A review of the genus Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Taiwan, based mainly on pupal morphology with a description of a new species

Abstract

The whitefly species of the genus Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker are reviewed from Taiwan. A total of nine species are included. Aleurolobus shiiae Takahashi is new to Taiwan. Aleurolobus osmanthi Young is considered as a junior synonym of Aleurolobus taonabae (Kuwana). A new species, Aleurolobus rubus Dubey and Ko, is described, and the puparia of the new species are diagnosed in a combination of characters: the dorsal pores scattered over dorsum; each located on a large subcircular, chitinised cuticular dorsal marking; faint eye spots; broader submargin; and the vasiform orifice set anterior to the caudal end of puparium by nearly twice of its own length. The record of Aleurolobus philippinensis Quaintance and Baker, and Aleurolobus setigerus Quaintance and Baker from Taiwan is discussed. The puparial diagnosis of each species, identification key to species so far known from Taiwan and illustrations for each species are provided.

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
A review of the genus Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Taiwan, based mainly on pupal
morphology with a description of a new species
Anil Kumar DUBEY and Chiun-Cheng KO
Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Abstract
The whitefly species of the genus Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker are reviewed from Taiwan. A total of
nine species are included. Aleurolobus shiiae Takahashi is new to Taiwan. Aleurolobus osmanthi Young is
considered as a junior synonym of Aleurolobus taonabae (Kuwana). A new species, Aleurolobus rubus
Dubey and Ko, is described, and the puparia of the new species are diagnosed in a combination of characters:
the dorsal pores scattered over dorsum; each located on a large subcircular, chitinised cuticular dorsal
marking; faint eye spots; broader submargin; and the vasiform orifice set anterior to the caudal end of
puparium by nearly twice of its own length. The record of Aleurolobus philippinensis Quaintance and Baker,
and Aleurolobus setigerus Quaintance and Baker from Taiwan is discussed. The puparial diagnosis of each
species, identification key to species so far known from Taiwan and illustrations for each species are
provided.
Key words: Aleyrodidae, Aleurolobus, key, morphology, Taiwan.
INTRODUCTION
Quaintance and Baker (1914) described the genus Aleu-
rolobus, which currently includes 84 species (Martin &
Mound 2007) with the majority of species from the
Oriental Region (Regu & David 1993; Dubey &
Sundararaj 2006; David & David 2007). The genus
Aleurolobus is recognizable due to the submargin sepa-
rated from the dorsal disc by a prominent furrow, pres-
ence of eye spots, and the abdominal segment VIII
forming a trilobed figure anterolateral to the vasiform
orifice; the posterior end of the vasiform orifice is
usually associated with a few teeth-like processes (a
variable character). The Aleurolobus species feed on a
wide range of host plants. A few species have been
recorded from monocotyledonous hosts (Dubey & Ko
2007, 2008); however, those that infest monocotyledon-
ous host plants do not usually feed on dicotyledonous
hosts. Martin (1999) observed that many of the charac-
ters that have been used to separate species of Aleurolo-
bus are subtle variations of cuticular folding and setal
lengths. Dubey and Ko (2008) discussed a few variations
related to Aleurolobus puparia and emphasized the need
of revision of this genus. Therefore, a study was under-
taken on the species of the genus Aleurolobus known
from Taiwan. The puparia of Aleurolobus osmanthi
Young and Aleurolobus taonabae (Kuwana) were found
to be conspecific. Hence, A. osmanthi is proposed here
as a junior synonym of A. taonabae. Aleurolobus
shiiae Takahashi is newly recorded from Taiwan. Our
observations of the puparia identified as Aleurolobus
philippinensis Quaintance and Baker, and Aleurolobus
setigerus Quaintance and Baker from the collections of
the Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute revealed that
they were misidentified; these species are omitted from
the key and briefly discussed. A new species, Aleurolo-
bus rubus Dubey and Ko, is described which differs from
all known Aleurolobus species in having large, chitinised
dorsal structures on which geminating pores are placed.
The puparial diagnoses, an identification key to species,
and description of a new Aleurolobus species are pro-
vided. It is observed that the genus Aleurolobus is a
Correspondence: Chiun-Cheng Ko, Department of
Entomology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road,
Sec. 4, Lane 113, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
Email: kocc2501@ntu.edu.tw
Received 1 August 2008; accepted 15 October 2008.
Entomological Science (2009) 12, 51–66 doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2009.00304.x
© 2009 The Entomological Society of Japan

complex of species which vary little in their pupal
morphology.
The specimens examined in this study are from the
collections of the National Taiwan University, Taiwan
(NTU), Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taiwan
(TARI) and field collections.
TAXONOMY
Genus Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker,
1914
Aleurolobus Quaintance and Baker, 1914: 108–109.
Type-species: Aleurodes marlatti Quaintance, 1903:
61–63, by original designation.
Neoaleurolobus Takahashi, 1951: 5. Type-species:
Aleurolobus musae Corbett, 1935: 820. (Syn-
onymised by Regu & David 1993: 32).
Rositaleyrodes Meganathan and David (1994): 48.
Type-species: Aleurolobus oplismeni Takahashi,
1931: 261. (Synonymised by Manzari & Quicke
2006: 2471).
