No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Attitudes towards the high achiever: The fall of the Tall Poppy
Australian Journal of Psychology
Abstract
Three studies are reported that concerna attitudes towards a person in a high position (the tall poppy) and towards, the tall poppy's fall. The studies were developed in relation to theoretical analyses concerned with value systems, envy, social comparison, and other psychological processes. In Study 1,531 students in South Australian high schools responded to scenarios in which either a high achiever or an average achiever experienced failure. Results showed that subjects reported feeling more pleased about a high achiever's fall than about an average achiever's fall, more pleased when a high achiever fell to the average position on the performance scale rather than to the bottom, and more pleased and friendly towards a high achiever who fell to the average position than towards an average achiever who fell to the bottom. In Study 2, 361 university students responded to scenarios in which a high achiever or an average achiever cheated at an examination. Results showed that the students were more punitive towards the high achiever who transgressed than towards the average achiever and more pleased about the high achiever's fall. In Study 3, 205 adult subjects completed a Tall Poppy Scale, an extended version of the Rokeach Value Survey, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and a measure of political preference. Results for a global measure of tall poppy attitudes indicated that negative attitudes were more likely to occur among subjects who were low in global self-esteem, who assigned less importance to values concerned with achievement and social power, and who were more to the left in their political preference.
... Schadenfreude has been described as that pleasure that arises where a "balance" has been restored after a more favored person is harmed (van de Ven, 2018). Apparently, people with lower self-esteem (Feather, 1989) who experience threat (Pietraszkiewicz, 2013), particularly threats to their self-esteem, have been found to prefer that high achievers fail (Lange et al., 2016;Van Dijk et al., 2012), whereas more positive emotions appear to inhibit such envy (Mao et al., 2021). ...
... Hornik et al., 2021a;Hornik et al., , 2021b;Marques et al., 2022). However, the present study used the Tall Poppy Scale (Feather, 1989) as it has been validated cross-culturally (Feather, 1998). In Western culture, the term "tall poppies" is sometimes used to refer to high-profile individuals. ...
... The Tall Poppy Scale has a Favour Reward subscale that measures the preference for high achievers to succeed, and a Favour Fall subscale that measures the preference for high achievers to fail. Feather (1989) found people experienced greater pleasure when a high achiever failed than if an average individual failed. People's perceived self-competence influenced their attitudes towards high achievers (Feather, 2012). ...
The willingness to support (or denigrate) high‐profile individuals online was examined across cultures using the Tall Poppy Scale. A sample of 106 Chinese and 164 New Zealand Europeans answered an online questionnaire addressing their preference for high achievers to be rewarded or fail. Participants were asked whether they would vote to support reality TV contestants, and offered further information (about success or failure) on a debrief page. The Favour Reward scale predicted willingness to vote and support others. The Favour Fall subscale tended to predict time spent viewing achievement‐related information on a debrief page. The Chinese sample did not prefer reward of high achievers, instead favoring their fall, but spent less time per click on the debrief page, suggesting they disliked recognizing individual achievement.
... The many studies concerned with tall poppies in Australia and in other countries have been reviewed elsewhere (Feather, 1994(Feather, , 1996b(Feather, , 1999. These studies showed that in general individuals did not want tall poppies to fall or to be "cut down to size" (Feather, 1989). Their attitudes depended on how the tall poppy presented themselves to others (e.g., boastful and self-centered versus humble and unassuming) and whether the tall poppy was perceived to deserve their high position or not. ...
... Also investigated were the effects of the values held by those doing the judging, their level of self-esteem, political preference (left-wing versus right-wing), and their level of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Overall, findings suggested that those who assigned less importance to values concerned with achievement and power and more importance to equality (Feather, 1989(Feather, , 1994(Feather, , 1996a, individuals with lower levels of self-esteem (Feather, 1989), those with a preference for left-wing political parties (Feather, 1989), higher on some facets of RWA (i.e., authoritarian aggression and submission), but lower on others (i.e., conventionalism ;Feather, 1993) were more likely to favor the fall of the tall poppy. ...
... Also investigated were the effects of the values held by those doing the judging, their level of self-esteem, political preference (left-wing versus right-wing), and their level of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Overall, findings suggested that those who assigned less importance to values concerned with achievement and power and more importance to equality (Feather, 1989(Feather, , 1994(Feather, , 1996a, individuals with lower levels of self-esteem (Feather, 1989), those with a preference for left-wing political parties (Feather, 1989), higher on some facets of RWA (i.e., authoritarian aggression and submission), but lower on others (i.e., conventionalism ;Feather, 1993) were more likely to favor the fall of the tall poppy. ...
Individuals occupying high-status positions are sometimes victims of the tall poppy syndrome where people want to see them cut down to size. These attitudes reflect a tension between achievement, authority, and equality. In a pre-registered study (Study 1: N = 47,951), and a replication (Study 2: N = 5,569), of two representative New Zealand samples we investigated how social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, political ideologies and self-esteem predicted favoring the fall of the tall poppy. Novel findings showed individuals high in social dominance orientation favored the fall of the tall poppy. In both studies, high authoritarian aggression and submission, and low conventionalism (in Study 1 only) were also associated with negative tall poppy attitudes. So too were individuals with lower self-esteem and who were less conservative in their political ideology. These findings advance our understanding of how group-based hierarchy and inequality relate to attitudes toward individuals in high-status positions. ARTICLE HISTORY
... It is also possible that the specific decisional biases we observed reflect Australian culture. In common with the USA and the UK where samples for most previous studies were recruited, Australian culture values independence and autonomy, but departs in its relatively strong emphasis on egalitarianism (Feather, 1989;Shavitt et al., 2006;Triandis, 1995). For example, there is a particularly strong tendency in Australian culture to censure individuals who present themselves as better than, more accomplished than, or wealthier than others, colloquially labelled 'tall poppy syndrome' (Feather, 1989(Feather, , 1994Peeters, 2004). ...
... In common with the USA and the UK where samples for most previous studies were recruited, Australian culture values independence and autonomy, but departs in its relatively strong emphasis on egalitarianism (Feather, 1989;Shavitt et al., 2006;Triandis, 1995). For example, there is a particularly strong tendency in Australian culture to censure individuals who present themselves as better than, more accomplished than, or wealthier than others, colloquially labelled 'tall poppy syndrome' (Feather, 1989(Feather, , 1994Peeters, 2004). This may contribute to our participants' bias away from responding 'mine' in the memory test. ...
Information referenced to the self is retrieved more accurately than information referenced to others, known as the memory self-reference effect. It is unclear, however, whether social context (identity of the other) or task factors alter decision-making processes. In a virtual object allocation task, female participants sorted objects into their own or another’s (stranger or mother) basket based on a colour cue. Subsequently, they performed a recognition memory task in which they first indicated whether each object was old or new, and then whether it had been allocated to themselves or to the other. We obtained owner-specific hit rates and false-alarm rates and applied signal detection theory to derive separate recognition sensitivity (d’) and recognition criterion parameters (c) for self- and other-owned objects. While there was no clear evidence of a recognition self-reference effect, or a change in sensitivity, participants adopted a more conservative recognition criterion for self- compared with other-owned objects, and particularly when the other-referent was the participant’s mother compared with the stranger. Moreover, when discriminating whether the originally presented objects were self- or other-owned, participants were biased toward ascribing ownership to the ‘other’. We speculate that these findings reflect ownership-based changes in decisional processing during the recognition memory self-reference paradigm.
... Ancak schadenfreude'nin farklı yönlerinin birbiriyle nasıl ilişkili olduğu ve bu kaygılara yanıt olarak nasıl şekillendiği konusunda daha az şey bilinmektedir (Wang vd., 2019: 1). Feather (1989), Güney Avustralya liselerindeki 1.531 öğrenci üzerinde yaptığı araştırmada, yüksek başarılı veya ortalama başarılı birinin başarısızlık yaşadığı senaryolara yanıt verilmesini sağlamıştır. Sonuçlar, deneklerin, ortalama bir başarıya sahip bir kişinin düşüşünden ziyade yüksek bir başarıya sahip bir kişinin düşüşünden daha memnun olduklarını ortaya çıkarmıştır. ...
