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In vitro effects of monolaurin compounds on enveloped RNA and DNA viruses
Abstract
Monolaurin alone and monolaurin with tert-butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), methylparaben, or sorbic acid were tested for in vitro virucidal activity against 14 human RNA and DNA enveloped viruses in cell culture. At concentrations of 1% additive in the reaction mixture for 1 h at 23°C, all viruses were reduced in infectivity by >99.9%. Monolaurin with BHA was the most effective virucidal agent in that it removed all measurable infectivity from all of the viruses tested. The compounds acted similarly on all the viruses and reduced infectivity by disintegrating the virus envelope.
... Human body is a multifaceted ecosystem comprising approximately 10 13 human cells and 10 14 bacterial, fungal and protozoan cells which sets up the natural flora eliciting tribulation only when the immune system is weakened. At the same time as, the pathogens are typically definite from these microbiota and are capable of triggering malady even without the immune system being compromised or injured. ...
... Monolaurin (product of esterification in human body which combines lauric acid and glycerol) which is obtainable from coconut could lessen infectivity of RNA and DNA enclosed viruses by >99.9% by disintegrating the virus envelope in vitro (Hierholzer and Kabara, 1982) [14] . Thormar et al. (1987) [35] validated the capability of lauric acid and monolaurin to inactivate viruses by collapsing the cell membrane. ...
... Monolaurin (product of esterification in human body which combines lauric acid and glycerol) which is obtainable from coconut could lessen infectivity of RNA and DNA enclosed viruses by >99.9% by disintegrating the virus envelope in vitro (Hierholzer and Kabara, 1982) [14] . Thormar et al. (1987) [35] validated the capability of lauric acid and monolaurin to inactivate viruses by collapsing the cell membrane. ...
Synthetic antiviral medicines expounded for treating viral diseases posed a range of undesirable consequences on human beings necessitating the contribution of natural drugs and medicines of plant origin. Horticultural crops implementing the intent of protective foods have the competence to contend bacterial, fungal and viral diseases debilitating human health. Plantation crops have been well-utilized by our ancestors for formulating medicines to cure several health ailments thus assuring its ability to fight the frightful viral diseases. This manuscript exclusively congregates the phyo-pharmaceuticals acquired in plantation crops imparting protection against retrovirus, enterovirus, influenza, dengue, chikungunya, zika, etc which can be exposed to further analysis in medical milieu to confront the latest life-threatening COVID-19 as well as impending frailties down to budding viruses.
... Purified and human milk-derived monoglycerides provide antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and visna virus, but are ineffective against nonenveloped picornaviruses, including poliovirus and rhinovirus (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Previous studies showed that monoglycerides that are similar to GML inactivate enveloped RNA and DNA viruses (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). ...
... Purified and human milk-derived monoglycerides provide antiviral activity against enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), and visna virus, but are ineffective against nonenveloped picornaviruses, including poliovirus and rhinovirus (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Previous studies showed that monoglycerides that are similar to GML inactivate enveloped RNA and DNA viruses (18)(19)(20)(21)(22). Although the mechanism of action is not well characterized, electron microscopy (EM) of VSV treated with linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, revealed disruption of the viral envelope and of particle integrity (19,20). ...
... Although the mechanism of action is not well characterized, electron microscopy (EM) of VSV treated with linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, revealed disruption of the viral envelope and of particle integrity (19,20). Similar EM results were obtained from treatment of influenza A virus and coronavirus (CoV) infections with a monolaurin mixture (22). Other studies showed that phage treated with a monoglyceride had altered sedimentation in sucrose gradient centrifugation experiments (21). ...
A total of 340 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired each year. Antimicrobial agents that target multiple infectious pathogens are ideal candidates to reduce the number of newly acquired STIs. The antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of GML make it an excellent candidate to fit this critical need. Previous studies established the safety profile and antibacterial activity of GML against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. GML protected against high-dose SIV infection and reduced inflammation, which can exacerbate disease, during infection. We found that GML inhibits HIV-1 and other human-pathogenic viruses (yellow fever virus, mumps virus, and Zika virus), broadening its antimicrobial range. Because GML targets diverse infectious pathogens, GML may be an effective agent against the broad range of sexually transmitted pathogens. Further, our data show that reutericyclin, a GML analog expressed by some lactobacillus species, also inhibits HIV-1 replication and thus may contribute to the protective effect of Lactobacillus in HIV-1 transmission.
... The high potentials of coconut oil as medicine were ascertained by Kabara in the 1970s, who found coconut oil"s antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities were exerted by its MCFAs [41]. The recognition of coconut oil antimicrobial activities was also reported by Hierholzer and Kabara [42] which focused on virucidal effects of monolaurin RNA and DNA viruses. Recently, experimental outcomes from many studies discovered that monolaurin had not only antimicrobial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells [1,3,43] but also antifungal and antiviral properties [44,45,46,47,48]. ...
... The antiviral activity of monolaurin was tested against many enveloped human RNA and DNA viruses and the results concluded that all viruses were reduced in infectivity at 1% concentration of the monolaurin additive [42]. In the presence of LA, Hornung et al. [45] indicated that the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was inhibited by several orders of magnitude where the inhibitory effect was reversible. ...
... Although largely unknown, some disruption of the lipid membranes of the susceptible organisms by VCO or its metabolites cannot be entirely overruled [58]. Hierholzer and Kabara [42] suggested that a key factor in the virucidal activity of monolaurin was associated with a generalised disintegration of the cell envelope signifying that solubilisation of the lipids and phospholipids in the cell envelope had occurred. The viral envelope was found to be affected by fatty acids, causing leakage and at even higher concentrations, a complete disintegration of the envelope and the viral particles occurred [65]. ...
... The high potentials of coconut oil as medicine were ascertained by Kabara in the 1970s, who found coconut oil"s antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities were exerted by its MCFAs [41]. The recognition of coconut oil antimicrobial activities was also reported by Hierholzer and Kabara [42] which focused on virucidal effects of monolaurin RNA and DNA viruses. Recently, experimental outcomes from many studies discovered that monolaurin had not only antimicrobial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells [1,3,43] but also antifungal and antiviral properties [44,45,46,47,48]. ...
... The antiviral activity of monolaurin was tested against many enveloped human RNA and DNA viruses and the results concluded that all viruses were reduced in infectivity at 1% concentration of the monolaurin additive [42]. In the presence of LA, Hornung et al. [45] indicated that the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was inhibited by several orders of magnitude where the inhibitory effect was reversible. ...
... Although largely unknown, some disruption of the lipid membranes of the susceptible organisms by VCO or its metabolites cannot be entirely overruled [58]. Hierholzer and Kabara [42] suggested that a key factor in the virucidal activity of monolaurin was associated with a generalised disintegration of the cell envelope signifying that solubilisation of the lipids and phospholipids in the cell envelope had occurred. The viral envelope was found to be affected by fatty acids, causing leakage and at even higher concentrations, a complete disintegration of the envelope and the viral particles occurred [65]. ...
VCO potential as antimicrobial agent in combating dental caries
... The antiviral activities of lauric acid and monolaurin were first noted by Sands et al. [15] and later by Hierholzer and Kabara. [16] In particular, Hierholzer and Kabara [16] showed that monolaurin was able to reduce infectivity of 14 human RNA and DNA enveloped viruses in cell culture by >99.9%, and that monolaurin acted by disintegrating the virus envelope. Thormar et al. [17] confirmed the ability of lauric acid and monolaurin to inactivate viruses by disintegration of the cell membrane. ...
... The antiviral activities of lauric acid and monolaurin were first noted by Sands et al. [15] and later by Hierholzer and Kabara. [16] In particular, Hierholzer and Kabara [16] showed that monolaurin was able to reduce infectivity of 14 human RNA and DNA enveloped viruses in cell culture by >99.9%, and that monolaurin acted by disintegrating the virus envelope. Thormar et al. [17] confirmed the ability of lauric acid and monolaurin to inactivate viruses by disintegration of the cell membrane. ...