Diagnosis. Puparium usually black, submargin often
with a fringe of wax, some wax deposition on dorsum;
thoracic and caudal tracheal pore areas usually differen-
tiated from margin by comb of teeth, usually without
broader incision between teeth; cephalothorax usually
with pale marking referred to as “eye spots”; tracheal
furrows sometime with group of tubercles, or demar-
cated by pigmentation; submargin demarcated from the
dorsal disc by a prominent furrow, sometimes inter-
secting caudal furrow behind the vasiform orifice; the
longitudinal molting suture usually reaching margin
and transverse molting sutures reaching submarginal
furrow; cephalic, first, eighth abdominal and caudal setae
present, occasionally, pair of setae present additionally
on segment I or others. Abdominal segment VII reduced
medially. Vasiform orifice triangular or subcordate, set
on a trilobed figure formed on abdominal segment VIII;
operculum triangular, nearly covering the orifice; lingula
tip usually concealed; caudal furrow present.
Key to the Aleurolobus species known from
Taiwan, based on pupal morphology
1. Submarginal furrow intersecting caudal furrow pos-
terior to the vasiform orifice (Fig. 10); thoracic tra-
cheal comb area with a large C-shaped pigmentation
(Fig. 11); commonly feeds on grasses, Oplismenus
species. ............Aleurolobus oplismeni Takahashi.
– Submarginal furrow not intersecting caudal furrow
posterior to vasiform orifice; thoracic tracheal comb
area without a large C-shaped pigmentation. ........
...........................................................2.
2. Puparium narrow, elongated (Fig. 1), usually more
than 1.50 mm in length; vasiform orifice subcordate,
set anterior to pupal caudal margin by 4–5 times its
own length (Fig. 3); commonly feeds on grasses
(Poaceae)..........Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell).
– Puparium oval or elliptical (Figs 4,7,13,22), usually
less than 1.50 mm in length; vasiform orifice trian-
gular, set anterior to pupal caudal margin by 1–3
times its own length; species feed on dicotyledonous
hosts. ....................................................3.
3. Minute tubercles absent in the thoracic tracheal
furrows, pouch-like structures made up of microtu-
bercles absent in the tracheal furrows...............4.
– Tracheal furrows with minute tubercles, forming
a pouch-like structure on the submargin
(Figs 23,24,26) or limited to outer submarginal area
(Fig. 17). ................................................7.
4. Puparium comparatively small, narrowly-elliptical
(Fig. 13); teeth in thoracic and caudal tracheal comb,
not particularly chitinised, almost transparent. ......
..................Aleurolobus rhododendri Takahashi.
– Puparium broadly oval (Fig. 7), teeth in thoracic and
caudal tracheal comb much more chitinised than
marginal crenulations (Fig. 8). .......................5.
5. The subdorsal area associated with submarginal
furrow with a few rows of microtubercles (Fig. 20);
vasiform orifice typically triangular, longer than
wide. ...............Aleurolobus scolopiae Takahashi.
– The subdorsal area associated with submarginal
furrow without a few rows of microtubercles; vasi-
form orifice subcordate; nearly as long as wide......
...........................................................6.
6. Antennae of female puparia are reaching base of
front legs, and antennae of male puparia reaching
base of middle legs; the orifice set anterior to the
pupal caudal end by more than its own length
(Fig. 9). ..........Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance).
– Antennae of female puparia are reaching lateral to
middle legs and antennae of male puparia reaching
lateral to hind legs; the orifice set anterior to the
pupal caudal end by its own length (Fig. 6). .........
.......................Aleurolobus hederae Takahashi.
7. Dorsal pores scattered, more chitinised, and set on the
large elevated cuticular markings which appear like
tubercles (Fig. 17), dense and scattered irregularly on
the submargin (Figs 16–18). ............................
...........Aleurolobus rubus Dubey and Ko, sp. nov.
– Dorsal pores not scattered, less chitinised, simple and
not set on the large elevated cuticular markings;
usually arranged in one or two rows on submargin.
...........................................................8.
8. Puparium elliptical-oval, broadest across cephalic
region (Fig. 22); longitudinal molting suture reaching
A. K. Dubey and C.-C. Ko
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Figure 1–9 Microscopic images of puparia. 1 Aleurolobus barodensis, puparium; 2 same, cephalothorax; 3 same, posterior
abdominal area; 4 syntype, Aleurolobus hederae, puparium; 5 same, cephalothorax and tracheal comb; 6 same, posterior
abdominal area; 7 Aleurolobus marlatti, puparium; 8 same, thoracic tracheal pore and margin; 9 same, posterior abdominal area.
Aleurolobus of Taiwan
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Figure 10–18 Microscopic images of puparia. 10 Syntype, Aleurolobus oplismeni, puparium; 11 same, thoracic tracheal comb; 12
same, posterior abdominal area; 13 Aleurolobus rhododendri, puparium; 14 same, thoracic tracheal comb; 15 same, syntype,
posterior abdominal area; 16 Aleurolobus rubus Dubey and Ko, sp. nov., puparium; 17 same, thoracic tracheal comb; 18 same,
posterior abdominal area.