Z: İnsanlar, duyguları ile var olan ve onları deneyimleyen sosyal varlıklardır. İşletmeler ise insanların etkileşimde bulunduğu olumlu ve olumsuz davranışların sergilediği sosyal ortamlardır. Özellikle bu alanlarda rekabetin yoğun yaşanması, performansa dayalı karşılaştırmaların etkin olması ve sosyal statüyü artırma isteği gibi durumlar çalışanlar arasında kıskançlık, öfke, sempati gibi sosyal duyguların oluşmasına neden olabilmekte veya insanlık tarihi kadar eski ama araştırmalara yeni konu olan schadenfreude (başkasının talihsizliğine sevinme)'yi de ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Başkasının talihsizliğine sevinme anlamına gelen schadenfreude, birçok araştırmacı tarafından ahlaki açıdan tartışmalı ve olumsuz olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Diğer araştırmacılar ise deneyimleyen kişiyi duygusal anlamda tatmin ettiği için olumlu olarak kabul etmiştir. Bu tartışmalar ışığında psikoloji, sosyal psikoloji ve sosyoloji alanında çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Ancak iş yaşamı schadenfreude'nin ortaya çıkması için en uygun ortamlar olmasına rağmen bu kavram örgütsel davranış alanında yeterince ilgi görmemiştir. Doküman analizi yöntemine dayalı olarak yürütülen bu çalışma, schadenfreude kavramının daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak ve örgütsel davranış alanında çalışılması gereken bir kavram olduğunu vurgulamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. İlerleyen süreçlerde bu alanda çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılara yol göstermesi açısından özgün nitelikte ve alana katkı sunan önemli bir çalışmadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İş Yaşamı, Çalışanlar, Sosyal Duygular, Schadenfreude. ABSTRACT: People are social beings who exist with their emotions and experience them. Businesses are social environments where people interact and exhibit positive and negative behaviors. Especially in these areas, situations such as intense competition, the effectiveness of performance-based comparisons and the desire to increase social status can cause social emotions such as jealousy, anger, sympathy among employees or they can also reveal schadenfreude, which is as old as human history but is a new subject of research. Many researchers consider Schadenfreude, which means rejoicing at someone else's misfortune, morally contentious and negative. On the other hand, other researchers have accepted it as positive because it satisfies the experiencer emotionally. In light of these discussions, studies have been carried out in the fields of psychology, social psychology, and sociology. However, although work life is the most suitable environment for the emergence of schadenfreude, this concept has yet to receive enough attention in the field of organisational
... While affirming one's superior position can be beneficial (Suls & Wheeler, 2012), it also exposes individuals to potential social-relational risks, such as jealousy from those in inferior positions (Pan et al., 2021). These risks are noteworthy for individuals, compelling them to purposefully engage in reactive behaviors to mitigate these threats (Exline & Lobel, 1999;Feather, 1989). Furthermore, Exline and Lobel (1999) point out that not everyone is cognizant of or sensitive to the risk of being the target of a threatening upward comparison. ...
Research on leader-member exchange social comparison (LMXSC) has shown that it is almost always beneficial for employees. Drawing from social information processing theory and social comparison theory, we depart from this predominant view and suggest that LMXSC can be a mixed blessing. For employees with high psychological entitlement, LMXSC more strongly enhances perceptions of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice, thereby boosting job performance and organizational citizenship behaviors directed at individuals (OCBI). Conversely, for employees with high interdependent self-construal, LMXSC more easily triggers concerns about social-relational threats (CSRT), leading to a decline in job performance while simultaneously compelling them to engage in more OCBI. Data from a multi-wave field study involving supervisor-subordinate-coworker triads conducted in China largely supported our hypotheses. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
... Participants were asked about their climate change beliefs, trust in science (Hartman et al., 2017;Nisbet et al., 2015), police (Tyler, 2005), and politicians (Sibley et al., 2020), voting intentions in the New Zealand 2023 general election, support for M aori political mobilization, support for ethnic-based collective action (Cronin et al., 2012), attitudes toward tall poppies 1 (Feather, 1989), equality positioning (Sibley & Wilson, 2007), and endorsement of free speech and hate speech (Doré et al., 2023). ...
Recent research argues that authoritarianism exists on the right and left, further positing that both manifestations share core features. We explore this possibility by conducting a latent profile analysis of left-wing authoritarianism (LWA), right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), and social dominance orientation (SDO) in a nationwide random sample of adults (N = 34,101). Five unique profiles emerged: Low Social Dominators (low-to-moderate LWA/RWA, low SDO; 41.8% of the sample), Moderate Right-wing Authoritarians (low LWA, moderate RWA, low-to-moderate SDO; 35.7% of the sample), Moderate-Moderates (low LWA, moderate RWA, moderate SDO; 13.7% of the sample), Left-wing Authoritarians (high LWA, low RWA/SDO; 7.5% of the sample), and High Social Dominators (low LWA, low-to-moderate RWA, high SDO; 1.34% of the sample). Men, people low in agreeableness, and people high in vengeful rumination were more likely to belong to all profiles (compared to the Low Social Dominators), suggesting some similarities across distinct forms of authoritarianism. Left-wing Authoritarians did, however, differ substantively in their demographic characteristics, personality, and social attitudes, undermining claims of a shared authoritarian core. These findings highlight the need to further evaluate how distinct types of authoritarians manifest across the political spectrum and the utility of the common core hypothesis.
... Since Study 4 sought to attenuate increased donations/ schadenfreude observed in our prior studies, all conditions included a deserving target. For robustness, we used a more traditional manipulation of deservingness (e.g., Feather, 1989Feather, , 2008Feather, , 2014, wherein participants read about a wrongdoer. We manipulated whether the target was in a dunk tank (misfortune present) or regular donation booth (misfortune absent) and whether they had or had not been previously punished (by being dunked many/no times). ...
The present work investigates a commonly used but heretofore unexamined donation appeal: a misfortune‐involving appeal. Misfortune‐involving appeals (e.g., dunk tanks, pie tosses) invite consumers to donate to inflict misfortune on others. The process via which such appeals operate remains unknown and guidelines for their effective design are nonexistent. We propose that misfortune‐involving appeals that invite consumers to inflict mild misfortune on deserving targets enable consumers to deliver interpersonal justice, thus eliciting schadenfreude. In turn, schadenfreude increases donation amounts. Six studies demonstrate such increases, establishing the mediating role of schadenfreude, addressing alternative explanations (e.g., licensing and sadism), and identifying boundary conditions. Theoretically, our work is the first to question a common prior assumption: that schadenfreude only occurs when consumers passively observe misfortune. Instead, we show that schadenfreude also emerges when consumers actively inflict misfortune. This finding refines the distinction between schadenfreude and sadism; we show that this distinction relies not on consumers' active/passive role, but on misfortune severity. Our findings expand the understanding of schadenfreude's role in the marketplace, opening the door for future research.
... Tall poppy syndrome (TPS) refers to the belief that poppies should grow uniformly without standing out and that if one grows too tall it should be cut down to size to maintain the status quo. 2,3 In the metaphorical poppy gardens of medical institutes and universities across the globe, many women are being cut 'down to size' due to their success and achievements in the workplace. This often begins surreptitiously, after a major achievement that sets them apart from their peers. ...
... Feather and Sherman (2002) found evidence that the perceived social status of the target shaped people's experience of schadenfreude. Participants experienced greater schadenfreude when they witnessed a high achiever suffer compared to an average achiever (a phenomenon referred to as "tall poppy syndrome"; Feather, 1989;Feather, 1991). Ronson (2016) notes that in the case of Justine Saccoa PR manager who gained infamy in 2013 when one of her tweets went viralpublic anger may have been fuelled by her status as a privileged white New Yorker, but also as a woman. ...