... Along with Lf, it is a component of HM, which was demonstrated to inhibit rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus in vitro [149]. Interestingly, the anti-viral properties of GML appear to only extend to enveloped viruses, including HIV and SIV [150][151][152][153][154] specifically at mucosal surfaces [155] as well as coronavirus [150]. This inhibition is likely through limiting viral adhesion, as demonstrated in a study in which GML hindered co-receptor CXCR4 binding of HIV [154]. ...
... Along with Lf, it is a component of HM, which was demonstrated to inhibit rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus in vitro [149]. Interestingly, the anti-viral properties of GML appear to only extend to enveloped viruses, including HIV and SIV [150][151][152][153][154] specifically at mucosal surfaces [155] as well as coronavirus [150]. This inhibition is likely through limiting viral adhesion, as demonstrated in a study in which GML hindered co-receptor CXCR4 binding of HIV [154]. ...
... A series of studies reported in the 1970s that MCFAs with 6-12 carbons are responsible for potent activity towards Gram-positive bacteria, lipid-coated viruses as well as fungi and protozoa. 16,[102][103] The presence of 12-carbon lauric acid makes the oil potent towards microbes. 13 According to multiple reports, particularly lauric acid (C12:0) in its monoglyceride form (monolaurin or ML) was found to be responsible for antimicrobial properties. ...
... 14,[104][105] According to studies reported so far, CNO was identified as an effective source against lipid-coated microorganisms such as visna virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, leukemia virus, pneumono virus and hepatitis C virus. 102 Moreover, the presence of ML has broadened the antimicrobial spectrum to some fungal species such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp. and Candida albicans. A study by Ríháková et al. 106 using CNO as a monoglycerol source for antifungal activity showed that CNO could be used as a preservative with antifungal activity. ...
Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lankan and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies have shown that coconut oil is a rich source of medium-chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil has attracted attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antihepatosteatotic, antidiabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries claim a favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among Western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long-term extensive studies with proper methodol-ogies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted using various processing methods.
... Along with Lf, it is a component of HM, which was demonstrated to inhibit rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus in vitro [149]. Interestingly, the anti-viral properties of GML appear to only extend to enveloped viruses, including HIV and SIV [150][151][152][153][154] specifically at mucosal surfaces [155] as well as coronavirus [150]. This inhibition is likely through limiting viral adhesion, as demonstrated in a study in which GML hindered co-receptor CXCR4 binding of HIV [154]. ...
... Along with Lf, it is a component of HM, which was demonstrated to inhibit rhinovirus and cytomegalovirus in vitro [149]. Interestingly, the anti-viral properties of GML appear to only extend to enveloped viruses, including HIV and SIV [150][151][152][153][154] specifically at mucosal surfaces [155] as well as coronavirus [150]. This inhibition is likely through limiting viral adhesion, as demonstrated in a study in which GML hindered co-receptor CXCR4 binding of HIV [154]. ...
In 2020, with the advent of a pandemic touching all aspects of global life, there is a renewed interest in nutrition solutions to support the immune system. Infants are vulnerable to infection and breastfeeding has been demonstrated to provide protection. As such, human milk is a great model for sources of functional nutrition ingredients, which may play direct roles in protection against viral diseases. This review aims to summarize the literature around human milk (lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, osteopontin, glycerol monolaurate and human milk oligosaccharides) and infant nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and postbiotics) inspired ingredients for support against viral infections and the immune system more broadly. We believe that the application of these ingredients can span across all life stages and thus apply to both pediatric and adult nutrition. We highlight the opportunities for further research in this field to help provide tangible nutrition solutions to support one’s immune system and fight against infections.
... A series of studies reported in the 1970s that MCFAs with 6-12 carbons are responsible for potent activity towards Gram-positive bacteria, lipid-coated viruses as well as fungi and protozoa. 16,[102][103] The presence of 12-carbon lauric acid makes the oil potent towards microbes. 13 According to multiple reports, particularly lauric acid (C12:0) in its monoglyceride form (monolaurin or ML) was found to be responsible for antimicrobial properties. ...
... 14,[104][105] According to studies reported so far, CNO was identified as an effective source against lipid-coated microorganisms such as visna virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, leukemia virus, pneumono virus and hepatitis C virus. 102 Moreover, the presence of ML has broadened the antimicrobial spectrum to some fungal species such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp. and Candida albicans. A study by Ríháková et al. 106 using CNO as a monoglycerol source for antifungal activity showed that CNO could be used as a preservative with antifungal activity. ...
... A series of studies reported in the 1970s that MCFAs with 6-12 carbons are responsible for potent activity towards Gram-positive bacteria, lipid-coated viruses as well as fungi and protozoa. 16,[102][103] The presence of 12-carbon lauric acid makes the oil potent towards microbes. 13 According to multiple reports, particularly lauric acid (C12:0) in its monoglyceride form (monolaurin or ML) was found to be responsible for antimicrobial properties. ...
... 14,[104][105] According to studies reported so far, CNO was identified as an effective source against lipid-coated microorganisms such as visna virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, leukemia virus, pneumono virus and hepatitis C virus. 102 Moreover, the presence of ML has broadened the antimicrobial spectrum to some fungal species such as Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp. and Candida albicans. A study by Ríháková et al. 106 using CNO as a monoglycerol source for antifungal activity showed that CNO could be used as a preservative with antifungal activity. ...
Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lankan and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies have shown that coconut oil is a rich source of medium‐chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil has attracted attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antihepatosteatotic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries claim a favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among Western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long‐term extensive studies with proper methodologies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted using various processing methods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
... Although the exact mechanism of action of Coconut oil is still debatable and unclear, it was suggested that coconut oil is a medium chain fatty acid which contains 92% saturated acids, about 50% of them is Lauric acid (30) with its metabolite monolurine (monoglyceride of Lauric acid). This in turns has an antimicrobial effect against various types of gram +ve and gram -ve microorganisms. ...
... This in turns has an antimicrobial effect against various types of gram +ve and gram -ve microorganisms. These products were proved to protect against infection caused by bacteria, viruses, yeast and parasites (30)(31)(32)(33)(34) . ...
... The antimicrobial effect of coconut oil was first reported by Hierholzer and Kabara. [6] Recent studies show that coconut oil has antimicrobial activity against a spectrum of organisms such as Escherichia vulneris, Enterococcus spp, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and other strains due to the presence of monolaurin, a monosaccharide in coconut oil. [5] Oral cavity is a natural habitat for various microorganisms causing dental caries, periodontal diseases, halitosis, etc., Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli, and C. albicans are the microorganisms predominantly found in dental plaque associated with a caries lesion. ...
... The study confirms that enzyme-modified coconut oil strongly inhibited the growth of most strains of streptococcus bacteria including S. mutans. [8] The effect of oil pulling using coconut oil, corn oil, rice bran oil, palm oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, and soya bean oil was studied by Thaweboon et al. [6] on the biofilm models formed by S. mutans, C. albicans, and Lactobacillus casei. It was found that coconut oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and C. albicans. ...
Oral health is considered to be of prime importance to all individuals in maintaining good health, and the accepted method of oral hygiene maintenance is mechanical method of tooth cleaning. At present, chemotherapeutic agents are also used as adjutants to reduce plaque formation, but they have their own disadvantage. This has paved the way for the use of natural and plant derivatives as alternatives for
chemotherapeutics in dentistry. Coconut oil is considered as a tree of life in ancient literature and is used for any ailments. Coconut oil is edible and is consumed as a part of the staple diet in many countries. It also has medicinal and cosmetic properties. Coconut oil differs from most other dietary oils because of the high content of medium chain fatty acid (MCF), whereas in the majority of other oils,
the basic building blocks are almost entirely long chain fatty acids. The MCF in coconut oil such as lauric, caproic, caprylic, myristic, and stearic acid influences the physical and chemical properties. Lauric acid, which is predominant in coconut oil, has proved to have antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory action.Of late, few studies have been onducted by researchers regarding the action of coconut oil on oral health. The review of literature shows excellent results on the use of coconut oil on oral health. This short review discusses the studies conducted on coconut oil on oral microorganisms and anti-inflammatory actions.