A. K. Dubey and C.-C. Ko
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Figure 19–27 Microscopic images of puparia. 19 Syntype, Aleurolobus scolopiae, puparium; 20 same, margin and subdorsal row
of microtubercles; 21 same, posterior abdominal area; 22 Aleurolobus shiiae, puparium; 23 same, thoracic tracheal comb and
margin; 24 same, posterior abdominal area; 25 syntype, Aleurolobus taonabae, puparium; 26 same, thoracic tracheal comb area;
27 same, posterior abdominal area.
Aleurolobus of Taiwan
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submarginal furrow; dorsum not imbricated;
tubercles prominent in tracheal furrows, forming
broad band; caudal furrow nearly regular, with
tubercles which are not reaching to submarginal
demarcation (Fig. 24). ...................................
..........................Aleurolobus shiiae Takahashi.
– Puparium broadly oval, broadest across abdominal
region (Fig. 25); longitudinal molting suture reaching
margin; dorsum imbricated; tubercles few in tracheal
furrows, forming narrow band in the thoracic tra-
cheal furrows; caudal furrow irregular, with some
transverse plate-like structures (Fig. 27) or granules.
......................Aleurolobus taonabae (Kuwana).
Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell 1895)
(Figs 1–3)
Aleurolobus barodensis (Maskell) Quaintance and
Baker (1914): 109.
Aleurodes barodensis Maskell (1895): 424–425.
Aleurodes longicornis Zehntner (1897): 381–382. (Syn-
onymised by Quaintance & Baker 1917: 359.)
Material examined. Taiwan: Tainan, 139 puparia on
ten slides, Poaceae, 13.vi.2004, C. C. Ko; Chiayi, 19
puparia on Poaceae, 20.ix.2004, C. C. Ko (NTU).
Host plants. Poaceae: Erianthus aurundinaceum, Mis-
canthus sp., Saccharum officinarum.
Distribution. Java, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Malay-
sia, Taiwan, Thailand.
Remarks. Frequently, large populations of this species
are observed on Saccharum sp. and plants of Poaceae
(= Graminiae) family. Puparia of this species are longer
and narrower than commonly seen Aleurolobus species.
Tracheal pores indicated; submargin usually with 14
pairs of minute setae, the vasiform orifice subcordate, set
anterior to the pupal caudal margin by 4–5 times of its
own length. For details, see Quaintance and Baker
(1914).
Aleurolobus hederae Takahashi (1935)
(Figs 4–6,43–45)
Aleurolobus hederae Takahashi, 1935: 63–64.
Material examined. Syntypes, Taiwan: Heiganzan, 256
puparia on 9 slides, 12.viii.1934, R. Takahashi (TARI).
Host plant. Araliaceae: Hedera formosana.
Distribution. Taiwan.
Remarks. This species breeds on both surfaces of leaf,
and seems to be host specific. Our observations on “Syn-
types” revealed that this species has only ten pairs of
submarginal setae (11 pairs in Takahashi 1935); in addi-
tion, the microsetae are observed in the outer submar-
gin. The puparia of this species are similar to the puparia
of A. marlatti (Quaintance) except: the antennae of
female reaching lateral to middle legs and antennae of
male reaching lateral to hind legs (in A. marlatti the
antennae of female are restricted to front legs and anten-
nae of male reaching a little more); and the caudal
furrow length is nearly equal to the length of vasiform
orifice, and lateral margins are emarginate-sided (in
A. marlatti, the caudal furrow length is more than the
length of vasiform orifice, and lateral margins are
straight-sided). Takahashi (1935) diagnosed this species
being different from A. rhododendri in having “defined
area...pupa case.” We observed that the teeth in tho-
racic tracheal combs were varying, usually three in
number, and in some pupal cases merged as a single
broad tooth; but we did not notice the defined area
associated with tracheal combs. The puparia of this
species differs from A. rhododendri in shape, larger
pupal size and broad submargin.
Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance 1903)
(Figs 7–9,31,37,40)
Aleurodes marlatti Quaintance (1903): 61–63.
Aleurolobus marlatti (Quaintance) Quaintance and
Baker (1914): 109.
Aleurolobus niloticus (Priesner & Hosney) Martin
(1999): 43. (Synonymized by Martin 1999: 43.)
Material examined. Taiwan: Yunlin Co., Cihtong, 89
puparia on eight slides, on Ixora coccinea, 14.xi.2005,
C. C. Ko; Taipei Co., Sindian, 27 puparia on three
slides, on Bauhinia variegata, 20.x.2005, C. C. Ko;
Changhua Co., Yuanlin, 56 puparia on six slides, on
Averrhoa carambola, 15.x.2005, C. C. Ko; 17 puparia
on 2 slides, on Zelkova serrata, 4.xi.2005, C. C. Ko;
Changhua, Puyan, 15 puparia, 2씹,2씸,onMurraya
paniculata, 31.iii.2006, C. C. Ko; Hsinchu, Sinpu, six
puparia on Citrus sp., 11.iv.2006, C. C. Ko (NTU).