Public shaming has moved from the village square and is now an established online phenomenon. The current paper explores whether online shaming is motivated by a person's desire to do good (a justice motive); and/or, because it feels good (a hedonic motive), specifically, as a form of pleasure at witnessing another's misfortune (schadenfreude). We examine two key aspects of social media that may moderate these processes: anonymity (Study 1) and social norms (the responses of other users; Studies 2–3). Across three experiments (N = 225, 198, 202) participants were presented with a fabricated news article featuring an instance of Islamophobia and given the opportunity to respond. Participants' concerns about social justice were not directly positively associated with online shaming and had few consistent indirect effects on shaming via moral outrage. Rather, justice concerns were primarily associated with shaming via participants' perception that the offender was deserving of negative consequences, and their feelings of schadenfreude regarding these consequences. Anonymity did not moderate this process and there was mixed evidence for the qualifying effect of social norms. Overall, the current studies point to the hedonic motive in general and schadenfreude specifically as a key moral emotion associated with people's shaming behaviour.
... For instance, people may perceive their friends' offenses as less serious, even when their friends and strangers offend them equally. Furthermore, Feather 22 proposed that people who believe that one's negative outcomes are deserved would experience delight when the one gets unfortunate deserts. Thus, they think persons in bad relationships with them deserve punishment and they feel happy about it. ...
Introduction
Empathy facilitates prosocial behaviors, whereas counter-empathy harms others. The question that remains unanswered is: when and for whom do people show different empathic responses? This study aimed to explore the effects of transgression severity and interpersonal relationships on victims’ empathy or counter-empathy toward an offender.
Methods
Before and after experiencing a slight or serious transgression, 42 college students were asked to imagine that they had different relationships (ie, intimate, strange, or bad) with a person and then report their empathy or counter-empathy toward that person from cognitive and affective aspects.
Results
The results showed that, in the affective aspect, the participants’ empathy for the intimate friend decreased after a slight transgression and even disappeared after a serious transgression. For strangers, empathy transformed into counter-empathy after the transgression, and its intensity increased with the transgression’s severity. For a person in a bad relationship, the participants felt counter-empathy before the transgression, and its intensity increased with the transgression’s severity. In the cognitive aspect, participants’ counter-empathy toward the stranger and the person in a bad relationship increased with transgression severity.
Discussion
These results suggest that interpersonal relationships and transgression severity can change the type and degree of a victim’s empathy toward the offender. Our findings not only deepen our understanding of the cognitive aspect of counter-empathy but also provide insights for handling interpersonal conflict.
... Upon winning an award through scam work, resentment from non-winners may occur (Harrison and Jepsen 2015) in the form of envy (Feather 1989) or professional jealousy because non-winners desire to have something they do not possess, or they simply refuse to accept that someone else possesses what they lack (Heinich 2009). Negative remarks and the diminishment of someone's accomplishments is cause for preoccupation for professionals, who feel that their efforts are not being recognized. ...
This qualitative study explores the signaling costs associated with winning Cannes Lions, considered the industry’s most prestigious award ceremony. The dynamic componential model of creativity and signaling theory are utilized as a theoretical framework. Grounded Theory was employed for the analysis of eighteen in-depth interviews conducted with Cannes award-winning creatives from Brazil (one of the top three most awarded countries in the festival). Corporate creative tyranny emerged as the central category, which leads to excessive workload, competitive obsessions, and stress. Findings suggest that winning awards is linked to negative costs related to reputation (scam work) and health (physical and psychological damages), contradicting the dynamic componential model of creativity and showing the hidden costs of achieving awards in the advertising industry. Managerial advice is given to reduce these costs.
... It is far more likely that selfserving biases of power holders would motivate them to believe their interests are God's will because they feel threatened by a subordinate (Ross 1977;Ross et al. 1977). The tall poppy effect occurs when high achievers, especially those without hierarchical power, are cut down, resulting in positive emotional reactions in those who no longer fear being compared to them (Feather 1989). In Christian circles, a popular way of cutting down someone is to declare their interests outside the will of God. ...
Interpersonal conflict among missionaries is a major factor contributing to missionary attrition. This paper examines two approaches to resolving conflict, one focusing on mandatory submission to authority and the other focusing on fostering cooperation between the parties in conflict. Both biblical and empirical evidence suggest that cooperation is usually the best option. Although the submission approach is often viewed as biblical, it represents a shallow understanding of the complete biblical picture and a naïve and overly optimistic view of human nature. The cooperation approach better incorporates the biblical principles of servant leadership, mutual submission, and seeking one another’s interests. Empirical evidence suggests that organizations such as mission agencies may be more effective if they adopt an approach fostering cooperation as an organizational norm. Research on power and its abuse may be used to motivate missionaries to voluntarily limit their hierarchical power in order to better love and serve others. Viewing conflict as a decision making process can enable missionaries and mission organizations to more effectively find ways to minister and achieve their goals, including evangelism and church planting.
... Hence, doing well in school may have the opposite effect on one's social standing (Allen, Porter, McFarland, Marsh, & McElhaney, 2005;Kessels, 2005). These results are in line with the 'tall poppy syndrome' (Feather, 1989;Gross, 1999), which is the tendency in some cultural contexts to denigrate peers with outstanding achievements. For this reason, some gifted students -especially gifted girls (Callahan, Cunningham, and Plucker, 1994;Kramer, 1991) -may hide their abilities in an attempt to be socially accepted (Gross, 1989;Kerr, Colangelo, & Gaeth, 1988) and will resist being labelled 'gifted' to avoid accusations of being a nerd or other derogatory terms (Manaster, Chan, Watt, & Wiehe, 1994). ...
... This is in line with the research (Smith & Van Dijk, 2018) that schadenfreude is often triggered by power struggles and social status among the community. In tune with that Feather (1989) also argues that schadenfreude in society is closely related to the clinical problem of Tall Poppy Syndrome in which a person will drop another person or friend who is more accomplished than him. But certainly the scientific cause of schadenfreude is still a lot of debate and disagreements from previous researchers, so the scientific study of schadenfreude still needs to be continued. ...
This study aims to examine the variables of social relationship, self-esteem, and empathy towards schadenfreude in Pagutan Villagers, Mataram, Indonesia. The researcher hypothesizes that there is a significant influence on the variables of social relations, self-esteem, and empathy towards schadenfreude in Pagutan Villagers. The population in this study is people who live in Pagutan Village and are aged between 22-55 years. The respondents in this study found 500 people. This sample was taken using a non-probability sampling technique, namely purporsive sampling. The researcher used the schadenfreude scale, the social relationship scale, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and the interpersonal reactivity index. Test the validity of the measuring instrument using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique. Data analysis used multiple regression technique. The results of data analysis show that communication, selfesteem fantasy, and empathetic attention have a significant effect on schadenfreude. Meanwhile, social contact, perspective taking and its effect are not significant on schadenfreude. The results of the study also obtained an R-square result of .330 or 33%. That is, the proportion of variance from Schadenfreude explained by all independent variables is 33%, while the remaining 67% is influenced by other variables outside this study. The researcher hopes that the results of this study will be reviewed and developed again in further research by adding other variables.
... Past research has demonstrated the conditions under which schadenfreude is likely to emerge, such as when a person's suffering or downfall is viewed as deserved (Feather, 2006;Feather & Sherman, 2002; van Dijk, Goslinga, & Ouwerkerk, 2008). For example, people feel schadenfreude when wrongdoers (e.g., cheaters, liars, thieves, hypocrites) are justly punished because people believe that immoral individuals are responsible for their predicament and that they "had it coming" (Berndsen & Tiggemann, 2020;Brambilla & Riva, 2017;Feather, 1989;Powell & Smith, 2013). Schadenfreude may also emerge from observing misfortunes of envied individuals or disliked outgroup members, particularly in zero-sum competitive contexts (Cikara, Bruneau, Van Bavel, & Saxe, 2014;Hudson, Cikara, & Sidanius, 2019;Leach & Spears, 2009;van de Ven et al., 2015; van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, Nieweg, & Gallucci, 2006). ...
