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Determination of Nonylphenol migrated from Food-contact Plastics.
Abstract
1 - CAPLUS AN 2002:943098(Journal)
... Also APEOs are used for emulsion polymerization in plastic production (Talmage, 1994). Detection of nonylphenols in plastic products has been reported (Isobe et al., 2002;Loyo-Rosales et al., 2004). These additive-derived NP are a source of NP detected in oceanic plastic fragments. ...
... This was supported by the predominance of NP over OP in those samples. OPbased additives are rarely used and only NP is detected from commercial plastic products (Isobe et al., 2002). Some amounts of octylphenolpolyethoxylates, which generate OP, are used as surfactant and discharged to urban aquatic environments. ...
To understand the spatial variation in concentrations and compositions of organic micropollutants in marine plastic debris and their sources, we analyzed plastic fragments (∼10 mm) from the open ocean and from remote and urban beaches. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), alkylphenols and bisphenol A were detected in the fragments at concentrations from 1 to 10,000 ng/g. Concentrations showed large piece-to-piece variability. Hydrophobic organic compounds such as PCBs and PAHs were sorbed from seawater to the plastic fragments. PCBs are most probably derived from legacy pollution. PAHs showed a petrogenic signature, suggesting the sorption of PAHs from oil slicks. Nonylphenol, bisphenol A, and PBDEs came mainly from additives and were detected at high concentrations in some fragments both from remote and urban beaches and the open ocean.
Migrants found in migration solutions obtained from commercially available polyethylene products that may contain food were studied and analysed via liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF) for non-target screening and LC-MS/MS for quantifying 14 substances in migration solutions. Furthermore, an analytical approach based on the retention gap was developed for accurate separation techniques using LC-MS/MS. Irganox 1076 was detected at a maximum of 1.5 mg/kg, which was 1/4 of the Specific Migration Limit in the EU, in nine commercially available plastic bags tested. This is in accordance with European Regulation No 10/2011/EU. Furthermore, migration of Erucamide and Irgafos 168-oxide was confirmed.
Introduction: From Materiality to Plasticity by Jennifer Gabrys, Gay Hawkins and Mike Michael Part I: Plastic Materialities 1. Plastics, Materials and Dreams of Dematerialization by Bernadette Bensaude Vincent 2. Process and Plasticity: Printing, Prototyping and the Prospects of Plastic by Mike Michael Part II: Plastic Economies 3. Made to Be Wasted: PET and Topologies of Disposability by Gay Hawkins 4. The Material Politics of Vinyl: How the State, Industry and Citizens Created and Transformed West Germany’s Consumer Democracy by Andrea Westermann 5. Paying With Plastic: The Enduring Presence of the Credit Card by Joe Deville Part III: Plastic Bodies 6. The Death and Life of Plastic Surfaces: Mobile Phones by Tom Fisher 7. Reflections of an Unrepentant Plastiphobe: An Essay on Plasticity and the STS Life by Jody A. Roberts 8. Plasticizers: A Twenty-First Century Miasma by Max Liboiron 9. Plastics, the Environment and Human Health by Richard Thompson Part IV: New Articulations 10. Where Does This Stuff Come From? Oil, Plastic and the Distribution of Violence by James Marriott and Mika Minio-Paluello 11. International Pellet Watch: Studies of the Magnitude and Spatial Variation of Chemical Risks Associated with Environmental Plastics by Shige Takada 12. Plastic and the Work of the Biodegradable by Jennifer Gabrys
Nonylphenol is an alkyl phenol generated through microbial degradation of non-ionic surfactants in rivers as well as by oxidation and hydrolysis of oxidants in plastic products. Therefore, it is important to assess the endocrine disruption effects of nonylphenol ingested via food and to clarify the molecular mechanism involved. Nonylphenol primarily targets the male reproductive (testes and prostate) system, and may be involved in insufficiency of sperm differentiation and degeneration of the testes and prostate in F1 and F2 mice exposed to nonylphenol at the prenatal stage. In this study, we isolated the human protein NPR1 (Nonylphenol Receptor 1) from a normal human prostate cDNA library as a protein binding to a hormone receptor binding domain of histone acetyltransferase AIB1 in the presence of nonylphenol. Molecular interaction analysis revealed that NPR1 binds nonylphenol with high specificity. Therefore, in addition to the endocrine disruption mechanism occurring through the estrogen receptor, a new mechanism acting via NPR1 was suggested.
We report a method for determining 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) levels in human urine samples by column-switching liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry after enzymatic deglucuronidation. The method involves enzymatic deconjugation by β-glucuronidase and correction by the stable isotopically labeled internal standard, 4-(1-methyl)octylphenol-d5. The compounds were separated by reversed-phase chromatography with a C18 column, and detected by selected ion monitoring in the negative mode. After adding an internal standard to urine samples, a direct analysis was carried out. The average recoveries of OP and NP were above 85.0% with correction using the added internal standard. The quantitation limit in the urine samples was 0.3 ng ml−1. The method enables the precise determination of standards and may be applied to the detection of trace amounts of OP and NP in human urine samples.