Host plants. Araceae: Colocasia sp.; Capparidaceae:
Capparis acutifolia, Capparia sikkimensis; Daphniphyl-
laceae: Daphniphylum macropodum; Euphorbiaceae:
Flueggea virosa, Glochidion zeylanicum, Glochidion
sp., Sapium sebiferum; Fabaceae: Derris laxiflora,
Mucuna macrocarpa; Moraceae: Ficus virgata, Ficus sp.,
Morus alba; Myrsinaceae: Aegiceras corniculatus;
Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus sp., Melaleuca sp.; Pittospora-
ceae: Pittosporum illiciodes, Pittosporum pentandrum;
Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides, Paederia scandens;
Rutaceae: Acronychia pedunculata, Citrus sp., Murraya
exotica, Murraya koenigii, M. paniculata; Sapindaceae:
Dodonaea viscosa, Harpullia frutescens; Ulmaceae:
Aphananthe aspera, Celtis sinensis; Urtiaceae: Ela-
tostema lineolatum
, Pellionia radicans; Verbenaceae:
Clerodendron inerme.
A. K. Dubey and C.-C. Ko
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Distribution. Australia, widely distributed in the
Middle East, northern Africa, the Oriental and Austro-
Oriental Regions (Martin 1999).
Adult 씹: antenna seven-segmented, the segment
IV–VI much smaller, segment III six times longer than
IV, segment VII the longest; four primary sensoria, one
located each on V and VI, and two on III subapically;
one sensorial plate placed on segment III; apical seta
present. Genitalia: aedeagus smaller than claspers, api-
cally little constricted, subapical teeth absent; each
paramere with 17–18 setae; three pairs of setae located
laterad of vasiform orifice.
Adult 씸: antenna as in male, segment IV the smallest,
V and VI subequal, segment III nearly three times longer
than VI, segment VII the longest; five primary sensoria,
one located each on segment V–VII, and two on segment
III subapically; one sensorial plate located on segment
III; and one sensorial cone located on segment VII;
apical seta present. Genitalia: four pairs of setae located
on paired gonopophysis, paired gonopophysis apically
serrated; one pair of setae on unpaired gonopophysis.
Remarks. The puparia of this species are found singly
with white wax on dorsum. This is a polyphagous
species and highly variable in the appearance of thoracic
tracheal teeth, usually indicated by three teeth, with
broader incision between them or closely associated, the
submargin usually with ten pairs of minute setae near
submarginal furrow, and few microsetae on outer sub-
margin. Teeth in the thoracic tracheal combs are much
chitinised than marginal crenulations, however, the chi-
tinised form can not be recognized in over-bleached
specimens.
Martin (1999) noticed variations in this species
and synonymised the species A. niloticus Priesner and
Hosny. His synonymy was based on the “Egyptian
puparia identified as A. niloticus, as well as puparia
from several other countries”. It is possible that the
puparia he studied from “Egypt and several other coun-
tries” were misidentified before as A. niloticus, and that
Martin (1999) correctly identified them as A. marlatti.
Since then, type specimens of A. niloticus have not been
studied by anyone to confirm its synonymy status with
A. marlatti, and hence more study is needed on this to
assure that these species are synonymous. A. marlatti is
recorded from several host plants and widely distributed
whereas A. niloticus is known from few host plants.
Aleurolobus oplismeni Takahashi (1931)
(Figs 10–12)
Aleurolobus oplismeni Takahashi (1931): 261–262.
Material examined. Taiwan: Dainano, Kinnos, eight
puparia on one slide, 19.x.1937, R. Takahashi; Shinten,
seven puparia on one slide, ?.xii.1932, R. Takahashi;
Taipei (Taihoku), 11 puparia on one slide, 6.ix.1929, R.
Takahashi (TARI); Wulai, 19 puparia on 19 slides, on
Oplismenus sp., 20.i.2005, C. C. Ko (NTU).
Host plants. Poaceae: Oplismenus compositus, Oplis-
menus undulatifolius, Oplismenus sp.
Distribution. India, Taiwan.
Remarks. This species commonly feeds on grasses
(Poaceae). The pupal margin surrounded by a fringe of
transparent shiny wax, and the tracheal comb areas with
cumulus wax extensions. The puparia are distinct in
having the complete submarginal furrow (also in Aleu-
rolobus hargreavesi) that intersects the caudal furrow
posterior to the vasiform orifice, a large pouch-like
marking in the tracheal comb area. According to Dozier
(1934), “the transparent lunar eye spots and tracheal
pores on margin, so characteristic of this genus, are not
discernible in A. hargreavesi”. Aleurolobus oplismeni
differs by these characters from A. hargreavesi. It also
differs from the genus Orientaleyrodes Regu and David
in having the first abdominal setae and submarginal
setae placed near the submarginal furrow.
Aleurolobus rhododendri Takahashi (1934)
(Figs 13–15,32,35,38,41)
Aleurolobus rhododendri Takahashi, 1934: 62–63.
Material examined. Syntypes, Thailand: Bankok, Siam,
two puparia on one slide, on a legume, 27.iii.1940,
R. Takahashi; Sozon, nine puparia on one slide,
23.ix.1933, R. Takahashi; 23 puparia on one slide, on
Rhododendron sp., 3.vii.1932, R. Takahashi; Cambo-
dia: Angkor, three puparia on three slides, 24.iv.1940,
R. Takahashi; Taiwan: Hsintein, one puparium on
Rhododendron sp., 9.ix.1985, C. C. Ko; Yunlin, Huwei,
25 puparia on two slides, on Rhododendron sp.,
4.xi.2005, C. C. Ko; Taoyuan, Linkou, 22 puparia, 7씹,
4씸 on four slides, on Rhododendron sp., 4.xi.2005, C.