... 12 Hierholzer et al. reported antimicrobial activity of coconut oil. 13 It has a high saponification index and is palatable. Cold-pressed oils are preferred as they do not contain trans fats. ...
Aim
To evaluate efficacy of oil pulling on caries activity of Streptococcus mutans.
Materials and methods
A randomized controlled experiment was designed, with 60 children chosen at random. Following that, the participants were divided into three groups—group A: oil pulling using cold pressed coconut oil (Perfora*); group B: commercially available fluoridated mouthwash (Kidodent*); group C: distilled water as control. Saliva samples were collected at baseline, immediately, and 2 weeks postoperatively. To assess the effectiveness of coconut oil, fluoride mouthwash, and distilled water, microbiological examination was carried out and colonies were counted.
Results
Both group A (oil pulling with coconut oil) and group B (commercially available Kidodent mouthwash) experienced a statistically significant decrease in colony count.
Conclusion
Oil pulling is found to be as effective as commercially available fluoride mouthwash and can be used in conjunction with other aids for maintaining oral hygiene in children.
Clinical significance
Oil pulling is a natural, economical, and organic alternative to medicated mouthwashes; hence, it can be used as an aid for maintaining oral hygiene.
How to cite this article
Gosavi HS, Tandon S, Rai TS, et al. To Evaluate the Efficacy of Oil Pulling on Caries Activity of Streptococcus mutans: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(5):580-584.
... Studies have demonstrated that lauric acid and monolaurin can disintegrate the virus envelope in vitro (12,13) , inhibit the late stage of the viral replicative cycle (14) , and prevent the binding of viral proteins (15) , which may lead to the inactivation of viruses such as HIV, measles, herpes simplex-1, vesicular stomatitis, visna, and cytomegalovirus (16) . A study has also shown that, in comparison to various lengths of saturated fatty acids (C10:0 to C18:0), lauric acid (C12:0) interferes the most during the replication stage of the Junin virus (JUNV) (14) , and VCO is well known to be high in lauric acid. ...
A clinical study conducted in 2020 showed that virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been found effective in the rapid relief of COVID-19 symptoms and normalization of the C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration among probable and suspected cases of COVID-19. This present study aimed to validate those results and to evaluate the effects of VCO among COVID-19 patients through a 28-day randomized, single-blind trial conducted among 76 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain report)-confirmed adults, with VCO given as a COVID-19 adjunct therapy. The results showed that VCO recipients were free from symptoms and had normal CRP concentrations by day 14. In comparison, participants in the control group reported relief from signs and symptoms on day 23, with normal CRP concentrations on day 25. This second study bolsters the use of VCO as an effective adjunct therapy for COVID-19-positive patients showing mild-to-moderate symptoms.
... From biophysical experiments, it is understood that GML mainly disrupts phospholipid membranes at concentrations above its critical micelle concentration (CMC) (Ref. [30]), and membrane disruption is understood to be the basis for its antiviral activity against enveloped viruses [31]. Our selection of the ASFV Armenia/07 strain in particular was further motivated by two main factors: (1) this strain isolate is highly virulent in pigs and similar to the wild-type ASFV Georgia/07 strain that initially caused an outbreak in the Caucasus region [32,33]; and (2) the strain has been used previously to test other membrane-disrupting antiviral molecules such as RAFIs [19]. ...
Naturally abundant antimicrobial lipids, such as fatty acids and monoglycerides, that disrupt membrane-enveloped viruses are promising mitigants to inhibit African swine fever virus (ASFV). Among mitigant candidates in this class, glycerol monolaurate (GML) has demonstrated particularly high antiviral activity against laboratory-adapted ASFV strains. However, there is an outstanding need to further determine the effects of GML on wild-type ASFV strains, which can have different virulence levels and sensitivities to membrane-disrupting compounds as compared to laboratory-adapted strains. Herein, we investigated the antiviral effects of GML on a highly virulent strain of a wild-type ASFV isolate (Armenia/07) in an in vitro porcine macrophage model. GML treatment caused a concentration-dependent reduction in viral infectivity, and there was a sharp transition between inactive and active GML concentrations. Low GML concentrations had negligible effect on viral infectivity, whereas sufficiently high GML concentrations caused a >99% decrease in viral infectivity. The concentration onset of antiviral activity matched the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value of GML, reinforcing that GML micelles play a critical role in enabling anti-ASFV activity. These findings validate that GML can potently inhibit wild-type ASFV infection of porcine macrophages and support a biophysical explanation to guide antimicrobial lipid performance optimization for pathogen mitigation applications.
... Furthermore, by GC-MS, aminomalonic acid is upregulated in milder conditions while 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid and capric acid were downregulated 58 . Although capric acid was identified in previous studies as having antiviral activity by disrupting the viral envelope 59 , there is no clear evidence on its role. One hypothesis will be that capric acid could be blocking the furin cleavage site specific in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, that allows the virus to infect the cells, thus impeding the viral entry and infectivity 60,61 . ...
The mechanisms driving SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility remain poorly understood, especially the factors determining why unvaccinated individuals remain uninfected despite high-risk exposures. To understand lipid and metabolite profiles related with COVID-19 susceptibility and disease progression. We collected samples from an exceptional group of unvaccinated healthcare workers heavily exposed to SARS-CoV-2 but not infected (‘non-susceptible’) and subjects who became infected during the follow-up (‘susceptible’), including non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients with different disease severity providing samples at early disease stages. Then, we analyzed their plasma metabolomic profiles using mass spectrometry coupled with liquid and gas chromatography. We show specific lipids profiles and metabolites that could explain SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 severity. More importantly, non-susceptible individuals show a unique lipidomic pattern characterized by the upregulation of most lipids, especially ceramides and sphingomyelin, which could be interpreted as markers of low susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study strengthens the findings of other researchers about the importance of studying lipid profiles as relevant markers of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
... . However, it did not show any inhibitory effect on nonenveloped viruses indicating its association with direct viral envelope interference and modulatory changes in it, thereby preventing the binding of the virus to the host cell membrane, or inhibiting the RNA synthesis and viral maturation(Welch et al., 2020). Electron microscopies ofHierholzer and Kabara (1982) revealed loss of virus infectivity due to generalized disintegration of envelope when influenza A and CoV were coincubated with a GML mixture on primary rhesus monkey kidney (MK) cells, a human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma cell line(HEp-2), and a human embryonic lung diploid fibroblast cell strain (HELF). SARS-CoV-2 also possesses characteristics similar to that of enveloped viruses including membrane and core of virus composed of phospholipids and RNA genome, respectively. ...
The global pandemic of COVID‐19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people's general health and well‐being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection can be prevented by immune‐enhancing and antiviral properties of caseins, α‐lactalbumin, β‐lactoglobulin, mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and glycerol monolaurate. Some of the milk proteins (i.e., lactoferrin) may work synergistically with antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir), and enhance the effectiveness of treatment in this disease. Cytokine storm during COVID‐19 can be managed by casein hydrolyzates, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase. Thrombus formation can be prevented by casoplatelins as these can inhibit human platelet aggregation. Milk vitamins (i.e., A, D, E, and B complexes) and minerals (i.e., Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Se) can have significantly positive effects on boosting the immunity and health status of individuals. In addition, certain vitamins and minerals can also act as antioxidants, anti‐inflammatory, and antivirals. Thus, the overall effect of milk might be a result of synergistic antiviral effects and host immunomodulator activities from multiple components. Due to multiple overlapping functions of milk ingredients, they can play vital and synergistic roles in prevention as well as supportive agents during principle therapy of COVID‐19.