4-Nonylphenol glucuronide (NP-G) in human urine samples was analyzed using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) with in situ de-conjugation by beta-glucuronidase and thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Distilled water (1 ml), 1.0 M ammonium acetate solution (100 microl) and beta-glucuronidase (10,000 units ml(-1), 10 microl) were added to human urine sample (1 ml), and extraction was commenced for 90 min at 37 degrees C while stirring at 250 rpm with a stir bar coated with a 500-microm-thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer. Then, the stir bar was subjected to TD-GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The calibration curve was made by SBSE method using 4-nonylphenol (NP) as the standard solution. The method showed good linearity and the correlation coefficients were 0.999 over the concentration range of 5-500 nM. Moreover, to optimize the conditions for SBSE with in situ de-conjugation and the recovery test, NP-G was synthesized by a biochemical technique in our laboratory. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantitation (S/N > 10) for NP were 0.2 ng ml(-1) (1.0 nM) and 1.1 ng ml(-1) (5.0 nM), respectively. The average recoveries in the human urine samples (n = 6) spiked with NP-G at levels of 20 and 100 nM were 104.1 (R.S.D. 7.1%) and 100.6% (R.S.D. 9.2%), respectively, with correction using the added internal standard, 4-(1-methyl) octylphenol-d(5). The method enabled the precise determination of the standard and was applicable to the detection of trace amounts of NP-G in human urine samples.
A novel method, stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), with in-situ deconjugation and thermal desorption (TD) with in-tube silylation, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for determination of trace amounts of 4-nonylphenol glucuronide (NP-G) and 4-tert-octylphenol glucuronide (OP-G) in human urine, is described. The method involved correction by use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards 4-(1-methyl)octylphenol-d5 (NP-d) and deuterium 4-tert-octylphenol (OP-d). A human urine sample to which beta-glucuronidase had been added was extracted for 90 min at 37 degrees C using a stir bar coated with a 500-microm-thick layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). NP-G and OP-G were deconjugated, becoming free 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP). The analytes were then extracted with the PDMS stir bar and the stir bar was subjected to TD with in-tube silylation; this was followed by GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. To optimize the conditions for SBSE with in-situ deconjugation and to test recovery, NP-G and OP-G were synthesized by a biochemical technique in our laboratory. Average recoveries from human urine samples spiked with NP-G and OP-G were between 91.9 and 95.6% with correction using the added surrogate standards. Limits of detection were 0.11 ng mL-1 for NP and 0.01 ng mL-1 for OP. We also measured background levels of NP-G and OP-G in six urine samples from healthy volunteers. NP and OP were detected in the samples at concentrations of 0.62-1.95 ng mL-1 and <0.04-0.18 ng mL-1, respectively.
A comprehensive monitoring survey for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) utilizing mussels as sentinel organisms was conducted in South and Southeast Asia as a part of the Asian Mussel Watch project. Green mussel (Perna viridis) samples collected from a total of 48 locations in India, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines during 1994-1999 were analyzed for PAHs, EDCs including nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol A (BPA), and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) as molecular markers for sewage. Concentrations of NP ranged from 18 to 643 ng/g-dry tissue. The highest levels of NP in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and Indonesia were comparable to those observed in Tokyo Bay. Elevated concentrations of EDCs were not observed in Vietnam and Cambodia, probably due to the lower extent of industrialization in these regions. No consistent relationship between concentrations of phenolic EDCs and LABs were found, suggesting that sewage is not a major source of EDCs. Concentrations of PAHs ranged from 11 to 1,133 ng/g-dry, which were categorized as "low to moderate" levels of pollution. The ratio of methylphenanthrenes to phenanthrene (MP/P ratio) was >1.0 in 20 out of 25 locations, indicating extensive input of petrogenic PAHs. This study provides a bench-mark for data on the distribution of anthropogenic contaminants in this region, which is essential in evaluating temporal and spatial variation and effect of future regulatory measures.
Alkylphenols, 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), in human urine and plasma samples were analyzed using stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) in combination with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The method involved correction by stable isotopically labeled surrogate standards, 4-(1-methyl)octylphenol-d5 (m-OP-d5) and deuterium 4-tert-octylphenol (OP-d). A biological sample was extracted for 60 min at room temperature (25 degrees C) using a stir bar coated with a 500 microm thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer. Then, the stir bar was analyzed by TD-GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode without any derivatization step. The average recoveries in human urine and plasma samples spiked with NP and OP at levels of 0.5 and 10 ng ml-1 were between 95.8 and 99.8% with correction using the added surrogate standards. The limits of quantitation were 0.2 ng ml-1 for NP and 0.02 ng ml-1 for OP. We measured the background levels of NP and OP in five human urine and three human plasma samples from healthy volunteers. NP and OP were not detected in all human urine samples (N.D. < 0.2 ng ml-1 for NP, and N.D. < 0.02 ng ml-1 for OP). However, 0.2-0.3 ng ml-1 for NP and 0.1-0.2 ng ml-1 for OP in human plasma samples were observed by this method.
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