When witnessing misfortunes, people sometimes react with schadenfreude—malicious pleasure at another's suffering. Previous research suggests that schadenfreude is elicited for competitors and envied targets, or when misfortunes seem deserved. Six experiments (five pre-registered, N-total = 3324) support a novel hypothesis that perceivers feel greater schadenfreude for social targets who endorse a strong general belief in a just world (BJW), even when misfortunes occur outside of the typical conditions that elicit schadenfreude. Experiments 1–2 show that people feel schadenfreude at the accidental misfortune of a person who expresses strong BJW, based in part on their misfortune seeming more deserved. Experiment 3 demonstrates the same effect for a wealthy, strong-BJW target who suffers a life-changing misfortune. In Experiment 4, we demonstrate that perceivers infer stronger BJW from a wealthy (vs. poor) person and that these inferences lead to increased perceptions that the misfortune was deserved, resulting in greater schadenfreude. Finally, Experiments 5–6 show that the effect of target BJW on schadenfreude via perceived deservingness is moderated by a target's financial status, such that endorsing strong BJW is particularly consequential for wealthy and middle-income targets. We conclude that even when people are not responsible for their predicaments, perceivers believe the misfortunes of people with strong just-world beliefs are more fitting and therefore derive more pleasure at their expense. The current research builds on and extends both schadenfreude and just-world belief literatures by documenting a unique antecedent of schadenfreude based on perceivers' inferences or knowledge regarding how someone generally views their world.
İnsanlar, duyguları ile var olan ve onları deneyimleyen sosyal varlıklardır. İşletmeler ise insanların etkileşimde bulunduğu olumlu ve olumsuz davranışların sergilediği sosyal ortamlardır. Özellikle bu alanlarda rekabetin yoğun yaşanması, performansa dayalı karşılaştırmaların etkin olması ve sosyal statüyü artırma isteği gibi durumlar çalışanlar arasında kıskançlık, öfke, sempati gibi sosyal duyguların oluşmasına neden olabilmekte veya insanlık tarihi kadar eski ama araştırmalara yeni konu olan schadenfreude’yi de ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Başkasının talihsizliğine sevinme anlamına gelen schadenfreude, birçok araştırmacı tarafından ahlaki açıdan tartışmalı ve olumsuz olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Diğer araştırmacılar ise deneyimleyen kişiyi duygusal anlamda tatmin ettiği için olumlu olarak kabul etmiştir. Bu tartışmalar ışığında psikoloji, sosyal psikoloji ve sosyoloji alanında çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Ancak iş yaşamı schadenfreude’nin ortaya çıkması için en uygun ortamlar olmasına rağmen bu kavram örgütsel davranış alanında yeterince ilgi görmemiştir. Doküman analizi yöntemine dayalı olarak yürütülen bu çalışma, schadenfreude kavramının daha iyi anlaşılması sağlamak ve örgütsel davranış alanında çalışılması gereken bir kavram olduğunu vurgulamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. İlerleyen süreçlerde bu alanda çalışmak isteyen araştırmacılara yol göstermesi açısından özgün nitelikte ve alana katkı sunan önemli bir çalışmadır.
This review study aims to investigate the correlation between narcissism and schadenfreude (the pleasure gained from the misfortunes of others). In this regard, literature investigating the concepts of narcissism and schadenfreude was reviewed. Despite the similarities among the terms self-esteem, envy, and social comparison in the context of both narcissism and schadenfreude, there exists a paucity of studies investigating the relationship between narcissism, including vulnerable and grandiose, and schadenfreude. This study encompasses definitions of narcissism and schadenfreude, as well as concepts of self-esteem, social comparison, and envy, which elucidate their interrelationship, alongside findings from various studies exploring the connection between narcissism and schadenfreude from multiple perspectives. This review study culminated in an examination of the relationship between narcissism and schadenfreude, discussing the findings and offering recommendations for future research and mental health professionals.
Transformative practitioner research enables teachers to create or contribute to their own knowledge base. Recently, this research field has flourished, with numerous studies exploring how practitioner researchers develop knowledge, agency and identities, particularly through action research (AR) and exploratory practice (EP). Despite important work on the content or outcomes of language practitioner researcher development (LPRD), there is less conceptualization of how LPRD is manifested in relation to environments where language practitioners work. In this contribution to the special issue on inclusive practitioner research, we draw on sociocultural and ecological systems theories to present a framework for understanding what enables LPRD to flourish in terms of sustainability and inclusivity. Our framework considers how sustainability through inclusion can be achieved within micro, meso and macro ecological systems, and how these systems interrelate. We exemplify our framework using illustrations of individual teachers and their interactions with a specific AR program and their institutions. While we focus on AR, this framework may apply to EP and other forms of practitioner research which strive for inclusive LPRD. We conclude with practical implications for teacher educators and professional development coordinators about fostering inclusive LPRD within institutional environments.
Scientific novelty is the essential driving force for research breakthroughs and innovation. However, little is known about how early-career scientists pursue novel research paths, and the gender disparities in this process. To address this research gap, this study investigates a comprehensive dataset of 277,288 doctoral theses in the biomedical sciences authored by US Ph.D. graduates. Spanning from 1980 to 2016, the data originates from the ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database. This study aims to shed light on Ph.D. students’ pursuit of scientific novelty in their doctoral theses and assess gender-related differences in this process. Using a combinatorial approach and a pre-trained Bio-BERT model, we quantify the scientific novelty of doctoral theses based on bio-entities. Applying fractional logistic and quantile regression models, this study reveals a decreasing trend in scientific novelty over time and heterogeneous gender disparities in doctoral theses. Specifically, female students consistently exhibit lower scientific novelty levels than their male peers. Under the supervision of female advisors, students tend to produce doctoral theses that exhibit lower levels of novelty compared to those supervised by male advisors. The significant interaction effect of female students and female advisors suggests that female advisors may amplify gender disparities in scientific novelty. Moreover, heterogeneous gender disparities in scientific novelty are identified, with non-top-tier universities displaying more pronounced disparities, while the gender differences at higher percentile ranges of scientific novelty scores were comparatively more minor. These findings indicate a potential underrepresentation of early-career female scientists pursuing novel research. Notably, the outcomes of this study hold significant policy implications for advancing the careers of female scientists.
Drawing on the cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship, bounded rationality and role congruity perspectives, we investigate the moderating role of the assertiveness of women business owners in the relationship between their business performance and subsequent family-to-business instrumental support. Previous research has generally examined the family support women receive while running their businesses as an antecedent of firm performance. In this article, we reverse the order of these factors and investigate whether the past performance of a woman-led firm is a precursor of family support. Based on results of a longitudinal study of women business owners in Denmark, we found that the higher assertiveness, the weaker the link between past performance and instrumental family support for businesses.
Non-referent downward counterfactual thinking pertains to visualising how life events could have turned out for the worse without identifying who is blameworthy for the negative outcome. A key question is whether its link to prevention pride corresponds to the direction articulated in the Functional Theory – that is, in general, downward counterfactual thinking is positively associated with prevention goal-attainment, and this could be facilitated by greater adherence to social norms that maintain the status quo. This research question was investigated in a cross-sectional study using a sample of Australian university students ( N = 209, M age = 24.48, SD = 8.23; Range = 18-56). Contrary to the Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking, it was found that more frequent non-referent downward counterfactual thinking was associated with lower prevention pride. Non-referent downward counterfactuals did not significantly predict Individualism-Collectivism indices ( i.e. , social harmony, self-control, social identification, and social sharing of recognition). Amongst the I-C indices, only social identification and social sharing of recognition were found to be significantly positively and negatively associated with prevention pride, respectively. However, the I-C indices did not mediate the negative association between non-referent downward counterfactual thinking and prevention pride. Therapeutic implications were discussed in relation to the “wake-up call” principle to help individuals take preventative actions in the future.
