meet the individual in his associations with others and then become interiorized. The process of establishing a social norm is illustrated experimentally in an unstable perceptual situation (autokinetic phenomenon). Observing alone, the individual establishes his own frame of reference, which is modified in the direction of conformity when he observes in a group. Observing first in a group, frames of reference are set up which determine subsequent reports when the individual observes alone (illustrating the factual basis for the contentions that supra-individual qualities arise in group situations). Social values in relation to personal needs are discussed in the light of this experiment. A final chapter describes "human nature" as dependent upon the norms peculiar to the individual's group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Advances a social-cognitive theory of the human social group with respect to group formation, the cognitive salience of group membership, and motivational biases for positive self-esteem. It is argued that psychological group membership is more a matter of shared self-definition (i.e., social identification) than cohesive interpersonal relationships and that social categorizations can be internalized as cognitive structures in self conception. When functioning, their basic consequence is the stereotypical minimization of individual differences and the enhancement of perceptual interchangeability between the self and members of the same social category. This consequence produces the distinctive features of intragroup relations, such as mutual cohesiveness, cooperativeness, and uniformity. It is hypothesized that group behavior and relationships are mediated by a cognitive redefinition of the self in terms of shared social category memberships and associated stereotypes. The group was thought of as an adaptive psychological mechanism for "depersonalizing" individual behavior. Commentaries to this approach, as well as the present author's responses, are subsequently submitted. (French abstract) (74 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
D. Taylor and R. Brown (see record 1980-27904-001) have argued that, although research in social psychology needs to take into account the social context of social behavior, the theories should aim at the explanation of individual behavior. This view is argued against as it applies to some important issues in social psychology: (1) It is contended that the "individualistic" bias of research in social psychology derives from the nature of the theories dominating the discipline. (2) A theory of intergroup behavior is briefly outlined to show that its structure and aims are different in some important ways from the individualistic theories. The bias of these theories, which is due to their assumption that social behavior takes place inside homogeneous and unstructured social systems, is illustrated using as examples the theory of belief similarity in prejudice and equity theory. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
The role of interpersonal attraction in psychological group formation is discussed. For the social cohesion model attraction and group formation are isomorphic, while the social identity approach identifies self-categorization as the mechanism of group formation. This paper examines the ‘social attraction hypothesis' (Hogg & Turner, 1985) that interpersonal attraction only leads to group formation if it generates an assumption of common category membership that engages a cognitive process of identification. This hypothesis is experimentally tested in a 2(categorization/no categorization) x 2(idiosyncratically likable-dislikable others) x 2(positively/negatively distinctive in-group) factorial design employing the ‘minimal group’ paradigm. As predicted, group formation was found to be a function of the social attractiveness (positive distinctiveness) rather than the personal attractiveness (idiosyncratic likableness) of the in-group members, and categorization (irrespective of affective relations) also generated group behaviour. Complex interactions revealed the unpredicted finding that individuals spontaneously form a group when aggregated with positively distinctive likable others in the absence of an explicit categorization. Social identity readily provides an explanation in terms of perceptions of interpersonal similarities which are transformed into social similarity and thus cause identification. The results of the study strongly favour the social identity approach to group formation.
Article
Recent studies have reported that the variable of social categorization per se is sufficient for intergroup discrimination. This paper presents an explanation of these findings in terms of the operation of social comparison processes between groups based on the need for a positive ingroup identity. The relationship between perceived social identity and intergroup comparison is elaborated theoretically, and it is argued that social comparisons give rise to processes of mutual differentiation between groups which can be analyzed as a form of ‘social’ competition. Social competition is distinguished from realistic competition (conflict of group interests). New data is reported which strengthens this interpretation of the ‘minimal’ categorization studies. It is found that minimal intergroup discrimination takes place in the distribution of meaningless ‘points’ as well as monetary rewards and that social categorization per se does not lead to intergroup behaviour where the subjects can act directly in terms of ‘self’. Other studies on intergroup biases are reviewed to argue for the generality of social competition in intergroup situations.
Article
It was hypothesized that the effects of novelty on social category membership salience may be mediated by perceivers' current tasks, rather than by an automatic perceptual bias (Taylor and Fiske, 1978). Subjects viewed tape-slide portrayals of mixed-sex groups (1 male—5 females, 2M—4F, 3M—3F, 4M—2F, 5M—1F) under ‘individual’ (focus on one target person) or ‘collective’ (focus on entire stimulus group) task conditions. Results on measures of sex stereotyping strongly supported the hypothesis, indicating that ‘individual’ task subjects tended to maximize stereotyping in the 1M—5F and 5M—1F conditions whilst ‘collective’ subjects did so in the 3M-3F condition. It is concluded that novel category memberships are not automatically prepotent in social perception, and the results are discussed in the context of a functional approach to the salience problem.
Article
Two perspectives on the nature of the social group and psychological group formation are discussed. The traditional social cohesion approach traces group formation to processes of interpersonal attraction, while the social identity approach defines the group in cognitive terms and considers identification, or self-categorization, to be the mechanism of psychological group formation. On the basis of an experiment by Turner, Sachdev and Hogg (1983) it is hypothesized that interpersonal attraction (positive or negative) is related to group formation only in so far as it enhances intergroup distinctiveness. This hypothesis is experimentally tested in a 2 × 3 (interpersonal liking/disliking per se versus no explicit categorization/random categorization/criterial categorization on the basis of affect) factorial design employing the ‘minimal group’ paradigm. People who like each other and were not explicitly categorized formed a group. This effect was enhanced by criterial categorization but disappeared when categorization was random. Although the results do not support the hypothesis, they are not explicable in social cohesion terms. A social identity explanation is furnished—attraction influences group formation by acting, under certain specifiable conditions, as a cognitive criterion for common category membership. This explanation is located in current theorizing and is proposed as part of a reconceptualization of the relationship between interpersonal attraction and group formation.