... The antimicrobial activity of Salvia officinalis is mainly due to its phenols and has been previously reported by other authors [7,52,53]. Hierholzer and Kabara were the first to report the antimicrobial effect of CO [54]. Other studies have demonstrated that coconut oil exhibit antimicrobial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative strains, such as Escherichia vulneris, Enterococcer spp., Helicobater pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candia albicans [55][56][57]. ...
The bioactivity of the versatile biodegradable biopolymer poly(lactic acid) (PLA) can be obtained by combining it with natural or synthetic compounds. This paper deals with the preparation of bioactive formulations involving the melt processing of PLA loaded with a medicinal plant (sage) and an edible oil (coconut oil), together with an organomodifed montmorillonite nanoclay, and an assessment of the resulting structural, surface, morphological, mechanical, and biological properties of the biocomposites. By modulating the components, the prepared biocomposites show flexibility, both antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as a high degree of cytocompatibility, being capable to induce the cell adherence and proliferation on their surface. Overall, the obtained results suggest that the developed PLA-based biocomposites could potentially be used as bioactive materials in medical applications.
... [13] Hierholzer and Kabara first documented the antimicrobial effects of coconut oil. [14] Evidence from recent studies has shown that coconut oil, including Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida stellatoidea, and Candida kruseii, has important antimicrobial activity against Escherichia vulneris, Enterobacter spp., Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida spp. [15] Seasame oil (S. ...
To systematically review the published literature with the purpose of knowing the oral health effects of oil pulling. A systematic review of the literature was conducted across PubMed, PubMed Central, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, Campbell systematic review, and Cochrane. All papers published from January 2010 to March 2020 that focused on oil pulling as a study intervention were included in this review. Randomized control trials comparing oil pulling using conventional cooking oil with any controls such as chlorhexidine (CHX), placebo or routine dental hygiene practice were included. Eighty fulltext articles were analyzed initially. Among these 80 articles, only 14 articles fulfilled the research question and were included for review. A maximum of 600 participants were present across the reviewed studies, with study duration ranged between 1 and 45 days. With a high risk of bias in multiple aspects and unclear reporting of others, the methodological quality of the included studies was questionable. Among 14 studies included studies in this systematic review, nine studies compared oil pulling with CHX in the control group in which statistically significant reduction of scores was found in six studies, two studies showed a nonsignificant reduction, and one study did not report about significant difference. The quality of evidence appears to be low to recommend oil pulling as a suitable adjunct to other conventional oral hygiene methods, as most of the included studies had high or unclear risk of bias.
... Monolaurin is a monoglyceride of lauric acid and a naturally occurring fatty acid ester with antibacterial and antifungal activity 17 . In addition, several studies have shown that monolaurin possesses virucidal effects against enveloped RNA and DNA viruses [18][19][20][21][22][23] . Medium-chain saturated fatty acids are highly active against enveloped viruses such as coronaviruses 24 , causing the disintegration of the viral particles 25 . ...
The COVID-19 pandemic is still raging in most countries. Although the recent mass vaccination campaign has opened a new chapter in the battle against SARS-CoV-2, the world is still far from herd immunity. There is an urgent need to identify healthy people at high risk of contracting COVID-19, as well as supplements and nutraceuticals that can reduce the risk of infection or mitigate symptoms. In the present study, a metabolic phenotype that could protect individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection or predispose them to developing COVID-19 was investigated. Untargeted metabolomics was performed on serum samples collected from 51 healthcare workers who were in good health at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, and who were later exposed to the same risk of developing COVID-19. Half of them developed COVID-19 within three weeks of the blood collection. Our results demonstrate the presence of a specific signature associated with protection from SARS-CoV-2. Circulating monolaurin, which has well-known antiviral and antibacterial properties, was higher in protected subjects, suggesting a potential defensive role against SARS-CoV-2 infection; thus, dietary supplements could boost the immune system against this infection. In addition, our data demonstrate that people with higher levels of cholesterol are at higher risk of developing COVID-19. The present study demonstrates that metabolomics can be of great help for developing personalized medicine and for supporting public healthcare strategies. Studies with larger cohorts of subjects are necessary to confirm our findings.
... Lauric acid and its biochemical derivative monolaurin (ML also known as glycerol monolaurate), are naturally released by lipase upon ingestion. The antiviral activity of VCO is attributed to both lauric acid and monolaurin and were found to cause disintegration of the virus envelope (Sands, Landin, Auperin, & Reinhardt, 1979;Hierholzer, & Kabara, 1982;Thormar, Isaacs, Brown, Barshatzky, & Pessolano, 1987), inhibit the late maturation stage in the virus replicative cycle (Bartolotta, García, Candurra, & Damonte, 2001), and prevent the binding of viral proteins to the host cell membrane (Hornung, Amtmann, & Sauer, 1994). Other components of the VCO such as capric acid (C10) and monocaprin also showed promising antiviral properties, particularly against HIV-1 infection (Kristmundsdóttir, Arnadóttir, Bergsson, G.;Thormar, 1999), and other infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) and influenza-A virus (Hilmarsson, Traustason, Kristmundsdóttir, & Thormar, 2007). ...
Understanding the complex pathogenesis of COVID-19 continues to evolve. With observation and quarantine as the prevailing standard of care, this study evaluated the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the biochemical markers of suspect and probable cases of COVID-19. A 28-day randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention was conducted among 63 adults in two isolation facilities in Santa Rosa City, Laguna, Philippines. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either a standardized meal (control) or a standardized meal mixed with a predefined dosage of VCO. Changes in clinical markers were measured at three time points (day 0, 14, and 28), with daily monitoring of COVID-19 symptoms. Participants in the intervention group showed a significant decline in the C-reactive protein level, with the mean CRP level normalized to ≤5 mg/dL on the 14th day of the intervention. As an adjunct therapy, meals mixed with VCO is effective fostering faster recovery from COVID-19.
... It can also be found in cow, goat and human breast milk [103]. Inside the body, lauric acid gets converted to the biologically active compound Monolaurin which is known for exerting antimicrobial activity [104], has been recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are available as capsules. Particularly medium chain fatty acids are known to exert antiviral action in high doses by disrupting viral envelope and making the virus susceptible to immune attack. ...
COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has already claimed millions of lives worldwide due to the absence of a suitable anti-viral therapy. The CoV envelope (E) protein, which has not received much attention so far, is a 75 amino acid long integral membrane protein involved in assembly and release of the virus inside the host. Here we have used artificial intelligence (AI) and pattern recognition techniques for initial screening of FDA approved pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals to target this E protein. Subsequently, molecular docking simulations have been performed between the ligands and target protein to screen a set of 9 ligand molecules. Finally, we have provided detailed insight into their mechanisms of action related to the varied symptoms of infected patients.
... Thus, if the movement of GML gel in the nares functions similarly, it would be expected to provide extensive coverage of the nose. (iii) The 5% GML gel is potently virucidal for all tested enveloped viruses, including influenza viruses and coronaviruses (13,14,32,33). This makes 5% GML gel a possible preventative for viral transmission and nasal carriage. ...
In this microflora study, we show that a 5% glycerol monolaurate nonaqueous gel is safe for use in the anterior nares. The gel was effective in reducing Staphylococcus aureus nasally, a highly significant hospital-associated pathogen. The gel may be a useful alternative or additive to mupirocin ointment for nasal use prior to surgery, noting that 80% of hospital-associated S. aureus infections are due to the same organism found in the nose. This gel also kills all enveloped viruses tested and should be considered for studies to reduce infection and transmission of coronaviruses and influenza viruses.
... The antiviral activity of LA and monolaurin can be achieved through 3 distinct mechanisms. First, LA and monolaurin inactivate viruses by disintegrating the viral envelope, thus reducing the infectivity of RNA and DNA enveloped viruses [32]. Second, LA inhibits the late maturation stage in the virus replication cycle as demonstrated in a study investigating the LA-mediated inhibition of the Junin virus, which possesses a similar structure to SARS-CoV-2 [33,34]. ...