Previous research has found that, in successful situations, East Asians tend to feel less pride and greater embarrassment than Westerners. From a socio-ecological perspective, we propose that these cultural differences in self-conscious emotions after success could be due to cross-societal differences in the expected reward or punishment that others would assign to the actor for high achievement, which in turn stems from different levels of relational mobility. Supporting our theory, a vignette study with American and Japanese participants showed that (a) Japanese felt more embarrassment and less pride in successful situations than Americans; (b) the cultural differences in embarrassment were mediated by relational mobility and the expected punishment for high achievers; (c) the indirect effect of relational mobility and the expected reward for high achievers on pride was in the predicted direction but was not significant.
Schadenfreude (experiencing pleasure at others’ misfortune) has been found in a variety of contexts and setting. We sought to determine if it occurred in relation to COVID-19 vaccination status given the ingroup-outgroup nature of this factor. In three experimental studies, we asked participants to read about a pro- or anti-vaccine physician who reportedly died from COVID-19 complications. In Study 1 (N = 83 US emerging adults [39.8% male]) fully vaccinated participants experienced more Schadenfreude after reading the story about an unvaccinated (versus vaccinated) physician. In Study 2 (N = 393 US adults [37.5% male]) we sampled vaccinated and unvaccinated participants who read about the death of a vaccinated or unvaccinated doctor, and results showed higher Schadenfreude when the participants’ vaccination status (e.g., vaccinated) was opposite of the hypothetical physician’s (e.g., unvaccinated). Finally, results from Study 3 (N = 797 US adults [49.5% male]), which used a similar procedure to the previous study, replicated Study 2 and also showed that group identification with and perceived morality of the physician mediated the relationship between vaccination status and Schadenfreude.
We establish the prevalence of partisan schadenfreude —that is, taking “joy in the suffering” of partisan others. Analyzing attitudes on health care, taxation, climate change, and the coronavirus pandemic, we find that a sizable portion of the American mass public engages in partisan schadenfreude and that these attitudes are most expressed by those who are ideologically extreme. Additionally, we find that a sizable portion of the American public is more likely than not to vote for candidates who promise to pass policies that “disproportionately harm” supporters of the opposing political party, and we demonstrate experimental evidence of demand/preference for candidates who promise cruelty among those who exhibit high amounts of schadenfreude. In sum, our results suggest that partisan schadenfreude is widespread and has disturbing implications for American political behavior.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
When someone suffers a mishap, a setback or a downfall, we sometimes find ourselves experiencing schadenfreude - an emotion defined as deriving pleasure from another's misfortune. Schadenfreude is a common experience and an emotion which is seemingly inherent to social being. This book offers a comprehensive summary of current theoretical and empirical work on schadenfreude from psychological, philosophical and other scientific perspectives. The chapters explore justice as an underlying motive for schadenfreude, and the role played by social comparison processes and envy in evoking pleasure at the misfortunes of others in interpersonal relations. Schadenfreude is also described as a common phenomenon in intergroup relations. This is a compelling volume on a fascinating subject matter that aims to increase our understanding of the nature of this emotion and the role it plays in social relations.
In this paper, we study the effects of non-monetary symbolic awards on winners, losers, and their peers. Using a regression discontinuity design, we examine post-award performance differences between those who barely won a symbolic performance award and those who came just short of winning the award in a large insurance company (Study 1). Our findings show that awarded workers performed worse than their non-awarded counterparts, and worse performance was more severe in more competitive teams. Building on these findings, we explore potential mechanisms using an incentivized real-effort experiment (Study 2). The experiment reveals that award winners’ worse post-award performance relative to unawarded workers was driven by social undermining in the form of deliberate sabotage by coworkers, rather than award winners’ own behavioral changes due to negative motivational effects.
Setting ambitious goals is a proven strategy for improving performance, but we suggest it may have interpersonal costs. We predict that relative to those with moderately ambitious goals, those with highly ambitious goals (and those with unambitious goals) will receive more negative interpersonal evaluations, being seen as less warm and as offering less relationship potential. Thirteen studies including nine preregistered experiments, three preregistered replications, and one archival analysis of graduate school applications (total N = 6,620) test these hypotheses. Across career, diet, fitness, savings, and academic goals, we found a robust effect of ambition on judgments, such that moderately ambitious goals led to the most consistently positive interpersonal expectations. To understand this phenomenon, we consider how ambition influences judgments of investment in one’s own goals as opposed to supportiveness for other people’s goals and explore expectations about goal supportiveness as one mechanism through which ambition may influence interpersonal judgments.
There are many factors that can affect academic success efforts of academics. In the study, it is aimed to determine the relationships between the ethical leadership behaviour of the managers, the loyalty of the academicians to their institutions and managers, and the behaviours of envy and jealousy to their colleagues. Within the framework of this purpose, a model was created and scale questions related to research variables were developed in the research conducted on 609 academicians.
When the relationships in the research are examined; It has been seen that the ethical leadership behaviours of the administrators have a positive total effect on the academic success efforts of the academicians. It has been observed that the ethical leadership behaviours of the administrators have a positive effect on the loyalty of the academicians to both their institutions and their managers. It has been observed that the loyalty of academicians to their institutions has a positive effect on academic success efforts. It has been concluded that the jealousy behaviours of the academicians have a negative effect on their academic achievement efforts, while the envy behaviours have a positive effect. It has been observed that envy behaviour has a moderator effect on the effect of academics' loyalty to their institutions on their academic achievement efforts. In the research, it was concluded that the ethical leadership behaviours of the administrators have a mediating effect on the academic success efforts of the academicians, and the loyalty of the academicians to their institutions.
This chapter develops a detailed analysis of the differences in turnout rates determined by the individual characteristics of voters, and in particular by their socio-economic conditions. After introducing the strands of literature and the methodological debate over the Resource Model, I shall be discussing the role played by income, social class and education in the political mobilisation of the electorate. Following the numerous empirical studies on disparities in turnout rates across different groups of the electorate, the analysis shows whether, and to what degree, the most disadvantaged groups actually participate less. The chapter also considers the transformation of the labour market and its implications with regard to turnout. Increased unemployment, greater job instability and the growth in the number and variety of atypical jobs, have together made employment status more fluid, and this has impacted the link that voters establish with politics and voting. In a situation of ongoing recession and economic crisis, a growing number of citizens experience a relative or absolute decline in their social status, and this has a significant impact on public and political life.KeywordsResource modelSocio-economic statusUnemploymentRelative deprivation
This book provides a reconstruction of Aristotelian character education, shedding new light on what moral character really is, and how it can be highlighted, measured, nurtured and taught in current schooling. Arguing that many recent approaches to character education understand character in exclusively amoral, instrumentalist terms, Kristjánsson proposes a coherent, plausible and up-to-date concept, retaining the overall structure of Aristotelian character education. After discussing and debunking popular myths about Aristotelian character education, subsequent chapters focus on the practical ramifications and methodologies of character education. These include measuring virtue and morality, asking whether Aristotelian character education can salvage the effects of bad upbringing, and considering implications for teacher training and classroom practice. The book rejuvenates time-honoured principles of the development of virtues in young people, at a time when 'character' features prominently in educational agendas and parental concerns over school education systems. Offering an interdisciplinary perspective which draws from the disciplines of education, psychology, philosophy and sociology, this book will appeal to researchers, academics and students wanting a greater insight into character education.
The aim of this research is to strive for academic success; The aim of this study is to examine the ethical leadership behavior of the manager within the framework of the variables of loyalty to the manager and academic jealousy. Academic and administrative activities carried out by academicians at universities can shape academic success efforts in terms of their performance. It is thought that the ethical leadership behavior of the managers, loyalty to the manager and the institution, and jealousy of their colleagues, which are recommended to be taken into account in their organizations while academicians carry out their activities, may have important effects. The research was carried out on 609 academicians operating in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The convenience sampling method was preferred in the study. According to the findings, while the ethical leadership behavior of the manager, loyalty to the manager, and loyalty to the institution variables contributed to the academic success effort, academic jealousy behavior had a reducing effect. The ethical leadership behavior of the administrator has made significant contributions to both the administrator's loyalty and the institutional loyalty of the academician. It has been observed that loyalty to the manager and loyalty to the institution reduce jealousy behavior. In the study, it was also concluded that the administrator loyalty and corporate loyalty of the academicians have important mediating effects according to the model.