C. Ko; Taipei, Sindian, 48 puparia, 24씹,24씸 on nine
slides, on Rhododendron sp., 25.xi.2005, C. C. Ko;
Taipei, Gongguan, 31 puparia, on three slides, Rhodo-
dendron sp., 1.xi.2005, C. C. Ko; 78 puparia on 18
slides, on Rhododendron sp., 26.v.2008, A. K. Dubey
(NTU).
Host plants. Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum mem-
branaceum; Euphorbiaceae: Glochidion acuminatum,
Glochidion rubrum, G. zeylanicum; Ericaceae: Rhodo-
dendron sp.; Fabaceae: Bauhinia championii, B. varie-
gata, Millettia reticulata, Pueraria sp.; Flacourtiaceae:
Scolopia oldhamii; Lauraceae: Litsea cubeba; Myrsi-
naceae: Ardisia crenata, Maesa sp., Psidium guajava,
Wendlandia formosana; Oxalidaceae: A. carambola;
Rosaceae: Pyrus serotina; Rubiaceae: G. jasminoides;
Aleurolobus of Taiwan
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Rutaceae: Glycosmis citrifolia, Toddalia asiatica; Sali-
caceae: Salix warburgii; Urtiaceae: E. lineolatum; Ver-
benaceae: Duranta repens.
Distribution. China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand.
Adult 씹: antenna seven-segmented, segment VII the
longest, IV–VI much smaller, the segment III longer than
IV–VI; three primary sensoria, one located on segment V
and two on segment III, one sensorial plate located on
segment III. Genitalia: aedeagus smaller than parameres,
each paramere with 16–17 setae, subapical tooth
present, three pairs of setae placed laterad of the
orifice.
Adult 씸: antenna as in males, segment IV the smallest,
V and VI subequal, III and VII subequal; four primary
sensoria, one located each on segment V and VII, and
two on segment III; 1 sensorial plate placed on segment
III; 1 sensorial cone located subapically on segment VII.
Genitalia: five pairs of setae on paired gonopophysis,
and one pair on unpaired gonopophysis.
Remarks. Commonly feeds on Rhododendron plants.
The puparia are black, found singly on the lower surface
of leaves; wax secretion very little, nearly ashy in
appearance. The puparia of A. rhododendri differs from
A. marlatti in having a smaller size, elliptical shape, the
teeth in thoracic tracheal combs are not much chitinised
when compared to marginal crenulations (Fig. 14),
operculum posteriorly narrow, and ventrally antennae
reaching the base of mesolegs.
Aleurolobus rubus Dubey and Ko, sp. nov.
(Figs 16–18)
Puparium. Black, subcircular, dimorphic, 씹 1.05–
1.10 mm long, 0.83–0.87 mm wide; 씸 1.41–1.48 mm
long, 1.12–1.21 mm wide; margin smoothly crenulate,
6–8 crenulations in 0.1 mm.
Dorsum: Submargin broad, separated from the dorsal
disc by a furrow, submarginal lines branched; group of
microtubercles present in thoracic tracheal furrows; the
submarginal setae along the submarginal furrow vary in
length, and sometimes reaching near margin of the
pupal case. The longitudinal molting suture reaching
submarginal furrow and transverse molting suture
reaching the subdorsum. The median length of the
abdominal segment VII is nearly half of the segment VI.
The eye spots, submedian pockets, submedian depres-
sions and a rhachis present. Several geminate pores are
scattered over dorsum, each located on a large subcir-
cular chitinised marking, 96–113 pairs of such geminate
pores placed on submargin.
Vasiform orifice: Triangular, 씹 71.2–76.2 mm long,
62.5–65.0 mm wide; 씸 87.5–95.0 mm long, 72.5–
82.5 mm wide; operculum triangular, 씹 50.0–55.0 mm
long, 52.5–55.0 mm wide; 씸 62.5–67.5 mm long,
65.0–67.5 mm wide, occupying nearly 75% of the
orifice; lingula tip exposed with a pair of setae subapi-
cally, 27.5 mm long. Vasiform orifice set anterior to the
caudal end of the puparium by nearly twice its own
length. Caudal furrow length varies in the male and
female, 씹 107.5–127.5 mm long; 씸 197.5–215.0 mm
long; 씹 and 씸 5.0–12.5 mm wide.
Chaetotaxy: Anterior marginal setae 25.0–37.5 mm
long and posterior marginal setae 28.7–47.5 mm long.
The dorsal setae vary in length, cephalic setae 12.5–
18.7 mm, first abdominal 5.0–22.5 mm, eighth abdomi-
nal 5.0–11.2 mm, caudal setae 씹 12.5–37.5 mm, 씸
37.5–42.5 mm, the caudal setae set near to central sub-
margin, and submarginal setae present, 15.0–132.5 mm
long. The outer submargin with five pairs of minute
setae, three pairs are located anterior to thoracic tra-
cheal pores and two pairs posterior to it. Ventral setae
17.5–37.5 mm long, 45.0–70.0 mm apart; setae at base
of the meso-, metalegs and rostrum 5.0–16.2 mm long.