Background:
COVID-19 pandemic, a global threat, adversely affects all daily lives, altered governmental plans around the world, and urges the development of therapeutics and prophylactics to avoid the expansion of the viral infection. With the recent gradual opening after long lockdown, several recommendations have been placed, with dietary modification as one of the most important approaches that have been appraised.
Summary:
Here, we are reviewing how changing the host metabolism, particularly changing the host metabolic state from the carbohydrate-dependent glycolytic state to a fat-dependent ketogenic state, may affect viral replication. Furthermore, the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) in triggering metabolic switch along with the impact of supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) such as lauric acid in repressing the envelope formation and viral replication is also addressed. The amalgamation of IF and a ketogenic diet rich in MCTs is thought to work as a prophylactic measure for normal people and adjunct therapy for infected persons. Key Message: A diet regimen of ketogenic breakfast along with supplementation with two doses of lauric acid-rich MCTs at breakfast and lunch times, followed by 8-12-h IF and a dinner rich with fruits and vegetables, could be a potential prophylactic strategy and adjuvant therapy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections.
... Listeria monocytogenes [10] Monolaurin and monocaprin Helicobacter pylori [11] Coconut oil Streptococcus mutans [12] Lauric acid and monolaurin Bacillus cereus [13] Monolaurin Staphylococcus aureus [14] Antifungal Lauric acid Staphylococcus aureus [15] Virgin coconut oil Pseudomonas aeruginosa [16] MCFAs Staphylococcus aureus [17] MCFAs Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis [18] Lauric acid and capric acid Candida albicans [19] Coconut oil Candida sp.; C. albicans, C.tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. stellatoidea, and C. krusei [20] Virgin coconut oil Candida sp. [21] Coconut oil Candida albicans [12] Virgin coconut oil Candida albicans [22] Antiviral Monolaurin human RNA and DNA viruses [23] Lauric acid Vesicular stomatitis virus [24] Lauric acid and monolaurin HIV virus [25] Monolaurin Avian Influenza virus [26] Monolaurin Simean immunodeficiency virus [27] Mother's milk is considered to be one of the most potent and effective immune potion that helps a new born baby with under-developed immune system to fight off fatal bacterial invasion. When analyzed, 50% of breast milk is saturated fat, out of which 20% is Lauric acid -12 carbon medium chain length fatty acid (MCFA). ...
Coconut oil as health oil was recognized in Ayurvedic medicine almost 4000 years ago. The same health effects were also attributed to the mother's milk in ancient literature. Modern research has now found a common link between these two natural health products - their lipid content. The medium chain fatty acids and monoglycerides found primarily in coconut oil have miraculous healing power which act as natural antibiotic and also help modulate immunity. The information discussed in this review explains that coconut oil, either topically applied or ingested, gets broken down to release Lauric Acid and Monolaurin - known anti-microbial agents. The studies reported in literature are discussed to evaluate the antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal benefits of coconut oil. Not only does coconut oil metabolites have antimicrobial activity but also these remarkable derivatives have been shown not to cause resistance organisms to appear. The anti-microbial mechanistic action also helps activate the antiinflammatory nature of the immune response in human body. In vitro, animal, and human studies support the potential of coconut oil as effective and safe immune-nutritive active. New and exciting health and industrial uses of coconut oil and its derivative are possible. Never before in recent times has the recognition of the positive health effects of coconut oil been stronger. And never before in the history of man is it so important to emphasize both need and efficacy of natural products known for their safety proposition. Immunity has been a buzzword in the current scenario and the demand for modulating immunity with natural means has been so unprecedented and so ubiquitous. Coconut oil and its value added forms can contribute to a more vigorous and healthy future.
... The ability to kill the virus mainly derived from lauric acid, caprylic acid (C-8), capric acid (C-10) and myristic acid (C-14). The ability to kill the virus began popularized through Hierholzer and Kabara (1982) (Enig, 1998;Macallan et al., 1993). Even hydrogel (a type of jelly ointment) contains monokaprin able to inactivate through in vitro experiment sexually transmitted disease Herpes Simplex Virius-2 (HSV-2), HIV, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae . ...
... Lauric acid and its monoacylglycerol monolaurin, from coconut oil have been shown to have antibacterial, antifungal and able to increase the ability or endurance of the human body against virus attacks and antigen-initiated immune reactions [5]. Monolaurin has a strong antibacterial activity against the bacteria S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and S. thypimurium at a concentration of 500 µg/mL [6]. ...
Synthesis of glucose laurate (GLC12), fructose laurate (FRU12), and galactose laurate (GAL12) as antibacterial and antifungal agents has been carried out. The synthesis of GLC12, FRU12, and GAL12was conducted by reacting lauroyl chloride with glucose, fructose, and galactose in the presence of pyridine in 36.1; 77.8; and 72,2% yields respectively for GLC12, FRU12 and GAL12.Antibacterial and antifungal activity test was done using well diffusion method towards Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella thypimurium and Escherechia coli), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillussubtilis), Candida albicans fungus, DMSO as a negative control, and 4-isopropyl-3-methylphenol 1% as a positive control. The best antibacterial activity was shown by FRU12at 12.5% of concentration against S.aureusand B.subtilis bacteria.
... The proposed anti microbial properties of Virgin coconut oil are due to the monoglyceride monolaurin (Hierholzer and Kabara, 1982). These are small-medium chain (C-6 to C-12) produced on hydrolysis of Virgin coconut oil by lipases. ...
Background: Periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease which effects bone and the supporting structures of teeth. The treatment for periodontal diseases has moved towards an antimicrobial model of disease management. With the threat of wide spread antibiotic resistance rendering many antibiotics useless against many diseases, there is an increased necessity to develop a novel antimicrobial based treatment for effective disease prevention. In this regard an invitro study was conducted comparing virgin coconut oil with standard chlorhexidine mouth wash (0.2%) on five periodontal pathogens. Methods: An invitro study on the five putative pathogens of periodontal disease was conducted using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), maximum bacterial count (MBC) and time kill curve methods. The culture media used was Brain heart infusion broth. Results: The results showed that all the organisms were resistant to virgin coconut oil, while there was varying degree of sensitivity to chlorhexidine. Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that virgin coconut oil has no therapeutic effect in the treatment of active periodontal disease, while chlorhexidine was found to have bacteriocidal effect on against Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tenerella forsythia and bacteriostatic effect on against Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetum commitans.
... The antimicrobial effect of coconut oil was first reported by Hierholzer and Kabara. [22] Recent studies have shown that coconut oil has antimicrobial activity against various gram positive and gram negative organisms such as Escherichia vulneris, Enterococcer spp, Helicobater pylori, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candia albicans. [23][24][25] Coconut oil is a rich source of beneficial medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), particularly, lauric acid, capric acid, caprylic acid, and caprioic acid [ Table 7]. ...
Aims
Streptococcus mutans is the most common organism causing dental caries. Various chemotherapeutic agents are available that help in treating the bacteria, with each having their own merits and demerits. Recent research has shown that coconut oil has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action. Therefore, the present was conducted to determine the antibacterial efficacy of coconut oil and to compare it with chlorhexidine.
Materials and Methods
A total of fifty female children aged 8–12 years were included in the study. Twenty five children were randomly distributed to each group, i.e., the study group (coconut oil) and the control group (chlorhexidine). The participants were asked to routinely perform oil swishing with coconut oil and chlorhexidine and rinse every day in the morning after brushing for 2–3 minutes. S. mutans in saliva and plaque were determined using a chairside method, i.e., the Dentocult SM Strip Mutans test. Patients were instructed to continue oil swishing for 30 days. S. mutans. counts in plaque and saliva on day 1, day 15, and day 30 were recorded and the results were compared using Wilcoxon matched pairs signed ranks test.