Existing literature suggests that there is a relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and workplace envy (WE). However, a degree of inconsistency among research results was detected which could be due to overlooking the possible role of organizational stress (OS). Building on social comparison theory and transactional theory of stress and coping, it is proposed that the relationship between LMX and WE is moderated by OS. This study aims to provide additional insight into the mechanisms that develop WE and how it could be managed among Egyptian athletes. Two hypotheses were developed, and data was collected via self-report surveys from a sample of 320 Egyptian athletes. Regression analysis and multi-group moderation analysis were employed to test research hypotheses. Results indicated that LMX is negatively related to WE among Egyptian athletes. Moreover, it was found that OS moderates this relationship in the way that the strength of the relationship between LMX and workplace is significantly stronger among athletes with high perceived OS than among athletes with low perceived OS. Results were discussed and theoretical and managerial applications were presented. Fruitful insights have been communicated to coaches, athletes, and sport managers. Limitations and proposals for future research were suggested.
Abstract:
The aim of this research is to strive for academic success; The aim of this study is to examine the ethical leadership behavior of the manager within the framework of the variables of loyalty to the manager and academic jealousy. Academic and administrative activities carried out by academicians at universities can shape academic success efforts in terms of their performance. It is thought that the ethical leadership behavior of the managers, loyalty to the manager and the institution, and jealousy of their colleagues, which are recommended to be taken into account in their organizations while academicians carry out their activities, may have important effects. The research was carried out on 609 academicians operating in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The convenience sampling method was preferred in the study. According to the findings, while the ethical leadership behavior of the manager, loyalty to the manager, and loyalty to the institution variables contributed to the academic success effort, academic jealousy behavior had a reducing effect. The ethical leadership behavior of the administrator has made significant contributions to both the administrator's loyalty and the institutional loyalty of the academician. It has been observed that loyalty to the manager and loyalty to the institution reduce jealousy behavior. In the study, it was also concluded that the administrator loyalty and corporate loyalty of the academicians have important mediating effects according to the model.
Keywords: Academic Success Effort, Ethical Leadership Behavior, Loyalty to the Manager, Corporate
Loyalty, Academic Jealousy
72 6–11 yr olds were read 12 stories in which the protagonists failed to excel or attain something in each of 6 areas: possessions, sports, art, appearance, mathematics, and reading. In 6 stories, one child failed, whereas another excelled; in 6 stories no other child was involved. Ss rated the importance of the 6 areas to themselves and completed the PPVT-R and the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. Measures from the responses to the stories were grouped into 3 components of social-comparison jealousy––spontaneous comparisons, affect, and thoughts about jealous behavior. Jealousy was a common response to comparison failure situations. Older Ss revealed more social-comparison jealousy in areas of greater importance to themselves, whereas younger Ss did not show this differentiation as clearly. No sex differences in the experience of social-comparison jealousy were found. Results are discussed in terms of social-comparison theory, and a stage model of jealousy development is proposed. (32 ref)
For a long time I have had the gnawing desire to convey the broad motivational sig nificance of the attributional conception that I have espoused and to present fully the argument that this framework has earned a rightful place alongside other leading theories of motivation. Furthermore, recent investigations have yielded insights into the attributional determinants of affect, thus providing the impetus to embark upon a detailed discussion of emotion and to elucidate the relation between emotion and motivation from an attributional perspective. The presentation of a unified theory of motivation and emotion is the goal of this book. My more specific aims in the chapters to follow are to: 1) Outline the basic princi ples that I believe characterize an adequate theory of motivation; 2) Convey what I perceive to be the conceptual contributions of the perspective advocated by my col leagues and me; 3) Summarize the empirical relations, reach some definitive con clusions, and point out the more equivocal empirical associations based on hypotheses derived from our particular attribution theory; and 4) Clarify questions that have been raised about this conception and provide new material for still further scrutiny. In so doing, the building blocks (if any) laid down by the attributional con ception will be readily identified and unknown juries of present and future peers can then better determine the value of this scientific product."
The individualism and collectivism constructs are theoretically analyzed and linked to certain hypothesized consequences (social behaviors, health indices). Study 1 explores the meaning of these constructs within culture (in the US), identifying the individual-differences variable, idiocentrism versus allocentrism, that corresponds to the constructs. Factor analyses of responses to items related to the constructs suggest that US individualism is reflected in (a) Self-Reliance With Competition, (b) Low Concern for Ingroups, and (c) Distance from Ingroups. A higher order factor analysis suggests that Subordination of Ingroup Goals to Personal Goals may be the most important aspect of US individualism. Study 2 probes the limits of the constructs with data from two collectivist samples (Japan and Puerto Rico) and one individualist sample (Illinois) of students. It is shown that responses depend on who the other is (i.e., which ingroup), the context, and the kind of social behavior (e.g., feel similar to other, attentive to the views of others). Study 3 replicates previous work in Puerto Rico indicating that allocentric persons perceive that they receive more and a better quality of social support than do idiocentric persons, while the latter report being more lonely than the former. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 experimental conditions in which they received either positive or negative feedback on a bogus personality test that was either self-definitionally relevant or irrelevant, followed by feedback of successful performance by another person in a domain that was either relevant or irrelevant to the S. Dependent measures included scores on the Depression Adjective Check Lists and the State scale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Significantly greater jealousy of the other person was reported in the condition in which the S received negative feedback regarding own performance on a self-involving characteristic, and in which the successful performance of the other was on the same characteristic. Ss in this condition were more likely to disparage the rival and less likely to desire his or her friendship. In addition, these Ss tended to feel more depressed and anxious about interacting with the comparison person. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Stepwise multiple regression analyses that involved measures of value importance, age, sex, education, and income as the independent variables were conducted. It was hypothesized that conservative people would emphasize values concerned with attachment to rules and authority and ego defense (e.g., security, cleanliness, obedience) and downgrade values concerned with equality, freedom, love, and pleasure as well as open-minded, intellectual, and imaginative modes of thought. This hypothesis was confirmed by the results from 2 independent surveys involving families in metropolitan Adelaide, Australia, (Sample 1, 1972) and the families of students at a university (Sample 2, 1976–1977). Ss in both samples completed the Rokeach Value Survey and the Wilson-Patterson Conservation Scale and provided background and demographic information. In addition to the values, age, and sex were significant predictors, with older respondents tending to be more conservative than younger ones and females more conservative than males. Education and income of the heads (Sample 1) and fathers (Sample 2) of families played a minor role in prediction. Results support both the cognitive learning and psychodynamic explanations of value–attitude relationships. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The universality of S. H. Schwartz and W. Bilsky's (see record
1988-01444-001) theory of the psychological content and structure of human values was examined with data from Australia, Finland, Hong Kong, Spain, and the United States. Smallest space analyses of the importance ratings that individuals assigned to values revealed the same 7 distinct motivational types of values in each sample as had emerged earlier in samples from Germany and Israel: achievement, enjoyment, maturity, prosocial, restrictive conformity, security, self-direction. Social power, studied only in Hong Kong, also emerged. The structural relations among the value types suggest that the motivational dynamics underlying people's value priorities are similar across the societies studied, with an exception in Hong Kong. The interests that values serve (individual vs. collective) and their goal type (instrumental vs. terminal) also distinguished values in all samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Administered the Protestant Ethic Scale, the Conservatism Scale, and the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) to 140 undergraduates to determine if Ss with a strong Protestant Ethic value (the "work ethic") also tended to have conservative social attitudes. Results show a significant postive relationship between scores on the 2 measures. Scores on both tests were also associated with the relative importance assigned to some of the terminal and instrumental values (positively to salvation, obedience, and self-control; negatively to world of beauty, mature love, being broad-minded, and imaginative) from the RVS. It is suggested that part of the causal fabric underlying economic development might involve some conservative respect for predictability, discipline, and order and that the findings support the thesis of M. Weber (1904–1905 [translated by T. Parsons, 1976]) that economic development is linked to Protestant Ethic values. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The theory of relative deprivation (RD) offers an instructive special case of Tajfel's CIC theory. Six focal issues characterize the current state of RD theory: (1) the egoistic–fraternalistic distinction, (2) measurement level, (3) the cognitive–affective distinction, (4) the absolute–relative distinction, (5) specification of the referent, and (6) specification of the compared dimensions. Each issue is discussed and possible resolutions suggested.