The antennae of the male were longer than the antennae
of the female, 씹 182.5–195.0 mm long, 씸 157.5–
176.2 m
m long.
Venter: tracheal folds marked with dense stipples.
Antennae reaching near the base of mesolegs. Adhesive
pads and spiracles present.
Holotype. Taiwan: Meifeng, Alishan Mountain, 1씸
puparium, on Rubus sp., 15.v.1986, C. C. Ko (NTU).
Paratype. 270 puparia on 75 slides bearing the same
data as of holotype, one paratype will be deposited each
in the collections of the depositories: ANIC – Australian
National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia; BMNH
– British Museum of Natural History, London; CDFA –
California Department of Food and Agriculture,
Sacramento, USA; IARI – Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi, India; USDA – United States
Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA;
ZSI – Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
Host plant. Rosaceae: Rubus sp.
Distribution. Taiwan.
Etymology. The species name is derived from its host
plant genus, “Rubus”.
Remarks. Superficially, this species resembles Aleurolo-
bus japonicus Takahashi, but differs from it in the
puparial outline, and the dorsal pores set on the large
subcircular, chitinised markings, abundant and scat-
tered over dorsum, broad submargin, presence of a
group of microtubercles in thoracic tracheal comb area,
and the vasiform orifice set anterior to the pupal caudal
margin by twice its own length; it also differs from A.
marlatti in having abundant dorsal pores set on large
tubercles that are scattered over dorsum, and places
irregularly on submargin, and less chitinised teeth in
tracheal combs.
A. K. Dubey and C.-C. Ko
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Aleurolobus scolopiae Takahashi (1933)
(Figs 19–21,46–49)
Aleurolobus scolopiae Takahashi (1933): 19–20.
Material examined. Syntypes, Taiwan: Garambi, 62
puparia on two slides, on S. oldhami, 26.v.1932, R.
Takahashi; Taiwan (Formosa): Garambi, 11 puparia on
three slides, 25.vi.1939, R. Takahashi (TARI); other
material: Taitung, Jhihben, 1 puparium, on M. reticu-
lata, 17.ii.2006, C. C. Ko (NTU).
Host plants. Fabaceae: M. reticulata; Flacourtiaceae:
S. oldhamii.
Distribution. Taiwan.
Remarks. This species resembles A. taonabae in shape
and broader submargin, but differs from it in the
absence of group of minute tubercles in thoracic tracheal
furrows, and in having unbranched submarginal lines,
and a few rows of minute tubercles on the subdorsal
area associated with submarginal furrow (in A. taona-
bae, the minute tubercles always present in thoracic
tracheal furrows, the submarginal lines are branched,
and rows of minute tubercles absent on the subdorsal
area associated with submarginal furrow). It also differs
from A. marlatti in having a few rows of minute
tubercles on the subdorsal area associated with submar-
ginal furrow, and narrow and long vasiform orifice.
Aleurolobus shiiae Takahashi (1957)
(Figs 22–24,50–52)
Aleurolobus shiiae Takahashi, 1957: 14–15.
Material examined. Taiwan: Hapan, 25 puparia on
Castanopsis cuspidata, 18.viii.1986, C. C. Ko; Tai-
chung, three puparia on Cycloblanopsis glauca,
1.vii.2005, C. C. Ko (NTU).
Host plants. Fagaceae: Castanopsis cuspidata, Cyclo-
blananopsis glauca.
Distribution. Japan; Taiwan (new record).
Remarks. This species is new to Taiwan. Fundamen-
tally, it resembles A. taonabae (Kuwana) in having
tubercles in tracheal furrows, but differs from it in the
elongate-oval puparia, the longitudinal molting suture
reaching submarginal furrow, the minute tubercles in
tracheal furrows which are placed in multiple rows, the
minute tubercles in caudal furrow are not reaching half
way to the caudal furrow, and the vasiform orifice set
from the pupal caudal margin by three times of its own
length (in A. taonabae, the puparia are broadly oval, the
minute tubercles are not placed in multiple rows in
tracheal furrows, the minute tubercles in the caudal
furrow are reaching near the base of vasiform orifice,
and the vasiform orifice set from the pupal caudal
margin by twice of its own length).
Aleurolobus taonabae (Kuwana 1911)
(Figs 25–27,53–55)
Aleyrodes taonabae Kuwana (1911): 623–625.
Aleurolobus taonabae (Kuwana) Quaintance and Baker
(1914): 109.
Aleurolobus chinensis Takahashi (1936): 453–454.
(Synonymised by Takahashi 1954: 2.)
Aleurolobus osmanthi Young (1944): 134–135. Syn.
nov.
The examination of “Syntypes” of A. osmanthi and
A. taonabae revealed that they are conspecific. The
“syntypes” of A. chinensis suggest they are clearly
immatures and puparium of A. taonabae. Hence, A.
osmanthi is considered a junior synonym of A.
taonabae.
Material examined. Syntypes, Japan: Tokyo, A. taona-
bae Kuwana, eight puparia on one slide, host plant not
given, 20.v.1937, R. Takahashi (TARI); three puparia on
slide (no details of host plant), 20.v.1937, R. Takahashi
(NTU); Syntype, China: Nwangyer, Aleurolobus chinen-
sis, one puparium and several immatures, on Cercis
chinensis, 26.iii.1936, F. C. Chen; Syntype, Zhejiang,
one puparium on Osmanthus fragrans, 9.x.1996, coll.