Article
The paper contains a detailed study of the St. Pauls' riots of April 1980. Particular attention is paid to the limits of participation in the event and the limits of crowd action. It is argued that these limits show clear social form and cannot be explained in terms of the individualistic theories that dominate crowd psychology. Instead a model of crowd behaviour based on the social identity model is advanced to account for the observations. It is concluded that crowd behaviour is more sophisticated and creative than hitherto allowed and that the neglect of this field should be remedied. Cet article constitue une analyse des émeutes qui se déroulèrent à Bristol en avril 1980 et connues sous le nom d'émeutes de ‘St. Paul’. Une explication des événements en termes de théories individualistes des mouvements sociaux parait impossible vu la stricte localisation de l'action et la nette délimitation de la participation. Un modèle du comportement de masse basé sur l'identité sociale est donc avancé pour rendre compte des observations. Cette recherche conclut que l'action des foules est plus complexe et créative qu'on a pu le penser. II s'agit là d'un champ de recherche qui mériterait d'étre davantage investigué.
Article
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
Article
Several modifications of the Asch experiment in which the S judges the length of lines in the company of a group of "stooges" who carry out the experimenter's instructions are described. These include a face-to-face situation, an anonymous situation, and a group situation, with self-commitment, public commitment and Magic Pad commitment variations. The results indicate that, even when normative social influence in the direction of an incorrect judgment is largely removed (as in the anonymous situation), more errors are made by Ss in experimental groups than by Ss making their judgments when alone.
Article
A series of interrelated hypotheses has been presented to account for data on informal social communication collected in the course of a number of studies. The data come from field studies and from laboratory experiments specifically designed to test the hypotheses. Three sources of pressures to communicate have been considered: (1) communication arising from pressures toward uniformity in a group (2) communications arising from forces to locomote in a social structure [and] (3) communications arising from the existence of emotional states.
Studies of similarity (cds) Cognition and Categorization
  • A Tversky
  • I Gati
Tversky, A. & Gati, I. (1978). Studies of similarity. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (cds). Cognition and Categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Factors determining the salience of group membership in social perception
  • P J Oakes
Oakes, P. J. (1983). Factors determining the salience of group membership in social perception. Unpublishcd PhD thesis, University of Bristol. UK.
Groups and Individuals: Explanation in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Fan, The social origins of the human mind: An historical note
  • W R M Doise
Doise, W. (1978). Groups and Individuals: Explanation in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Fan, R. M. (1981). The social origins of the human mind: An historical note. In J. P. Forgas (ed.), Social Cognifion.
The social identity theory of intergroup behavior Psychological set and social conformity Journalof Personality
  • H Tajfel
  • J C Turner
Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin Thibaut, J. W. & Strickland, L. H. (1956). Psychological set and social conformity. Journalof Personality, 25.
The Making of Sociology
  • R Fletcher
Fletcher, R. (1971). The Making of Sociology, vol. 2. Developments. London: Michael Joseph.
Social support for nonconformity
  • V L Allen
Allen, V. L. (1975). Social support for nonconformity. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimenfal Social Allport, F. H. (1924). Social Psychology. New York: Houghton, Mifflin.
Social Identity and Intergroup Relaiions. Cambridge: Cambridge University PresdParis The Social Dimension: European Developments in Social Psychology, vols 1 & 2
  • H Tajfel
Tajfel. H. (1982). Social Identity and Intergroup Relaiions. Cambridge: Cambridge University PresdParis: Editions de Tajfel, H. (1984). The Social Dimension: European Developments in Social Psychology, vols 1 & 2. Cambridge:
The St Pauls riot: An cxplanation of thc limits of crowd action in terms o f a social idcntity Principles of categorization Cognition and Categorization
  • S D Reicher
  • E Rosch
Reicher. S. D. (1984). The St Pauls riot: An cxplanation of thc limits of crowd action in terms o f a social idcntity Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (cds). Cognition and Categorization. pp.
Attribution and the salience of social group membcrships: Correlation and normative consistency as determinants of personality, catcgory membership and entity attributions
  • P J Oakes
  • J C Turner
Oakes, P. J. & Turner, J. C. (in preparation). Attribution and the salience of social group membcrships: Correlation and normative consistency as determinants of personality, catcgory membership and entity attributions. Macquaric University, Sydney.
Social representations: Their role in the design and execution of laboratory experiments
  • R M Farr
Farr, R. M. (1984). Social representations: Their role in the design and execution of laboratory experiments. In R. M. Consistency theories and judgemental convergence. Sociomerry, 33, 108-122.
Social identification, social influence and group polarization
  • M S Wetherell
Wetherell. M. S. (1983). Social identification, social influence and group polarization. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Bristol, UK.
Social Represenfafions. Cambridge: Cambridge University PresslParis: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de I'Homme
  • R M Fan
  • S Moscovici
Fan, R. M. & Moscovici, S. (1984). Social Represenfafions. Cambridge: Cambridge University PresslParis: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de I'Homme.