We constructed a theory of the universal types of values as criteria by viewing values as cognitive representations of three universal requirements: (a) biological needs, (b) interactional requirements for interpersonal coordination, and (c) societal demands for group welfare and survival. From these requirements, we have derived and presented conceptual and operational definitions for eight motivational domains of values: enjoyment, security, social power, achievement, self-direction, prosocial, restrictive conformity, and maturity. In addition, we have mapped values according to the interests they serve (individualistic vs. collectivist) and the type of goal to which they refer (terminal vs. instrumental). We postulated that the structural organization of value systems reflects the degree to which giving high priority simultaneously to different values is motivationally and practically feasible or contradictory. To test our theory, we performed smallest space analyses on ratings given by subjects from Israel (N = 455) and Germany (N = 331) of the importance of 36 Rokeach values as guiding principles in their lives. Partitioning of the obtained multidimensional space into regions revealed that people do indeed discriminate among values according to our a priori specifications of goal types, interests served, and motivational domains in both societies. Moreover, the motivational domains of values are organized dynamically in relation to one another in both societies, as predicted by the patterns of compatible or contradictory motivation and practical consequences. We have noted additional values and domains possibly needed for a universal scheme as well as potential applications of this approach for comparing the meanings, structure, and importance of values across cultures, for analyzing relations between social structure and values, and for predicting and interpreting relations of values to attitudes and behavior.
Families and businesses have often been treated as naturally separate institutions, whereas we argue that they are inextricably intertwined. Long-term changes in family composition and in the roles and relations of family members have produced families in North America that are growing smaller and losing many of their previous role relationships. Such transformations in the institution of the family have implications for the emergence of new business opportunities, opportunity recognition, business start-up decisions, and the resource mobilization process. We suggest that entrepreneurship scholars would benefit from a family embeddedness perspective on new venture creation.
Studied the effects on liking for a stimulus person in a 3 * 2 * 2 factorial design varying 120 male undergraduates' self-esteem stimulus-person competence, and the presence or absence of a pratfall by the stimulus person. The competent stimulus person with or without a pratfall was found to be significantly more attractive than his incompetent counterpart. However, Ss of average self-esteem found the attractiveness of a competent person enhanced significantly if he experienced a pratfall, while Ss of high and low self-esteem were significantly more attracted to the superior when he did not blunder. A pratfall did not significantly affect liking for the incompetent stimulus person by any of the self-esteem groups. Ss of low self-esteem volunteered at a higher rate for experimentation than those of high or average self-esteem.
There are many ways to conduct research. Choice of topic, data collecting techniques, and analytical procedures derive from the training, traditions, predilections of, and the practical restraints acting upon the investigator. Choosing the facet approach requires a shift in thinking, an imaginative leap even, not only in the conception of the research problem but also in the design and execution of the inquiry.
Relative deprivation and equity theory are the two major social psychological approaches to the study of felt distributive injustice. Both theories postulate its antecedent conditions, emotional concomitants, and behavioral consequences. Both theories assert that not having and deserving something are preconditions of felt unjust deprivation; that resentment, anger, and dissatisfaction are among its emotional concomitants, and that the experience of unjust deprivation leads to behaviors aimed at eliminating it.1
For a number of years now, I have been interested in the conceptual analysis and investigation of human values. I began a program of research that commenced in the late 1960s and has continued ever since. In this program, I have looked at a wide range of topics that include the measurement of values and value systems, similarities and differences in value priorities across different segments of Australian society and across different cultures, the comparison of value systems between parents and their children, the value priorities of special groups such as juvenile offenders and student activists, the relationship between attitudes and values, and the consequences for the person of discrepancies between personal value systems and the value systems that defined environments such as the school or the work situation are perceived to promote. The results of the first phase of my work in this area were brought together in Values in Education and Society (Feather, 1975), a book that was particularly concerned with studies that mapped values in different groups and with studies that investigated the effects of person-environment discrepancies in value systems. The program of research has continued to be an active one. Since the 1975 book, I have built on the foundations laid down in that volume and have also followed some new directions.
Responses to attitude and activity preference surveys were compared for the degrees of real and perceived similarity within male (n = 13) and female (n = 11) friendship pairs. Activity preference similarity was substantially greater than attitudinal similarity, in fact: friends' attitudinal similarity was no greater than strangers'; individuals were able to predict the friend's responses to the activity survey more accurately than to the attitude survey; and activity similarity was a better predictor of liking than was attitudinal similarity. The findings were the same for males and females. These results suggest that the opportunity to engage in mutually pleasurable activities may be a stronger motive in friendship choice and friendship maintenance than is the satisfaction of knowing the friend agrees with you.
A theory of the features of situations and behavior which underlie actors' perceptions of envy was developed from a consideration of envy as a "sin"- a type of transgression of a moral order. The contextual component of envy was hypothesized to be a situation in which someone's possessions, attributes, and attainments have diminished another's status. In such a situation if the person diminished is seen to belittle the character of the successful person, or undercut his success, envy will be perceived. Seven variants were constructed of a scenario in which an individual achieved a valued goal, and another did not. In the basic scenario all of the theory's preconditions for envy were met. In each of the six other variants, one precondition was altered. Of subjects who saw the basic scenario, 92% spontaneously interpreted the character's feelings as envy. In four of the other variants, reliably fewer subjects perceived envy.
Culture influences both individual behavior and how businesses operate. Those working in both the business and policy arenas must understand other cultures and avoid ethnocentrism. Culture is defined as the "collective programming of the mind"; in the modern context it exists within national borders. Using data from surveys of employees in 40 countries at the HERMES Corporation in 1968 and 1972, four categories of cultural difference become clear and useful: power distance; uncertainty avoidance individualism; and masculinity. These categories are then correlated not only with one another, but with other available data. Sex differentiation is the final dimension of cultural difference in this analysis. These four dimensions of national culture describe the human condition. Some of them correlate with one another. Analyzing the correlations between the various indices allows the clustering of these 40 countries with similar statistics into 8 groups: More and Less Developed Latin and Asian, Near-Eastern, Germanic, Anglo and Nordic. Because the HERMES data was collected at two different points, 1968 and 1972, it can show change over time. While scientific discoveries can effect cultural change, not every culture will become increasingly similar. Different cultures will follow different trends, though some trends will be global. There was a worldwide decrease in desired power difference and in elevations of stress and both the Individualism Index (IDV) and Masculinity Index (MAS) grew during this period. Speculation on long term trends is provided, suggesting that the IDV will rise and the Power Distance Index norm will fall as long as national wealth increases; the Uncertainty Avoidance Index will fluctuate as people age, and MAS will remain constant as time passes. Organizations are bound by the cultures that created them, with consequences for cultural relativity for a number of areas: motivation; leadership; decision-making; planning and control; organization design; development; humanization of work; industrial democracy; company ownership and control; and the reaction of the local environment to the organization. Possible training strategies for multi-national and multi-cultural corporations are included and the Values Survey Module is introduced, shortening and improving upon the original HERMES survey in the hope that research on cultural difference will continue. (RAS)
The present research explores the relation between similarity, on the one hand, and interpersonal attraction and personality trait inference, on the other. The multidimensionality of these constructs was considered in terms of two general dimensions of first impressions, social and intellectual. In a 2 × 2 design, subjects were asked to form first impressions of a target person who was similar or dissimilar to them in terms of both attitudes and activity preferences. The results indicated that both attitude and activity preference similarity affected judgments of attraction. However, activity similarity was especially predictive of liking judgments, while attitude similarity was especially predictive of respect judgments. This differential effect was even more pronounced for the inference of personality traits. Activity preference similarity especially influenced inferences of socially desirable traits, while attitude similarity especially affected inferences of intellectually desirable traits. The implications of these results for inferential relations in impression formation are discussed, and potential moderators of such relations are considered.