Institute of Entomology, Chinese Academy of Science;
other material: Taiwan: Taichung, four puparia on
Eurya sp., 20.viii.2005, C. C. Ko; Taipei, seven puparia
on O. fragrans, 3.iv.2003, C. C. Ko; Nantou,
21.vi.2000, C. C. Ko; Taipei, 88 puparia, 16씸,5씹 on
20 slides, 30.xi.2006, A. K. Dubey (NTU).
Host plants. Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonicus,
Fabaceae: C. chinensis; Oleaceae: O. fragrans; Pittospo-
raceae: Pittosporum tobira; Theaceae: Tanabo japonica;
Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera.
Distribution. China, Japan, India, Taiwan.
Adult 씹: antenna seven-segmented, segments IV–VI
much smaller than III, IV the smallest, sometimes
merged with V, segment VII the longest, gradually
reduced in thickness towards apex, one sensorial plate
located on segment VII associated with the whole length
of the segment and reaching subapical end; four primary
sensoria, one located each on segment IV and V and two
on segment III, in addition to this, one small asterisk-like
sensorium located in middle of segment VII; apical seta
present. Genitalia: aedeagus smaller than parameres,
apically blunt, little curved; apex of paramere turned
inwardly in such a way facing each other, subapical teeth
present.
Adult 씸: antenna as in males, four primary sensoria,
one located each on segment V and VI, and two on
segment III; one sensorial cone located on segment III;
one sensorial plate located on segment VII, associated
with the whole length of segment VII, reaching near
Aleurolobus of Taiwan
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apex. Genitalia: six pairs of setae located on paired
gonopophysis and two pairs on unpaired gonopophysis,
paired gonopophysis serrated apically. Eyes: the upper
and lower lobes are divided in both sexes.
Remarks. Fundamentally, this species resembles A.
scolopiae in puparial outline, broad submargin and
dorsal sculptures, but differs from it in having tubercles
in thoracic and caudal tracheal furrows, and rows of
granules along submarginal furrow. Aleurolobus taona-
bae also resembles A. shiiae Takahashi, but differs from
it in having a group of microtubercles in the caudal
furrow placed in narrow band reaching the base of the
orifice (A. shiiae the microtubercles placed in multiple
rows reaching half-length of the caudal furrow). The
longitudinal molting suture reaching margin. The vasi-
form orifice set anterior to the pupal caudal margin by
twice of its own length (in A. shiiae the vasiform orifice
is set anterior to pupal caudal margin by three times of
its own length). This species feeds singly on lower leaf
surfaces, found 1–3 puparia/leaf with a little wax on
dorsum.
DISCUSSION
Quaintance and Baker (1917) described the species A.
philippinensis from the Philippines, and A. setigerus
from Sri Lanka. Takahashi (1932) listed A. setigerus in
“Aleyrodidae of Formosa I”, and stated “some pupa
cases were collected on Sep. 6, 1931. The operculum is
pointed at the hind end, though rounded in Silvestri’s
figure”. Quaintance and Baker (1917) observed that
“. . . and the operculum are quite acute caudad”, and
stated “. . . situated in the middle of submarginal area,
forming a row on each side of usually eight spines.” A
few puparia of A. setigerus, as determined by Takahashi,
are studied from the TARI collections, but none of them
agreed with the description, and in the position of setae
on central submargin as drawn by Quaintance and
Baker (1917; plate 45: Fig. 1). In their drawing of the
puparium, the median length of the abdomen is nearly
twice as long than that of the cephalothorax; such a
ratio is not seen in the specimens examined. The puparia
from the TARI collections, and collected from Rhodo-
dendron sp. having the similar morphology are consid-
ered as Aleurolobus sp. 1, and omitted from the key.
Takahashi’s mounted slides are labeled as A. setigerus ,
but also have the puparia of A. scolopiae, Aleuroplatus
pectiniferus Quaintance and Baker, and Aleurocanthus
woglumi Ashby (determined in this study).
Takahashi (1932) listed A. philippinensis with the
note “hitherto unrecorded from Formosa”, and in the
beginning of his paper it was mentioned that “the
material collected from northern part of the island.”
Quaintance and Baker (1917) stated that the puparia of
A. philippinensis are elliptical, pair of setae present on
the abdominal segment II, and dorsum covered with
large number of very minute pores. We observed that
setae were absent on the abdominal segment II in the
puparia determined as A. philippinensis (TARI), and
the dorsum did not have a large number of minute
pores. However, geminate pores were observed on the
dorsum as commonly seen in Aleurolobus sp. These
puparia are identified as A. rhododendri and Aleurolo-
bus sp. 1. From the drawings of immatures and
puparium of A. setigerus by Quaintance and Baker
(1917), it was concluded that they have not noticed
setae on the first abdominal segment. We believe the
short suture of abdominal segment I/II may have led
them to describe setae on the segment II. This species is
hitherto not recorded from Taiwan, and therefore
omitted from the key.