Results
The results showed that there is a statistically significant decrease in S. mutans. count from coconut oil as well as chlorhexidine group from baseline to 30 days. The study also showed that in comparison of coconut oil and chlorhexidine there is no statistically significant change regarding the antibacterial efficacy.
Conclusion
Coconut oil is as effective as chlorhexidine in the reduction of S. mutans.
... It was reported that MCFA,such as lauric acid have adverse effects on other pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and fungi. These fatty acids and their derivate actually disrupt the lipid membranes of the organisms andthus inactivate them (Issacs and Thomar 1991 ;Issacs et al. 1992 ;Hierholzer and Kabara, 1982). ...
... It was reported that MCFA,such as lauric acid have adverse effects on other pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, yeast and fungi. These fatty acids and their derivate actually disrupt the lipid membranes of the organisms andthus inactivate them (Issacs and Thomar 1991 ; Issacs et al. 1992 ; Hierholzer and Kabara, 1982). As shown on Tabel 3, the VCO was produced with isolate of Latobacillus plantarum showed the highest of laurat acid (48,76%) followed by Candida rugosa(47,86%) and Aspergillus oryzae (41.56%).Table 4 showed analysis of triglyceride content in VCO were produced by the method was mentioned above. ...
This paper explained about enzymatic process for coconut oil extraction and quality of the final product.
Medium-chain antimicrobial lipids are promising antiviral agents to inhibit membrane-enveloped viruses such as African swine fever virus (ASFV) and influenza A virus (IAV) in livestock applications. However, current uses are limited to feed pathogen mitigation due to low aqueous solubility and the development of water-dispersible lipid formulations is needed for broader application usage. In this study, we report a water-dispersible antimicrobial lipid mixture of monoglycerides and lactylates that can inhibit ASFV and IAV and exhibits antiviral properties in drinking water and feed matrices. The lipid mixture reduced the viral infectivity of membrane-enveloped ASFV and IAV in aqueous solution in a dose-dependent manner but was inactive against non-enveloped encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Additional ASFV experiments supported that the lipid mixture is virucidal, which was corroborated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments. Feed mitigation experiments demonstrated that the lipid mixture can also inhibit ASFV infectivity and affected the conformational properties of ASFV p72 structural protein in virus-spiked feed. Mechanistic experiments identified that the lipid mixture rapidly disrupted phospholipid membranes in a micelle-dependent manner, which aligns with the virological data while higher concentrations were needed for virucidal activity than for the onset of membrane disruption. These findings support that water-dispersible antimicrobial lipid mixtures can effectively inhibit ASFV and IAV and have practical advantages for drinking water applications compared to existing medium-chain antimicrobial lipid mitigant options that are formulated as dry powders or oils for in-feed applications.
This study determined the influence and ideal ratios of various coconut oil (CO) amounts in gelatin (G) based-films as wound dressings since there are limited comparative studies to evaluate the sole effect of increasing CO on protein-based biomaterials. Homogenous films at G:CO ratio of 4:0,4:2,4:3,4:4 (w:w) corresponding to CO-0, CO-2, CO-3, CO-4, respectively, were obtained using solution casting. SEM showed CO caused rougher surfaces decreasing mechanical strength. However, no pores were observed in CO-4 due to bigger clusters of oil improving stretchability compared to CO-3; and durability since aging of CO-4 was >10% lower than CO-0 in aqueous media. FTIR showed triglycerides’ band only in CO films with increasing amplitude. Moreover, amide-I of CO-2 was involved in more hydrogen bonding, therefore, CO-2 had the highest melt-like transition temperatures (Tmax) at ∼163 °C while others’ were at ∼133 °C; and had more ideal mechanical properties among CO films. XTT showed that increased CO improved 3T3 cell viability as CO-0 significantly decreased viability at 10,50,75,100 μg/mL (P < 0.05), whereas CO-2 and CO-3 within 5-75 μg/mL and CO-4 within 5-100 μg/mL range increased viability ≥100% suggesting proliferation. All CO samples at 25 μg/mL stimulated 3T3 cell migration in Scratch Assay indicating wound healing. CO amounts mainly improved thermal and healing properties of gelatin-based biomaterial. CO-2 was more thermally stable and CO-4 had better influence on cell viability and wound healing than CO-0. Therefore, increased CO ratios, specifically 4:2 and 4:4, G:CO (w:w), in gelatin-based films can be ideal candidates for wound dressing materials.
Introduction
Periodontitis is an inflammatory microbial disease caused by complex of microbes. Prevention and control of periodontal disease must be based on the regular and complete removal of bacterial plaque n. Various modes of mechanical and chemical means of plaque control exist Conventionally, essential oils have also been used to cure many oral conditions. Many oils have been investigated for their effectiveness as anti plaque and anti gingivitis agents. Very few studies have used coconut oil or this purpose.
Aim
The present study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the efficacy of virgin coconut oil pulling therapy versus 0.2% CHX mouthrinse and their effect on clinical parameters and total microbial load in salivary sample of periodontally healthy volunteers.
Material and Methods
A total of 30 periodontally healthy volunteers with the age range of 18–45 years were randomly divided into two groups:-Group 1:virgin coconut oil mouthrinse (Plant Lipids®, Cochin, India) and Group 2: 0.2% CHX mouthrinse (Clohex Plus®, Dr Reddy's, India). Clinical parameters such as Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) were recorded for all the subjects. An unstimulated salivary sample was collected in a sterile calibrated bottle and sent for baseline examination of oral microbial load. Subjects were asked to perform oil pulling in (Group 1) and 0.2% CHX rinse in (Group 2) in front of the instructor and were asked to continue for rest of the trial period in the same manner.
Results
The mean PI at day 10, day 21, and day 30 was significantly more among coconut oil than CHX group. The mean CFU at day 10, day 21, and day 30 was significantly more among coconut oil than the CHXgroup.
Conclusion
Both the study groups showed reductions in PI, GI, and GBI scores, higher reductions were seen in the CHX group. It was observed that CHX and virgin coconut oil were effective against microorganisms, thus causes a reduction in CFU and thus serve as a good alternative.
Introduction
Surveillance of the Seneca Valley virus (SVV) shows a disproportionately higher incidence on Chinese pig farms. Currently, there are no vaccines or drugs to treat SVV infection effectively and effective treatment options are urgently needed.
Methods
In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of the following medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or triglycerides (MCTs) against SVV: caprylic acid, caprylic monoglyceride, capric monoglyceride, and monolaurin.
Results
In vitro experiments showed that monolaurin inhibited viral replication by up to 80%, while in vivo studies showed that monolaurin reduced clinical manifestations, viral load, and organ damage in SVV-infected piglets. Monolaurin significantly reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines and promoted the release of interferon-γ, which enhanced the viral clearance activity of this type of MCFA.
Discussion
Therefore, monolaurin is a potentially effective candidate for the treatment of SVV infection in pigs.
Virgin coconut oil is obtained by wet processing of coconut milk using fermentation, centrifugation, enzymatic extraction, and the microwave heating method. Presently, VCO has several positive effects and benefits to human health, hence, it is regularly consumed and widely known as a unique functional food. VCO contains lauric acid (45 to 52 %). By lipase in the digestive system, VCO can undergo a breakdown into lauric acid, 1‐monolaurin, and 2‐monolaurin. These components have both hydrophilic and lipophilic groups and are also recognized as excellent antimicrobial lipids. Furthermore, lauric acid and monolaurin can be used as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral with broad‐spectrum inhibition. Lauric acid and monolaurin have a strong ability to destroy gram‐positive bacteria, especially S. aureus, fungi such as C. Albicans, and viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and visna virus (VV). Lauric acid and monolaurin interact with certain functional groups located in the cell membrane and can cause damage to the cell. In general, the potential of VCO as healthy food is contributed by lauric acid and monolaurin which are antimicrobial agents.