• As the title suggests, this book examines the psychology of interpersonal relations. In the context of this book, the term "interpersonal relations" denotes relations between a few, usually between two, people. How one person thinks and feels about another person, how he perceives him and what he does to him, what he expects him to do or think, how he reacts to the actions of the other--these are some of the phenomena that will be treated. Our concern will be with "surface" matters, the events that occur in everyday life on a conscious level, rather than with the unconscious processes studied by psychoanalysis in "depth" psychology. These intuitively understood and "obvious" human relations can, as we shall see, be just as challenging and psychologically significant as the deeper and stranger phenomena. The discussion will center on the person as the basic unit to be investigated. That is to say, the two-person group and its properties as a superindividual unit will not be the focus of attention. Of course, in dealing with the person as a member of a dyad, he cannot be described as a lone subject in an impersonal environment, but must be represented as standing in relation to and interacting with another person. The chapter topics included in this book include: Perceiving the Other Person; The Other Person as Perceiver; The Naive Analysis of Action; Desire and Pleasure; Environmental Effects; Sentiment; Ought and Value; Request and Command; Benefit and Harm; and Reaction to the Lot of the Other Person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
• As the title suggests, this book examines the psychology of interpersonal relations. In the context of this book, the term "interpersonal relations" denotes relations between a few, usually between two, people. How one person thinks and feels about another person, how he perceives him and what he does to him, what he expects him to do or think, how he reacts to the actions of the other--these are some of the phenomena that will be treated. Our concern will be with "surface" matters, the events that occur in everyday life on a conscious level, rather than with the unconscious processes studied by psychoanalysis in "depth" psychology. These intuitively understood and "obvious" human relations can, as we shall see, be just as challenging and psychologically significant as the deeper and stranger phenomena. The discussion will center on the person as the basic unit to be investigated. That is to say, the two-person group and its properties as a superindividual unit will not be the focus of attention. Of course, in dealing with the person as a member of a dyad, he cannot be described as a lone subject in an impersonal environment, but must be represented as standing in relation to and interacting with another person. The chapter topics included in this book include: Perceiving the Other Person; The Other Person as Perceiver; The Naive Analysis of Action; Desire and Pleasure; Environmental Effects; Sentiment; Ought and Value; Request and Command; Benefit and Harm; and Reaction to the Lot of the Other Person. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Discusses educational, societal, and cross-cultural value systems; value differences between age, sex, and income groups; and values of special groups (e.g., student activists, juvenile offenders, and immigrants); and emphasizes particularly the "ecology of values"--how different value systems interact with each other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This article reviews cross-cultural studies from the Flinders University research program on values that have involved use of the Rokeach Value Survey. These studies fall into two main classes: (a) comparisons of Australian value priorities with those of other countries, and (b) research into the value priorities of different ethnic groups within Australia as part of an interest in migrant assimilation. The Rokeach Value Survey is described and modifications to it are noted; analytic procedures based upon individual data and group data are discussed with examples; and questions of cross-cultural appropriateness and equivalence are addressed. The interpretation of value differences across cultures is discussed with specific reference to findings from student samples from Australia, Papua New Guinea, and China.
This article is concerned with the relation between values and actions. Theoretical approaches to this issue are considered that are based upon cognitive-developmental theory and social learning theory. The preferred theoretical approach is by way of expectancy-value theory with the addition of the key assumption that a person's values, once engaged, induce valences (or positive and negative subjective values) on actions and their possible outcomes and future consequences. Actions are assumed to occur in relation to these induced valences and the person's expectations about the likelihood of achieving the outcomes and future consequences. Three recent studies are described that apply this general approach in three different contexts: assisting a social movement organisation, seeking employment, and selecting an academic course. Future directions for research are suggested that include more detailed conceptual and empirical analyses of expectations, valences and their combination, and the incorporation of recent developments in the psychology of volition and action control.
The paper describes a program of cross-cultural research on children's use of decision rules to resolve competing claims by group majorities and minorities. The prediction that the cultural dimension of collectivism-individualism (Hofstede, 1980) influences the rules and principles children follow in determining majority versus minority rights and allocations is supported by classroom experiments in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Israel. Children in collectivist cultures are more likely to use the equal say or turn taking rule in resolving majority and minority claims. Children in individualist cultures are more likely to follow majority rule or self-interest in resolving majority and minority claims. Majorities and minorities differ in the decision rules and distribution principles they favour to protect their interests, with minorities especially prone to make disproportionate claims. Proposals for cross-cultural research are made, including studies of the effects of variations in the relative size of competing majority and minority groups, variations in the nature of the out-group (e.g., genuine or artificially created; own classroom or other classroom), and influence of decision rule on subsequent distribution of resources between groups.
LetA
1,A
2, ...,A
n be anyn objects, such as variables, categories, people, social groups, ideas, physical objects, or any other. The empirical data to be analyzed are coefficients of similarity or distance within pairs (A
i,A
i
), such as correlation coefficients, conditional probabilities or likelihoods, psychological choice or confusion, etc. It is desired to represent these data parsimoniously in a coordinate space, by calculatingm coordinates {x
ia
} for eachA
i
for a semi-metricd of preassigned formd
ij
=d(|x
i1 -x
j1
|, |x
i2 -x
j2|, ..., |x
im
-x
jm
|). The dimensionalitym is sought to be as small as possible, yet satisfy the monotonicity condition thatd
ij
d
kl
whenever the observed data indicate thatA
i
is closer toA
j
thanA
k
is toA
l
. Minkowski and Euclidean spaces are special metric examples ofd. A general coefficient of monotonicity is defined, whose maximization is equivalent to optimal satisfaction of the monotonicity condition, and which allows various options both for treatment of ties and for weighting error-of-fit. A general rationale for algorithm construction is derived for maximizing by gradient-guided iterations; this provides a unified mathematical solution to the basic operational problems of norming the gradient to assure proper convergence, of trading between speed and robustness against undesired stationary values, and of a rational first approximation. Distinction is made between single-phase (quadratic) and two-phase (bilinear) strategies for algorithm construction, and between hard-squeeze and soft-squeeze tactics within these strategies. Special reference is made to the rank-image and related transformational principles, as executed by current Guttman-Lingoes families of computer programs.
"The relationship between leadership, followership, and friendship peer nominations was studied within eight sections of Naval Aviation Cadets, N = 187 . . ... From the results it may be concluded that peer nominations on leadership are by no means a total function of friendship ties; quite the contrary, friendship appears to play only a minor role in the emergence of leadership nominations. Furthermore, followership status is not necessarily implied by nonleadership status on peer nominations." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
Task roles and social roles in problem solving groups
- R F Bales
A theory of achievement motivation
- J W Atkinson
- N T Feather
The sense of injustice: Social psychological perspectives
- F Crosby
- A M Gonzales-Intal
Australian national dictionary
- W S Ramson
Interpersonal attraction
- E Berscheid
- E Walster
Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives
- T D Cook
- F Crosby
- K M Hennigan
Australian psychology: Review of research . Sydney: Allen & Unwin
- N T Feather
Australia . London: Ernest Benn
- W K Hancock
The nature of human values
- M Rokeach
Authoritarian personality in contemporary perspective
- R N Sanford
The psychology of conservation
- G D Wilson