The genus Aleurolobus comprises a large assemblage
of morphologically less diverse species. We believe that
the many of the characters of puparium used for species
diagnoses are variable, and a type-based revision may
eventually result in synonymy of several species. In the
pupal morphology, the A. marlatti and A. rhododendri
possess ten pairs of submarginal setae, but the latter
differs in elliptical shape and small size of puparium.
The males of A. rhododendri have a longer antennal
segment III (Fig. 32) than in A. marlatti (Fig. 31); a
single subapical tooth was observed on each paramere
of A. rhododendri (Fig. 38) which was absent in A.
marlatti (Fig. 37). The adult male of A. rhododendri
lacks primary sensorium on antennal segment VI that is
present in A. marlatti. The adult female of A. rhododen-
dri has five setae on each of the paired gonopophysis
(Fig. 41) versus four setae in A. marlatti (Fig. 40). In A.
taonabae, the adult male (Fig. 33) and female (Fig. 36)
antennal segment VII was associated with a sensorial
plate that reaches subapical end. This character gives
unique identity to the adults of A. taonabae. In the adult
female of A. taonabae, the paired gonopophysis had six
pairs of setae (Fig. 42) versus five pairs in A. rhododen-
dri (Fig. 41) and four pairs in
A. marlatti (Fig. 40).
Similarly, unpaired gonopophysis had two pairs of setae
in A. taonabae (Fig. 42) versus one each in A. marlatti
(Fig. 40) and A. rhododendri (Fig. 41). The puparia of
A. taonabae are also distinct among Aleurolobus species
in having tubercles in the thoracic tracheal furrows, and
possibly will form a separate group with the other
species having the similar characteristics.
Our observations on Aleurolobus citri Takahashi
agreed with the new combination Africaleurodes
citri (Takahashi) as proposed by Martin and Mound
(2007).
A. K. Dubey and C.-C. Ko
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Figure 28–33 Puparium and adults morphology. 28 Aleurolobus rubus Dubey and Ko, sp. nov., puparium; 29 same, thoracic
tracheal comb; 30 same, vasiform orifice and caudal furrow; 31 Aleurolobus marlatti, male antenna; 32 Aleurolobus rhododendri,
male antenna; 33 Aleurolobus taonabae, male antenna.
Aleurolobus of Taiwan
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Figure 34–42 Antennae of adult female, adult male and female genitalia. 34 Aleurolobus marlatti, female antenna; 35 Aleurolobus
rhododendri, female antenna; 36 Aleurolobus taonabae, female antenna; 37 Aleurolobus marlatti, male genitalia; 38
Aleurolobus rhododendri, male genitalia; 39 Aleurolobus taonabae, male genitalia; 40 Aleurolobus marlatti, female genitalia; 41
Aleurolobus rhododendri, female genitalia; 42 Aleurolobus taonabae, female genitalia.
A. K. Dubey and C.-C. Ko
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Figure 43–49 Puparium. 43 Syntype, Aleurolobus hederae, puparium; 44 same, thoracic tracheal comb; 45 same, vasiform orifice
and caudal furrow; 46 syntype, Aleurolobus scolopiae, puparium; 47 same, thoracic tracheal comb; 48 same, margin; 49 same,
vasiform orifice and caudal furrow.
Aleurolobus of Taiwan
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Figure 50–55 Puparium. 50 Aleurolobus shiiae, puparium; 51 same, thoracic tracheal comb; 52 same, vasiform orifice and caudal
furrow; 53 syntype, Aleurolobus taonabae, puparium; 54 same, thoracic tracheal comb; 55 same, vasiform orifice and caudal
furrow.
A. K. Dubey and C.-C. Ko
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Additional material examined
1. Aleurolobus philippinensis (as labeled on the slides
received from TARI): Taiwan: Taipei (Taihoku), eight
puparia of Aleurolobus rhododendri on one slides,
on Gardenia florida, 14.v.1931, R. Takahashi; five
puparia of Aleurolobus sp. 1, two A. woglumi
(Ashby), three A. pectiniferus Quaintance and Baker
on one slide, 8.viii.1931, R. Takahashi; Buruburu,
Taito, Formosa, six puparia of Aleurolobus
rhododendri on one slide, ?.vi.1936, R. Takahashi
(TARI).
2. Aleurolobus setigerus (as labeled on the slides
received from TARI): Thailand: Payao, Siam, one
puparium of Aleurolobus sp., two puparia of A. pec-
tiniferus on one slide, 16.iv.1940, R. Takahashi; Mt.
Sutep, Siam, one puparium of Aleurocanthus sp., five
puparia of Aleurolobus sp. 1, 11.v.1940, R. Taka-
hashi; six puparia of Aleurolobus sp. 1, 8.iv.1940,
R. Takahashi; Taiwan: 12 puparia of Aleurolobus sp.
1, seven puparia and immatures of A. scolopiae on
one slide, on S. oldhami, 26.iii.1934, R. Takahashi;
Hong Kong: two puparia of Aleurolobus rhododen-
dri, 9.iii.1940, R. Takahashi (TARI).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank S. P. Chen, Taiwan Agricultural Research
Institute, Taiwan for access of Aleurolobus type speci-
mens for study. This publication was supported by a
postdoctoral grant (NTU 96C8429) from National
Taiwan University and a grant (NSC96-2621-B-002-
010) from the National Science Council, Taiwan.
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