Breastfeeding positively influences infant growth while providing protection against many diseases. Breast milk provides the ideal balance of nutrients for the infant and contains countless bioactive ingredients such as immunoglobulins (antibodies), fatty acids, oligosaccharides and others which function to protect against infection. Many of the anti-infective properties ascribed to breast-milk are not yet available to formula-fed infants. Infant milk formulas are predominantly based on bovine milk, which in some cases contain much lower concentrations of bioactives. However, bovine milk does contain a number of components which share homology with human milk bioactives which could imply common functionalities. Therefore, value may lie in extracting and concentrating select bovine milk components with a view to supplementing infant formula. This review will discuss the mechanisms of action of anti-infective milk components and their ability to decrease the risk of infection through their interactions with both bacteria and viruses.
Maden Kanunu, işletmede istihdam edilen maden mühendisinin sorumluğunu belirtirken sorumluluğun sadece Maden Kanunu ile sınırlı olmadığını belirtip ayrıca, 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu’nun 82’nci maddesinde belirtilen iş güvenliği ile görevli mühendis veya teknik elemanların üstlendiği görev ve sorumlulukları da kapsadığını belirtmiştir. Konuyla ilgili özel hukuk alanına ilişkin belli başlı düzenlemeler; 6098 sayılı Borçlar Kanunu, 3213 sayılı Maden Kanunu, 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu, 6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu ve bunların uygulama yönetmelikleri düzenlendiği yasal metinlerdir. Ancak madenciliğe ilişkin bu yasal düzenlemelerin en dikkat çekici yanı, hukuki ve cezai düzenlemelerin iç içe geçmiş durumda olmasından dolayı özellikle gerçekleşen bir iş kazasında daimi nezaretçi maden mühendisinin olay kapsamında hukuki olarak yargılanmasında pek çok aşamasında karışıklıkların meydana gelmesine sebep olmasıdır.
Yargıtay Hukuk Genel Kurulu ise maden sahalarında meydana gelen iş kazalarında kaza tarihinde yürürlükte olan hükümlere göre alınacak olan tedbirlerin neler olduğunun tespit edilmesi, öngörülmemiş ya da alınması gereken başkaca tedbirler var ise bunların da tespit edilmesi, kaza kapsamında alınması gereken önlemlerin işveren tarafından tam olarak alınıp alınmadığı tespiti ile eğer önlemler alınmamış ise ortaya çıkan zararın bu durumdan dolayı doğup doğmadığının tespit edilmesi, kazanın meydana gelmesinde işçinin tedbirlere uymamasının etkisinin tespit edilmesi, son aşamada ise, tarafların olay ile ilgili kusur oranlarının saptanması ve mahkemece görevlendirilen bilirkişilerin iş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda uzman olmaları gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.
Kanunen işveren olarak nitelendirilmek için işyerinin mülkiyetine sahip olma mecburiyeti de bulunmadığından dolayı kira ya da başkaca her türlü hukuki ilişkilerle işyerini kullanma hakkı olması yeterli sayılmaktadır. Bu nedenle madencilikte Asılişverenin de altişveren ile birlikte işçilerin de kanundan, hizmet sözleşmelerinden ya da toplu iş sözleşmeleriden doğan / doğabilecek olan yükümlülüklerinden müteselsilen sorumlu olduğunu belirtmek yerinde olacaktır. Hatta altişveren ilişkisi muvazaalı olarak kurulmuş olsa dahi, altişverenin işçileri asılişverenin işçileri olarak sayılmakta ve işin başından itibaren asılişverenin işçilerinin sahip olmuş olduğu tüm haklardan yararlanabilmektedir.
İş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda ortaya çıkabilecek olan hukuki sorumluluk işverene olduğu kadar işveren vekiline de ait olabilir ve bu sorumluluk hukuki değil cezai yönde bir sorumluluktur. Sadece hukuki sorumluluklar yasa ile işverene yüklenmiş olup, işverenin iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ile ilgili olarak hem kamu hukuku hem de özel hukuktan doğan sorumlulukları bulunmaktadır. Bu bildiride, bu sorumlulukların işçi ve işveren açısından neler olduğu ile ilgili ayrıntılı bilgiler verilecektir.
While the Mining Law states the responsibility of the mining engineer employed in the enterprise, it states that the responsibility is not limited to the Mining Law, and also includes the duties and responsibilities undertaken by the engineers or technical staff in charge of occupational safety specified in the Article 82 of the Labor Law numbered 4857. The main regulations on the subject of private laws are the Law of Obligations No. 6098, Mining Law No. 3213, Labor Law No. 4857, Occupational Health and Safety Law No. 6331 and the legal texts in which these are regulated by implementation regulations. However, the most striking aspect of these legal regulations regarding mining is that due to the intertwining of legal and criminal regulations, it causes confusion in the legal trial of a permanent supervisory mining engineer especially in a work accident.
Court of Cassation General Assembly emphasizes that determining the measures to be taken in accordance with the provisions in valid at the date of the accident in work accidents occurring in the mine sites, unforeseen or if there are further measures needed to be taken to identify them in, determination of whether the measures to be taken within the scope of the accident have been taken by the employer and if the measures are not taken, to determine whether the resulting damage is due to this situation, determining the effect of the worker not complying with the measures in the occurrence of the accident, in the last stage, determining the defect rates of the parties related to the event and emphasizes that the experts assigned by the court must be experts in occupational health and safety.
Since there is no obligation to own the workplace to qualify as an employer by law, having the right to use the workplace through rent or any other legal relationship is deemed sufficient. For this reason, it would be appropriate to state that the main employer and the sub-employer are jointly responsible for the liabilities arising from the law, service contracts or collective bargaining agreements in mining. Even if the sub-employer relationship is established as a collusion, the employees of the sub-employer are considered as the workers of the primary employer and can benefit from all the rights that the workers of the principal employer have from the beginning.
The legal responsibility that may arise with regard to occupational health and safety may belong to the employer's representative as well as the employer, and this responsibility is not legal but a criminal responsibility. Only legal responsibilities are imposed on the employer by law, and the employer has responsibilities arising from both public and private law regarding occupational health and safety. In this paper, detailed information will be given about what these responsibilities are for the employee and the employer.
The novel Coronavirus (nCoV-19) pandemic that originated in Wuhan, China, has become a major public health challenge all around the world. Due to the inherent transmission characteristics of the virus, i.e., through droplet infection or airborne, dental professionals are at a higher risk of exposure. This review gives a preliminary insight into the disease spread and highlights the crucial elements to be considered in terms of recommendations, guidelines, preventive measures, patient management protocol, current medications, and pipeline drugs.
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and their monoesters were tested for their antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila . The antimicrobial effect was evaluated at two temperatures (4 °C and 37 °C) using a standardized microdilution method in a 96-well microtitration plate. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of selected MCFAs were determined as the lowest concentration limiting the growth of A. hydrophila in wells compared to a positive control of ≥ 80%. The results indicated that the most effective compound against A. hydrophila was sucrose monocaprate after incubation at 37 °C (0.625 mg ml ⁻¹ ), whereas monocaprylin was the most effective compound after incubation at 4 °C (1.25 mg ml ⁻¹ ). Free MCFAs showed no antibacterial effects towards this bacterium. Low solubility and sensory properties could limit the use of fatty acids in aquatic environment, which should be the subject of further studies.
Objectives:
Oil pulling is an age-old practice that has gained modern popularity in promoting oral and systemic health. The scientific verification for this practice is insufficient. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of coconut oil pulling on the count of Streptococcus mutans in saliva and to compare its efficacy with that of Chlorhexidine mouthwash: in vivo. The null hypothesis was that coconut oil pulling has no effect on the bacterial count in saliva.
Materials and methods:
A randomized controlled study was planned and 60 subjects were selected. The subjects were divided into three groups, Group A:
Study group:
Oil pulling, Group B:
Study group:
Chlorhexidine, and Group C:
Control group:
Distilled water. Group A subjects rinsed mouth with 10 ml of coconut oil for 10 minutes. Group B subjects rinsed mouth with 5 ml Chlorhexidine mouthwash for 1 minute and Group C with 5 ml distilled water for 1 minute in the morning before brushing. Saliva samples were collected and cultured on 1st day and after 2 weeks from all subjects. Colonies were counted to compare the efficacy of coconut oil and Chlorhexidine with distilled water.
Results:
Statistically significant reduction in S. mutans count was seen in both the coconut oil pulling and Chlorhexidine group.
Conclusion:
Oil pulling can be explored as a safe and effective alternative to Chlorhexidine.
Clinical significance:
Edible oil-pulling therapy is natural, safe and has no side effects. Hence, it can be considered as a preventive therapy at home to maintain oral hygiene.
Monoacylglycerol is a typical of lipid compound, which plays a very significant role in food and cosmetic production as well as pharmaceutical industries. It is also categorised as a non-ionic surfactant as it contains a long hydrophobic acyl group and two hydrophilic hydroxyl groups. As a non-ionic surfactant, this compound plays a very essential role as an emulsifier in food industries and as an antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic in pharmaceutical industries. It is generally produced through a conventional process known as glycerolysis of oils or fats using inorganic alkaline catalyst at 220-260°C. Numerous approaches have been made to improve this reaction through several process including the enzymatic glycerolysis reaction of oils and fats, transesterification reaction of glycerol with fatty acid esters, alcoholysis reaction of oils and fats, esterification of free fatty acids and glycerol, transesterification reaction of fatty acid ester and esterification of free fatty acids with a protected glycerol compounds such as 1,2-O-isopropylidene glycerol and followed by its deprotection reaction using an acid resin such as Amberlyst-15. Monoacylglycerol with highest yield and purity can be produced using 1,2-O-isopropylidene glycerol. It is also possible to use specific lipase enzyme (sn-1,3) through ethanolysis reaction of oils, fats and pure triacylglycerols to produce 2-monoacylglycerol.
An antigenically distinct adenovirus is described which was isolated in March 1972 from the urine of a 17-year-old Caucasian male who was experiencing fever after receiving a kidney transplant from a cadaver in February. The adenovirus could not be isolated in April from a pharyngeal swab which yielded cytomegalovirus. Complement-fixation, hemagglutination-inhibition, and/or serum-neutralization tests on sequential serum specimens from the patient confirmed that the adenovirus infection occurred during March and showed that infections with cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus also occurred during late March and April. The patient's persistent fever, for which other causes could not be found, may have been associated with one or more of these infections. Upper respiratory symptoms and lung involvement were not found during this period. Mild liver dysfunction during this time could not be clearly related to adenovirus infection because of the presence of multiple other causes. The adenovirus may have been latent in the donor kidney and become active in the new host as a consequence of immunological impairment. The adenovirus, purified by terminal dilution and plaque procedures, has antigenic, morphological, biophysical, host susceptibility, and hemagglutinating properties characteristic of adenovirus group IA. Buoyant densities in CsCl are 1.340 g/ml for the virion, 1.304 g/ml for the group CF antigen (hexon), 1.295 g/ml for the major soluble complete hemagglutinin (dodecon), and 1.206 g/ml for the minor soluble complete hemagglutinin (tentatively, fiber dimer). The virus does not cross-react in reciprocal hemagglutination-inhibition and serum-neutralization tests with antisera to adenovirus types 1 to 33. We propose this virus as candidate adenovirus type 34 (Compton).
Unsaturated monoglycerides and alcohols of chain lengths of 16 or 18 carbons were found to be extremely potent inactivators
of two enveloped viruses, herpes simplex virus type 2 and bacteriophage φ6. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was also
inactivated by some of these amphiphilic molecules. Treatment of herpes simplex virus type 2 with these compounds at concentrations
as low as 0.2 μM reduced virus survival to 50% in 30 min, making these agents the most potent inactivators of herpes simplex
viruses discovered that are not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Detailed characterizations of the effects of unsaturated monoglycerides
and alcohols on bacteriophages φ6 and PM2 showed that the inactivated φ6 virion remained nearly intact but that PM2 was almost
completely disrupted by the inactivating treatment. Some of the compounds inactivate the viruses even at low temperature (0°C).
Excess amounts of diglycerides and phospholipids interfere with the inactivating abilities of some of the unsaturated monoglycerides
and alcohols against φ6 and PM2. Our findings suggest that the unsaturated monoglycerides and some of the unsaturated alcohols
should be further studied as potential antiviral agents, particularly for application to herpesvirus-infected areas of the
skin and accessible epithelium.
The enveloped bacteriophage φ6 has been shown to be a valuable model system for the preliminary screening of compounds that
might be expected to inactivate herpes simplex virus and other enveloped mammalian viruses. A variety of fatty acid derivatives
that form fluid micelles in aqueous media have been found to be potent inactivators of φ6. The chemical nature of the polar
head group, the length of the alkyl chain(s), and the extent and geometry of unsaturation are all important parameters in
determining the antiviral effectiveness of this class of compounds.
Unsaturated free fatty acids such as oleic, arachidonic or linoleic at concentrations of 5-25 microgram/ml inactivate enveloped viruses such as herpes, influenza, Sendai, Sindbis within minutes of contact. At these concentrations the fatty acids are inocuous to animal host cells in vitro. Naked viruses, such as polio, SV40 or EMC are not affected by these acids. Saturated stearic acid does not inactivate any viruses at concentrations tested. Though the mode of action of unsaturated fatty acids is not understood, electronmicrographs of enveloped viruses treated by them indicate that the inactivation is associated with disintegration of the virus envelope.
Antiviral effects of fatty acids and derivatives: Lipidcontaining bacteriophages as a model system
- J A Sands
- D D Auperin
- P D Landin
- A Reinhardt
- S P Cadden
SANDS, J. A., AUPERIN, D. D., LANDIN, P. D., REINHARDT, A. and CADDEN,
S. P. 1978. Antiviral effects of fatty acids and derivatives: Lipidcontaining bacteriophages as a model system. Symp. on the Pharmacological Effect of Lipids;
Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents: A review. Symp. on the Pharmacological Effect of Lipids The American Oil Chemists' Society Unsaturated free fatty acids inac-tivate animal enveloped viruses
- J J Kabara
- J Gitelman
- M Inbar
KABARA, J. J. 1978. Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents: A review. Symp. on the Pharmacological Effect of Lipids; (J. J. Kabara, ed.) The American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, Illinois. KOHN, A., GITELMAN, J. and INBAR, M. 1980. Unsaturated free fatty acids inac-tivate animal enveloped viruses. Arch. Virol. 66, 301-308.
Viral hazards in meats
- CLIVER D. O.
CLIVER, D. 0.1981. Viral hazards in meats. Fleischwirtschaft, 61, 415-417.
Report Series 639, 1-50
- Tech
Tech. Report Series 639, 1-50. 134-136.
Enveloped virus inactivation by fatty acid derivatives Hydrophobic alcohols and di-tert-butyl phenols as antiviral agents The American Oil Chemists
- J A Sands
- P Landin
- D Auperin
- A Snipes
- W Keith
SANDS, J. A., LANDIN, P., AUPERIN, D. and REINHARDT, A. 1979. Enveloped virus inactivation by fatty acid derivatives. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 15, SNIPES, W. and KEITH, A. 1978. Hydrophobic alcohols and di-tert-butyl phenols as antiviral agents. Symp. on the Pharmacological Effect of Lipids; (J. J. Kabara, ed.) The American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, Illinois. W. H.
Hydrophobic alcohols and di-tert-butyl phenols as antiviral agents
- W Snipes
- A Keith
SNIPES, W. and KEITH, A. 1978. Hydrophobic alcohols and di-tert-butyl phenols
as antiviral agents. Symp. on the Pharmacological Effect of Lipids; (J. J. Kabara,
ed.) The American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, Illinois.
Human viruses in water, wastewater, and soil
- World Health Organization